ມ.2_ວິທະຍາສາດ ທຳມະຊາດ_NatScience

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7;k,g0A,0v’mkf]t]kp7yfw]8j k,l6ff’aj oUG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7; k,g0A,0v'mkf]t]kp = xxtt]]y,y,kkoo00vv’’mmkkff4]ndt]]kt]pkpV !WW: dkodeoqf7;k,g0A,0v’mkf]t]kp,us^kp;ymu c8;j kj ;ymumouj ypq,.-h,u7nG { mkf]t]kpmuj8q;]t]kp c]t 8q;4nd]t]kpgxao;af45xtgrffP;dao g-ajoG 0v’ cs^; da[ 0v’cs^; s^n 0v’c0’da[0v’c0’ gryoj 7yfgxaol;j oIhvpmk’[=]y,kfD 8;q 1kj ’G gs^Qkle][a ]kh ’[kfgxoa gs^Qk (W: \\kp7;k,;kj .ogs^kQ ]kh ’[kf !WW Cm3 ,ugsQ^klqf]t]kp16j (W Cm3D { .od=]tou8q;]t]kp c]t 8q;4nd]t]kp[+c,jo;af45-toyffP;dao g-ajoG 0v’c0’ ]t]kp.o0v’cs^; gryoj wfhdeoqfgxaodik, .omkf]t]kp ! 8q;1kj ’G oEgdnv &g/ \\kp7;k,;kj .omkf]t]kp ! ,ugdnv]t]kp16j &gD 7;k,Ih6grju,G { g,njv1k’x6mk’8yf.ljg7njv’F gIqkgvqkoE s^n oElt[6]hk’ ,ao[+vvdS c8j4hkgvqk oE,oa cvfa -’a ]kh ’F 1k’xm6 k’]t]kp8;q vvdD ooA pvh o1k’xm6 k’[]+ t]kp8;q .ooE me,tfk c]t oElt[6 c8,j ao]t]kp8q;.ooE,aocvaf-a’D ltoAoF g,nvj ,u1k’x6mk’ 8yfg7vnj ’ groyj 9’jb gvkq oE,oa cvfa -’a ]kh ’D { glNvzhk8yf7k[g]nvfF 4hk]hk’fh;poEF oElt[6F oE,aocvaf-a’ ,ao[+vvdS c84j hkgvqk oExaflt;t XoEpPj ;? ]hk’7k[g]nvf]t]kpvvd 7D dko]t]kp0v’lyj’;af45.ov5ostr6,8jk’daoD dko]t]kp8q;0v’;fa 4-5 tofy fP;doa .o8;q ]t]kpvoa fP;doa m,ju vu o5 str,6 8kj ’doa 9tgxoa co;.fL dyf9tde #G 9vdoEIhvo 9vdoEg1ao I6[ !WD& 48

!? gvqkoEg1ao c]t oEIhvo.l9j vdcdh;1kj ’]t9vd xt,kog7’yj 9vdgmqkj dao @? 8adgvqkgdnv.l9j vdoEIhvo c]t oEg1aogmnvj ]t[;j ’gmqkj dao9qod;j kr;d,aovu,j 8q;D [oa mdb zoq D 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo ]kpdko xt]y,kogdnvm]uj t]kp8;q .ooE oEg1oa oEIvh o { dko]t]kp0v’gdnvm]uj t]kp.ooEm,uj uvo5 str,6 8kj ’doa gxoa co;.fLສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { 9kdzoq dkomfq ]v’0kh ’gmy’F oda IPolk,kflts^[5 wfch o;.fL 9kdzqodyf9tdelk,kflts^5[wfh;kj 8q;]t]kpvaofP;dao16vj 5ostr6,8kj ’dao lk,kf ]t]kp8q;4nd]t]kpvaofP; wfhxt]y,ko8kj ’daoD v5ostr6,py’j l6’F py’j ]t]kpwfhs^kpD 7e4k,G !D gryoj deoqf8q;]t]kp c]t 8q;4nd]t]kpco;.fL @D gxaospa’ g,njvgvqkgdnv.ljoEc]h;7qoF gdnv]t]kp8q;S c8jg,njvgvqkgdnv.ljoE,ao cvaf-a’gdnv [+]t]kpL #D gryoj gvqkoE ! [;j ’cd’ 4vd.lgj dnv ! dy3]dik, c]h;mkf.f9tgxaomkf]t]kp c]t mkf.fgxao8q;4nd]t]kp8q;L $D mkf]t]kpv,uj 8;q c,oj sp’a L mkf]t]kpoE8ko]t]kp8;q .ooE c]t 8;q ]t]kp gdnv]t]kp8q;.ooEmuvj u,j 8q; 9t,u7;k,g0A,gmqkj dao s^n [+L phvospa’L &D ;fa 4m5 ,ju ]u da ltotgovN xtdv[0v’,oa 7cn o;.f 9’jb gvoU ;kj l’jy ;fa 4m5 gju xoa govN fP; c]t ;fa 4m5 [uj +gxoa goNvfP;L *D oadIPo9’qj 9ecod;kj ;af458+wxoU ;af45.fmuxj tlq,g0Qkdaoc]h; gxaogoNvfP; c]t ;af 45.fmu[j +gxaogoNvfP; c]h;.shoadIPo\\kp4nd X9? .lsj hv’mugj sao;kj gxaogoNvfP; s^n [+gxoa govN fP;.o8k8t]k’],j5 oGU 49

