ມ.2_ວິທະຍາສາດ ທຳມະຊາດ_NatScience

suoma[ (Tuff? gxaosuovad7tou-toyf|b’j mugj duf 9kd/5oj r6w2r5’j vvd,kma[4q,dao c]t gdktdoa c|oh gxoa czoj gxoa dvh oD dyf9tdeG lbdlk]adltot0v’suovad7tou !? la’gdfgoNvsuoF lu c]t cImj uxj tdv[16.j ogonhvsuo @? -a’j oE|ad c]t mqflv[7;k,c0’F 7;k,|P; 3fpdko06f c]t ]adltotvnoj M mluj ’a gdfwfDh [oa mdb zoq D #? 1vfoEgdnv.lsj uovda 7touF l’a gdfxt8ydy]ypkmguj duf0BoD [oa mdb zoq D @D suo-Ao Xsuo8tdvo?D !? 8Qodegouf0v’suo-AoG sou -oA gdfu 9kddkom[a 4,q doa 0v’-kdrfn F lfa ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດI6[ $@D* suo-Ao c]t 8tdvo8jk’MD suo8tdvo ,adgduf1j6[=]yg;o cs’^j oE c8vj kf9trq[16[j =]yg;om,uj usuovad7touD @? ]adltot0v’suo-Ao suo-Ao,us^kp-toyfmu,j u]adltotc8d8kj ’dao g-aoj G suolu]kc]’F suox6oF 4kj osuoF suo -kpF suofyofko c]t vnoj MD le]a[16jxtgmf]k;gIqk rq[16j # -toyf7nG suox6oF suo-kp c]t sou foy fkoD suolu]kc]’G sou l]u kc]’ gxoa sou -tofy |’jb m,ju Iu 6 c]t ,lu 7u n I6[ $@D( I6[ suolu]kc]’ 0\\U Ph ’gsda^ D ,da r[q 1.6j 8fh oy F [k’[vj or[q gsoa gxoa []= gy ;o d;hk’D suolu]kc]’xtdv[,u gsa^dvqd-yf c]t vk]6,uouvv,vqd-yfxtlq,16Dj f’aj oAoF lu0v’,ao9’bj gxao ludtg[qk Xfecf’?D sou l]u kc]’g,vjn p’a 1.6j 8fh oy ,]u da ltotvvj oF c8gj ,vjn gvkq 0oB ,kgm’y |kh foy lezfa d[a vkdkf ,ao9tc0’8q; c]t xtw;hxt,ko ! gfnvo d=lk,kf.-hg0Qk.odkod+lhk’wfh g-aoj G x6rNoF d+/k gInvoF decr’ c]t vnoj MD 197

suo-toyfoguh ,vnj 4nd/oq 8dq .lfj yomxuj dq 7,5 196j t4ndg-kt]kh ’vvdwx\\fq c]t foq Mwx9tgxvjn p dkpgxoa fyo]d6 dvo g-’yj lk,kfoewx.-h4q,|hkmk’wfhD suox6oG suox6o c,oj dko-uvv,dkd3[oafF gduf9kddko ltlq,ma[4q,0v’-kdrnf c]t -kdlafD suox6o,us^kp-toyfF ,us^kplu c]t ,ugoNv8kj ’daoD I6[ $@D) suox6o sou xo6 mju svh p]’q ,k9kdgrfko4E XStalactites? gvoU ;kj G suophvp c]t suom’uj vd0Bo8k,rNo4E gvUo;kj G suo’vdD sou -toyfo,U ugonvh c0’g\\ktle][a .-.h o;Pd’kod+lkh ’D 4jkosuoG 4kj osou gxoa sou mgju dfu 9kddkom[a 4,q 0v’-kdrfn I6[ $@D_ 4jkosuoສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 1g6j xoa g;]kfoq okos^kp]kh ox9u oq dkp gxoa sou c0’D suo-kpG gxoa suomxuj tdv[f;h p-kpmguj duf9kddkos^ph5 sPh o I6[ $@D!W suo-kp 0v’sou dikofy c];h gdktdoa gxoa dvh o 3fp,-u ]u dy fa F gsda^ vdq -yf c]t dko-uvv,dkd3[oafS ,us^kpluF goNvspk[F ,u7;k,c0’s^kpD gryoj oypq,daogvqk,kcdtlts^ad c]t .-gh 0kQ .odkodl+= kh ’D suofyofkoG fyofko gxaosuomugj duf,k9kdfyo|P; c]t 8q, mmju [a 4,q doa gxoa g;]kfoq oko9oq dkpgxoa sou foy fkoD I6[ $@D!! suofyofko 198

#D suoxjPoI6[ suoxPj oI[6 gxoa suomxuj Pj ocx’ s^n cxI[6 ,k9kdsuovda 7tou s^n suo8tdvoD suooUg,vnj wfIh [a 7;k,Ivh o c]t 7;k,foa 9kdmk’.o0v’3]drk.sgh dfu dkoxPj ocx’37’lkh ’0v’govhn sou c]t -toyf0v’cImj kfxtdv[mguj xoa l;j o0v’suo 9oq gdufgxoa suo-toyf.\\Dj suoxPj oI6[,us^kp-toyf7nG suowoF suovvj oF suod;d-yf c]t suofyofkoD suowoG I6[ $@D!@ suowoD gxoa sou xPj oI[6 gdfu 9kdsou vda 7tomu 4ju dn 7;k, Ihvos^v,cs^; gIaf.sh,aocs^;|P;7n8a’F gIaf.sh 9er;d cIjmkflufe1j6mk’.o0v’goNvsuola[-hvo ]P’8q;daogxaoc4;M gvUo;jkG suowoD gryjo.-hsuo oUgIaf7qd c]t x60AowfD suovjvo XMarble?G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ suovjvoc,josuomujxjPoI6[,k9kdsuox6o4nd I6[ $@D!# suovvj o 7;k,Ihvo c]t cI’dqffaoF ,aos^v,cs^;c]h; g1ao8q; rk.shgoNv0v’,ao]tvPfF ’k, c]t l;j o s^kpgxoa lu0k;D groyj .-ch dtlt]da gxoa g7vnj ’xtf[a gvFh x6rNogInvoF glqkgInvo8yf/k c]t vonj MD suod;d-yf Xquart zite?G syo-kp g,njv4nd7;k,Ihvos^v,cs^; c]t g1ao8q;dkpgxaosuo m,uj ugonhv]tvPf9qo[+gsaogxaog,af -kp gvoU ;kj G sou d;d-fy D grojy .-gh xoa sou xtl,q g[8’q F .-xh r6 oN mk’D I6[ $@D!$ suod;d-yfD 199

suodtfko (slate)G sou dtfko c,oj sou xPj oI[6 9kdsou foy fkopvh o4dn 7;k,Ivh osv^ ,cs;^ F g,vjn ,oa m1ju ]j6 tf[a 7;k,foa l'6 ,oa 9t[[u 38.sch |oh g0kQ c]t c0’0oB gxoa sou mlju k,kfcdtwfDh sou foy fko,su k^ plFu govN ]tvPfF cdtvvdgxoa czoj MwfFh grojy .-gh rvjn ,’5 s’a^ 7kgIvn oF gIfa dtfkosou F xr6 oN mk’.ogfoju s^n l;os^YoD $D ;af4t9ad0v’suo faj’oadIPowfhIPoI6hdkodegouf0v’suo-toyf8jk’M,kc]h;oAoF 7;k,Ihvo c]t cI’faogIaf.shsuovad7touF suo-Ao c]t suoxjPoI6[ gdufdkoxjPocx’ltrk[wx,k 1kj ’gxoa Iv[;PoD dkoltlq, c]t ma[4q, suo8tdvo dkoIvj o rdb ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ z5ra’ 7;k,Ihvo c]t 7;k,fao suoxPj oI6[ 7;k,Ihvo c]t 7;k,fao suovad7tou s^v,]t]kp s^v,]t]kp g1ao c]t gxaorbd ,ad,k I6[ $@D!& ;af4t9ad0v’suoG Iv[;Podkogduf c]t dkoxPj ocx’ 7e4k,G !D suo,u9adxtgrfL 7n xtgrf.fcfLj 200

@D 9’qj vtmy[kpdkogduf0v’suo c8]j txtgrff’aj oUG sou vda 7tou DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD sou 8tdvo DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD sou xPj oI[6 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD @D 9’qj 8,nj 0=h7;k,.l[j vj os;kj ’.sh4nd8hv’ ]}f ]kpdko -toyf0v’suo gsfzoq }]da ltot ! .-.h odkod+lkh ’ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ,7u ;k,c0’DDDDDD @ suoxtf[a vk7ko DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD # suole][a 0fa DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD $ sou le][a g7vjn ’.-.h ogIvn o DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 201

[qfmu $# ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ cIjmkf8jk’M !D 7;k,\\kp0v’cIjmkf cIjmkf c,jomkffjP; s^n mkfxtlq,vtoq’7tmkfmujgduf0Bogv’8k,me,t-kf.o gxnvd3]d 3fpdko8dq rdb F .oooA vkfgxoa rdb mluj ,q [o6 s^n [+l,q [o6 D ovd9kdoU;fa 4m5 ,uj u-u;yf.ome ,t-kf[k’-toyfd=gxaocImj kfwfh7ndao g-aoj G 4kj osuo c]t oE,aoxu38i]P,D cImj kfmurj q[ l;j os^kp,ad9txtxqo16dj a[suoD .osuo[k’-toyf9t,urbd0v’cIdj t9kp16oj egonhvsuoD cImj kfmugj xaomkffPj ;gduf8k,me,t-kf,uG 7eF g’yo c]t grafD cImj kf l;j o.sp,j adrq[16jgxnvd3]d xtdv[fh;pmkfs^ad ) mkf 7nG vqd-uc-oF -u]udkfF vk]6,uouvv,F gs^adF dk]uvv,F ok8iuvv, c]t ,kgp-uvv,D c8j4hk9ecodcIjgxao]t[q[ 3fpvu’8k,lj;oxtdv[mk’g7,u9t,ucIjgxaoly[Md5j,F c8j1j6.ooUj9tdjk;g4y’dj5,cIjmujoe,k .-hxt3spfgmqkj oAo 7nG cI3j ]stF vt3]st c]t g-nhvgru’D @D ]adltot];,0v’cIjmkf cImj kf-tofy 8kj ’M,u ]da ltotmk’2-u dy c]t g7,8u kj ’doa D oda m]= tou ;my tpkwfIh ;[I;, ]adltotmk’2u-ydgxao8Qoc,oj luF 7;k,c;;;k;0v’zy;F I6[Ikj ’ c]t 7;k,c0’cdoj 0v’ ,aow;hf’aj oUG 8q;1jk’G luG cI[j k’-toyf g;]k,aogxaodhvo,ulugxaolu|’bj F c8gj ,vnj ,aogxaozq’ rafgxaolu|’bj vudD 7;k,c;;;k;0v’zy;G cI[j k’-toyf zy; s^n |hkcI,j udkoltmhvocl’ c;;;k; wfch 8d8kj ’doa D 8;q 1kj ’ ;k;c[[3]stF vt3]st c]t c[[ g7’jy 3]stD fhkoI6[-q’ s^n I6[Ijk’G cI[j k’-toyf c0’F ,u|hkIk[rP’ c]t gxao]Pj ,D 7;k,c0’G grafgxaocImj kfmucj 0’mulj 5fD 7;k,c0’ gxao]adltot.odko8hkomko dko4nd06fD cIcj 8]j t-toyf,u7;k,c0’[+gmqkj daoF mqo8+dko06f8kj ’daoD 202

