Lịch Sử Tư Tưởng Việt Nam - Tập 5

["G\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u00e1n b\u1ed9. B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \\\"tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng\\\"68. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u s\u1eafc b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m coi tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh, ch\u1ecdn d\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia phong ki\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh trung th\u00e0nh, t\u00e0i tr\u00ed, m\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u00a0 \u00a0 VI- QUAN T\u00c2M GI\u1ea2I QUY\u1ebeT TRANG B\u1eca V\u0168 KH\u00cd, X\u00c1C \u0110\u1ecaNH L\u1ed0I \u0110\u00c1NH GI\u1eb6C C\u1ee6A L\u1ef0C L\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u0168 TRANG \u00a0 \u00a0 Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m lo x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi coi tr\u1ecdng trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5, s\u1eafm s\u1eeda v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 trang b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Theo th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, sau khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Loa, An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng giao cho Cao L\u1ed7 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \\\"n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n\\\". C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi: \\\"Cao L\u1ed7 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ecf Li\u00ean Ch\u00e2u, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n gi\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ecf https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","b\u1eafn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t t\u00ean\\\". \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft: \\\"Cao L\u1ed7 l\u00e0m n\u1ecf th\u1ea7n, l\u1ea5y m\u00f3ng r\u00f9a l\u00e0m l\u1eaby \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Linh Quang kim tr\u1ea3o th\u1ea7n n\u1ecf\\\". Lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed \\\"n\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cao h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00f4ng N\u1ecf69. Theo t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Loa (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfc, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed trang b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u1eddi An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, \u00f4ng cha ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch. N\u0103m 938, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ecdc tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Nam H\u00e1n, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u1eddi L\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ed1t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00e1y b\u1eafn \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng trong tr\u1eadn c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 th\u00e0nh Ung Ch\u00e2u (1075), sau \u0111\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lui qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng. Th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng (quan x\u01b0\u1edfng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u0169 kh\u00ed, thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn cung c\u1ea5p cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng, nhi\u1ec1u x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn, s\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, v\u1eeba ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng, ra thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, n\u00ean th\u1ee7y binh nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh70. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra s\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u01a1 v\u00e0 cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y. S\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u01a1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee1, l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 h\u1ecfa ph\u00e1o nh\u00e0 Minh (Trung Qu\u1ed1c). V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00e9p v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \\\"\u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed1n kho qu\u00e2n kh\u00ed. Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n hay d\u00e2n, h\u1ec5 ai kh\u00e9o ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u sung v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c\\\"71, nh\u01b0ng s\u1eed s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 Minh l\u1ea1i ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 r\u00f5: \\\"D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf m\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00edn, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y s\u1eaft th\u00ec s\u1eaft https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","m\u1ec1m. S\u00fang to nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1ee9 l\u1edbn d\u00f9ng xe, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ecf d\u00f9ng gi\u00e1, d\u00f9ng b\u1ec7, v\u00e1c vai. Th\u1ee9 l\u1edbn l\u1ee3i cho ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ecf l\u1ee3i cho chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, t\u00f9y nghi m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng\\\"72. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 uy l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u01a1, s\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec7u th\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi Minh vi\u1ebft: \\\"S\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1eafn \u0111i b\u1eb1ng l\u1eeda, \u0111i xa ngo\u00e0i tr\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc, nhanh ch\u00f3ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n, nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn\\\". S\u00e1ch Tr\u1ea5n tr\u1ea1ch k\u1ef7 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Ngao (nh\u00e0 Minh) vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 th\u00eam: \\\"Khi Th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5 th\u00e2n chinh M\u1ea1c B\u1eafc (ch\u1ec9 M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5) d\u00f9ng s\u00fang th\u1ea7n An Nam v\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean, l\u1ea1i hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00fang s\u00fang (\u0111\u1ea1n l\u1eeda) m\u00e0 ch\u1ebft\\\"73. Qua s\u1eed s\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eddi Minh, ch\u00fang ta r\u00f5 th\u00eam v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi H\u1ed3. Trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi coi tr\u1ecdng ngu\u1ed3n v\u0169 kh\u00ed thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch. Th\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, Quang Trung r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed trang b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i l\u1edbn, h\u1ecfa l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh. B\u1ed9 binh, k\u1ef5 binh, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecfa h\u1ed5 (s\u00fang phun l\u1eeda) v\u00e0 h\u1ecfa c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f2n tranh th\u1ee7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed. C\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0169 kh\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u00fang k\u00edp, s\u00fang h\u1ecfa mai, s\u00fang phun l\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng gang; tuy s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 trang b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4 s\u01a1 trang b\u1ecb cho ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Cao Th\u1eafng c\u00f9ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng theo ki\u1ec3u 1874 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (ki\u1ec3u s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u1ee1 n\u00f2ng 11mm), khi\u1ebfn cho kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u0129 quan Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \\\"c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i kinh ng\u1ea1c\\\"74. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (3-1935), \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 binh kh\u00ed \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 thao luy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n th\u00f9 th\u00ec b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, chi\u1ebfn s\u0129, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn c\u01a1 quan c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, h\u1ed9 v\u1ec7 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\\\"75. Khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (\u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1941), l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\\\"76. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3i \\\"t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra v\u0169 kh\u00ed trang b\u1ecb cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\\\". Th\u1ee9 hai, ph\u1ea3i v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1eeba v\u0169 trang: \\\"Kh\u00f4ng s\u00fang th\u00ec l\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. L\u1ea5y s\u00fang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch b\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecbch nh\u00e2n\\\". Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb V\u1ec1 s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a (5-1944) c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Minh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 th\u00eam: \u201cM\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00f5 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch. Mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng s\u00fang th\u00f9 b\u1eafn th\u00f9, c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch: a) \u0110\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c kho s\u00fang, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n tu\u1ea7n ti\u1ec5u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y v\u00f5 kh\u00ed... b) H\u1ebft s\u1ee9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng binh t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch... l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, \u0111em s\u00fang c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i cho ta\\\"77. Th\u1ee9 ba, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch mua v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 trang b\u1ecb cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 bad\u00f4ca, bom ba c\u00e0ng, l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00f4i... cung c\u1ea5p cho to\u00e0n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c. Sau chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m b\u00ed m\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1950 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, ta \u0111\u00e3 tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc anh em. Trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u0169 kh\u00ed - trang b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ta https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y bay chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, xe t\u0103ng, t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, t\u00ean l\u1eeda, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1o m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 huy, c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00f4ng tin... S\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc anh em c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed - trang b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u1edbi, v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed - trang b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt78. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a anh em v\u1ec1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, trang b\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1eeb th\u00f4 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c. Nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5: \\\"Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng coi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4 s\u01a1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00f4 s\u01a1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n\\\"79. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 soi s\u00e1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n soi s\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. Ng\u00e0y nay, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 sang trang m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, ta ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed, kh\u00ed t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 trang b\u1ecb cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn mua nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3o, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c ta t\u1eeb h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ec3n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c to l\u1edbn. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft \\\"binh ph\u00e1p m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0\\\", truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. N\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o trong https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e1nh theo s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ta, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbch ph\u00e1t huy s\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang; c\u00f3 khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn quy\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e0m, v\u00e2y kh\u1ed1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch, bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i xin h\u00e0ng, r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o; l\u1ea5y \u00edt \u0111\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u, m\u01b0u cao, k\u1ebf hi\u1ec3m, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbch t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u00fd ch\u00ed x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 trang v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lu\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n l\u1ea5y th\u1eddi c\u01a1 trong kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, trong chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh hai cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9, \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3; s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n qu\u00e2n, to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch; th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00ednh quy; ta \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1eeba b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ee9c ta, kho\u00e9t s\u00e2u ch\u1ed7 y\u1ebfu ch\u00ed t\u1eed c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh phi ngh\u0129a. V\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh, \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng m\u01b0u k\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf - th\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf, tranh th\u1eddi, ch\u1edbp th\u1eddi c\u01a1; bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng m\u01b0u, th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf, l\u1ea5y \u00edt \u0111\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u, l\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao th\u1eafng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng; trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u1eadp trung \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00f3i: \\\"Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng binh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thi\u00ean bi\u1ebfn v\u1ea1n h\u00f3a. T\u00f9y theo th\u1eddi c\u01a1, theo \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m, theo t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00fac b\u00e0y th\u1ebf tr\u1eadn n\u00e0y, l\u00fac b\u00e0y th\u1ebf tr\u1eadn kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf tr\u1eadn ri\u00eang... N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eef v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ee3p https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u01a1, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. Nhanh nh\u01b0 ch\u1edbp, bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00ed quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p d\u1ee5ng binh\\\"80. Trong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0u \u00fd qu\u00e2n ta v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u01a1 m\u01b0u: \\\"Ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n, ph\u1ea3i d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh cho th\u1eadt nhanh. N\u1ebfu tr\u00f9 tr\u1eeb, do d\u1ef1 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eadt nhanh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p t\u1ea5p v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng m\u00e0 qu\u00ean c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 m\u01b0u. Ph\u1ea3i v\u1eeba nhanh ta c\u00f3 m\u01b0u c\u01a1 m\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i\\\"81. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n d\u1eb7n, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. \\\"B\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1nh, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00e2n qu\u00e2n du k\u00edch c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t sinh l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbch\\\". Sau cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ng\u00e0y 28-12-1967 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c 1968, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng: \\\"K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9.H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt \u0103n kh\u1edbp. B\u00ed m\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft. C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu\\\"82. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00eau r\u00f5 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \\\"\u0110\u00e1nh cho M\u1ef9 c\u00fat, \u0111\u00e1nh cho ng\u1ee5y nh\u00e0o\\\". T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n trong L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y 20-7-1969: \\\"Qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, n\u00eau cao ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a anh h\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 hy sinh, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 gian kh\u1ed5, quy\u1ebft ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, quy\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft th\u1eafng, \\\"\u0111\u00e1nh cho qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat h\u1ebft s\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e1nh cho ng\u1ee5y qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y quy\u1ec1n s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 h\u1ebft, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0\\\"83. H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ta v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng. C\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng l\u1eabn ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nhanh ch\u00f3ng, th\u1ebf tr\u1eadn ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd: \\\"T\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng s\u01a1 h\u1edf\\\". Qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng gi\u1eb7c t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng \\\"hai \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c to\\\", ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1ebb vang s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh quy trong th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn, vi\u1ec7c v\u0169 trang qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 binh ph\u00e1p t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh t\u00e0i ba s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn c\u0169ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra \u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u0169 trang qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. C\u00f2n trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, vai tr\u00f2 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00ed t\u00e0i l\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3, v\u0169 trang qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh quy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc - c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khai th\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa di s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cha ta \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh quy, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. _____________ Ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr.51. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.I, tr.296. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","3. Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Nguy\u00ean: Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc \\\"Qu\u00e2n trung t\u1eeb m\u1ec7nh\\\" c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, S\u0111d, tr. 349. 4 . \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.302. 5. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, tr.289. 6. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.390. 7. Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u00e1n N\u00f4m: Th\u01a1 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1994, tr.215 8. D\u1eabn theo B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng - Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1996, tr.412. 9. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.116. 10. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.3, tr.566. 11. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.3, tr.566. 12. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.18, tr.287. 13. L\u01b0u An: \\\"Ho\u00e0i Nam T\u1eed\\\", Nh\u00e2n gian hu\u1ea5n, q.18. D\u1eabn theo Phan Huy L\u00ea (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean): L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2012, t.I, tr.189. 14. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.I, tr.213. 15. Phan Huy Ch\u00fa: L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.3. 16. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1o (Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n L\u1ef1u d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch, H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh), tr\u00edch trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.285. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","17. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: Qu\u00e2n trung t\u1eeb m\u1ec7nh t\u1eadp, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 1969. tr.130. 18. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: Lam S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c (Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u0129a d\u1ecbch), Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1992, tr.42. 19. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: Qu\u00e2n trung t\u1eeb m\u1ec7nh t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, tr.138. 20. Phan Huy Ch\u00fa: L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1992, t.3, tr.31. 21. Phan Huy Ch\u00fa: L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.17. 22. Xem Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 -Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n, Nxb. Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a, Hu\u1ebf, 1986, tr.77. 23, 24. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.2, 172. 25. V\u0169 Anh: B\u00e1c H\u1ed3, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1975, tr.148. 26. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.6, tr.171. 27. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.I, tr.139. 28. Phan Huy Ch\u00fa: L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.8. 29. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.3, tr.506-508. 30,31. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.59, 269. 32. Th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 g\u1eedi\u00a0 Thang H\u00f9ng Nghi\u1ec7p trong T\u00e2y S\u01a1n bang giao t\u1eadp. 33. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.485. 34. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.105. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","35,36. Binh th\u01b0 y\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ee5: H\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbng khu c\u01a1, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1977, tr.65. 37. Lam S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c, Nxb. T\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, Hu\u1ebf, 1994, tr.146. 38. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1o, S\u0111d, tr.79. 39. V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p: T\u1eeb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 ra, S\u0111d, tr.130. 40. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.7, tr.14. 41. B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng - Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u2013 Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2011, tr.583. 42,43. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1995, tr.150, 271. 44. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1985, t.1, tr.367. 45. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, S\u0111d, tr.359. 46. Binh th\u01b0 y\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ee5: H\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbng khu c\u01a1 (xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 2), Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr.59. 47,48. Binh th\u01b0 y\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ee5: H\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbng khu c\u01a1, S\u0111d, tr.37, 35. 49. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.79. 50. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, tr.143. 51.\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.303. 52,53. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.303, 502. 54. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.303. 55. Phan Huy Ch\u00fa: L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.84. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","56. Phan Huy Ch\u00fa: L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.84. 57. H\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbng khu c\u01a1 chia l\u00e0m 3 t\u1eadp (t\u1eadp Thi\u00ean, t\u1eadp \u0110\u1ecba, t\u1eadp Nh\u00e2n), kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0110\u00e0o Duy t\u1eeb l\u00e0 so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. 58. Binh th\u01b0 y\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ee5: H\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbng khu c\u01a1, S\u0111d, tr.398. 59. Xem \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, Nxb. Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a, Hu\u1ebf, 1993, tr.119. 60.H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.3, tr.519. 61,62. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.5, tr.240, 269. 63,64. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.6, tr.318-320, 514. 65. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.7, tr.14. 66. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.12, tr.465. 67. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, s\u1ed1 18 (th\u00e1ng 8-1986), tr.61. 68. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean) : T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr.219. 69. Xem B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng - Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2010, t.1, tr.49. 70. Xem Tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1993, tr. 173. 72,73. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, tr.209. 74. Ch.Gosselin: L'Emfire d' Annam, Perin et Cie, Paris, 1904. p.313. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 - Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","75. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.5, tr.9. 76. B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng - Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7t Nam: S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1995, tr.254. 77. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.7, tr.496. 78. Xem Ban ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: Chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1945-1975 - Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc, S\u0111d, tr.436. 79. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng 1930-1960, S\u0111d, tr.77. 80,81. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.316-318, 232. 82. V\u0169 K\u1ef3: B\u00e1c H\u1ed3 v\u1edbi T\u1ebft M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n n\u0103m \u1ea5y, b\u00e1o V\u0103n Ngh\u1ec7, s\u1ed1 T\u1ebft M\u1eadu D\u1ea7n 1998. 83. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr. 479. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI \u00a0 \u00a0 T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG PH\u00c1T HUY S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH \u0110\u1ea0I \u0110O\u00c0N K\u1ebeT TO\u00c0N D\u00c2N, K\u1ebeT H\u1ee2P S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH D\u00c2N T\u1ed8C V\u1edaI S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 qu\u1ed1c gia - d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hay s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c gia - d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c hay c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng l\u00fac ba nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng - qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eeba d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1eeba ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Hai l\u00e0, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 v\u0169 kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9nh th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia - d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ba l\u00e0, thanh tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u1eeb m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t trong kho t\u00e0ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb c\u1ed5, trung \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00a0 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u00a0 I- T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG V\u1ec0 PH\u00c1T HUY S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH \u0110\u1ea0I \u0110O\u00c0N K\u1ebeT TO\u00c0N D\u00c2N \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 1. C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u00a0 \u00a0 Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eeb x\u01b0a t\u1edbi nay \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n, m\u1ed7i khi T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb x\u00e2m l\u0103ng th\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ecdi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm b\u00e8 l\u0169 b\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a; trong s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c gia - d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d1. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u1ee9 s\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh \u00fd th\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u1eb7c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n; c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: B\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 sau ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u201cta v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ta\u201d, h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u0169i t\u00ean nh\u1ecdn h\u01a1n, b\u1eafp th\u1ecbt c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, nh\u1edd h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 l\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c, l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ed1, th\u00ec d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc\u201d2. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia - d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u1ee9 s\u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u1edf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \\\"m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a\u201d th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3: L\u00e0ng - li\u00ean l\u00e0ng - si\u00eau l\u00e0ng3. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau gia \u0111\u00ecnh, gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh, gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf r\u00f5, n\u00e9t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1edbm do nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi thi\u00ean tai v\u00e0 gi\u1eb7c gi\u00e3. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebb th\u00f9 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft - c\u1ed5 k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c - l\u00e0ng x\u00e3..., d\u00f9ng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1nh du k\u00edch ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n th\u00f9. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. M\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft bao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00dd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y th\u00eam c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qua h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m ch\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, tr\u1edf https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, \u00fd th\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n mang b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Vi\u1ec7c Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thay cho ch\u1eef H\u00e1n l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1eady l\u00e0, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng \u1edf ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u00e0 \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 thi\u00eang li\u00eang. \u1ede h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u1ea3nh th\u1edd th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n, mi\u1ebfu. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi d\u00e2n, v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u00e0n th\u1edd T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi l\u00e1 c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecf sao v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00eda tr\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u1edd t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam4. Tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, qua bao th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, hay khi ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh, gi\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao m\u1ed7i khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, h\u1ee3p l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n - b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 \\\"n\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f9 nh\u00e0\\\", v\u00ec mong mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u201cnghi\u1ec7p x\u01b0a h\u1ecd H\u00f9ng\\\". Nh\u00e0 L\u00fd kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \\\"s\u00f4ng n\u00fai n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam\\\". L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i d\u1ef1ng c\u1edd c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n, \\\"vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a c\u1ed1t \u1edf y\u00ean d\u00e2n\\\". Quang Trung - Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 \\\"\u0111\u00e1nh cho s\u1eed tri Nam qu\u1ed1c anh h\u00f9ng chi h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7\u201d... Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do, v\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \\\"\u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft\\\" c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec d\u00e2n, v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ec1 ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa trong M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, trong c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee9u nh\u00e0. Khi n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng tham gia g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c chung. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ed s\u0129 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb quan to trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc; quy t\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao nh\u00e2n s\u0129, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i. Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng to\u00e0n d\u00e2n tham gia kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i, gi\u1edbi, ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u00a0 \u00a0 2.T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 a) T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn \u00a0 \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 chung ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i t\u1eeb c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t - M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1. H\u1ecd c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng Lam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thung l\u0169ng, n\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3i thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai v\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y nay; ph\u00eda nam lan tang th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du Thanh H\u00f3a, Ngh\u1ec7 An, H\u00e0 T\u0129nh; ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd. V\u00f9ng bi\u00ean th\u00f9y ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i c\u01b0 d\u00e2n T\u00e0y - N\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 chung c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u (T\u00e2y Vi\u1ec7t) \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay. V\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i c\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00e1i ti\u1ebfp sau di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn, trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, th\u1eddi L\u00fd - Tr\u1ea7n. Kh\u1ed1i T\u00e0y - N\u00f9ng v\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Cao B\u1eb1ng, b\u1eafc L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, do Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m vua, \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf C\u1ed5 Loa t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. T\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, do nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c - bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, s\u00f4ng Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, s\u00f4ng M\u00e3, s\u00f4ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Lam - s\u1edbm c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung. S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 V\u0103n Lang. V\u0103n Lang l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam: th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u00e0y nay, quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed5 - th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng - ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh l\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecda, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u00edp trang tr\u00ed tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1ed1ng, tr\u00ean tang tr\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m \u0103n, sinh s\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9c m\u1ea1c, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. \u1ede m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng, b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u1ea7n g\u1ee1, b\u00f3c t\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng m\u00e0ng b\u1ecdc h\u01b0 th\u1ef1c bao quanh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra l\u00f5i c\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt t\u00e0ng \u1ea9n trong \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho ph\u00e9p r\u00fat ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u00c2u C\u01a1 - L\u1ea1c Long Qu\u00e2n, Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng, S\u01a1n tinh - Th\u1ee7y tinh... l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n chung, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t, r\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 \u00c2u C\u01a1, nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c \u00c2n c\u00f2n trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t huy\u1ec1n s\u1eed th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn 10 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 ch\u1ed1ng T\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh v\u0103n. Trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n - c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1ea1c - l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 qua cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, t\u0103ng th\u00eam t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c thay cho n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngay t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ed9c - h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5... https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n Lang r\u1ed3i \u00c2u L\u1ea1c, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t, \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00f9m l\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00f5i c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam - \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua bao th\u1eed th\u00e1ch nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c gia phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed1ng, M\u00f4ng \u2013 Nguy\u00ean, Minh, Thanh, Xi\u00eam... b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1edd c\u00f5i. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh em trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean vi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb th\u1eddi L\u00fd. Do nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec1u L\u00fd ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u th\u1ed5, mi\u1ec1n trung du v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du. \u1ede v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean vi\u1ec5n, r\u1eebng n\u00fai xa x\u00f4i, tri\u1ec1u L\u00fd (v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n) v\u1eabn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \\\"ki mi\\\" qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c linh ho\u1ea1t. C\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c trao ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n, trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng (v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba) v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1036 \u0111\u1ebfn 1167, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p vua L\u00fd g\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa cho t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng trung - th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du B\u1eafc B\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay5. S\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i gi\u1eefa tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n bi\u00ean vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n, hay https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a - t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi xa x\u00f4i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 phong quan t\u01b0\u1edbc (th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) v\u00e0 giao cho c\u00e1c t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n (t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn an ninh, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, n\u1ed5i l\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p cha con N\u00f9ng T\u1ed3n Ph\u00fac, N\u00f9ng Tr\u00ed Cao - nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh em v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u L\u00fd, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n lu\u00f4n \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng an ninh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \\\"ki mi\\\" \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean vi\u1ec5n v\u1edbi d\u1eb9p y\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i. \u1ede ph\u00eda nam, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Hoan Di\u1ec5n (thu\u1ed9c Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00e0 H\u00e0 T\u0129nh ng\u00e0y nay) v\u00e0 ven bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1, vi ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a Ch\u0103mpa; \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc (\u0110\u00e0 Giang) th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du Thanh H\u00f3a (\u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng M\u00e3), Ngh\u1ec7 An (v\u00f9ng K\u1ef3 S\u01a1n, T\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, Con Cu\u00f4ng) l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, Ng\u01b0u H\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e3o x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp. Nh\u00e0 L\u00fd - Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 vua ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i tr\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t (1069, l074), T\u00f4 Hi\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh (1167), Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u0169 L\u00e3o (1279, 1301, 1311), Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1nh D\u01b0, Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u1ea5n (1311), H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly (1377, 1380, 1382, 1383)... Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u1eeba linh ho\u1ea1t, m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, v\u1eeba c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi L\u00fd - Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i, mi\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c hung b\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u00ean th\u00f9y ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i \u00e2m m\u01b0u x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c - x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ch\u0103mpa, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","th\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, ch\u1edbp nho\u00e1ng, khi\u1ebfn k\u1ebb th\u00f9 cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp tr\u1edf tay v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p... V\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u1ea5y, phong tr\u00e0o \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. Ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u khi phong tr\u00e0o v\u1eeba kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ee9ng trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Quy Nh\u01a1n, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam\u2026B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00eanl\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ed5 h\u00e0o nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Thung, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00fa nh\u01b0 Huy\u1ec1n Kh\u00ea. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, tham gia ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u0103m, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ea5y, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 3.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t. Nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed li\u1ec7u cho bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \\\"ch\u00ednh v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u, gi\u1eef l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\", qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ri\u00eang \u1edf Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 60.000 qu\u00e2n. T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u1ea5y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ng \u0111inh \u1edf m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f4 n\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \\\"t\u1eadn su\u1ea5t vi binh\\\", to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c. M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a, trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 11-6-1788, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 \\\"\u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn ba tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn qu\u00e2n\\\"6. M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c h\u1ed3i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng: \\\"C\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m l\u00ednh cho Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o\\\"7. X\u00e9t tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. Kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng l\u1eebng l\u1eaby c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam thu\u1edf \u1ea5y. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Th\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ch\u0103m lo t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u00f5i Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o, c\u00f9ng ra s\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c gia, ra s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng t\u1eeb trong th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh..., th\u00ec kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t, th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh. b) T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u00e2n \u2013 d\u00e2n, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 coi tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd v\u1eady, th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi v\u1eefng, l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng l\u00eca, n\u1ec1n th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng\u2026 Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u0103n c\u1ed1t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 gi\u1eefa tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cng\u1ee5 binh \u01b0 n\u00f4ng\\\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110inh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi L\u00ea S\u01a1 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u. V\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \\\"\u0111\u1ed5i vai\\\" theo lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 binh d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi. \u1ede nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n; l\u00e0m binh d\u1ecbch, h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00fap l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 t\u00fac m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, b\u1edbt g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c nu\u00f4i qu\u00e2n cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eadu b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","chuy\u1ec3n nhanh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh sang th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea7n, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc..., m\u00e0 c\u00f2n qua \u0111\u00f3 gia t\u0103ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n - m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft g\u1eafn b\u00f3 trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 binh l\u00ednh, trong \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 t\u01b0\u1edbng so\u00e1i. H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n, l\u00fac s\u1eafp m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi vua Tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd, d\u00f9ng binh c\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 cha con m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y c\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb l\u00fac th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh khoan th\u01b0 s\u1ee9c cho d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m k\u1ebf s\u00e2u r\u1ec5 b\u1ec1n g\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc hay h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho th\u1ea5y, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \\\"th\u00e0nh cao h\u00e0o s\u00e2u\u201d th\u00ec s\u1edbm mu\u1ed9n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n Lam S\u01a1n s\u1edf d\u0129 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua bao th\u1eed th\u00e1ch ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o, l\u00e0m n\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i \\\"s\u1ea5m vang ch\u1edbp gi\u1eadt\\\", \\\"tr\u00fac ch\u1ebb tro bay\u201d..., l\u00e0 b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \\\"t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5 t\u1eed, h\u00f2a n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng ch\u00e9n r\u01b0\u1ee3u ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o\u201d... \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 t\u01b0\u1edbng so\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ed - d\u0169ng - t\u00edn - li\u00eam - trung. Vua Tr\u1ea7n t\u1eebng cho ch\u1ecdn t\u01b0\u1edbng trong c\u00e1c quan vi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u00f5 ngh\u1ec7, tinh th\u00f4ng thao l\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 t\u00f4n th\u1ea5t. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c trong gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Tr\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n, Tr\u1ea7n Quang Kh\u1ea3i, Tr\u1ea7n Kh\u00e1nh D\u01b0, Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadt Du\u1eadt..., ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u0169 L\u00e3o, xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n tin y\u00eau, tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ecfi. \u00d4ng r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec lu\u00f4n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng khi\u1ebfn gi\u1eb7c khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \\\"ph\u1ee5 t\u1eed\\\", t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft nhau nh\u01b0 cha con, anh em m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0. Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n v\u1edbi hai gia n\u00f4 Y\u1ebft Ki\u00eau, D\u00e3 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 \\\"ph\u1ee5 t\u1eed chi binh\\\". Trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng - Nguy\u00ean l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, khi gi\u1eb7c tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1eeda \u1ea3i V\u0129nh Ch\u00e2u, N\u1ed9i B\u00e0ng (L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n), qu\u00e2n ta b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea3i lui v\u1ec1 V\u1ea1n Ki\u1ebfp (H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng). Th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n v\u1ee1 tr\u1eadn, Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n mu\u1ed1n r\u00fat theo https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n n\u00fai, nh\u01b0ng D\u00e3 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng: \u201cY\u1ebft Ki\u00eau ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng d\u1eddi thuy\u1ec1n\\\". Qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p hi\u1ec3m nguy, Y\u1ebft Ki\u00eau v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eadu thuy\u1ec1n \u1edf B\u00e3i T\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 tho\u00e1t hi\u1ec3m. Qua vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng - qu\u00e2n h\u1ea7u, v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n m\u00ecnh: \\\"Chim h\u1ed3ng h\u1ed9c mu\u1ed1n bay cao ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd \u1edf s\u00e1u tr\u1ee5 c\u00e1nh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1u chi\u1ebfc tr\u1ee5 c\u00e1nh \u1ea5y th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chim th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4i\\\". S\u1eed th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 L\u00ea ca ng\u1ee3i t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n: \\\"Giao c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u00f9ng nhau s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft\\\", \\\"d\u1ee5ng binh tinh di\u1ec7u, chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i th\u1eafng, \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\"8. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n ghi, T\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed3 Nguy\u00ean Tr\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1t l\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi bi th\u1ea3m v\u1edbi vua cha H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecda x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Minh :\\\"Th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 gi\u1eb7c, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c m\u00e0 d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng theo\\\". M\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc - v\u00ec t\u1eeb trong s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, qu\u00e2n v\u1edbi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Qu\u00e2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n, d\u00e2n b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho qu\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n r\u1ed3i, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ngay t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Bi k\u1ecbch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 c\u0169ng \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i chuy\u1ec3n h\u1eb3n t\u1eeb ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen gi\u1eefa trung \u01b0\u01a1ng - \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng - gia trang, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang, sang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc - qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i - ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. T\u1eeb b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111au x\u00f3t \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u H\u1ed3, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i - linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n - \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau cao \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a, \\\"t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u1eafp b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng manh l\u1ec7\\\", bi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n n\u00fai r\u1eebng Thanh H\u00f3a th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1nh tan qu\u00e2n Minh, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi\u1ebfn cho su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 300 n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eafng b\u1eb7t b\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n th\u00f9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1o, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i vi\u1ebft: \\\"N\u00eau hi\u1ec7u g\u1eady l\u00e0m c\u1edd, t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp kh\u1eafp b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Th\u1ebft qu\u00e2n r\u01b0\u1ee3u h\u00f2a n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t b\u1ee5ng cha con\u201d9. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trang b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u thua xa \u0111\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ec3 \\\"l\u1ea5y y\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh\\\", \\\"l\u1ea5y \u00edt \u0111\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u\u201d, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0103m th\u00f9 gi\u1eb7c, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, d\u1ebbo dai c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n m\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m lo gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \\\"t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u1eafp b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng manh l\u1ec7\\\", L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n, t\u00ednh k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. C\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n coi tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u00d4ng d\u1eb7n t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \\\"D\u00e2n kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i, ph\u00e0m qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t t\u00fd g\u00ec..., d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3i qu\u1eabn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y\u201d10. Do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n chu \u0111\u00e1o trong chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, h\u1ecd \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ti\u1ebfp \u1ee9ng cho nhau khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \\\"c\u00e2y r\u1eebng r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p, r\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00edt nhau\u201d11, Gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u1edbi binh s\u0129 kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt \\\"t\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 cha con, th\u00e2n c\u00f9ng cam kh\u1ed5\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \\\"t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 d\u01b0 s\u1ee9c h\u00f9ng h\u1ed5, s\u1eaft luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m cam\u201d12 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gian kh\u1ed5 \u1edf n\u00fai r\u1eebng Thanh H\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t v\u00e2y qu\u00e9t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9, b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chuy\u1ec3n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o Nam, ch\u1ecdn Ngh\u1ec7 An l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng T\u00e2n B\u00ecnh, Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a, ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng T\u00e2y \u0110\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc m\u1ecdi \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng. Sau th\u1eddi L\u00ea S\u01a1, v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quan h\u1ec7 trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc - qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, trung \u01b0\u01a1ng - \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 t\u1eed chi binh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c - qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u00ednh th\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c xen l\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ea5y, n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2y S\u01a1n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan h\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n - d\u00e2n, n\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ngh\u0129a binh mang theo \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. S\u1edf d\u0129 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec1u d\u00e2ng, \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2n m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, ch\u1edbp nho\u00e1ng khi\u1ebfn k\u1ebb th\u00f9 d\u00f9 c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1eadn m\u1ea1c..., v\u1eabn nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2y S\u01a1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, cho \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 lu\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u201cQu\u00e2n l\u00ednh c\u1ed1t h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f4ng\\\". Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n binh, \u01b0u binh... Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i khi tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 l\u00ednh m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh m\u1edbi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o trung qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 phi\u00ean ch\u1ebf s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n Ngh\u1ec7 An, Thanh H\u00f3a l\u1ea7n ra B\u1eafc d\u1eb9p Thanh \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1789 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh c\u0169 v\u00e0 l\u00ednh m\u1edbi trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","l\u1ee3i. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady l\u1eabn nhau, h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. H\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc, qua bao phen binh l\u1eeda, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp n\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1eafn b\u00f3, kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt qu\u00e2n - d\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u1ea5y. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u00ec n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, b\u1edfi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \\\"th\u00e2n d\u00e2n\\\", v\u00e0 \\\"khoan th\u01b0 s\u1ee9c d\u00e2n\\\" v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi, ngay t\u1eeb trong th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh, xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \\\"k\u1ebf s\u00e2u r\u1ec5 b\u1ec1n g\u1ed1c\\\" c\u1ee7a thu\u1eadt gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00a0 \u00a0 3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u00a0 \u00a0 \u1ede th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m cao m\u1edbi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. G\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft; nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea7m than. \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi giai t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 tay nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m (th\u00e1ng 5-1941) quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \\\"thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\", v\u00ec \\\"n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu m\u00e3i ki\u1ebfp ng\u1ef1a tr\u00e2u, m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea1n n\u0103m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d13. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00eau r\u00f5 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec giai c\u1ea5p v\u1ea1n n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e3i m\u00e3i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu ki\u1ebfp ng\u1ef1a tr\u00e2u. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u: D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean h\u1ebft; d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u1ea3 d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00ed ph\u00e1ch anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \\\"long tr\u1eddi l\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d, c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945 v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1, l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do; nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n \u0110\u1ea3ng, to\u00e0n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Trong gi\u1edd ph\u00fat l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c xu th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c, v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ea3ng gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cao ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c (1945-1954) nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1eeba gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m; k\u1ebf theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a, ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, \u0111em l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 cho d\u00e2n c\u00e0y, \u0111em l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1o n\u00ean kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n d\u00e2n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee9u nh\u00e0, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. N\u00eau cao s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a, kh\u01a1i d\u1eady v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, xem \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 quy t\u1ee5, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, trong khi \u0111\u1ec1 cao l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n sinh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: \u0111\u00f2i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho d\u00e2n c\u00e0y; t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1ea3m gi\u1edd l\u00e0m cho th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n; quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do cho c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c, vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c, h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean... \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c \u00e9p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i v\u1eeba c\u00f4ng khai, v\u1eeba ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a th\u00f9 trong gi\u1eb7c ngo\u00e0i, \u1edf t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ng\u00e0n c\u00e2n treo s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n d\u00e2n ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, v\u1eeba ra s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3i, gi\u1eb7c d\u1ed1t. Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u1eeba ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c, v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c v\u1eeba gia s\u1ee9c t\u0103ng gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, lo b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng non tr\u1ebb, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u0103n d\u1eb7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea3ng, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ch\u0103m lo cho d\u00e2n - cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; t\u1eeb c\u00e1i kim s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e0 m\u1eafm mu\u1ed1i, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, kh\u00e1m ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh. Ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n, trong Di ch\u00fac, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n d\u1eb7n: \\\"\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\"14, \\\"\u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1eadt \u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d15. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, ngay t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1 ra trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u, r\u1ed9ng. B\u00ean trong, \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd m\u1ecdi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, giai c\u1ea5p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ki\u1ec1u b\u00e0o ta \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i; \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong \u0110\u1ea3ng, trong c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p, trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n L\u00e0o, Campuchia, th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea3ng, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p trong M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u: \\\"D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean h\u1ebft\u201d, \\\"T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean h\u1ebft\\\", \\\"T\u1eadp trung ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\", \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tham gia, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng - n\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \\\"quan \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n\\\" c\u0169, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e2n s\u0129 v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o tham gia kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t, ng\u00e0y 29-5- 1946). C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i n\u00eau r\u00f5, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t giai c\u1ea5p, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng16. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c trong M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u00e0 Li\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0: H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c, H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1ed5ng Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i... Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111i v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, nh\u1eb1m thu h\u00fat r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u0103ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Minh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t, l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Li\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t). Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c to\u00e0n d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi hai chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ecdi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam (9-1955). Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho \u00fd ch\u00ed m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t do Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp (27-3-1964), m\u1ed9t \\\"H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Di\u00ean H\u1ed3ng\\\" trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c b\u1eadc l\u00e3o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u00e2n s\u0129 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i... \u0111\u00e3 thay m\u1eb7t to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng - kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa. Th\u00e1ng 12-1960, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam ra \u0111\u1eddi. V\u1edbi c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0: H\u1ed9i Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p sinh vi\u00ean - h\u1ecdc sinh, H\u1ed9i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u1ed9i Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, H\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o k\u00ednh Ch\u00faa, y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u1ed9i L\u1ee5c h\u00f2a ph\u1eadt t\u1eed mi\u1ec1n Nam, \u0110\u1ea3ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c... Kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng khi M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean minh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 do, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n d\u00e2n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","sinh, gi\u1eef v\u1eefng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch trung l\u1eadp, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. V\u1edbi Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, l\u1ea5y tin v\u00e0o d\u00e2n, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu: d\u00e2n l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft; d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft; d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng; d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng... \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, h\u1ee3p l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u00e1u th\u1ecbt v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \\\"ph\u1ea3i g\u00ecn gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft trong \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef con ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh\\\". V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh. \u00a0 \u00a0 II- T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG V\u1ec0 \u0110O\u00c0N K\u1ebeT QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe, K\u1ebeT H\u1ee2P S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH D\u00c2N T\u1ed8C V\u1edaI S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I \u00a0 \u00a0 1.T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 manh nha t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u1eb9p, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u00edt, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda th\u00f4n t\u00ednh, x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 trong khu v\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, l\u00e0 l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, do tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng, h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu, th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. S\u1eed s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n ghi l\u1ea1i, n\u0103m 722, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1edd c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Mai Th\u00fac Loan ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u0103mpa, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed r\u1ea5t xa nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Kim L\u00e2n (Malaixia ng\u00e0y nay). \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft: \\\"Mai Th\u00fac Loan chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef ch\u00e2u, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u1eafc \u0110\u1ebf, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p...\\\"17. C\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam - L\u00e0o, L\u00e0o - Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 550 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc V\u1ea1n Xu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00fd. Khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, L\u00fd Nam \u0110\u1ebf bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 anh ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a vua l\u00e0 L\u00fd Thi\u00ean B\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y sang \u0111\u1ea5t L\u00e0o l\u1eadp c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m18. Hai b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 v\u00e0 Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c th\u00ec ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao, th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 L\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 106719. Th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, xem \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i bang, ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh ph\u00eda T\u00e2y (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e0o) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1335, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nghi\u00eam t\u00fac: \\\"N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng may, m\u00e0 gi\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","l\u1ea1i sang x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\\\"20. Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed quan tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n trong b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n ghi nh\u1eadn: \u201cTh\u1eddi L\u00ea Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u00e0o - ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t k\u1ebft h\u1ea3o\\\"21. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn \u1edf m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t - L\u00e0o lu\u00f4n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Cu\u1ed1n Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed L\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a 3.000 qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi 3.000 qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eang Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1788, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh Vi\u00eang Ch\u0103n, bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n do Xi\u00eam d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3 Ch\u1ea1u X\u1ee7mphu v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ea1u m\u01b0\u01a1ng Xi\u00eang Kho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng22. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c li\u00ean k\u1ebft, tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9ng binh, c\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi trung \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng sang Ung, Kh\u00e2m, Li\u00eam \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc ta c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng, L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 cho truy\u1ec1n \u0111i b\u1ea3n L\u1ed9 b\u1ed1 v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i, thi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t T\u1ed1ng: \u201cB\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9c v\u00e2ng m\u1ec7nh qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1eafc ti\u1ebfn, mu\u1ed1n d\u1eb9p l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng y\u00eau nghi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u00fd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed5, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang d\u00e2n. Ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1i b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u h\u00f4i tanh \u0111\u1ec3 ca thu\u1edf \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y Nghi\u00eau, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng Thu\u1ea5n\\\"23. B\u1ea3n L\u1ed9 b\u1ed1 v\u0103n c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \\\"\u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n tinh th\u1ea7n\\\", t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng - t\u00e2m l\u00fd ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t T\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, D\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u vui m\u1eebng \u0111em tr\u00e2u, r\u01b0\u1ee3u khao qu\u00e2n ta. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i l\u00fac d\u00e2n T\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u c\u1edd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb1ng xa th\u00ec n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cha h\u1ecd L\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam, r\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng nhau b\u00e0y h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n b\u00e1i ph\u1ee5c b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 uy danh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n ta lan kh\u1eafp24. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trung \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \\\"nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u\u201d c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","n\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 tinh th\u1ea7n, \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu - h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, qua vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao, quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf..., v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 L\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Ch\u0103mpa, v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 T\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n... Quan h\u1ec7 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 nh\u01b0: Xi\u00eam La (Th\u00e1i Lan), In\u0111\u00f4n\u00eaxia, Java, Malaixia, v\u00f9ng Sumatra th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. T\u1eeb h\u1ecd Kh\u00fac th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Ng\u00f4, \u0110inh, Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea, sau khi l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u \\\"xin m\u1ec7nh\\\" v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1edbc phong c\u1ee7a Nam H\u00e1n, T\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u00e1i s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 sang tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng, t\u1ecf \u00fd th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c, gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu, y\u00ean b\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, khi Nam H\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ed1ng uy hi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, th\u00ec l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1ng tr\u1ea3, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u2026 Nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, trong \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, t\u1ecf r\u00f5 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa, bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh, bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn trong v\u00f9ng. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao linh ho\u1ea1t, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, nh\u00fan nh\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft (v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc) v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi khoan h\u00f2a, linh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn, nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf. Th\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng vang d\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam \u1edf R\u1ea1ch G\u1ea7m -Xo\u00e0i M\u00fat (l785), qu\u00e2n Thanh \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long (1789), \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho thanh th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t lan ra kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n - Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, gi\u1eef y\u00ean bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ea1o \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Do v\u1eady, ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 Thanh, trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y S\u01a1n - Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0 giao hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a vua Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n. Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n: \\\"... B\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n, b\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m xa l\u1eafm. T\u1eeb nay b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng, c\u1ea7u b\u1ea1c \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00ec c\u00e0ng th\u00eam b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t, t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p\\\"25. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i - s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, qua ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u1eb7c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00f2a ho\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: v\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 do, v\u00ecch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. \u00a0 \u00a0 2. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, ph\u00e1t huy truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n d\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, g\u1eafn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p to l\u1edbn, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \\\"hai \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c to\\\" l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 M\u1ef9. \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1edf ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam lu\u00f4n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ra \u0111\u1eddi. Giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. C.M\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u: \\\"V\u00f4 s\u1ea3n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i!\\\". Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf. T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y, V.I.L\u00eanin ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh: \\\"V\u00f4 s\u1ea3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i!\\\". M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i - tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00ec ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, tranh th\u1ee7 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 chung, v\u00ec ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u00fang xu th\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, ngay t\u1eeb khi ra \u0111\u1eddi, trong C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam: \\\"Trong khi tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1i kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u n\u01b0\u1edbc An Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\\\"26. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, trong t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng sau n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea3ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh lu\u00f4n h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong s\u00e1ng. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ed9ng, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c giai t\u1ea7ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. T\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u0103ng kh\u00edt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam mu\u1ed1n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 trong th\u00ec t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ecdi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\\\"27; Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00e2u \u00c1, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh chung to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 anh em, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u0169 c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8\u201d28 ,\\\"l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y th\u00f9 o\u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ai\\\"29. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat v\u00e0 lan t\u1ecfa s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, v\u00ec t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00e0i h\u00f2a \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cao c\u1ea3 theo tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ee7y chung, trong s\u00e1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n d\u1eb7n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sang gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n: \\\"C\u00e1c ch\u00fa nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 v\u1ebb vang nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u00fap nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n. M\u00e0 gi\u00fap nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh\\\"30. Trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn li\u00ean minh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam - L\u00e0o - Campuchia (9-1952), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u00f5 th\u00eam: \\\"S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra ch\u1eef g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef gi\u00fap, ch\u1ee9 th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00fap, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t - Mi\u00ean - L\u00e0o l\u00e0 chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, th\u00ec Mi\u00ean - L\u00e0o m\u1edbi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 Mi\u00ean - L\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i th\u00ec Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Vi\u1ec7t - Mi\u00ean - L\u00e0o nh\u01b0 anh em ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0\u201d31. T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ed1t hai n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft li\u00ean minh: v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t t\u1eed l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n y\u00eau ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t - r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n - ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tranh th\u1ee7, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n L\u00e0o, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Campuchia; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ef3 theo \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tu\u1ef3 theo l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tu\u1ef3 theo kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, n\u1ed9i dung, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cao ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ph\u00e1t huy truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00fd b\u00e1u gi\u1eefa ba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9; ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n L\u00e0o, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Campuchia theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00f4n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1eef v\u1eefng tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ta, c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 chung l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia cho c\u1ea3 ba d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9, qua g\u1ea7n 21 n\u0103m c\u00f9ng hai n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u00ean tr\u00ec nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n L\u00e0o, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Campuchia nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh em \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean do \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, do ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng so s\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean t\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, n\u1ed9i dung, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u1eebng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1edbi t\u1eebng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u v\u1eabn g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi L\u00e0o, v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ea1n, ph\u00e1t huy truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh trong ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9, hai B\u1ed9 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, v\u1ea1ch ra chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chung, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, n\u1ed9i dung li\u00ean minh v\u1eeba k\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u00fap nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, li\u00ean minh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f9ng nhau m\u1edf c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1eabn nhau... C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, t\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c trong s\u00e1ng, thu\u1ef7 chung, b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao cho c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 sau. \u0110i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, th\u00ec trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0 ho\u00e3n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p, ta \u0111\u1ec1u tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, trung l\u1eadp ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c L\u00e0o, nh\u1eb1m t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea9y M\u1ef9 ra kh\u1ecfi L\u00e0o, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung l\u1eadp kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a L\u00e0o nh\u1eb1m c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Campuchia, v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia, t\u1eeb sau Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 n\u0103m 1954, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang gi\u00fap \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia chuy\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia l\u01b0u tr\u00fa tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n Nam. Nh\u01b0ng do th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t do \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia ch\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1edbi ta v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng cao. N\u0103m 1966, \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia r\u00fat c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1967, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, quan h\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Campuchia ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf, g\u00e2y cho ta nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Tuy v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta v\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Campuchia. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec n\u00eau r\u00f5 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 chung c\u1ee7a hai d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1970, khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 sang Campuchia, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","m\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia sang h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u00f5 \u0111\u00fang sai, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ee5c mi\u1ec1n Nam, v\u00e0 \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Campuchia b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0110\u1ea3ng Campuchia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang r\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, m\u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn m\u1edbi, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u1edf Campuchia, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i l\u00fang t\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 ba n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh - th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n c\u1ee9 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u1eafn b\u00f3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ba n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n ba n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kho t\u00e0ng, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ba n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ea1n li\u00ean minh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eef v\u1eefng v\u00f9ng tr\u1eddi, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed - c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba d\u1ef1a l\u01b0ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ba n\u01b0\u1edbc - th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chi vi\u1ec7n, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 li\u00ean minh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa ba d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh \u00e1c li\u1ec7t, trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng xa nhau, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u00ec t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch chia c\u1eaft, c\u00f4 l\u1eadp t\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Cho n\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 li\u00ean minh gi\u1eefa ba n\u01b0\u1edbc trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u chung tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 chi vi\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eeba bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 hy sinh cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ba d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u1ef1a l\u01b0ng v\u00e0o nhau chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 chung. Song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean minh, \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao. \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o cho b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn m\u1edbi c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 ba chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean t\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n chung c\u1ea3 ba n\u01b0\u1edbc trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf c\u1ea3 ba n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u1edf c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho ph\u00e9p ta kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft li\u00ean minh, t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng chung \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch \u1edf c\u1ea3 ba n\u01b0\u1edbc, mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eeba l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung l\u1edbn trong ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi L\u00e0o, v\u1edbi Campuchia \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i to l\u1edbn trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c chung c\u1ee7a ba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta lu\u00f4n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c tranh th\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ra s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00eda ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i to l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t thu\u1eadn https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 r\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t - k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0169 kh\u00ed trang b\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra l\u00e0: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong th\u1ebf chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Trong ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, n\u1eafm v\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea3ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eebng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u00f9ng xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. L\u1ee3i \u00edch cao nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ee5c https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00ec ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf chung c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc cho th\u1ea5y, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea3ng ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m chung c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, r\u1eb1ng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea3ng ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea3ng coi th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n L\u00e0o v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Campuchia. G\u1eafn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i l\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 do, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebb vang. Th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u0103m lo gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf: \\\"Tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \\\"v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c\\\" c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea3ng ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ea3ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh to l\u1edbn, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ecdi tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9. T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft ba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 M\u1ef9, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi \u00e2m m\u01b0u chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, gia t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Th\u1ee9 ba, ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, n\u00eau cao \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, s\u1ee3 M\u1ef9, khuy\u00ean ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 mai ph\u1ee5c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong phe \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, M\u1ef9 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. N\u1eafm v\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, n\u00eau cao \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tay sai, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng mi\u1ec1n Nam, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. ___________ Ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1. Phan Huy L\u00ea (ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i): Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc - truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (B\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u), H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2002, tr.11. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","2. Xem Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u: Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1980. 3. Xem H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n: L\u00e0ng, hi\u00ean l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 si\u00eau l\u00e0ng \u2013 m\u1ea5y suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, in trong M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, Nxb. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2007. 4. Xem Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecbnh: \\\"V\u0103n ho\u00e1 d\u00e2n gian v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nam H\u00e0\\\", trong s\u00e1ch Th\u1eddi Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o V\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n tr\u00ean qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam H\u00e0, S\u1edf V\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin Nam H\u00e0, 1996. 5. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u0103m 1029, L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng g\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ch\u00e2u m\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u L\u1ea1ng (L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n B\u1eafc Giang ng\u00e0y nay) . N\u0103m 1066, L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng g\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Thi\u00ean Th\u00e0nh cho Th\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea1o Nguy\u00ean ch\u00e2u L\u1ea1ng. N\u0103m 1082, L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng g\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Kh\u00e2m Th\u00e1nh cho ch\u00e2u m\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u V\u1ecb Long (Chi\u00eam H\u00f3a - Tuy\u00ean Quang), v.v.. 6. Th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Bertrtte v\u00e0 Dousssain, d\u1eabn theo Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: Quang Trung - Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Ng\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i \u2013 \u0110\u1ed1ng \u0110a, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1992, tr.155-l56. 7. Nguy\u1ec5n Thu: L\u00ea qu\u00fd d\u1eadt s\u1eed, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1974, tr.122. 8. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.II, tr.III. 9. D\u1eabn theo \u1ee6y ban khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, t.l, tr.259. 10. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1968, t.III, tr.40, 20, 35-36. 11. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.3, tr.136. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","12. \u1ee6y ban Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, t.1, tr.243. 13. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.7, tr.113. 14,15. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.12, tr.503, 511. 16. Xem \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.8, tr.69-70. 17. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, tr.121. 18. Xem L\u00fd T\u1ebf Xuy\u00ean: Vi\u1ec7t \u0110i\u1ec7n u linh, Nxb.V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1972, tr.43-44, v\u00e0 Phan Huy Ch\u00fa: L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch, Nxb. S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1960-1964, t.1, q.6, tr.156. 19. Xem \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e0o - \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 L\u00e0o, L\u00e0o - Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1930- 2007), Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2011, tr.13. 20. Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 L\u00ea: \u0110\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1972, q.2, tr.128. 21. Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n: \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch, l\u01b0u Vi\u1ec7n S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, tr.1. 22. D\u1eabn theo \u0110\u1ea3ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e0o - \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 L\u00e0o, L\u00e0o - Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, tr.16. 23. Theo b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch L\u1ed9 b\u1ed1 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e1p, in trong Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1980, tr.307. 24. Xem Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n H\u00e3n: L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t, Nxb.V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1994, tr.123. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn"]