8k8t]k’ govN fP; [g+ xoa govN fP; -n;j af45 oE da[ gdnv gdvn d[a oE,oa cvfa -’a gs^Qk da[ oE oE8ko da[ gs^Qk gs^Qk da[ oE,ao oEgzY’ da[ oE (D [aofkmkfxtlq,mu1j 6j.o0=h * oAoF mkfxtlq,76.j f]t]kpg0QkdaogxaogoNvfP;L c]t ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7.6j f]t]kpwfhw;d;kj \\L6j )D 7;k,g0A,0v’mkf]t]kpv,uj 8q;-toyffP;dao c81j 6vj 5ostr6,8kj ’dao9tgmkqj dao s^n [+L phvospa’L _D gvqkoEg,ydm,uj u[=]y,kfgmkqj dao4vd]q’.o9vdoEIhvo c]t 9vdoEg1aoD oEg,yd16.j o 9vd.f9tdt9kpwfhw;d;kj L 50

[qfmu !! dko1nf{sqf0v’;af45phvo7;k,Ihvo !D dko1nf{sqf0v’vkdkfphvo7;k,IhvoD dyf9tde !G !D 1vfoElu.l.j om+cdh;ohvpmulj P[dtfvoD gvqkoY;,nvafxkds^vfcdh;w;h c]h;gvqkdt fvovafxkdg8Qkcdh;.shc9[fuf’aj I6[ !!D!D @D gvkq lv’,3n v[.lgj 8kQ cd;h rvh ,m’a l’a gdfg[’jy 1vfoED 9kdooA gvkq ,vn vdc];h l’a gdfD 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo I6[ !!D! ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ zoq dkomfq ]v’ ]kpdko dvj o3v[ de]’a 3v[ s’^a 3v[ oda IPol’a gdfgsoa 1vfoElgu xoa co;.fL 9kdzoq dkomfq ]v’oda IPolk,kflts^[5 wfch o;.fL zoq dfy 9tde g,vjn gvkq ,3n v[g8kQ cd;h gsoa ;kj 1vfoE7vj pMg7vjn om0ju oB gm’y c]t gvkq ,vn vd 9kdg8kQ cd;h gsoa 1vfoE7vj pMg7vnj om]uj ’q ,k1[j6 vj ogdkjq 0v’,oa D xkdfq dkooUlk,kfvtmy[kp wf;h kj G g,vjn gvkq ,3n v[g8kQ cd;h F vkdkf1.j6 og8kQ cd;h wfIh [a 7;k,Ivh o9kd,zn kj og8kQ cd;h g0kQ wxF 51

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]adltotryglf0v’dko1nf8q;0v’oE,uxt3spfs^kpmujl5f8+lyj’,u-u;yfmujvkwl16j.ooE grkt1gj6 0f|k; s^n ]tf|6 k; vo5 str,6 0v’vkdkf 1|j6 kh oEsf^5 ]’q g]vN pM gIfa .s[h ]= y,kf c]t vo5 str,6 1|6j kh oEsf5^ ]’q F ,;olko9egrkt 0v’,oa gr,ju 0oB D ltooA F oE1-j6 oA gm’y 9’jb |da d;kj gdkjq c]h;9q,]q’]5,j S l;j ooE16j-Ao],5j ,uv5ostr6,l6’d;kj c]t g[qkd;kj 9b’j g7nvj omu0j Bogmy’gIaf.shgduf ,udko\\6o;Po7nco;oAowxg]NvpM 9qog4y’v5ostr6,0v’oEm5d[jvo.ooEgmqjk $ =C oE16j-Ao gmy’[+9q,]q’]5,j c]t oE16-j Ao]5,j [+g7nvj omu0j Bogmy’vud grkt.og;]koU16mj 5dM[vj o.ooE,u,;o lko9egrktgmkjq doa D s^a’9kdooA oE1|j6 kh oEd=g1oa ]’q 8+wx[=]y,kf0v’,oa gr,uj 0BoF oE-oA gmy’9’jb g[kq d;kj gdkjq c]t 9q,]q’[+wfhvudD fa’j oAoF g4y’;kj oE16|j hkoEdhk,9qo\\qf c81j 6rj Nod=pa’Iadlkv5ostr6, $ =C w;h9’bj gIaf.shly’j mu,j u-u;yfmuvj kwl1.6j ooElk,kffe]q’-u;yf1w6j fhD − 10 D C 0 − 10 D Cສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0DC 0D C 2D C d 8DC 4D C 10 D C 12 D C I6[ !!D& 7D dkooe.-hdko1nf{sqf0v’0v’mkfcs^; gryjowfhoe.-hdko1nf{sqf0v’mkfcs^; c]t ]adltotryglf0v’dko 1nf{sqf 0v’ oEpvh o7;k,Ivh og0kQ .o;my tpkdko c]t -;u fy xt9e;oa g-oja .odko[oa 905 v’cs^;.lrj k-tot [ao957nG d;foEsv,F d;fgs^QkF d;foEvaf]q,F dtxJv’oE,aoDDD gryjo9t[+[ao95g8a,grnjv.sh 0v’cs^;lk,kf1nf8;q vvdwfgh ,vnj vo5 str,6 0v’,oa xPj ocx’gr,uj 0BoD #D dko1nf{sqf0v’0v’c0’phvo7;k,IhvoD dD dko1nf{sqf0v’0v’c0’phvo7;k,IhvoD grvjn 7oQ 7;h kdko1fn {sfq 0v’0v’c0’pvh o7;k,Ivh oF oda ;my tpklkfwfgh Ifa dkomfq ]v’ f’ja oGU 54