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D cIjxtgrf8jk’M cImj kf ,ad16jgxao[vj o gvUo;kj G [+cIj XMineral deposit?D ltoAoF vu’8k, ]adltot c]t 7o5 xt3spf0v’cI9j ’jb wf9h fa c[’j vvdgxoa @ xtgrf.spj 7Gn cIxj tdv[sou c]t cIvj f5 lkstdeD !? cIjxtdv[suo cIxj tdv[suo gxoa cImj guj duf0Bo,kgxoa l;j oxtdv[0v’suo8kj ’M g-’yj ,u @ 9er;d.sp7j nG 9er;d-u]udaf c]t dkd3[oafD dD 9er;d-u]udaf ,u * -toyf 7nG g2]lxk XFeldspar?F d;d-yfF ,ydk XMica?F cv,2u3[]F wrivd-yoF 3v]u;yoD cIxj tdv[suo[k’-toyflk,kf .-hg0Qk.odko xtlq,gIaf4h;pD g2]lxkG gxaod5,j cImj kfmudj ;,gvqks^kpd;kj &W l;j oIhvpmugj xaol;j oxtdv[0v’gxnvd 3]dD 1j6.og2]lxk xtdv[fh;p-u]udaf-hvo76j0v’vk]6,uouvv,F dk]uvv,.oI6[c[[gxaorbdF c8.j og,vjn g2]lxkc8d,oj5 9tdkpgxoa vtor5 kdfoy |P; XClay mineral?D d;d-yf XSiO2?G gxaovqd-yf-u]yd[=]yl5fF ,u16jmq;j wx.ogxnvdmt;u[F c8sj kpkd.ogxnvd ,tsklt\\f5 D g,vjn d;d-fy c8d,oj5 9tdkpgxoa vtor5 kd-kpD d;d-fy c0’sk^ p4kh 0f6 cd;h 9tgsoa gxoa IvpD ,ydk XMica?G gxoa d,j5 cI1j .6j oI[6 gxoa rdb gxoa czoj [k’F v’q xtdv[0v’,oa c,oj -]u dy fa 0v’ vk]6,uouvv,F ,u16mj ;qj wx.ogxnvdmt;u[D ,ydk,u37’lhk’7nda[fyo|P;D cv,2u3[] XAmphibole group?G ,u]adltot7hkp7n g2]lxk c8j,ulug0A,F vq’xtdv[0v’,aoc,oj g,8k-u]ydaf0v’,kgp-uvv,F gs^ad s^n dko-uxqo16Sj ,u16gj xnvdmt;u[D wrivd-yo XPyroxene group?G ,ulug0A,F vq’xtdv[0v’,ao,u ,kgp-uvv, c]t -u]ydaf gs^ad1g6j xao9eo;os^;’s^kpD r[q 16gj xnvd,tsklt\\5fD 3v]u;yo XOlivine?G vq’xtdv[s^ad ,u,kgp-uvv, c]t -u]ydafgs^adD ,adrq[.o suor6w2D 0D 9er;ddkd3[oafG xtdv[fh;pcIjdko-yfF 1j6.odkd3[oaf0v’dko-uvv,,u cIdj kd3[oaf xtgrf|b’j mu,j u CaMg (CO3) xtlq,16jD lv’cImj kfoU9tgIafxt8ydy]ypk da[vk- yf c]t p6hdkl dkd3[oydvvdovdD 203

@? cIjv5flkstde ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ cIvj 5flkstdegxaocImj u.j -h.odkov5flkstdeD cIxj tgrfoUwfhc[’j vvdgxao # -toyf 7nG cIvj t3]stF cI3j ]st c]t cIgj -Nvgru’D dD cIjvt3]st c,oj cImj u,j u3]st|hvpD [+lk,kfgvqk,ks^v,wfh g-aoj G ,kf Xsulfur? c]t grafD ,kf .-hgxaoxt3spfg0Qk.odkogIaf[A’w2F gIaf1k c]t w,h0ufw2D 0D cIj3]st c,oj cImj u,j u3]sts^kpD phvoco;oUgryoj 9b’j oegvqkcIfj a’j dkj ;,kcpdgvqk 3]st g-aoj G gs^adF dq;j F mv’cf’F g’yoF 7e c]t v6ikouvv, grnvj .-hgxaoxt3spfg0Qk.o;Pd’ko 8kj ’M 8+wxD 7D cIjg-Nvgru’ ovd9kdfoy F sou c]t cIcj ];h p’a ,-u [a rtpkdvovdu d,j5 |’jb moju e,k.-gh xoa xt3spf1kj ’ d;hk’0;k’.oI6[0v’rt]a’’ko g-y’j gvUo;kj G g-Nvgru’me,t-kfD g-nhvgru’me,t-kfrq[16j[vj o.fcfj c]t ,udkooe.-hxt3spfspa’cfLj g-nhvgru’me,t-kfgxao-a[rtpkdvort]a’’komujle7ao.ov5flkstde c]t dko rafmtokxtgmfD cIgj -Nvgru’mu7j qhorq[,uG 4kj osuoF oE,ao c]t dklme,t-kfD 4jkosuoG 4kj osuogduf0Bowfhco;.fL 4kj osuo gxoa g-vnh gru’-toyf|’jb mguj duf9kddkoltl,q 0v’-kdrnf8k,me,t-kf .ocv’j oE8Nog-oaj G |v’oEF [b’F [vj om,uj urnfxqd75,|kc|hos^kpD g,vnj rnf8kp]q’ s^n d’yj w,hF .[w,h8qd]q’lj tlq,ma[4q,dao16[j vj o-,5j c-tD l’yj gsk^qj oUma[4q,dao16j gxaog;]kfqovokorkp.8h7;k,faol6’S -kdrnf9tgdufdkoxjPocx’gxaomkfxtlq,g-yj’,u dkd[vogxao8Qo8=S 0t[;odkooUgvUo;kj G dkogdufgxao4jkosuoD 204

dkoc[’j -tofy c]t 7o5 otrk[0v’4kj osou c,oj 0oB 1d6j [a xt],y ko0v’dkd[voF 7kj 7;k, Ihvomujgzqk c]t dkoxjPocx’ltrk[0v’,aoD 1j6xtgmf0v’r;dgIqkrq[[+4jkosuo1j6c0;’ w-pt[6]uF s^;’oEmkF s^;’rt[k’F 7e,;j o c]t lts;aootg0fD xu38i]P, 7ela[oU,k9kdIkdla[rklk]kc8’ @ 7e 7nG gr8ik cx;kj suoF 3v]P, cx;kj oE,aoS \\kp7;k,;kj oE,aomuwj fh9kd4kj osuoD x3u 8i]P, gxoa g-vN gr’u vdu -tofy |’jb gdfu 9kddkom[a 4,q 0v’-kdrfn c]t lfa m1ju [6j dq c]t .omtg] s^n ,tsklt\\5fg,vnj s^kpIhvps^kply[]hkoxudvj oD x3u 8i]P,l;j omgju xoa 0v’cs;^ c]t dkl9tws-^ ,b vvd9kd-oA sou 8tdvowx8k,Ivpg]vjn oF Ivpc8dF Ivpcpd c]t I60v’suo Xsuo-kpF suox6o? wxltlq,8q;16j.8h-Aosuomu,j u37’lhk’xyf c]t ,u7;k,fao8ej g-y’j gvUo;kj G cs^’j xu38i]P,D -Aogmy’0v’cs^j’ xu38i]P,c,oj suofyofko g-’yj gxaosuom,uj ugoNv]tvPffuF g\\ktcddj koxyfdoA grvnj [+.sh xu38i]P, I;jq ws^vvdwxf’aj I6[ $#D!D dklme,t-kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ suo-kp -Aosuofyofko I6[ $#D! 37’lhk’0v’-Aosuomudj adgda[oE,ao xu38i]P, oE,aofy[ suo-kp -Aosuofyofko 205

c8j4hk1j6[=]yg;ocs^j’xu38]P,skd,udkog9kt9tgIaf.shcI’fao c]t cI’vafxtdv[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ da[dkogduf xt8ydy]ypkmk’g7,u.ov5ostr6,8ej d;jk !&WF mkf[k’l;j o9t]tgsup gsn^vc8j v’q 7tmkfxtl,q d[a 8tdvofyo]tvPf.omluj f5 9tc0’8;q dkpgxoa suooE,oa D suooE,ao ,u]adltot7hkp7nsuofyofkoF ,uvq’7tmkf Xlkovyo-u? vq,oE,ao16.j ogonhvsuoD I6[ $#D@ dko05f xu38i]P, XoE,aofy[? -a[rtpkdvomujoadIPowfhIPo,koAo ];,ma’fyoF suo c]t cIj]h;oc8j gxao-a[ rtpkdvome,t-kfm,ju 7u kj g-’jy ,tof5 wfoh e,k.-xh t3spf.oI[6 c[[8kj ’MD ltooA F r;dgIkq 9’jb 7;ovto5]ad c]t .-h1kj ’g\\ktlq,grktdvj o9twfh.-hfyoF suo c]t cI8j hv’.-hg;]koa[]hkoxuD ovdooA cs’j^ oEp’a gxoa xfa w9le7oa mrju k.sfh oy F sou c]t cI,j du koxPj ocx’ c]t gxoa xfa w98oQ 8= .odkofe]’q -u;yf0v’l’yj m,uj u-u;yf1.6j o3]doUD #? zt]yf8traomujwfh9kddkodajooE,ao xu38i]P, oE,aofy[ sn^ xu38i]P, l;j os^kp,u lufe c]t luoE8koF [k’[vj o,uw0 c]t 1k’\\kd 8vJ psk^ pD oE,oa f[y l;j o.spxj tdv[f;h pdkd[vo )&{_W:F I3u fic-o !W{!&:F ,kf WFWW!{(: c]t vqd-uc-o WFWW!{&:D ovdoAo gxao ou38ic-o c]t 3]st8kj ’MD 206

dvj o9toeoE,oa f[y ,k.-gh xoa xt3spf 9t8vh ’oeoE,oa f[y wxzkj o0t[;odkocpdmkf mxuj oq 1vj6 vddvj o c];h 9’jb oel;j omguj xoa Iu3fidkd[vowxdoja cpdvvdgxoa zt]yf8troa 8kj ’MD 0t[;odkozt]yfmwuj f9h kddkodoja f’ja 8k8t]k’],5j oUG 9eo;o 95f2qf vk38, 16.j oltrk[ 75oxt3spf dkd[vo ohvpd;kj !{$ dkl dkls5’8Q, #W{!!W &{( cs^; gxao8q;]t]kp *&{!(W *{!@ cs^; .ov5flkstde g7,u !(W{@&W !W{!$ cs^; oE,aocvaf-a’ @&W{#$W !${!_ cs^; oE,aodkf .-h.o s^kpd;kj #&W !_{#& cs^;0h5o gInv[yo wvrqoj s^kpd;kj $WW #&{$W cs^;ph;p oE,aodk-;o oE,aog7nvj ’ oE,aos5’8Q, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ s^kpd;kj $WW $W{&W g7yj’cs^; mPow0 g7y’j c0’ s^kpd;kj $WW s^kpd;kj &W g7yj’cs^; 1k’\\kd8Jvp g7y’j c0’ X1k’x6mk’? 9qog4y’c0’ I6[ $#D# czo;kf0t[;odkozt]yf c]t zt]yf8traomuwj fh9kdoE,ao xu38i]P, 7e4k,G !D cImj kf,u7;k,\\kpco;.fL ,u8Qodegouf,k9kd.l c]t ,u]adltot];,co;.fL @D oE,oa xu38i]P,wf,h k9kd.lL #D cIgj -Nvgru’mu,j k9kdme,t-kf ,u-toyf.fcfLj ,ao,uxt3spfg0Qk.odkorafmtok glf4tdyf0v’,to5fwfhco;.fL $D 16jxtgmf]k;gIqk,u[+cIlj e7ao.fcfLj 8A’16j c0;’.fL &D cImj kf-toyf.fm7uj qogIqkoe,k.-hgxaoxt3spf.o-u;yfxt9e;aoL 207

rkdmu IX ]adltot0v’oE [qfmu $$ ]adltotmqj;wx0v’oE !D ]adltotmqj;wx0v’oE dyf9tde !G !? 9q’j la’gdf oEltvkfdPj ;da[luF dyoj c]t ]qf-kf0v’,aoD @? 9q’j la’gdf oE.oI6[ Xd?F X0? c]t X7? ]5,j oUG Xd? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ X7? I6[ $$D! X0? dD dkoIadlk]tfa[gmqkj dao0v’oE.ork-totmu]j ;j ’dao 0D dkoxPj ocx’I6[Ikj ’8k,rk-totmu[j ao95 7D dkows^0v’oE 208

zkj odkola’gdfdPj ;da[oEgIqklts^5[wfh;kj oEgxao0v’cs^;-toyf|’bj F [+,uluF [+,udoyj c]t [+,u]qf-kfF lk,kfxPj ocx’I6[Ikj ’8k,rk-totmu[j ao95F Iadlk]tfa[gmkqj dao 1.6j om+mu]j ;j ’dao c]t ws^9kd[vj ol6’wxsk[vj o8ej D @D 95fgxnjvp0v’oEdhvoF 95f2qf c]t 95fdhk,0v’oED dD 95fgxnjvp0v’oEdhvo dyf9tde @ !? gvqkoEdhvo[qf.sh,5jo.lj.o9vdcdh;xt,ko 3 0v’9vd c];h 8’ha .lgj m’y 8kokj ’ 4 0v’g7nvj ’doha ],q 0v’8tdP’gskhq^ _WD gvkq g7vjn ’;fa cmdvo5 str,6 lP[.l.j ooEdvh oD c]h;9a[g7njv’;afcmdv5ostr6, .ljda[ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0k8ah’faj’I6[mu $@D@D s^a’9kdlP[g7vjn ’ ;fa cmdv5ostr6,.l.j ooEdhvowfh @ okmu I6[ $@D@ 95fgxnvj p0v’oEdhvo c]h;.shvkj o c]t [aombd7kj v5ostr6,w;hD @? .-hcx;w20v’8tdP’gs^qhk _W 8qh,oE dvh o1.j6 o9vd c]t .-ch m’j cd;h 7oq 7vj pM .smh ;jq 18j6 tsv^ fg;]kD la’gdf c]t [aombd zqodkoxjPocx’v5ostr6,oa[c8jg]uj, gxnjvp9qog4y’gxnjvp\\qf c8j]tg7yj’okmuD s^a’9kdoaho la’gdf c]t [aombdzqodko xjPocx’v5ostr6, c]t [=]y,kfmujoE dvh ogxvnj pgxoa oE\\fq 9oq g4y’ g;]koE2fq 8k,c8]j tokmDu #? .o0totmurj ;,la’gdfdkoxPj ocx’v5ostr6, c]t [=]y,kf0v’oEoahoF .shla’gdf g[’jy vkpoEm]ju tgspu 0ohb 9kd|kh oED g,vjn ,vu kp]tgspu 0ohb sk^ pc];h .sgh vkq 9vdoEg1oa wx.l[j ]= gy ;om,ju vu kp]tgspu 0ohb s^kpD 9kdooha .slh ’a gdfl’yj m8ju fy d[a |kh ovd0v’9vd c]t dohq 9vdm[uj oa 9o5 Eg1oa c];h [oa mdb zoq D 209