!? gvqkxPj ’mv’xPj ’|b’j c]t xjP’gsa^d xjP’|bj’0t|kfgmqjkdao9a[.ljdao.sh c|hofh;poJvflv’38I6[ !!D* s^a’9kdoAogvqklv’xPj ’3]stoAowxgzqk.sh Ihvoltg\\udao gryoj la’gdfgsao;kj czoj 3]stma’ lv’ooA d’jq 3fpczoj gsd^a 1f6j kh o.oD @? 1f5 gzkq xPj ’3]stm’a lv’c];h oewx 9,j5 9a[lv’lQofa’j I6[ !!D* ]’q vkj ’oEg1oa 16j W =C D groyj l’a gdfgsoa ;kj czoj 3]stma’lv’d’qj wxfhkodq’dao 0kh ,D 9kdzqo0v’dkomqf]v’gryjolts^5[;jkG 0v’c0’ 1fn {sfq wfh g,vjn vo5 str,6 0v’,oa xPj ocx’ 3fp1fn 8;q vvdg,vjn vo5 str,6 0v’,oa gr,ju 0oB c]t sfq 8;q g0kQ g,vjn vo5 str,6 0v’,oa sf5^ ]’q D .og’vjn ow00v’dkoxPj ocx’vo5 str,6 7dn oa F 0v’c0’-toyf8kj ’dao 1nf{sqfwfh s^kp|hvp8kj ’daoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0D dko1nf{sqf0v’0v’c0’gIaf.shgduf,u7;k,cI’D 8k,dkomqf]v’0v’oad;ymtpklkf gryjogsao;jkG 0v’c0’1nfvvdwfh|hvpmujl5f g,njvmP[da[0v’cs^; c]t vkdkf c8jg,njv,ao1nf s^n sqf8q;phvo7;k,Ihvo9tgIaf.sh,ao gduf7;k,cI’.spmj luj f5 D 7D dkooe.-hdko1nf{sqf0v’0v’c0’D gonvj ’9kd;kj dko1nf{sqf0v’0v’c0’,u7;k,cI’.spDj f’aj oAoF .o-u;yfxt9e;ao c]t .o;ymtpklkfgroyj wfhoe.-hdko1nf{sqf0v’;af45c0’ g,vnj v5ostr6,0v’,aoxPj ocx’g-oaj G { dkolkh ’]k’]fq w2 s^n 0;q groyj ;k’]k’gs^da .ssh kj ’doa w]pt|’jb grvnj 9’jq [vj o.smh vj o gsa^d 1nfvvdg,nvj v5ostr6,xPj ocx’ Ihvo0Bo XI6[ !!D(d?D { dko]Pj ,dq’d;Po groyj gzqkc4[gsa^d.shIhvo c]h;8vd.lgj [Nv’ovddq’w,h c]h;4vd oEg1ao.lFj g,nvj gsa^dg1ao]q’ c]t sqfg0Qk,ao9t8yfc|hoda[dq’w,h XI6[!!D (0?D 55

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D 7;k,cI’xt8ydy]ypkc,oj 7;k,cI’co;.fL #D 7qoz6h|b’j sk[g7njv’F ,u7;k,cI’ #WW N dtmq[.lj[kj 7qoz6hoAoD 9q’j ltcf’g;adg8u 7;k,cI’fa’j dkj ; 3fp.-h,kfl;j o ! cm dq’da[ 50 N $D ;af45|b’j 4ndcdwj x8k,];’ovoD 9’qj ltcf’7;k,cI’mduj tmq[.l;j af45oAofh;pI6[D &D s;q ]fq w27oa |’jb .-7h ;k,cI’ (&WW N grvjn cd8j ]h6 fq w2g7vjn omDju 9’jq ltcf’7;k,cI’ cd0j v’s;q ]fq w2 8k,,kf8kl;j o @&WW N d’q d[a ! cmD 83

[qfmu !( ,;olko c]t oE|ad !D dkodtmq[-bj’dao c]t dao0v’;af45 dyf9tde !G 1 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !? ;k’Ik’.sgh oU’1]j6 tf[a |’bj 1 @? xvj p\\kd[u|;j p|b’j ]q’9kdlQoIk’ 2 g[Nv’gmy’.sh,aog7njvomuj]q’8k,Ik’ I6[ !(D ! c]h; g7njvomuj wx8k,rNorP’ovomju dhP’MD la’gdf c]h;[aombdD #? gvqk\\kd[u|j;pmujlv’;k’w;hlQo Ik’g[Nv’]5,j F c]h;xvj p\\kd[u|;j p mu|bj’1j6lQoIk’g[Nv’gmy’.shg7jnvomju ]’q 8k,Ik’wxdtm[q .l\\j kd[|u ;j pmu lv’m;uj k’1l6j oQ Ik’g[vN ’],j5 D l’a gdf c];h [oa mdb D $? xP[mP[dkog7vnj om0ju v’\\kd[|u ;j pm|u ’bj .olv’d]= toDu zqomugj duf0Bo d=]toumulv’F \\kd[u|;j pmu|bj’g7njvomu-j hk]q’F \\kd[u|;j pmulv’g7njvomujD \\kp;kj \\kd[mu ’a lv’|;j pxPj ocx’dkog7vjn omDju xkdfq dkof’ja dkj ;oU lk,kfg;kQ wf;h kj \\kd[u |j;pmu|bj’dtmq[.lj\\kd[u|j;pmulv’F \\kd[u|j;pmulv’d=dtmq[.lj\\kd[u|j;pmu|bj’7no g-oaj daoD f’aj oAoF dkodtmq[dao]ts;kj ’;af45lv’1kj ’ s^n s^kp1kj ’]h;oc]h;c8cj ,oj dkodtmq[ g-yj’dao c]t daoma’oAoD @D 7;k,vB’8B’0v’;af45 1 dyf9tde @G !? ;k’Ik’.sgh oU’1.j6 o]tf[a |’bj I6[ !(D @ @? xjvp\\kd[u|j;p|bj’]q’9kdlQo Ik’g[vN ’gm’y .s,h oa g7vjn om]ju ’q 8k, Ik’c]h;g7jnvomjuwx8k,rNorP’ 84

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດovomudj hP’MD la’gdf c]h;[aombdD #? gvkq foy -kp3Ip.lrj oN rP’ovo8+9kdloQ Ik’g[vN ’],5 j c];h xvj p\\kd[]u ’q 8k,Ik’ c];h c]oj wx8k,roN rP’ovom3uj Ipfoy -kp.lDj l’a gdfc];h [oa mdb zoq D .oc8]j td=]tou \\kd[ug7nvj omucj o;.fL zoq dfy 9tde gsoa ;kj \\kd[gu 7vnj om1uj g6j m’y roN rP’ovomduj Ph ’M wxwdd;kj g7vnj omugj my’rNomuj 3Ipfyo-kp.lDj fa’j oAoF ;af4515f167j q’muj 4hk[+,uvao.fdtmq[.lj ,ao9t7q’8q;16j95fgdqkj 8ts^vfwxS ;fa 4m5 duj e]’a g7vnj omFuj 4kh [,+ lu ’yj .fdfu 0;k’ ,oa 9tg7vnj om8uj tsv^ fwxD 9kdxkdfq dko7fn ’ja dkj ;groyj 9b’j g;Qk;kj ;af45[+g7vnj om,uj u7;k,vB’8B’radF ;af45g7vnj om,uj u7;k,vB’8B’g7vnj omDuj #D ,;olko0v’;af45 dyf9tde #G !? shvp\\kd[ulv’|;j p X|;j pmu|j b’j gIaffh;pgsa^d c]t |;j pmulv’gIaffh;p1k’? .lj 7kovaofP;dao fa’j I6[ !(D# @? f’b \\kd[gu sd^a vvd9kdm8ju ’A fo5 fPj ’ c];h xvj p.swh x8e\\kd[1u k’ f’ja I[6 d rvh ,m’a l’a gdfdkog7vnj om0uj v’\\kd[mu ’a lv’D #? fb’\\kd[u1k’vvd9kdmuj8A’f5ofjP’.sh]tfa[l6’gmqjkda[fb’\\kd[ugsa^d c]h;xjvp .sh,aowx8e.l\\j kd[ugsa^d f’aj I6[ 0 rhv,ma’la’gdfdkog7nvj omu0j v’\\kd[uma’lv’D I6[ !(D # zoq dkomfq ]v’F s^a’dkodtm[q doa \\kd[um’a lv’ g7nvj omucj o;.fL zoq dfy 9tde gsoa ;kj g,vjn \\kd[gu sd^a dtm[q .l\\j kd[1u k’F \\kd[1u k’9tg7vjn ompju kh p9kdmju 8’A gf,u s^kpd;kj \\kd[1u k’dtm[q .l4j dn \\kd[gu sd^a D ;fa 485 kj ’doa dtm[q .ldj oa gIfa .srh ;d,oa g7vjn om8ju kj ’doa D ;fa 4m5 ,uj 7u ;k, v’B 8’B .sp9j tg7vjn omju -kh d;kj ;fa 4m5 ,ju 7u ;k,v’B 8’B ovh pd;kj D ;fa 4m5 ,uj 7u ;k,v’B 8’B .spj d;kj c,oj ;fa 4,5 ,u ;olko.spj d;kj D f’aj oAoF groyj 9’bj g;Qk;kj ,;olko0v’;af45c,oj xt]y,komduj eoqf7;k,vB’8B’0v’;af45oAoD 85