8q;1kj ’ 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo g;]k Xokmu? @ $ * ) !W !@ v5ostr6, XOC? [=]y,kf oEdvh og,vnj wfIh [a 7;k,Ivh o9tgxvnj pF 8ts^vf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkogxvnj p Xo[a c8gj ],uj gxvnj p9oq g4y’gxvnj p\\fq ? vo5 st r6,[+xjPocx’gvuho;jkG 95fgxnjvp0v’oEdhvoD s^a’9kdoEdhvogxnvj p\\qfc]h; v5ostr6,7vj p gruj,0bho c]t g,njvoE2qfc]h;dkogruj,0Bo0v’ vo5 str,6 0v’oE9t1f5 gvoU ;kj G9f5 2fq 0v’oED le][a dkoxjPocx’[=]y,kf0v’oE rkps^a’mujoEdhvo gxvjn p\\fq c];h F mevfy []= ,y kf0v’oEsf5^ ]’q c]t g4’y v5ostr6,.f|bj’dkos^5f]q’0v’[=]y,kfoEd=15f v5ostr6,.o95foU gvuho;jk v5ostr6,mujoE,u[=]y,kf ohvpmujl5fD 8+9kdoaho[=]y,kfoE9b’j 7vj pgru,j 0bho8k, I6[ $$D# 95f2qf0v’oE dkogru,j 0bho 0v’v5ostr6,D .o0totmuvj 5ostr6,0v’ oEgru,j 0bhoF 16gj my’ |hkoE,uvkpxy;0bhoF oEpy’j Ihvod=py’j ,uvkp]tgsup0bhos^kp 3fpltgrktg;]k oE2qf9t,uvkp ]tgsup0bhos^kpmulj 5fD 4kh gIkq gvkq 9vd oEg1oa wx.l.j o g]kq vkpoEmxju ;y 0oB 9kd |kh oEooA 9tgsoa ,ou E8fy 1|j6 kh ovd0v’ 9vdD oEf’ja dkj ; gdfu 9kdvkpoEdtm[q d[a 7;k,g1oa 10j6 kh ’9vdc];h ];,8;q doa g0kQ dkpgxoa oED xkdqfdkof’aj dkj ; c,oj dkoxPj ork;t0v’oE9kdrk;tvkpgxaork;tcs^;D dkomqf]v’0v’oad;ymtpklkf.shI6h;jk.og’njvow0,kf4ko X.o[aopkdkf0v’[jvo 210

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດmuj,u]tfa[8jegmqjkda[|hkoEmtg]D 95fdhk, c]t 95fgxnjvp0v’oEc,jo W D C F 95f2qf0v’oE 100 D C , []= ,y kfovh plf5 0v’oE1.j6 o $ D C c]t oE]tgspu vkp1mj6 d5 vo5 str,6 S .oooA F 4kh vo5 st r6,pyj’l6’ c]t |hk]tgsupd;hk’dko]tgsupvkp0v’oEd=pyj’s^kp0bhoD 4hkgvqkd;fcdh; [oa 9o5 E9oq g8,a F vfa /kc|oh c];h wxc-.j lsj vh ’c-cj 0’0v’8gh6 1oa D g,vnj oEdkh ,9tgsoa d;fc8dD grktg;]koE dkh ,F []= ,y kf0v’,oa 9tgr,ju 0ohb F ooha dc= ,oj ]da ltotltgrkt0v’oEvdu 1kj ’|’jb D 0=h7;ogvqk.9.ljG ]adltotm;qj wx0v’oE,uf’aj oUG !D oEgxao0v’cs^;-toyf|’bj F [+,uluF [+,udyoj c]t [+,u]qf-kfD @D Iadlk]tfa[gmkjq dao.o lv’ s^n s^kprk-totmu]j ;j ’daoD #D lk,kfxPj ocx’I6[Ikj ’wx8k,rk-tot m[uj ao95D $D ws^9kd[vj ol’6 wxsk[vj o8ej D &D oEm1uj gj6 ]yd,ucI’foa oEs^kpd;kj oE18j6 NoD *D oE,u # rk;tc8d8kj ’dao7nG 0v’c0’ XoEdhvo?F 0v’cs^; XoE? c]t vkp XvkpoE? (D oE2qf16j !WW D C )D 95fgxnvj p0v’oEdhvo = 95fdhk,0v’oE = W D C _D oE16vj 5ostr6, $ D C ,u7;k,|kc|ho = ! dik,}-,# !WD [=]y,kf0v’oEgr,uj 0Bo g,vnj xPj ork;t9kdoEgxoa oEdvh o !!D oEgxoa 8;q ]t]kpmfuj uD dko2qfG c,oj dkodkpgxoa vkp0v’0v’cs^;1.j6 o0v’cs^; c];h 206 Bowxc8d1|j6 kh 0v’ cs;^ ooA D 9f5 2fq 0v’0v’cs;^ .f|’jb xPj ocx’wx8k,7;k,foa 0v’[oa pkdkf 1|6j hkmkfcs^;oAo X7;k,faol6’{95f2qfl6’? dko]tgsupvkpG c,jodkomuj0v’cs^;xjPogxaovkpD 0v’cs^;]tgsupvkpwfhm5d v5ostr6,F c8vj 5ostr6,l6’d;kj 9t]tgsupvkpwfhw;d;kj D 211

7e4k,G ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D 0v’c0’c8d8kj ’9kd0v’cs^;co;.fL @D oEdhvo1.6j ork;tgxao0v’c0’ c8gj ,nvj .l]j q’wx.ooEgxaospa’9’bj 26L #D 95fgxnvj pF 95f2qf c]t 95fdhk, c,oj spa’L $D mkf-toyf|bj’,u95fgxnjvp{!W D C c]t ,u95f2qf )& D C D 4k,;jk16jv5ostr6,shv’ X@&{#WD C ? mkf-toyfoU9t1.j6 ork;tgxoa co;.f Xgxoa 0v’c0’ s^n 0v’cs^; s^n gxoa vkp?L &D v5ostr6,muj0v’cs^; c]t 0v’c0’16j.ork;tmujf5ofjP’ Xlq,f6o? daogvUo;jk co;.fL 212

[qfmu $& oEvjvo{oEdtfhk’ c]t ;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’ !D oEvjvo{oEdtfhk’ dyf9tde !G oEvjvo{oEdtfhk’c,jospa’L !? .-hs^vfmqf]v’0t|kfdk’ $ s^vfG s^vfmu ! .loj Extxk s^n oElhk’F s^vfmu @F # c]t $ .loj Edaoj s^vf]t 5 cm3. @? gvqkdko-uvv,d^=iq;.lj.os^vfmu # c]t ,kgp-uvv,-6o2af.os^vfmu $F s^vf]txt,kog7yj’[j;’dkg2F lajo 9oq ]t]kp\\fq D #? gvqkoElt[6.lmj 5ds^vfmqf]v’F s^vf ]t & cm3F laoj c8]j ts^vfcI’gmqkj M doa sv^ f]t @W gmvjn 8g+ ovjn ’doa F 8’ha xt w;h ! okmuD cmd7;k,l6’0v’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ /vflt[616.j oc8]j ts^vf c]t [aombdzqoD I6[ $&D! oEvvj o{oEdtfhk’ 8q;1jk’8k8t]k’[aombdzqo s^vfmu l’yj m,uj u1.6j os^vf 7;k,l6’0v’/vflt[6 Xcm? ! oExtxk s^n oElhk’ @ oEdoja # oEdaoj c]t dko-uvv,d^=iq; $ oEdaoj c]t ,kgp-uvv,-6o2af zqo0v’dyf9tde.shgsao;kj ;af45 s^n mkf[k’-toyfg,nvj ]t]kp16.j ooE gIaf.sh]adltot 0v’oExPj ocx’ g-’jy l’a gdfwf9h kddkogdfu 2v’0v’oElt[m6 gju vkq ,kmfq ]v’d[a ,oa D oEmgju Ifa .shlt[6gxao2v’s^kpgvuho;kj G oEvjvoD l;j ooEmugj Iaf.shlt[6gxao2v’|hvpgvuho;kj G oEdtfhk’D 213

;fa 4m5 ]ju t]kp8;q 1.j6 ooE gIfa .soh Edtfkh ’,su k^ p-tofy g-oja G dko-vu v,di=^ ;q F dko-vu v,-o6ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 2fa F dko-vu v,I3u fidkd3[ofa F ,kgp-vu v,-o6 2fa c]t ,kgp-vu v,I3u fi dkd3[ofa gxoa 8ohq D .o-u;yfxt9e;aogIqkg7uprq[oElhk’[k’[vj o s^n oEsh;p[k’sh;p 3fpltgrktoEsh;p mwuj s^vvd9kdr6suox6o gxaooEdtfhk’D ]adltotdtfhk’0v’oEltcf’vvdfaj’oUG { g,vjn 8,Q oEdtfkh ’.s2h fq 9tgIfa .sgh dfu rdb 8fy 18j6 k,doQ c]t 0kh ’.o0v’\\h= sn^ dk8,Q oED { .-h8Q,-UoF zad [+l5dfuD { g,vnj .-hlt[6-adg7vnj ’ lt[69t,u/vf|hvp grkt[aofkvuvq’.ooEgdufxt8ydy]ypkda[lt[6 c];h dkpgxoa mkfxtl,q m[ju +]t]kp8;q .ooED 3mf0v’oEdtfhk’ oEdtfhk’.sh3mf7nG !D gIaf.shgdufrbd8yf186j k,dQo\\=h s^n dk8Q,oED @D gxvn ’lt[.6 odko-da g7vjn ’ #D 4hkf,nj oEdtfhk’gxaoxt9e9tgIaf.shgduf|Y;D dyf9tde @G ;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’ !? dP,oE-5f Xd? I6[ $&D@ 3fpgvqkoEdtfhk’-toyfmu,j udko-uvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf ]t]kp8q;16j .l.j os^vfmqf]v’0t|kfdk’ # s^vf s^vf]t !W cm3. @? dP,oE-5f X0? 3fpgvqkoEdtfhk’-toyfm,uj udko-uvv,d^=iq;]t]kp8q;1.6j l.j os^vf mqf]v’0t|kfdk’ # s^vf s^vf]t !W cm3. #? gvqkoElt[6.lj.os^vfmu ! 0v’-5f d c]t s^vfmu ! 0v’-5f 0F c8j]ts^vf.lj & cm3. laoj c]h;la’gdf/vf c]t [aombdzqoD $? 8qh,oE.os^vfmu @ 0v’-5f d c]t s^vfmu @ 0v’-5f 0 .sh2qf16xj t,ko # okmuD xt.sgh 1oa c];h gvkq oElt[.6 l]j ’q wxm’a lv’s^vfs^vf]t & cm3 c];h l’a gdf/vf c]t [oa mdb zoq D &? gvqkok8iuvv,dkd3[oaf X3-fk-adzhk? .l.j os^vfmu # 0v’-5f d c]t s^vfmu # 0v’-5f 0 s^vf]txt,kog7yj’[j;’dkg2F lajo9qo]t]kp\\qf c]h;gvqkoElt[6.lj 214