,;olko0v’;af45 laopt]adfh;p8q;vadlvo m c]t ,usq;|;j pgxaody3]dik, Xkg?D $D ,;olko9egrkt dyf9tde $G !? .-h9vd-toyffP;dao # |;j pF c8]j t|;j p[ao95;af458kj ’daoS |;j pmu ! [ao95gdnvg8a,F |;j pmuj @ [ao95fyo-kpg8a, c]t |;j pmu # [ao95oEg8a,D @? gvkq 9vdm’a lk,wx-’ja 3fp-’ja gmvnj ]t9vd c];h [oa mdb D gdnv fyo-kp oE 1 2 3 I6[ !(D $ ;af45-toyf8jk’daomju,u[=]y,kfgmqjkdao c8j,u,;olko8jk’dao s^n g;Qk;jk ;af458jk’M ,u[=]y,kfgmqjkda[sq;|j;p[=]y,kf7ndao c8j,u,;olko8jk’daoD gryjogvUo,;olko0v’;af45 -toyf|’bj mu,j u[=]y,kf|’bj sq;|;j p;kj ,;olko9egrkt0v’;af45-toyfoAoD l6f7yfw],j ;olko9egrkt0v’;af45c,oj G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ M M ,;olko0v’;af457yfgxaody3]dik, Xkg?D D = V V [=]y,kf0v’;af45 7yfgxaodhvoc,af Xm3?D D ,;olko9egrkt0v’;af457yfgxaody3]dik,8+dhvoc,af Xkg/m3? 8q;1kj ’G gsa^dmvj o|b’j ,u,;olko #_Wg c]t ,u[=]y,kf &W D 9q’j 7yfw],j ;olko9e grkt0v’gsd^a mvj ooDU .shI6hG cdhG D = M M = #_Wg oe.-hG V V = 50cm3 cmo7kj .lGj D = 390g = 7,8g/cm 50cm -vdG D = ? 8v[G D = 7,8g/cm 86

8k8t]k’,;olko9egrkt0v’mkf9eo;o|’bj D mkf kg/m3 mkf kg/m3 7e !_ #WW [k !#*WW -on !! #WW oEmtg] !W#W g’oy !W &WW oE X$ ? !WWW mv’ ) _WW oEdvh o _WW gsd^a ( )WW oE,oa dkf )WW l’a dtlu ( !WW gskQ^ )WW vk],6 uouvv, @ (WW oE,aocvaf-a’ (WW &D oE|ad0v’;af45 dD xkdqfdko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ DC gvqkdhvosuoF mvj ow,hohvpF g9hp|b’j czoj DDD ,kxvj p16j]tfa[l6’vaofP;daorhv,dao c]h; la’gdfg[y’j ;kj ;af45c8]j t1kj ’g7vnj omcuj o;.f ;fa 4m5 d5 l’jy ];h oc88j dq l|j6 kh foy D xkdfq dkof’ja dkj ;F mkj oo;y g8oy wfvh tm[y kp;kj ,oa gdfu 0oB pvh o|;j p3]ddtm[q 7;k,cI’f’b ff6 .lrj ;d,oa D 7;k,cI’f’b ff6 mdju tm[q .lj c8]j t;fa 45 gvoU ;kj oE|da 0v’;fa 4o5 oA D oE|ad0v’;af45 laopt]adfh;p vadlvo P ,usq;|;j p gxaooy;g8yo XN?D 0D ];’ c]t myf0v’oE|adD dyf9tde &G !? c0;o;af45|advao|b’j fh;pg-nvdglAo|’bj pk;xt,ko ! c,af c]h;la’gdfD @? 3podvh osuo0Bo.ovkdkf 8k,];’8’A lkdd[a |kh fyo c];h l’a gdfdko8dq 0v’,oa D zoq dfy 9tdeoFU g-vn dc0;o;fa 4|5 da go’ja g7’aj 8k,];’8’A lkdd[a |kh foy S ;fa 445 dn cd;’j 0oB 8k,];’8A’F 8qd]q’l6j|hkfyo8k,];’8A’lkdda[|hkfyoD xkdqfdkofaj’djk; mjkooy;g8yo wfvh tm[y kpw;;h kj md5 M;fa 4]5 ;h oc84j dn |;j p3]ddtm[q 7;k,cI’f’b ff6 g0kQ sk9f5 .9dk’0v’,oa 9bj’gIaf.shr;d,ao8qd]q’8k,];’8A’lkdda[|hkfyoD faj’oAoF ];’0v’oE|ad;af45c,jo];’ 87