]q’wxs^vf]t & cm3. laoj c]h;la’gdf c]t [aombdzqoD 8q;1jk’ 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo .loj k8iuvv, dkd3[oaf c]h;.loj Elt[6 8Q,c]h;.ljoElt[6 .loj Elt[6 oE-5f d oE-5f 0 I6[ $&D@G dkodP,oE -5f Xd? c]t -5f X0? ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ zqodkola’gdf s^vfmu ]kpdkomqf]v’ oE -5f d X,udko-uvv, oE -5f 0 X,udko-uvv, d^=i;q ]t]kp8;q 1?j6 ! .loj Elt[6 I3u fidkd3[ofa @ 8Q,c]h; .loj Elt[6 # .loj k8ivu v,dkd3[ofa ]t]kp8q;1?6j zqo0v’dyf9tde.shI6h;kj oEdtfhk’-5f Xd? 8kj ’da[oEdtfhk’-5f X0? 7nG -5f Xd? 8qh,c]h; \\qf7;k,dtfhk’F vud-5f X0? 8qh,c]h;pa’dtfhk’7ngdqkj D oEdtfhk’-toyf8qh,c]h; \\qf7;k, dtfhk’ gvuho;kj G oEdtfhk’-qj;7k;D l;j ooEdtfhk’mugj vqkwx8Q,c]h;pa’dtfhk’7ngdqkj gvuho;kj G oEdtfhk’4k;voD 215

dkoles^;fdjP;da[oE0v’oad7qho7;hkrq[;jk oEdtfhk’-qj;7k; gxaooEdtfhk’muj,u dko-uvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf s^n ,kgp-uvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf s^n ,uma’dko-uvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf c]t ,kgp-uvv,Iu3fidkd3[oaf]t]kp8q;16Dj l;j ooEdtfhk’4k;vogxaooEdtfhk’ mu,j udko -uvv,d^=iq; s^n dko-uvv,-6o2af s^n ,kgp-uvv,-6o2af]t]kp8q;1D6j 9kddyf9tde.shgIqkI6h;kj oEdtfhk’lk,kfcdhw0wfh3fp;ymudko8qh, c]t .-hok8iuvv, dkd3[oafD dko8qh,gxao;ymu’kj pmluj 5fF c8lj k,kfcdhw0wfhrP’c8oj Edtfhk’-;qj 7k;gmkqj oahoD .o-;u fy xt9e;oa dkof,jn oE8,hq ovd9kdgIkq 9twffh ,jn oEmwju f0h kh g-vhn rtpkfc];h F gIkq p’a wffh ,jn oEm\\ju fq 7;k,dtfkh ’vdu grktoEdtfkh ’g,vjn 8,hq c];h l’jy ;fa 4m5 gju Ifa .soh E gxoa oE dtfkh ’ c]t ]t]kp8q;16.j ooEoaho9tcpd8q;vvd9kdoE g-y’j gIqkla’gdfgsao;kj .o\\=h s^n dk8qh,oE,u 7k[0v’c0’8fy 1dj6 ohq c]t 0kh ’.o0v’,oa D 7k[0v’c0’f’ja dkj ;gdfu 9kdsou xo6 m]ju t]kp8;q 1.j6 o oEwfch pd8;q vvd9kdoEooha gv’D ;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’ oEdtfhk’-qj;7k; oEdtfhk’4k;vo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ok8iuvv, dkd3[oaf I6[ $&D# G ;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’ 7e4k,G !D oEvvj o c]t oEdtfhk’c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL @D oEdtfhk’,u9ad-toyf L -toyf.fcfLj #D 9’qj [vd;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’c8]j t-toyfL $D 9q’j [vd3mf 0v’oEdtfhk’L 216

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດrkdmu X ]adltot0v’vkdkf [qfmu $* ]adltotmqj;wx0v’vkdkf !D dkodt9kp0v’vkdkf dyf9tdeG vkdkfdt9kpco;.fL !? l[6 vkdkf.l\\j kdx,6 gxkQ c];h ,fa xkdw;h 9kdooA gvkq ,n[u[\\kdx,6 gxkQ 1s6j ^kp9f5 7nG dQoF 0hk’ c]t .dhxkdD @? cdhg-nvdmu,j afxkd\\kdx6,gxQkvvd c]h;gvqk,ng[Nv’|bj’dk’1j6xkd\\kdx6,gxQkF ,nvudg[Nv’|’jb [u[\\kdx,5 gxkQ D l’a gdf7;k,Il6h db 0v’,nD 9kdzoq dkogIfa dyf9tde oda IPo9tlts^[5 dPj ;d[a dkodt9kp0v’vkdkfwfch o;.fL dkoxt8y[afdyf9tdeoU gIqkI6hlbd;kj 16jc8j]t95f0v’\\kdx6,gxQk g7a’j 7ndao\\qf c]t g;]kxvj pvkdkfvvdF I6hlbd;kj ,ul’yj .f|’bj ,kdtmq[.l,j ngIqk c89j a[[+wfhD xkdqfdkooU ltcf’ .shIh6;kj vkdkfgxoa ;fa 4-5 toyf|’bj ,u8;q 8oq F ,u[=]y,kfF [+lk,kfg[’yj gsoa F [+lk,kf9[a [kpwfFh [+,uluF [+,udyjo c]t gvqk,ao.l.j ork-totvao.f ,aod=dt9kp16jmq;j [=]y,kf0v’rk-totoAoD @D vkdkf,uoE|ad .odko7Qo7;hk c]t -vdsk;kj vkdkf,uoE|ad s^n [+oAoF 16j.oshv’mqf]v’muj,u-y’-a’j muj ,u7;k,-fa g9ol’6 gryoj gIfa dkomfq ]v’f’ja oUG !D gvqk\\kdx6,gxQkmu,j u0t|kfgmqkj dao @ |;j p.l-j y’lv’c0o c]h;gIaf.sh-y’f5ofPj ’ Xg0a,-y’-U0uf W? @D l[6 vkdkfg0kQ .l\\j kdx,6 gxkQ |;j p|’jb .sgh 8,a c];h ,fa xkd.sch |oh D 9kdooA gvkq wx ;k’.lzj k’-y’7noS zk’-y’g[Nv’mu;j k’\\kdx,6 gxkQ l[6 vkdkf.lgj fnvj ’]’q f’ja I[6 D 217

d0 I6[ $*D! -y’-a’j vkdkf 9kdzoq 0v’dkomfq ]v’ lk,kflts[5^ wf;h kj G vkdkf,ou E|da D #D 7;k,|kc|ho0v’vkdkfD fa’j mugj IqkI6hc]h;;kj vkdkf,uoE|adF 8hv’dkomu1j 6j c]t gvqk,ao.lrj k-tot[ao95.f,ao d=dt9kp16jg8a,rk-totoAoD fa’j oAoF 16.j ork-totmuj,u[=]y,kf9edaf.f|b’j c]t ,uvkdkf16j.o xt]y,komucj ooj voF 7;k,|kc|ho0v’vkdkf16j.ork-totoAo9tl6’ s^n 8O 0Boda[[=]y,kf 0v’rk-tot[ao95 c]t xt]y,ko0v’vkdkf16.j ork-totvaooAoD grvjn 7;k,ltf;d.odko7oQ 7;kh dPj ;d[a vkdkf grojy wfdh eofq gvkq ,;olko0v’vkdkf 1.6j o|’bj s;q |;j p[=]y,kfgxoa 7;k,|kc|oh 0v’vkdkfD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ f’aj oAoF 4hkcmo,;olko0v’vkdkffh;p M, [=]y,kf0v’ vkdkffh;p V c]t 7;k, |kc|ho0v’vkdkffh;p DD l6f7yfw]7j ;k,|kc|ho0v’vkdkf c,oj G D = M V 7;k,|kc|ho0v’vkdkf gxaoxt]y,komujgxaovaf8kl;j orq;raodq’da[,;olko0v’ vkdkf c]t gxaovaf8kl;j orq;raoxUoda[[=]y,kf0v’vkdkfD phvo;kj ,;olko,usq;|;j pgxaody3]dik, Xkg?F [=]y,kf,usq;|;j pgxaodhvoc,af Xm3?D f’ja ooA F 7;k,|kc|oh 0v’vkdkf9’jb ,us;q |;j pgxoa dy3]dik,8+dvh oc,fa Xkg/m3?D 9kddkolbdlk7Qo7;hkdPj ;da[vkdkfF oad;ymtpklkf7Qorq[;kj 7;k,|kc|ho0v’ vkdkfxPj ocx’ 8k,]tfa[l6’0v’vkdkfmP[da[]tfa[|hkoEmtg] f’aj .o8k8t]k’],5j oUG 218

8k8t]k’7;k,|kc|ho0v’vkdkf8k,7;k,l6’ ]tf[a l’6 9kd|kh oEmtg] Xkm? 7;k,|kc|oh Xkg/m3? 0 1,3 2 1,007 4 0,819 6 0,660 8 0,526 10 0,414 12 0,312 14 0,228 16 0,166 18 0,122 20 0,089 $D vkdkfsqf1nfwfh ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D ph6 c]t f’b dkh oxyl8’q -uc]’a g0kQ {vvds^kp gmnvj la’gdf7;k,Ih6lbd0v’,nmujph6 c]t fb’ dkh oxyl8’q D [oa mdb D @D fb’dhkoxyl8q’vvd.shxyl8q’0v’,ao1j6]t s;jk’g7yj’dk’S gvqkoY;,nvafI6.shc9[fu c]h; p6hdhkoxyl8q’g0Qkrhv,ma’la’gdf 7;k,Il6h db 0v’,vn fa I-6 cu ]’a c]t ,pn h6 x8u ’q D 9kdoAo ;k’,nph6dhkoxyl8q’D la’gdfdko g7nvj omu0j v’xyl8’q c];h [oa mdb zoq D I6[ $*D @ -uc]a’ #D f’b dkh oxly 8’q vvd.sxh ly 8’q 0v’,oa 1]6j ts;kj ’g7’jy dk’S gvkq o;Y ,vn fa I.6 sch 9[fu c];h f’b dkh oxly 8’q vvdrvh ,m’a l’a gdf7;k,Il6h db 0v’,vn fa I-6 cu ]’a c]t ,fn ’b dkh oxly 8’q DS 9kdooA ;k’,nf’b dkh oxyl8’q D l’a gdfdkog7nvj omu0j v’xyl8’q c];h [oa mdb zoq D 219

8k8t]k’[aombdzqo zoq dkomfq ]v’ ]kpdko pgh6 0kQ {vvd p6hg0Qk Xgvqk,nvafI6? fb’vvd Xgvqk,nvafI6? { g;]kp6h c]t fb’dhkoxyl8q’g0Qk{vvdmuj[+ gvqk,nvaf ,u7;k,c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL { g;]kgvqkoY;,nvafI6-uc]a’ c]h;goAodhko xly 8’q g0kQ F ,mn guj ooA dkh oxly 8’q c]t gvkq o;Y ,nvafI6-uc]a’ Ih6lbdco;.fL g,njvxt,ngoAo dhkoxyl8q’F xyl8q’g7jnvomjuwx1j6.lL phvo spa’L { g;]kgvqkoY;,nvafI6-uc]a’c]h;fb’dhko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ xyl8q’vvdF ,nmujfb’dhkoxyl8q’ c]t oY;,n I6[ $* D# l6[]q,g0Qk8uo]qf vafI6-uc]a’Ih6lbdco;.fL g,jnvxt,nfb’ dhkoxyl8q’F xyl8q’g7jnvomjuwx1j6.lL phvo spa’L { 9kdzqodkomqf]v’ oadIPo9tlts^5[dPj ;da[ ]adltot0v’dkl;kj co;.fL 9kdzqo0v’dkomqf]v’ lk,kflts^5[wfh;kj G vkdkfsqf{1nfwfh c]t lk,kfgIaf.sh vkdkfmu,j uxt]y,ko9edaf|b’j ,u7;k,|kc|hogru,j 0Bo s^n s^5f]q’wfhD g,vjn gIkq l[6 vkdkfg0kQ 8ou ]fq c,oj gIfa .svh kdkf,7u ;k,|kc|oh l’6 d;kj 7;k,|kc|oh 0v’vkdkf1[j6 oa pkdkf sn^ 1mj6 k’ovd0v’8ou ]fq 3fp;my 9u edfa []= ,y kfw;h c8gj r,ju xt],y ko0v’ vkdkf1m6j k’.o8uo]fq 0Bo s^n g;kQ vudc[[|’bj c,oj gIfa .s7h ;k,foa vkdkf.o[=]y,kf9edfa |’bj gruj,0Bo3fpgruj,xt]y,kovkdkf0BoD fa’j oAoF 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf.ork-tot[ao95vao|bj’muj ,u[=]y,kf9edaf gxaovafl;j orq;raodq’da[xt]y,kovkdkfmu[j ao9516.j ork-totvaooAoD 220