8A’lkdda[|hkfyo c]t ,umyfc8gj my’]q’],5j Xmyf-Ug0Qksk95f.9dk’|;j p3]d?D 7D 95f4j;’|adD dyf9tde *G !? g9ktI.6 lcj zoj cxoh w,h sn^ czoj g9ph c0’ 16jlk,95f c]h;\\kp A, B G c]t C .lwj ;h fa’j I6[fhko0hk’oUD @? shvpcxhow,hmuj95f A .lj7ko 9kdooA gvkq lkpf’jy svh p.l9j f5 A, lkpfy’j g7a’j gxaoglAo-nj c]h;\\kp 95f A′ .lj[jvo8yfdao]ts;jk’ I6[ !(D& 0v[cxhog[Nv’],5j da[lkpf’yj S 0ufglAo-nj AAD #? xt8y[afdkoc0;oczjocxho16j95f B c]t C c]h;0ufglAo-nj BB c]t gloA -njma’lk,glAo1|6j kh cxoh gxoa co;.fL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ zqodyf9tdegsao;kj glAo-nmj a’lk,8afdao169j 5ffP;dao XG? gryoj gvUo95ff’aj dkj ;;kj 9f5 4;j ’|da 0v’;fa 4D5 CD dkoltcf’oE|adD faj’mujI6hc]h;;jk ;af45c8j]tvao]h;oc8j ,u95f4;j ’|adF ];’0v’oE|ad c,oj ];’8A’F ,umyfc8gj my’]q’]5,j c]t 7kj 0v’oE|adcmd I6[ !(D* gxoa o;y g8oy D gryoj ltcf’oE|ad P fh;pg;adg8u D g;adg8umulj tcf’g4y’oE|ad P c,jo]6dlvomuj,u 95fg]uj,8Qo1j695f4j;’|ad0v’;af45F ,u];’c,jo];’8A’F ,umyfc8jgmy’]q’]5j, c]t 7;k,pk; 0v’,ao ltcf’g4y’7kj 0v’oE|adD *D dkorq;rao]ts;jk’,;olko c]t oE|ad gryjodeoqf,;olko0v’;af45lk,1jk’ A, B c]t C 8jk’daofh;pdko-aj’,;olkoF 8+,k;afcmd7;k,cI’ c]t 7yfw]jvaf8klj;o]ts;jk’oE|ad c]t ,;olko0v’;af45 c8]j t1kj ’c]h;xP[mP[7jkvaf8kl;j o]ts;jk’oE|adda[,;olko0v’;af45ma’lk,1kj ’oAo .ldj oa gsoa ;kj 7kj 0v’r;d,oa gmkjq doa D 88

;af45 A B C xt]y,ko ,;olko Xm? 0,1kg 0,2kg 0,3kg oE|ad XP? 1N 2N 3N oE|da },;olko !W !W !W zqodkomqf]v’wfh1A’1no;jk .olt4komujfP;daoF oE|ad0v’;af45c8j]tvaogxaovaf8kສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ l;j or;q roa d’q d[a ,;olko0v’,oa D dkorq;rao]ts;kj ’oE|ad c]t ,;olkoltcf’fh;pl6fG P = mg P oE|ad7yfgxaooy;g8yo XN? m ,;olko7yfw]gj xoa dy3]dik, Xkg? g 8q;xtdv[vaf8kl;j o7yfw]gj xaoc,af8+;yokmude]a’lv’ Xm/s2? (D dkoxjPocx’0v’oE|adgmy’|hk3]d ,;olko0v’;fa 45 c,oj xt],y kom[ju x+ Pj ocx’wx8k,m8ju ’A 0v’,oa gm’y |kh 3]dD 7;k,cI’ fb’f6f0v’ |;j p3]ddtmq[.l;j af4516j c8]j t[vj o16gj my’|hk3]d [+gmqkj daophvo8q;xtdv[vaf8k l;j o 7;k,cI’fb’f6f0v’|;j p3]ddtmq[.l;j af4516j|hk3]d ,udkoxPj ocx’wx 8k,mu8j A’gmy’ |hk3]dD fa’j oAoF oE|ad0v’;af459b’j xPj ocx’wx8k,mu8j A’0v’,aogmy’|hk3]dg-yj’s^5f]q’g,nvj 7;k,l’6 0v’,oa gr,uj 0BoD 7e4k,G !D phvospa’g,vnj gIqkg8tltf5fgIqk9’bj ]Q,wxmk’|hkL 9’qj vtmy[kp @D ,;olko9egrkt0v’gsa^dgmkqj da[ ()WW kg/m3 oadIPog0Qk.9;kj co;.fL #D ,3u ]stlk,1kj ’g-oja G vk],6 ou vu v,F gsd^a c]t mv’ .sgh ]vn d.-gh rvjn gIfa gIvn [oy F oda IPo 7yf;kj gryoj 9tg]nvdgvqk3]st-toyf.fL phvospa’L $D ;af45|b’j ,u[=]y,kf !&cm3 c]t ,u,;olko !W*F&gD 4k,;kj ;af45-toyffP;dao,u [=]y,kf !WW cm3 9t,u,;olkogmqkj .fL ;af45oAogIaffh;pmkf.fL 89