&D dkog7njvomuj0v’vkdkf dD vkdkfg7njvomujco;.fL la’gdfI6[ c]h;[vd;kj vkdkfg7njvomujco;.f I6[ $*D$ I6[dkog7nvj omu0j v’vkdkf vkdkfg7nvj omu9j kdmu,j u7;k,|kc|oh l’6 wxskmumj u,j u7;k,|kc|oh 8OD 0D ]q, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dyf9tdeG w8h8tdP’mu,j ucdh;8aflv’lQo’;ew;h c]h; gvkq ooj5 ’;Y sn^ 0oq vvj o0v’wdj sn^ odq xvj p1xj6 kdcd;h X3xt8tdP’?D la’gdfg[yj’o5oj s^n 0qowdDj .og;]kxvj p o5oj s^n 0qowd.j lgj my’xkdcdh; 8tdP’F l’a gdfgsoa xkdfq dkosp’a gduf0BoL 9kdzqodyf9tdeoUF oadIPo9tlts^5[;jk I6[ $*D & 8tdP’ co;.fL g,nvj xvj po5oj s^n 0qovvj o0v’wd.j lgj my’xkdcdh;8tdP’F o5oj s^n 0qowdxj y;0Bowx.ovkdkfD xkdqfdkofa’j dkj ; ltcf’.shI6h;kj vkdkf1.6j ocdh;8tdP’ g,nvj wfhIa[7;k,IhvogIaf.sh7;k, |kc|ho0v’vkdkfs^5f]q’F oE|adg[qk]q’ c]h;xy;0BoS 9kdoAovkdkfmu1j 6j[=]yg;o0hk’7P’ 221

g7nvj ophkp g0QkwxcmomuDj dkog7nvj omuj0v’vkdkf7nfa’j dkj ; rk.shvkdkfg7nvj omugj xaodtclD dtclg7nvj omu0j v’vkdkfmuwj ; gvUo;kj ]q,D fa’j oAoF ]q,c,oj dkog7nvj omu0j v’vkdkfD faj’mjuI6hc]h;;jk g,njv7;k,|kc|ho 7;k,faol6’ 7;k,fao8je 0v’vkdkfs^5f]q’ 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf ds= f5^ ]’q D f’ja ooA F gIkq lk,kfg;kQ wfvh du 1kj ’|’jb I6[ $*D* ;jk ]q,gduf9kd7;k,c8d8jk’0v’7;k, faovkdkfD myfg7vnj om0uj v’]q,c,oj raf9kd [=]yg;omuj,u7;k,faol6’ wxsk[=]yg;omuj,u 7;k,fao8OD ],q mguj duf8k,me,t-kf gduf0Bopvh o;kj 16.j og;]kfP;doa F vkdkfm1uj .6j oc8]j t[vj ogmy’ |kh 3]d,vu o5 str,6 c8d8kj ’doa 7Gn [k’[vj oIvh o c]t [k’[vj og1oa D 1[6j vj ovkdkfIvh oF vkdkf g[qkd;kj xy;0Bogmy’ c]h;vkdkf g1aog7vnj omguj 0Qk,kcmo[vj o 9’bj gduf,u]q,D g,vjn 7;k,foa 0v’vkdkf1.6j olv’cs’j p’yj ,7u ;k,c8d8kj ’doa sk^ pgmkjq .fdp= ’yj gdfu ],q cI’ gmkjq ooA S 4kh ],q cI’d;kj xdq dt8gy rojy gvoU ;kj G ]q,rkp5D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7D dkoxjPomyf0v’]q, ],q lk,kfxPj omfy wfch o;.fL dyf9tdeG !? w88h tdP’.l|j kh 38t c];h gvkq g9ph .[|’jb dgh= xoa I[6 m+ovh pD 9kdooA .sgh xkqj ],q zkj om+wx .lcj x;8tdP’f’aj I6[ $*D(dD la’gdfg[yj’cx;8tdP’ c]h;[aombdzqoD @? gvkq x,B s;q |’jb ,k;k’0;k’xkdmc+ ];h gxkqj ],q wx8k,m7+ n !? f’ja I[6 $*D(0D l’a gdfg[’jy cx;8tdP’ c];h [oa mdb zoq .l8j k8t]k’D d 0 I6[ $*D( dkoxPj omyf0v’]q, 222

8k8t]k’[oa mdb zoq ]kpdko zoq 0v’dkomfq ]v’ { gxkqj ]q,.lcj x;8tdP’ { gxqkj ]q,.lxj B, .og;]kgxkqj ],q zkj omw+ x.lcj x;8tdP’m[uj ,+ xu ,B 0;k’ c]t ,xu ,B 0;k’F cx;8tdP’ c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL oadIPo9tlts^5[dyf9tdeoUco;.fL zoq dkomfq ]v’F g,vjn gIkq gxkqj ],q .lcj x;8t ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດI6[ $*D ) g7nvj ’-vdskmyf0v’]q, dP’ cx;8tdP’goU’wx8k,myf0v’]q,mujgxjqk .lj,ao fa’j I6[ $*D(dD g,nvj gvqkxB,;k’0;k’]q, vvd9kdm+F cx;8tdP’16j.oltrk[gfu, fa’j I6[ $*D (0D ltooA F ],q lk,kfxPj omfy wfh g,vnj ,lu ’jy .f l’jy |’jb ,kdfu 0;k’ sn^ doa mfy mk’g7vjn om0ju v’ ,oa D xkdfq dkof’aj dkj ;gvUo;kj ],q xPj omyfD ],q c,oj rt]’a ’kome,t-kfm[ju ,+ ;u oa \\fq D ’D dkocmd7;k,w;0v’]q,D 3fpvu’.ljdkoxyjo0v’\\kdxyjo]q,mjugsao;jk .og;]k]q,[+cI’\\kdxyjo]q,xyjo-hkF g,vjn ],q cI’\\kdxojy xojy w;D 9kdxkdfq dkof’ja dkj ; grojy wfzh t]fy g7vjn ’;fa cmd7;k,w;0v’],q D g7nvj ’;afcmd7;k,w;0v’]q, gxaorklklkdqogryoj gvUo;kj G vtgo3,c,afD 7 d0 I6[ $*D _ g7nvj ’;afcmd7;k,w;]q, 223

3fpmqj;wxc]h; g7njv’;afcmd7;k,w;0v’]q,xtdv[fh;p 4h;p3]stg[qk # s^n $ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ .[soa |kh wx8k,doa 9[a .lj c0o0v’cdoxoyj m8ju fy roa d[a g7vjn ’vkj o7kj 7;k,w;0v’],q f’ja I[6 $*D_ d c]t 0D 7;k,I6hgruj,G ]q,rkp5mguj duf0Bo c]h;raf;qo;Povhv,Iv[95fl6odk’ groyj gvUo;kj G ]q,rkp5\\6oD ]q,rkp5\\6og0fIhvo Xg0fmu1j 6]j ts;kj ’glAo0t|ko #WO g|nvg4y’ #WO.8h? gxao-nj 0v’]q,rkp5\\6o mguj duf0Bo1g6j my’|hkoEmtg] s^n ,tsklt\\5fg0fIhvoD 8k,0=8h dq ]’q ]ts;kj ’xtgmfF dkodeofq xtgrf c]t -0nj v’c8]j txtgrf],q rkp5 \\6og0fIhvo c,oj .-h7;k,w;l6’l5f0v’]q,16.j dh95fl6odk’0v’]q,gxaogdo7nG ]q,rkp5 fugxil-ao[+gduo *# km/h, ]q,rkp5g0fIhvo *#{!!) km/h c]t ]q,rkp5.8h/5oj w;d;kj !!) km/h. ]q,rkp5g0fIhvoma’lk,xtgrfmduj kj ;,k0hk’gmy’oU pa’gvUo-8nj kj ’dao8k,[=]yg;o mujgduf]q,rkp5vudg-ajoG ]q,rkp5mujgduf0Bo.ovjk;g[’dv] c]t ,tsklt\\5fvyogfp gryjogvUo;jkG w-37^oS ]q,rkp5mujgduf0Bo16j,tsklt\\5fvaf]a’8ydg|nvF mtg]7kiu[PoF vjk;c,ad-yd3d c]t mtg]mk’/aj’8kg;ao8qd0v’vjk;c,ad-yd3dgvUo;jkG gIuiug7oS ]q,rkp5mguj duf0Bo1.6j ovql8ik]u gvUo;kj G ;y]]u{;y]]uD 7e4k,G !D vkdkf,u7;k,le7ao8+ly’j mu,j u-u;ufco;.fL @D Ih6wfhco;.f;kj vkdkfdt9kp16jg8a,rk-tot[ao95F ,uoE|adF ,u7;k,faoL #D 7;k,|kc|ho0v’vkdkf ,u7;k,\\kpco;.fLD $D 4kh 1.6j o]tf[a 8+kd;kj ]tf[a |kh oEmtg] 7;k,|kc|oh 0v’vkdkf9tgxoa co;.fL &D 4kh l[6 vkdkfg0kQ .o8uo]fq .s8h uo]fq g7’ja gduo,kf8k4ko c];h c]oj .o,NcffIvh o9t gxaoco;.fL phvospa’L *D vkdkfg7vnj omcuj o;.fL (D lkgsf murj k.shgdufgxao]q, c,oj spa’L )D vkdkfg,af|’bj g7nvj omuDj 4hk[+,uly’j duf0;k’F g,afvkdkfoAo9txPj omyfdkog7nvj omuj s^n [+L 224

[qfmu $(ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf !D 7;k,fao0v’vkdkfD fa’j muIj 6hc]h;;kj vkdkf,uoE|ad c]t [=]y,kfD f’aj oAoF vkdkfmu1j 6j-Aogmy’9tgxaocI’fao ]q’.lvj kdkf1j6-Ao]5j,8+Mdao]q’9qog4y’|hk3]doa[ma’8q;gIqk16j8ts^vfg;]k c8gj Iqk[+I6hlbd;jk ,u7;k,faofao.lj8q;gIqk phvo;jk 7;k,fao.oIjk’dkp0v’7qogIqkf5ofjP’da[7;k,fao0v’ vkdkf1|6j kh 3]dD 7jkcI’fao0v’vkdkfmujfao.l|j bj’sq;|;j pgoNvmujmujwfhIa[cI’faooAogvUo;jkG 7;k,fao vkdkf s^n g;Qk;jk 7;k,fao[aopkdkfD .orklkmuj.-h.odkortpkdvovkdkf gvUo;kj G 7;k,dqfvkdkfD .og;]kIPodPj ;d[a 7;k,|kc|oh 0v’vkdkf oda IPowfIh PoIch6 ];h ;kj 7;k,|kc|oh 0v’vkdkf s^5f]q’g,njv]tfa[l6’0v’vkdkfmujxP[mP[da[|hkoEmtg]gruj,0Bo s^n oE|ad 0v’vkdkfsf^5 ]’q 9’bj gIfa .sch I’foa vkdkfsf^5 ]’q 8k,]tf[a l’6 D f’ja ooA F 7;k,foa 0v’vkdkf s^5f]q’g,njv]tfa[l6’0v’vkdkfmP[da[|hkoEmtg]gruj,0BoD 9kdgsfzqofaj’djk; 9bj’gIaf.sh 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf.oc8]j t[vj ogmy’|hk3]d[+gmqkj dao7nG [=]yg;omu1j 6j8O,u7;k,faol6’ c]t []= gy ;om1ju l6j ’6 ,7u ;k,foa 8O sn^ g;kQ vdu c[[|’bj 7;k,foa 0v’vkdkfsf5^ ]’q g,vnj ]tf[a l’6 gr,uj 0oB D I6[ $(D! vkdkfc8]j t[vj o I6[ $(D@ dkomP[]tfa[l6’ dkolbdlk7Qo7;hkdPj ;da[7;k,fao0v’vkdkfF oad;ymtpklkf7Qorq[;kj G 16j]tfa[l6’ mP[d[a |kh oEmtg] gmkjq doa F 7kj 0v’7;k,foa vkdkfgmkjq doa c]t 7;k,foa 0v’vkdkf7vj pM 225

s^5f]q’ g,vnj ]tfa[l6’0v’vkdkfgr,uj 0Bof’aj .o8k8t]k’],5j oUG 8k8t]k’7;k,foa 0v’vkdkfmP[d[a ]tf[a l’6 ]tfa[l6’mP[da[|hkoEmtg] Xkm? 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf XmmHg? W (*W ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ! *(& @ *WW # &#W $ $(W & $!W * #*W ( #@W ) @)W _ @$& !W @!W !! !)& !@ !*W !# !$W 3fpltg]jpc]h; g,njv]tfa[l6’0v’vkdkfgruj,0Bo 1km 7;k,fao0v’vkdkfs^5f]q’ xt,ko WF* mmHgD ),]y cu ,fa [k XmmHg? c,oj ]tf[a l’6 0v’glkq mkf[k.osv^ fcd;h mfq ]v’sk7kj 7;k,foa [oa pkdkfmcuj mdgxoa ,y]uc,fa D @D ]adltot7;k,fao0v’vkdkfD ]adltot0v’7;k,fao0v’vkdkf,uf’ja oUG !? 7;k,foa 0v’vkdkfmfju oa .lgj ovN mcju 8]j t[vj oc8d8kj ’doa govjn ’9kdrt]’a ’ko7;k, Ivh omwju fIh [a 9kd8kg;oa 1g6j m’y |kh 3]d[+gmkjq doa D @? 7;k,fao0v’vkdkfs^5f]q’8k,]tfa[l6’0v’c8]j t[vj oD #? .o]tf[a l’6 gmkjq doa 7;k,foa gmkjq doa D 226