&D oE,aocvaf-a’,u,;olko *W kgD 4k,;kj [=]y,kf0v’,ao9t,ugmqkj .fL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ *D 9’jq g]vn d7e8v[],j5 omU 4ju dn 8vh ’G dD myf0v’oE|ad c,oj G myfc8gj my’]q’],5j D 0D myfmk’0v’oE|da c,oj myfc8]j ,5j 0Bogmy’D 7D myf0v’oE|ad c,oj myf8A’D ’D oE|da 0v’;fa 4;5 fa cmdgxoa kgD (D dkoltcf’myf0v’oE|da gmy’|kh 3]d.o[oa fkI[6 ],j5 oU I[6 .f4nd8vh ’L I6[ !(D( )D mv’xPj ’|’jb ,u[=]y,kf $&W cm3D 9’jq 7yfw],j ;olko c]t oE|da 0v’,oa F I;6h kj mv’ ,u,;olko9egrktgmqkj )_WWkg }m3 c]t g = _F) kg/s2 _D c0;oxPj ’-novao|b’j g7njv’.lcj md7;k,cI’F g7njv’cmd7;k,cI’-U &F& N D 9’jq 7yfw]j[=]y,kf0v’-noD I6h;jk ,;olko9egrkt0v’-nogmqjk !!#WW kg/m3 c]t g = _F) m/s2 !WD 7qoz6h|b’j g;Qk;kj ]k;,uoE|ad &(kgD 4k,;kj 7qozh6oAog;Qk4nd s^n [+L fh;pgsf.fL 90

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [qfmu !) 7;k,cI’I5d46 I6[ !)D ! 1.j6 o-;u fy xt9e;oa ,su k^ pdfy 9tdemdju Pj ;0vh ’d[a 7;k,cI’Id5 4g6 -oja G dkog7vjn om0ju v’]fq F 4hk[+,u7;k,cI’I5d46 0v’|hkmk’da[1k’8uo]qf ]qf[+lk,kfg7njvomujwxwfhS 7qopkj ’wx8k, |kh foy m,uj onj ,da rt]kf],Q S g;]k0]uj fq 4[u 4kh skh ,]fq Id5 4d6 [a ]k’]fq [f+ Fu [l+ k,kfskh ,]fq .s1h f5 wfh’jkpDDD dkoI5d46]ts;jk’;af45c8j]td=]tou gduf,u7;k,cI’I5d46co;.f9twfhlbdlk.o 8+wxoDU !D 7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvf 7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvfc,jo7;k,cI’co;.fL dyf9tde !G !? ,aflQo|jb’0v’g-nvd.ljlQo|bj’0v’mjvow,h c]h;gvqkmjvow,h;k’.lj|hkczjocxho mu;j k’8k,];’ovo fa’j I6[ !)D @ dD 9kdoAocdmj vj ow,hwx8k,|hkcxho rhv,ma’ l’a gdf7;k,Il6h db 0v’,ncdmj vj ow,Dh [oa mdb zoq D 91

@? gIafdkomqf]v’7nda[ !? c8cj dmj vj ow,hf’aj dkj ;gmy’|hkczoj cxhomudj q[dhP’ c]t ,noj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ fa’j I6[mu!)D @ 0D 7;k,Ih6lbd0v’,n9kddkocdjmjvow,hwx8k,|hkcxhomju[+dhP’ c]t mjudhP’,jno 8kj ’daoco;.fL phvospa’L d0 I6[ !)D@ g,nvj cdmj vj ow,hgmy’|hkczoj cxhomuj[+dhP’F Ih6lbd;kj mvj ow,hg7njvomujpkdd;kj c]t 8hv’ .-ch I’cdsj k^ pd;kj mvj ow,9h ’bj g7vnj omDuj ooA ltcf’;kj gdfu dkoId5 4]6 ts;kj ’|kh czoj cxoh c]t |hkmjvow,hmju46da[|hkcxhos^kpd;jk s^n czjocxhodtmq[7;k,cI’I5d46.ljmjvow,hs^kpd;jkD dkoI5d46]ts;kj ’;af45|b’j g7njvomujwxgmy’|hkvud;af45|b’j g-y’j |hk0v’;af45g7nvj omuoj Ao46wx8k, |hk0v’;af45muj,aog7njvomujwx8k,oAo8ts^vfF gryjogvUo;kj dkoI5d46g9nvf c]t 7;k,cI’I5d46 mugj duf0Bo9kddkoI5d0v’;af45]adltotf’aj dkj ; gvUo;kj 7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvfD 0t|kf0v’7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvf0Boda[7;k,dhP’ sn^ -k0v’|hkI5d46daooAo X|hkI5d46 dhP’,noj gduf7;k,cI’I5d46ohvp c]t dq’dao0hk,?D myf0v’7;k,cI’Id5 4g6 9nvfg;]k.fd=d’q doa 0kh ,d[a myfg7vnj om0uj v’;fa 415 l6j tg\\uD @D 7;k,cI’I5d46dY’ dyf9tde @G !? .-hg-nvdohvp,afdhvofyo9ju c]h;,aflQog-nvdmjugs^nv.lj]=-= s^n lkp1k’1nfD 9kdoAo gvqkdhvofyo9uj;k’gmy’rNoshv’IPoD fb’lQo0v’]=-= s^n lkp1k’1nf grnjvcddj hvofyo 99uj qo.shdhvofyo9ugj 7nvj omuDj la’gdflkp1k’1nf s^n ]=-=1nfvvdD @? gvqkdhvofyo9juoAo;k’.ljgmy’]=hovhp c]h;cdjdhvofyo9ju9qo.sh]=hg7njvomjuD la’gdfdko 1nf0v’lkp1k’ s^n ]=-=D g;]kcdjdhvofyo9uj;k’.ljrNoshv’ da[;k’,ao.ljgmy’]h=F d=]tou.flkp1k’1nf s^n ]=-= 1nfvvds^kpd;kj L phvospa’L 92