$? 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf0Boda[v5ostr6, phvovkdkfwfhIa[7;k,IhvoF vkdkf1nf8q; 9’bj ,u7;k,fao0v’vkdkf8OD &? 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf0Boda[7;k,-5j, phvovkdkf-5j,,uoE|ads^kp 9bj’gIaf.sh,u 7;k,foa l’6 d;kj vkdkfcs’h D @D g7njv’;afcmd7;k,fao0v’vkdkfD oda IPog7upgsoa g7vnj ’;fa cmd7;k,foa 0v’vkdkf[+L gxoa co;.fL vkdkf g4y’9t|vh p s^n s^kp g,vjn gvkq .l.j ork-tot[oa 9o5 vh p s^n .spvj kdkfd=2’Q dt9kp 1gj6 8,a rk-totooA D ovd9kdooA p’a lk,kf[[u sn^ |[u .svh kdkf,[u ]= ,y kfovh p]’q sk^ pgmkjq D .og,vjn [u[vkdkf.sh,u[=]y,kfohvp]q’ 9tgduf,u7;k,faomujfao.lj0hk’rk-tot[ao95grju,0BoD ltoAoF grvjn 1kdI;h6 kj 7;k,foa mgju dfu 0oB .oc8]j td]= to9u t,7u ;k,foa gmkjq .fooA oda ;my tpklkf9’jb wflh kh ’ g7vnj ’;fa cmd7;k,foa [k’1kj ’f’ja oUG dD g7jnv’cmd7;k,faooe.-hdkoxjPocx’[=]y,kf dkoxPj ocx’[]= ,y kf0v’vkdkf gIfa .s7h ;k,foa xPj ocx’8k, 3fpdkoxPj ocx’0v’ 7;k,fao c]t [=]y,kf0v’vkdkfgxaovaf8kl;j orq;raoxUo8+daoD dko7Qo7;hkmuj.-hg7njv’,nmuj-af g9orkp.8gh ’vjn ow0vo5 str,6 7’q 7kj XI[6 $(D # d c]t 0? grojy r[q ;kj 4kh []= ,y kfsf5^ ]’q g7’jy |’jb F 7;k,faogru,j 0Bo @ gmqkj D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [aomaf g7njv’cmd7;k,fao s^vfcdh; vkdkf [=]y,kfvkdkf g7njv’cmd7;k,fao dhkol6[ m+8+.ldj hv’l6[ 0 d oE,aog7nvj ’ I6[ $(D# 227

0D g7jnv’cmd7;k,faooe.-hdkoxjPocx’0v’v5ostr6, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0t[;odkoxPj ocx’rk;t0v’vkdkfm,ju ,u ;olko9edfa F rkp.8gh ’vjn ow0[]= ,y kf7’q 7kj 7;k,foa xPj ocx’gxoa vfa 8kl;j or;q roa d’q d[a vo5 str,6 D 9kddkor;q roa f’ja dkj ; gryoj wfhzt]yf g7njv’cmd7;k,fao8k,dkoxPj ocx’v5ostr6, f’aj I6[ $(D$ g7njv’;afcmd g7njv’;afcmdv5ostr6, 7;k,fao 7;k,Ihvo m+1k’ I6[ $(D$ 7e4k,G !D dkorq;rao]ts;kj ’ 7;k,fao c]t v5ostr6,gxaoco;.fL @D .o;aog;]kvaofP;dao cl’cffmluj vj ’.l|j hk3]dc8]j t[vj ogxaoco;.fL oda IPo7yf;kj 9t,uzoq 8+7;k,foa 1g6j my’3]dco;.fL #D phvospa’ 169j v,r69’bj ,u]q,s^kpd;kj 186j uor6L $D 7;k,fao0v’vkdkfgxaolkgsfmurj k.shgduf]q, c]t ]q,rkp5co;.fL &D groyj .-gh 7vnj ’;fa cmd7;k,foa grvnj sp’a L 228

[qfmu $) v5ostr6, c]t 7;k,-j5,0v’vkdkf !D v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf 16j.o-u;yfxt9e;ao oadIPovkf9tg7upwfhlezafda[v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf,kc]h;g-aoj ;kj .o;oa g;]kvoa fP;doa vo5 str,6 0v’vkdkf1.6j oc8]j tcs’j c8d8kj ’doa 7nG .o;oa g;]kfP;doa 1j6.o[jvomuj,ucl’cff vkdkfIhvod;jk1j6[jvoIqj, c]t .o,N8jk’daov5ostr6,d=[+7ndaovud X,Nmu2j hkcffIhvod;kj ,N2hk[qf s^n /qo8qd?D |k; ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ cffIhvo /qo I6[ $)D! 9kdxkdqfdko0v’7;k,I6hlbdIhvo c]t g1ao 3fpIkj ’dkplezafda[vkdkf lk,kf lts^5[wfh;jk v5ostr6,0v’vkdkf 8Qo8=c,jogduf9kddkof6fdnogvqk7;k,Ihvo9kdcl’ 8kg;ao D gonjv’9kd;kj 16.j om5dM95fgmy’|hk3]d [+wfhIa[cl’8kg;ao Xcl’cff? rhv,daoF ltoAo .oc8]j t9f5 wfIh [a cl’cffs^kp|vh p8kj ’doa D f’ja ooA F .og;]kfP;doa 9’yj ,gu 0fIvh oF g0fv[q vo5j c]t g0f|k;D dkolbdlk7Qo7;hkdPj ;da[v5ostr6,0v’vkdkfF oad7Qo7;hkrq[;kj 7;k,l6’]ts;kj ’ W{!W km mP[da[|hkoEmtg]F v5ostr6,vkdkfs^5f]q’ g,jnv7;k,l6’grju,0Bo 3fpltg]jp WF* cO 8+7;k,l6’ !WW m c]t ]adltot0v’dkoxPj ocx’v5ostr6,vkdkf7nfa’j dkj ;F gduf0Bo ltgrkt.ovkdkfmuj16.j dh|hk3]d Xw]ptc8j W{!W mP[da[|hkoEmtg]? gmkqj oAoD 229

dkoxPj ocx’vo5 str6,0v’vkdkf1.6j oxtgmf]k;0v’r;dgIkq 9tIw6h fch o;.fL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkoxPj ocx’vo5 str,6 vkdkflk,kfI[a Iw6h f7h nG { 2a’]kp’koltrk[vkdkf.oc8]j t;ao9kddq,v585oypq,;ymtpkgxaoxt9e 9tIh6;kj c8]j t;oa F vo5 str,6 vkdkf1.j6 oc8]j tg0fc0;’ c8gj |vn Ivf.8Dh .oooA 3fpxdq dt81y 6j [aofkc0;’mk’rkdg|nvg-aoj G zQ’lk]uF -P’0;k’F g,nv’;P’w- Xc0;’sq;rao? g-’yj gxoa g0fm1uj l6j ’6 d;kj |kh oEmtg]sk^ pd;kj ,vu o5 str,6 vkdkf8ej d;kj [oa fkc0;’ mk’rkd.8h g-ajoG lk]t;aoF 9exkladF vaf8txn muj16j8Od;kj D { g;]k0Bowxg4y’9v,r6l6’M I6hlbd;kj vkdkf196j v,r6g1aod;kj vkdkf168j uor6D @D 7;k,-5j,0v’vkdkf f’ja mIuj ch6 ];h ;kj oE]tgsupgxoa vkpoE0Bowxxtxoq 1d6j [a vkdkfD g,nvj vkdkf,uvkpoEs^kp gIfa .svh kdkf-,5j S ]tf[a -,j5 0v’vkdkf 0oB d[a xt],y kooE1.j6 ovkdkfooA D f’ja ooA F grojy wfdh eofq gvkq xt]y,kooE1.j6 ovkdkfgxoa 7;k,-,j5 0v’vkdkfD oEmu1j 6.j ocs^’j oE8kj ’M ]tgsupvkp0Bowx16.j ovkdkfg]NvpMF g4y’g;]k.f|b’j vkdkf v,ju vkpoE c];h [+lk,kfI[a gvkq vkpoEwfvh du S grojy gvoU vkdkfm1ju .j6 oltrk[m[ju +lk,kfI[a gvkq vkpoE8,jn vdu o;U kj vkdkfv,ju 8;q f;h pvkpoE sn^ gvoU sp;h= kj vkdkf v,ju 8;q sn^ gvoU vdu 1kj ’|’jb ;kj vkdkf,u 7;k,-5,j g8a,0t|kfD 3fpmq;j wxc]h; gryoj [vd7;k,-5,j 0v’vkdkfwfh @ ;ymu7nG dD 7;k,-5j,le[6oD 7;k,-,j5 le[o6 c,oj xt],y kooE,9u ’y 1.6j ovkdkf|’jb s;q |;j p[]= ,y kfD s;q |;j p;fa cmd 7;k,-,j5 le[o6 0v’vkdkf grojy wfdh eofq gvkq dik,}c,fa dvh o Xg /m3?D f’ja ooA F lf6 7fy w]7j ;k, -,5j le[o6 9’bj gxoa f’ja oUG 7; k,-5j, le[6o = , ; olko0v' vkpoE []= y,kf0v'vkdkf 230

[qfg]d8q;1jk’G .o,nh|b’j F g;]k !W 3,’g-QkF .odhvovkdkf|b’j mu,j u[=]y,kf $ m3 ,uvkpoE16j !@ gD 4k,;kj 7;k,-5,j le[6o0v’vkdkf.og;]koAo ,ugmqkj .fL oe.-hl6fG 7;k,-,j5 le[6o = ,;olko0v'vkpoE [=]y,kf0v'vkdkf 9kdl6f0PowfhG 7; k, -,5j le[6o = 12 = 3g / m 3 4 8v[G 7;k,-5,j le[6o c,oj 3g/ m3 0D 7;k,-5j,lezafD 7;k,-,j5 lerfa c,oj vfa 8kl;j oxP[mP[]ts;kj ’,;olko0v’vkpoEm,ju 9u ’y .ovkdkf da[,;olko0v’vkpoE.ovkdkfvu,j 8q;16.j ov5ostr6, c]t [=]y,kffP;dao 3fp7yfw]gj xao l;j oIvh pD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7;k,-5,j lezaf = ,;olko0v’vkpoEm,uj u9y’.ovkdkf ×100% [qfg]d8q;1jk’G ,;olko0v’vkpoE.ovkdkfv,uj 8q; .og;]k|’bj F 16vj 5ostr6, #& D C vkdkfvu,j 8q;[ao95oE !*& g/m3 c]t ,;olkovkpoE mu,j u9y’16j.ovkdkfrP’c8j !#@g/ m3. 4k,;kj 7;k,-5,j leraf0v’vkdkf,ugmqkj .fL 8k,l6f7yfw]7j ;k,-,5j lerafG 7;k,-,j5 leraf = ,;olko0v'vkpoEmu,j u9y'.ovkdkf×100% ,;olko0v'vkpoE.ovkdkfvu,j 8;q 7; k,-j5,leraf = 132 ×100% = 80% 165 8v[G 7;k,-5j,leraf0v’vkdkfc,oj )W: 231

vkdkfmguj Iqklezaf16oj U ,u7;k,-,5j s^kp s^n |hvp lk,kfI6hwfh3fp7;k,I6hlbd c]t xkdqfສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkocsh’w; s^n -hk0v’g7nvj ’0v’xPd-5j,8kj ’M mugj Iqk8kd 7nG 4hkvkdkf,u7;k,-5,j s^kpgIqk 9tI6hlbd|P;8qo8q;F vbfvaf.9F g7nvj ’0v’xPd s^n -5,j 8kdokocsh’F oE.ocs^’j oE8kj ’Moko [qdcsh’DDD grkt;kj oE16j.oly’j 8kj ’M gs^qkj oAogsupvkp0Bol6vj kdkfwfhpkdS 4hkvkdkf,u7;k, -5j,|hvp Xvkdkfcsh’? oEgsnvj gIqkgsupwfhw;F oE.ocs^’j oE8kj ’M[qdcsh’w;F g7nvj ’0v’xPd m8uj kdw;h9tcsh’w;DDD 7;k,-5,j 0v’vkdkfgduf9kdvkpoE.ovkdkfF c8;j kj vkpoE.ovkdkf[k’l;j od= lk,kfda[dkpgxaooE XoE/qo? wfhD fa’j oAoF g,nvj vkdkf,u7;k,-5,j rP’r= c]t ,uv5ostr6, g\\ktlq, vkpoE.ovkdkf9tdaoj 8q;dkpgxaooE XoE/qo? c]h;8qd]q’l6|j hkfyoD xafw9mulj e7ao1kj ’|b’j mu-j ;j p.shvkdkf,u7;k,-5,j c,oj xkj w,h grkt.[w,h7kpoEvvd lv6j kdkfD f’aj oAoF g0fm,uj uxkj w,h8b[|k9b’j ,u/qo8qds^kpd;kj g0fm[uj +,uxkj w,hD #D dko;afcmd7;k,-5j,0v’vkdkf .odko;afcmd7;k,-5j,0v’vkdkfgryjooypq,;afcmd7;k,-5j,lerafF g7njv’;afcmd 7;k,-,5j leraf0v’vkdkfgryoj gvUo;kj Iu3dic,afD Iu3dic,af ,us^kp-toyfF c8-j toyf muoj ypq, .-hs^kpc,oj Iu3dic,afc[[g[Qkcsh’ c]t g[QkxPdD I6[ $)D @ g7nvj ’;afcmd7;k,-5,j 0v’vkdkf 232

8k8t]k’7;k,-j5,lerafgxaogxug-ao X:? v5ostr6,.o g7nvj ’;afcmd 7kj zyf g[Qkcsh’ !W{!$ !&{!_ @W{@$ @&{@_ #W{#$ #&{#_ $W{$$ fjP’v5o str6, WD& _$ _& _* _* _( _( ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ_( !DW )_ _W _@ _# _# _$ _$ !D& )# )* )) )_ _W _! _! @DW (( )! )# )& )* )) )_ @D& (@ (* )W (@ )# )& )* #DW *( (@ (& () () )W )# #D& *! *( (@ (& (( (_ )! $DW &* *# *) (! ($ (* () $D& &! &) *$ *) (! (# (* &DW $* &$ *W *@ *) (! (# #* $* &# &( *@ *& *) * @* #) $* &! &( *W *# ( !& @_ #_ $* &! && &_ ) & @! #@ $! $* &! &$ )_ !# @& #* $! $* &W !W & !_ #! #* $@ $* !! @) #! #( $# !@ !# !# @& @) ## #) !$ !_ @& @_ #$ dkosk7kj 7;k,-,j5 lerfa 3fpI3u dic,fa g[kQ cs’h {g[kQ xPd c,oj vkj o7kj vo5 str,6 1.j6 o g7vjn ’cmdvo5 str,6 g[kQ cs’h c]t g[kQ xPd c];h -vdsk7kj zfy fPj ’vo5 str,6 F s’a^ 9kdooA 9’jb wx sk7kj 7;k,-,5j leraf8k,7kj zyffPj ’v5ostr6,.o8k8t]k’7kj 7;k,-,5j leraf0v’vkdkfD 233

dko-vdsk7kj 7;k,-,5j leraf.o8k8t]k’.shxt8y[aff’aj oUG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8q;1kj ’G v5ostr6,.og7vjn ’;fa cmdvo5 str,6 g[kQ cs’h #) .og7vnj ’;afcmdv5ostr6, g[QkxPd @_ . 7kj zyffPj ’c,oj G #) { @_ = _ D 7kj 7;k,-5,j .oglqk #&{#_ c]t c4;7kj zyffPj ’ _ 8afdao16j &! D fa’j oAoF 7kj 0v’7;k,-5,j lerafc,oj G &!:D 7e4k,G !D lkgsf0v’v5ostr6,8Qo8=c,oj spa’L @D lkgsfvao.fmugj Iaf.shvkdkf,u7;k,-,5j L #D sq;|;j p;afcmd7;k,-,5j le[6o0v’vkdkfc,oj spa’L $D .o;aomu @& gfnvo & xu @W!W g;]k !$3,’F vkdkfdhvo|b’j mu,j u[=]y,kf # m3 [ao95 vkpoEmu,j u,;olko !*g c]t vkdkfvu,j 8q;[ao95oE ) g /m3 D4k,;kj 7;k,-5,j le[6o c]t 7;k,-5,j leraf,ugmqkj .fL &D oadIPoz6h|b’j g[y’j g7nvj ’;afcmd7;k,-5j,leraf0v’vkdkf c[[.-hg7nvj ’;afcmd vo5 str,6 g[kQ cs’h c]t g[kQ xPd gsoa ;kj vo5 str,6 g[kQ cs’h #W c]t g[kQ xPd @) F 4k,;kj 7kj 7;k,-,5j lezfa 0v’vkdkf .og;]kooA c,oj gmkjq .fL 4kh vkdkf vu,j 8q; 16.j ov5ostr6,oU ,uvkpoE16j !*W g/m3 vkpoEmu,j u9y’.ovkdkf mu,j u[=]y,kf ! m3 9t,ugmqkj .fL 234

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດrkdmu XI cl’lts;jk’ $_D ! .odkofe]’q -;u fy xt9e;oa F ,xu kdfq dkodPj ;d[a cl’lts;kj ’gdfu 0oB 1kj ’s;^ ’sk^ p c]t d=wfhoe.-hcl’lts;kj ’gxaoxt3spfs^kpM1kj ’D ovdoAoF cl’lts;kj ’pa’gxaoxafw9cddj ko ,u-u;yf0v’rnfvudfh;pD [qfmu $_ [+cl’F ]aflt\\ucl’ c]t g]qkcl’ !D [+cl’ dyf9tde !G 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 $_D @ c];h [vd;kj ;fa 4.5 fcflj ’jq cl’vvdf;h p8;q ,oa gv’ c]t ;fa 4.5 f[+l’jq cl’vvdf;h p8oq gv’L I6[ $_D @ 235

;af45[k’1kj ’g-oaj G 8kg;aoF 2hkgs^Nv,F fvdw2de]a’w8hF cx;w2mPow0DDD lk,kfdt9kp cl’fh;p8q;,aogv’S gryjogvUo;af45muj l’qj cl’vvd;kj [+cl’D gryoj c[’j [+cl’vvdgxaolv’ xtgrf7nG [+cl’gduf0Bo3fpme,t-kf c]t ,to5fgxaoz6h lkh ’0oB D ,;u fa 495 eo;o|’bj [g+ dfu cl’f;h p8oq gv’ c8,j oa lk,kfdt9kpcl’vvdwfgh ,vnj ,cu l’9kd [+cl’.f|bj’lvj ’.l,j aog-aoj G c;oj F f;’gfnvoF ;af45|hk]P[,aoDDD ;af45gs^qkj oU[+gvUo;kj [+cl’ c8gj vUo;kj ;af45ltmhvocl’D @D ]aflt\\ucl’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ cl’mudj t9kpvvd9kd[+cl’|b’j ,aodt 9kpvvdwxm5dmyfvhv,Iv[[+cl’oAoD c8j]t glAocl’mujdt9kpvvd9kd[+cl’wx8k,myf mk’g7vnj om0uj v’cl’gvUo;kj ]fa lt\\ucl’|’jb D gryjo.-h]6dlvogxaolaopt]ad0v’c8j]t ]aflt\\ucl’S ]6dlvooU -U[vdmyfdkog7nvj omuj 0v’cl’vvd9kd[+0v’,oa D #D g]qkcl’ I6[ $_D # dyf9tde @G !? w8wh 2lkplvj ’.l9j l= 0u k;c];h l’a gdf rNomIuj [6 mwuj fIh [a cl’196j = @? xt8y[affa’j !? c8vj qkcdh;0tspkp ;k’0;k’mk’cl’c]h;7jvpphkp cd;h 0tspkpg0kQ sk c]t skj ’vvd 9kdw2lkpD la’gdfrNomjuwfhIa[ cl’196j D= I6[ $_D $ 236

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ9kdzqo0v’dyf9tdeoU gsao;kj rNomujmujcl’dtmq[.l9j =8kj ’dao X.spdj ;kj F gmqkj da[ c]t ohvpd;kj [+cl’? 8k,m8uj A’0v’cdh;0tspkp mP[da[w2lkpX[+cl’?D ltooA F 9’jb lk,kflts[5^ ;kj G g]kq cl’c,oj d,j5 ]fa lt\\cu l’xtdv[g0kQ doa D g]kq cl’9fa gxoa lk,xtgrf7nG g]qkcl’0t|koF g]qkcl’l5, c]t g]qkcl’s;kD I6[ $_D & 7e4k,G !D [+cl’c,oj spa’L ,u9adxtgrfL xtgrf.fcfLj 9q’j pqd8q;1kj ’c8]j txtgrfD @D cl’lts;kj ’,u7;k,le7aoco;.fL #D ]aflt\\ucl’c,oj co;.fL $D g]qkcl’c,oj spa’L g]qkcl’0t|koF g]qkcl’l5, c]t g]qkcl’s;k gduf0Bophvo g’nvj ow0.fL 237

[qfmu &W dkog7njvomuj0v’cl’ !D dkog7njvomuj0v’cl’ dyf9tde !G I6[ &WD! { w8hmPow08A’.l|j hk38tc]h;.-hm+lvj ’ g[’jy 3fpG T gmvnj m|u ’bj lvj ’g[’yj cx;mPozkj om+-nj T gmvnj mlu v’lvj ’g[’jy cx;mPozkj o m7+ fq dkolvj ’g[’jy cx;w2mPo.oc8]j td]= tou 8kj ’daoco;.fL dyf9tde @G !? .-hczoj g9hpc0’0t|kffP;daolk, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ czoj X A, B , C ?F c8]j tczoj g9ktI6 16j]tfa[l6’fP;dao c]h;9a[czjog9hp c8]j tczoj .lrj No8’A mluj k,kfpkh pwfDh @? 9afczjog9hplv’czjo A c]t B .sh16.j oc4;fP;dao c]t 8k,sa^’daoD #? w8hmPow0w;h1j6mk’|hkczjo A c]t .sch x;mPorf= gu 7’jy d[a I06 v’czoj g9ph D $? .-h8kljv’g[jy’cl’mPo16jma’fhko s^a’czoj BS 4hk[+gsao.shg]nvj oczoj B I6[ &WD@ wx,kmk’0kh ’9oq .sgh soa -fa g9oD &? gvqkczoj C ,k8A’16]j ts;kj ’dk’0v’czoj A c]t B c]h;.-h8klvj ’g[y’j cl’mPo 1m6j k’fhkos^a’czoj BS 4hk[+gsao.shg]vnj oczoj C wx,kmk’0hk’9qo.shgsao-afg9oD *? fa[cx;w2 c]h;gvqkg-nvdohvpM s^n glAofhkp lvfzjkoI60v’czjog9hpma’lk, c]h;fb’lv’lQo.shg7aj’3fplQog-nvdlQo|jb’zjkomuj8A’0v’cx;mPoF lQomulv’.sh16j 238