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດdkoxt[fa dfy 9tdeoFU g;]kcddj vh ofoy 9;ju k’.lrj oN svh ’.s,h oa g7vnj omuj c,oj ,oa g7vnj omguj 9vn f gmy’rNoshv’S lj;og;]k;k’,ao.ljgmy’]=hohvp c]h;cdj.shg7jnvomju c,jogIaf.sh,aog7jnvomjudY’D zoq 0v’dyf9tdeltcf’.sgh soa ;kj g;]kcdgj 9nvfwx8k,rNosvh ’F lkp1k’ s^n ]=-= 1nfvvdpk; d;kj s^n 8hv’.-h7;k,cI’.spdj ;kj D f’ja ooA F 9’jb lts[5^ wf;h kj 7;k,cI’Id5 4d6 ’Y ovh pd;kj 7;k,cI’Id5 4g6 9vn fD 7;k,cI’mgju dfu 0Bo16j]ts;kj ’|hk8yfcxt0v’;af45|bj’dY’16gj my’;af45vnoj c]t dyfdAodkog7nvj omu0j v’;af45 gvUo ;kj 7;k,cI’I5d46dY’D 7;k,cI’Id5 4d6 Y’.og;]k.fd=xUomyfd[a myfg7vnj om0uj v’;fa 415 lj6 tg\\uD #D xt3spf c]t zqoglpskp 0v’7;k,cI’I5d46 dD xt3spf c]t zqoglp0v’7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvf .o8;q 9’y ,7u ;k,9egxoa 8vh ’gIfa .sgh 7vjn ’9da g-kq xojy grvjn 1f5 rda zvj o sn^ ,vf9da ]fq w;h 3fp[[u s^n 1P[7aoshk, c]h;g7vnj ’9ad9b’j 15fS dkoI5d460v’suo/qo.lj rhkF ,ufDDD.sh7q,S dtfkf -kpI5d46 |kh 3]st gIfa .sdh Ph ’gsvN^ ,S dkoId5 4]6 ts;kj ’|kh mk’.lgj d[u gIfa .s7h oq pkj ’wx,kwflh t[kpDDD ly’j 8kj ’Mmudj kj ;,kooA c,oj dko.-xh t3spf9kddkoId5 4g6 9nvfD .og,vjn 7;k,cI’Id5 4g6 9vn f,zu oq fsu k^ p1kj ’ c8dj ,= zu oq glpsk^ p1kj ’7Gn dkoId5 406 v’foy .lj 9qdF -;hkoF lP,DDD gIaf.shrhkF 9qdF lP, shPod5fg0QkDDD .od=]touoU c,oj 7;k,cI’I5d46g9nvf gIfa .sgh dfu 7;k,glpskpD 0D xt3spf c]t zqoglp0v’7;k,cI’I5d46dY’ ]qf-toyf8kj ’Mohvp.spcj ]oj wx8k,mk’wfhphvo,u7;k,cI’I5d46dY’]ts;kj ’|hkmk’ c]t ]=0h v’,oa ooA c,oj xt3spf0v’7;k,cI’Id5 4d6 Y’D .omk’d’q doa 0kh ,dkoId5 406 v’cdo 0v’g7nvj ’9adda[]6d[u s^n xvd0v’,ao gIaf.shma’cdo c]t ]6d[u s^n xvd s^5hpshPog0Qk c]t gIfa .sh g7vnj ’9da lo6 glpde]’a l;j o|’bj wx grvjn gvkq -totdkoId5 416 r6j kdl;j o8kj ’M0v’g7vnj ’9da DDD c]h;gIaf.shg7jnv’9adxjyo-hk]q’S fhko|jb’g,jnv,u7;k,cI’I5d46dY’ohvpgIaf.sh]qfc]jowfhw;F g,njv8hv’dko15f[+=lk,kf15fwfh8k,7;k,8hv’dko gIaf.shgdufv5[afgsfF d=]touoU 4n;kj 7;k, cI’Id5 4d6 ’Y gIfa .sgh dfu 7;k,glpskp0oB D 93

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