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດg7y’j dk’0v’I6czoj B. la’gdfmuj8A’0v’g-nvdzkj oczoj A, B c]t C. g-nvdgoaj’zkj oI6czoj A , B c]t C gxaoco;.f L 9kdzqodyf9tdeoUF 9tlts^5[dPj ;da[dkog7nvj omu0j v’cl’;kj co;.fL zoq 0v’dfy 9tdeoFU g-vn dgo’ja -zjn kj o9f5 g7’yj dk’I06 v’czoj g9ph c8]j tczoj D ooA F ltcf’;kj I6 0v’czoj g9ph m’a lk,ovo1.6j ogloA -fjn P;doa D 9kdzoq 0v’dfy 9tde ! c]t @ lk,kflts[5^ ;kj gloA mk’dkog7vjn om0ju v’cl’gxoa gloA -nDj @D dkogdufgxaog’qk dyf9tde #G !? 9affvdw22hkF czoj g9hpc0’ c]t 9=lu0k; 16j.oc4;fP;D @? w8hfvdw22hk0t|kfohvpskj ’9kd9= xt,ko ! c,af c]h;gvqkczoj g9hp,k8A’[a’ cl’fa’j I6[ dD la’gdf c]t [aombdzqoD #? xt8y[af7nzkj o,kc8;j kj .-hfvdw22hk0t|kf.spcj moS la’gdf c]h;[aombdzqoD zoq 0v’dfy 9tdeG g,vnj .-fh vdw2ovh p X[c+ l’ovh p? g’kq m1ju 96j ,= cu 8gj ’kq ,fn S g,vnj .-fh vdw22kh 0t|kf.spj X[+cl’mu,j u0t|kf.sp?j g’qkmuxj kdqfgmy’9= gsaogxaolv’rkdl;j o7nG g0f,nf c]t g0f,q;D xkdqfdkomujdjk;,k0hk’gmy’oAod=gduf0Bo16j.ome,t-kfg-ajoG dkogduf,udk’7noF xkdfq dko9oa mt7kf c]t l]5 py t7kfD d0 I6[ &WD# 239

dD 9aomt7kf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ &WD $ xkdqfdko9aomt7kf sn^ dq[dyogfnvogduf9kd f;’8kg;aoF |;j p3]d c]t f;’gfnvo 379vowxovo16.j oglAo-vnj aofP;dao 3fpc,oj |;j p3]d[a’gfnvo[+.shwfhIa[cl’9kdf;’8kg;ao xkdfq dkof’ja dkj ; gduf0Bo.opk,dk’7noD 0D l5]ypt7kf g0f,q; g0f,nf I6[ &WD & xkdfq dkol]5 py t7kf Xvk7kflo6 8kg;oa ? gdfu 9kd f;’8kg;oa F f;’gfvn o c]t |;j p3]d g7njvomujwxovo1j6.oglAo-njfP;dao 3fpf;’gfnvo[a’|j;p3]d[+.shwfhIa[cl’9kdf;’8kg;aoD xkdfq dkol]5 py t7kfgdfu 0oB .opk,dk’g;oa D govnj ’9kdf;’gfvn oovh pd;kj |;j p3]ds^kpgmkjq F pvh oco;ooA dkogdfu xkdfq dkol]5 py t7kfc8]j tgmvjn 9’jb gdfu 0oB 1lj6 tgrkt g0f.f|’jb gm’y |kh 3]d gmqkj oAo c]t .ooAopa’gdufgxaog0f,nf c]t g0f,q;fa’j .oI6[ &WD& 240

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ#D dkog7njvomuj0v’cl’zjkoc;f]hv,8jk’M dko7oQ 7;kh mfq ]v’0v’oda ;my tpklkfdPj ;d[a dkog7vnj om0uj v’cl’zkj oc;f]vh ,cl’8kj ’M gryoj lk,kfdeofq 7;k,w;0v’cl’zkj o[k’c;f]vh ,cl’f’ja oUG { 7;k,w;0v’cl’zkj ovkdkf xt,ko #WWDWWW km/s { 7;k,w;0v’cl’zkj ooE xt,ko @@&DWWW km/s { 7;k,w;0v’cl’zkj ocdh; xt,ko @WWDWWW km/s 7e4k,G !D cl’g7vnj omcuj o;.fL @D g’kq gduf,k9kd.lL #D 0t|kf0v’[+cl’,zu oq 8+dkogdfu gxoa g’kq co;.fL $D xkdqfdko9aomt7kf c]t l5]ypt7kfgduf0Bowfhco;.fL &D xkdqfdko9aomt7kf c]t l5]ypt7kf8kj ’daoco;.fL 241

[qfmu &! dkoltmhvocl’1j6|hkc;jorP’ !D dkoltmhvocl’16j|hkc;jorP’ dyf9tde !G g]qkcl’Ivf g]qkcl’ltmhvo !? ;k’g9ph 0k;gm’y |kh 38t c]t 0fu gloA -.nj lgj 9ph ooA w;Dh I6[mu &!D ! @? 8A’c;jorP’g8a’glAo-njmju0ufw;h3fp.sh c;oj 8’A lkdd[a |kh g9ph D #? ;k’-f5 [’a cl’mgju 9ktc;’j fP;w;|h kh c;oj D $? w8hw2lkpljv’zjko-5f[a’cl’wxskc;joS la’gdfg]qkcl’Ivf c]t g]qkcl’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ltmvh ogm’y g9ph 0k;D &? 0ufglAo-8nj k,g]qkcl’Ivf c]t cl’ltmhvogmy’g9hp0k;D *? 0fu gloA -8jn ’A lkdd[a |kh c;oj 196j f5 g]kq cl’Ivfdtm[q d[a c;oj gm’y |kh g9ph (? .-[h oa mfa cmd,,5 F cmd,,5 ]ts;kj ’gloA lkdd[a g]kq cl’Ivf c]t g]kq cl’ltmvh oD )? mqf]v’-Evud @ { # gmnvj 3fpxPj o,5,0v’g]qkcl’IvfS [aombd.l8j k8t]k’]5,j oUG 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo gmvjn mu ,5,Ivf ,5,ltmhvo ! @ # $ zoq dkomfq ]v’F cl’m]uj vfc;’j 0v’-f5 [’a cl’wx8dq .l|j kh c;oj c];h ltmvh ovvd9kd c;oj xtdv[gxao,5,Ivf c]t ,5,ltmhvo 3fp ,5,Ivf gmqkj da[ ,5,ltmhvoD 242

9kddkomfq ]v’dPj ;d[a dkoltmvh ocl’1g6j m’y |kh ;fa 4]5 P[,oa mguj xoa czoj rP’sk^ p1kj ’F oda ;ymtpklkfwf;h k’gxoa dfq gdo0v’dkoltmvh ocl’f’ja oUG { ,5,Ivf gmqkj da[ ,5,ltmhvo Xi = r?D { ]aflt\\ucl’IvfF ]aflt\\ucl’ltmhvo c]t glAolkdovo16.j o|hkrP’fP;daoD I6[mu &!D @ dyf9tde @G !? gvkq czoj 3]st|kh dPh ’gsvN^ ,F dvh ofoy czjo3]st 9ujF czjocdh; sn^ x^kl8yd.l;k’.lj x^kl8yd |kh 38t dhvofyo9uj @? gpnv’w2lkp.l;j af45c8]j tvaorkp.8h I6[ &!D # ,,5 Ivfgmkjq doa D l’a gdfrvh ,m’a [oa mdb ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ zoq D g,nvj gpnv’cl’w2lkp.l|j hk;af45c8]j t1kj ’,oa ltmvh ocl’vvd8kj ’doa co;.fL 9kddkomqf]v’gpnv’cl’w2lkp.l|j hk;af458kj ’M gsao;kj ;af458kj ’daoF ltmhvocl’ vvd8kj ’dao 7nG ;af45[k’1kj ’ X;af459er;dmugj xao;af45dAocl’|hkgsN^v,,ao? ltmhvocl’vvd \\qfS ;af45[k’1kj ’ X;af459er;d.lcl’ c]t ,q;cl’? ltmhvocl’[k’l;j ovvdF l;j omujgs^nv zkj og0Qkwx.o;af45S ;af45[k’1kj ’[+ltmhvocl’vvdg]up X;af45dnocl’?D czjo3]st dhvofyo9uj czoj cdh; X;af45.l? X;af45]P[,ao? I6[ &!D$ 243

zkj og0Qkwx.o;af45S ;af45[k’1kj ’[+ltmhvocl’vvdg]up X;af45dnocl’?D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dyf9tde #G !? gvqkczoj 3]st|hkdhP’gs^Nv,lv’czoj F czoj mu|b’j |hkgxao85,j s^5[3ooF czoj mulv’ ,u|hkrP’ fa’j I6[ &!D & @? gpnv’w2lkp.l;j af45c8]j tvaorkp.8h,5,IvfvaofP;daoD la’gdf c]h;[aombdD dkoltmvh ocl’0v’czoj 3]stm’a lv’8kj ’doa co;.fL zqodyf9tde czoj 3]st|hkrP’ltmhvocl’wfhfud;kj D f’aj oAoF dkoltmhvocl’0Boda[ ]da ltot0v’|kh ;fa 4o5 evudD dyf9tde $G I6[ &!D * !? gvqkg9hplu8kj ’M ;k’.l|j hk38t fa’j I6[ &!D * @? gpnv’w2lkp.lj|hkczoj g9hpc8j]tczjo rkp.8h,5,IvfvaofP;daoD la’gdf c]h; [oa mdb zoq D zoq dfy 9tdemgju pvn ’cl’w2lkp.l|j kh czoj g9ph c8]j tlfu ;h p,,5 Ivfvoa fP;doa F ,oa ltmvh o cl’wfhs^kp|hvp8kj ’daoD f’aj oAoF dkoltmhvocl’16|j hk;af458kj ’M pa’0Boda[lu0v’,aoD 244

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@D dkooe.-hdkoltmhvocl’1j6|hkc;jorP’ .o-;u fy xt9e;oa gIkq .-sh da^ dkoltmvh ocl’ zt]yfv5xtdvo8kj ’Mg-aoj G c;oj cp’g’qk Xdt9qd g’qk?F dhv’lvj ’.-h.odkomtsko DDD 7e4k, c]t [qfg/ydsafG !D 4hkgpnv’cl’dtmq[8A’lkdda[|hk c;oj rP’F ]fa lt\\ucl’ltmvh o9tgxoa co;.fL @D 4hkgpnv’cl’.lj|hkc;jorP’fh;p,5, Ivfmqjkda[ #W =F ,5,ltmhvo9t,u9ad vq’lkL #D gxaosp’a groyj 9’jb mklu0k;.lgj dU’0v’fvdw2L $D g;]kgIkq cp’g’kq 1|6j kh oEF gxoa sp’a 9’jb [+c9’h 7ncp’1|6j kh c;oj L 9’jq vtmy[kpD &D gxoa sp’a 7oq 1.6j og0fIhvo9b’j ,da .lgj 7vnj ’lu0k;F 7qo1g6j 0f|k;,da .lgj 7vnj ’lufeL *D g;]k0uj]qf9adF ]qf4u[ c]t pkj ’8vodk’7no grnjv7;k,xvfwr 7;o.lgj lNvlu.fL (D 9’jq gIfa dvh ’lvj ’m[q ’f= ;h p8oq gv’D )D gxaospa’ 16j8k,Ihko7hkF Ihko8afzq,gryoj 9b’j 8yfdt9qdg’qkczoj .sp.j l/j klv’0hk’ g-’jy |kh doa L 245

[qfmu &@ I6[0v’;af45mjultmhvo1j6|hkc;jorP’ ’k,s^kp I6[ &@D ! dkogdufI6[9kdc;oj rP’ f’ja mwju fIh ch6 ];h ;kj c;oj rP’c,oj |kh rP’ltmvh ocl’wffh u c]t 7oq ,da .-ch p’g[’jy 8oq gv’D c8]j da ltotI[6 .oc;oj ooA gduf0Boco;.f9twflh db lk8+wxoUD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dyf9tde !G I6[ &@D@ !? ;k’czjog9hp.spj0ufgxao8kdk3i .lgj m’y |kh 38tD @? gvqkc;jorP’8A’lkdda[czjog9hp g8’a 8k,gloA 8kdk3i #? w8hmPoc]h;8A’.lj8kg9hp1j6fhko|hk c;oj D la’gdfrhv,[aombdw]ptskj ’ 9kdmPoskc;oj c]t w]ptc8cj ;oj skmuj8A’I6[3fpoa[9eo;o8kdk3i mluj ’a gdfgsoa .oc;oj D $? xPj ocx’mu8j A’0v’mPow0gmy’czoj g9ph @ 7’A D l’a gdf c]t [oa mdb c8]j t 7’A D 246