Lịch Sử Tư Tưởng Việt Nam - Tập 5

["25. Phan Huy \u00cdch: D\u1ee5 Am thi t\u1eadp. D\u1eabn theo Phan Huy L\u00ea: T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o T\u00e2y S\u01a1n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh khu v\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o khoa h\u1ecdc: Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n - Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a th\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, Hu\u1ebf, n\u0103m 2000, tr.21. 26. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.2, tr.4-5. 27. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.5, tr.22. 28,29. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.5, tr.136,220. 30. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.7, tr.64. 31. D\u1eabn theo \u0110\u1ea3ng Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng L\u00e0o \u2013 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 L\u00e0o, L\u00e0o \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t Nam 1930 \u2013 2007, S\u0111d, tr.237. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u00a0 \u00a0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia - d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh h\u01a1n chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng ch\u1ee9 hi\u1ebfm khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng th\u01a1 v\u0103n hay m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u1eefa l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cao \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, v\u00ec th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i hay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfn tranh li\u00ean quan c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb trong v\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i \u00f3c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn v\u1eeba l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a bao nhi\u00eau x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u1ea5y. 1. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i chung, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac r\u00fat t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00eans\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau; t\u01b0 duy, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p; do v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sa v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n gi\u1eb7c m\u1ea1nh, qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u gian kh\u1ed5, hy sinh v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng; v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Nam H\u00e1n (931 v\u00e0 938), ch\u1ed1ng T\u1ed1ng (981 v\u00e0 1075-1077) ch\u1ed1ng M\u00f4ng - Nguy\u00ean (1258, 1285 v\u00e0 1288), ch\u1ed1ng Thanh (1789), ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p (1945-1954), ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 (1954-1975). Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c do L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb minh qu\u00e2n, hi\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba l\u1ea7n qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c (179 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), th\u1eddi H\u1ed3 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Minh (1406-1407) v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c (1858-1884). Tuy b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung trong c\u1ea3 ba l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh ph\u00f2ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 do sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u1eady \u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn trong th\u1ebf b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt. V\u00ec v\u1eady, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, song song v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. 2. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn: th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 - trung \u0111\u1ea1i (t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 III tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, n\u0103m 1858) v\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u1eadn - hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (t\u1eeb 1858 \u0111\u1ebfn 1975). https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 - trung \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 phong ki\u1ebfn, b\u1edfi quan ni\u1ec7m \u201ctrung qu\u00e2n \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c\u201d. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 - trung \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ta, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. \u201cH\u1ecda ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc\u201d ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 t\u00ednh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 - trung \u0111\u1ea1i: Trung Qu\u1ed1c d\u00f9 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng - An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c (\u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X), t\u01b0 duy, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 duy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u201cl\u1ea5y y\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh\u201d trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n T\u1ea7n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng th\u1eddi An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng; l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, L\u00fd Nam \u0110\u1ebf, Tri\u1ec7u Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0: Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh, Mai Th\u00fac Loan, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5..., v\u00e0 c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng ch\u1ed1ng Nam H\u00e1n nh\u01b0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00ecnh Ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi trung \u0111\u1ea1i, trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X - XVIII, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0: L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n, L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t, Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7, v.v.. Th\u1eddi L\u00fd - Tr\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 \u201cti\u00ean ph\u00e1t ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n\u201d, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ef1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ebfn Nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec7t, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u201cc\u1ed1t tinh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f4ng\u201d, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201ct\u1eadn d\u00e2n vi binh\u201d, \u201cto\u00e0n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 l\u00ednh\u201d g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cng\u1ee5 binh \u01b0 n\u00f4ng\u201d, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u201cbinh\u201d v\u00e0 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u201cn\u00f4ng\u201d, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc chung s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c \u201cc\u1eed qu\u1ed1c ngh\u00eanh \u0111\u1ecbch\u201d, \u201ckhoan th\u01b0 s\u1ee9c d\u00e2n\u201d, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cvua t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, anh em h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c\u201d trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u00f4ng - Nguy\u00ean, v.v.. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n Minh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u201cd\u0129 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u00fang, d\u0129 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d (l\u1ea5y \u00edt \u0111\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec1u, l\u1ea5y y\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh) c\u1ee7a L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201ct\u00e2m c\u00f4ng\u201d (\u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i... Th\u1eddi L\u00ea S\u01a1 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng. Do nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft n\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn l\u1edbn trong v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Quang Trung - Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c, t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t... Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 - trung \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cd\u0129 \u0111o\u1ea3n ch\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, \u201cd\u0129 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbch ch\u00fang, d\u0129 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, bi\u1ebft x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u201cph\u1ee5 t\u1eed chi binh\u201d nh\u01b0 cha con m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0, ch\u1ecdn d\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ecfi, c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, khi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p phong ki\u1ebfn c\u00f2n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi c\u1eadn - hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. Chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do giai c\u1ea5p m\u1edbi, ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn tranh y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi c\u1eadn - hi\u1ec7n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1858-1884), d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh phong ki\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m... Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecf ra \u01b0\u01a1n h\u00e8n, b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng Ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tuy di\u1ec5n ra h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 non y\u1ebfu n\u00ean giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n phong ki\u1ebfn c\u00f2n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, khi giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam; nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t c\u1ee5c c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y mang \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00f4n h\u00f2a, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i t\u00ecm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","T\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i qu\u1ed1c - H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, con thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c - H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i trong T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945. Tr\u1ea3i qua hai cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi; l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc tinh hoa qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n 30 n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1945- 1975). T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong 30 n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p cao, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngo\u1ea1i giao..., c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ea7m v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i giao, t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi binh v\u1eadn, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1nh du k\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1eadp trung, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0110\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ba th\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c... 3. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t cao trong \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Do \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 bao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m. M\u1ed7i khi di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u00fd ch\u00ed quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft th\u1eafng ng\u1eadp tr\u00e0n, d\u00e2ng cao trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tham gia \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c; n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u0169 b\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tham gia. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i bang. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc tinh hoa qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3i do qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1945 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u0103m 1959-1960 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. Mu\u1ed1n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 tay nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. 4. Chi\u1ebfn tranh, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng v\u1eady, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9. \u0110\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. D\u00e1m \u0111\u00e1nh, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1edbn, l\u1ea5y \u00edt \u0111\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u, l\u1ea5y y\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh... \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c, qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbch; \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, b\u00ed m\u1eadt, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00ednh quy; ra s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi c\u01a1, tranh th\u1ee7 th\u1eddi c\u01a1, gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n M\u00f4ng -Nguy\u00ean h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n Minh \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV, cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t. 5. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u00d4ng cha ta x\u01b0a nay \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n r\u1eebng n\u00fai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba; bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3, t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u1edbi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tranh th\u1ee7 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n; th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eeba chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1eeba x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay, d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ngay t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 lo ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00f4ng cha ta ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cth\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c\u201d (gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc) l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1eebng th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00fai t\u1ea5c s\u00f4ng \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc; qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ebf l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, lo gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb khi n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a nguy; ch\u0103m lo c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cch\u00fang ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh\u201d, coi khoan th\u01b0 s\u1ee9c d\u00e2n l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh; qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi an ninh; ch\u0103m lo x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea3ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. 6. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u coi \u201cvi\u1ec7c binh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d, \u201cph\u00e0m c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u00f5 b\u1ecb\u201d. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 v\u0169 trang to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang to\u00e0n d\u00e2n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cng\u1ee5 binh \u01b0 n\u00f4ng\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t x\u01b0a kia v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u coi tr\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh quy, thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cc\u1ed1t tinh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f4ng\u201d, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ch\u00ednh quy, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, coi tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, tinh th\u1ea7n; th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201cph\u1ee5 t\u1eed chi binh\u201d; g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n, t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 ra, v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u; th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n v\u1edbi d\u00e2n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed. 7. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t huy cao \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam; nh\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p to l\u1edbn. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa, sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i 30 n\u0103m, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t nam lu\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i; coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00a0 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Table of Contents L\u1eddi Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I I. S\u1ef0 H\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH V\u00c0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N NH\u1eeeNG GI\u00c1 TR\u1eca TRUY\u1ec0N TH\u1ed0NG Y\u00caU N\u01af\u1edaC, \u00dd TH\u1ee8C \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 CH\u1ee6 QUY\u00caN D\u00c2N T\u1ed8C T\u1eea BU\u1ed4I \u0110\u1ea6U GI\u1eee N\u01af\u1edaC \u0110\u1ebeN GI\u1eeeA TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 XIX II. S\u1ef0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N C\u1ee6A TINH TH\u1ea6N Y\u00caU N\u01af\u1edaC V\u00c0 \u00dd TH\u1ee8C \u0110\u1ed8C L\u1eacP D\u00c2N T\u1ed8C T\u1eea GI\u1eeeA TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 XIX \u0110\u1ebeN GI\u1eeeA TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 XX (1858-1945) III. CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A Y\u00caU N\u01af\u1edaC, TINH TH\u1ea6N \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 \u0110\u1ed8C L\u1eacP, T\u1ef0 DO V\u00c0 T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG QUY\u1ebeT CHI\u1ebeN QUY\u1ebeT TH\u1eaeNG TRONG BA M\u01af\u01a0I N\u0102M CHI\u1ebeN TRANH C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG \u1ede VI\u1ec6T NAM (1945-1975) Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II I. KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A V\u0168 TRANG: C\u00d3 \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG L\u1ed0I \u0110\u00daNG TH\u00cc TH\u00c0NH C\u00d4NG II. KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A V\u0168 TRANG TO\u00c0N D\u00c2N, TO\u00c0N D\u00c2N T\u1ed8C TI\u1ebeN H\u00c0NH III. CH\u00da TR\u1eccNG X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG L\u1ef0C L\u01af\u1ee2NG, K\u1ebeT H\u1ee2P C\u00c1C H\u00ccNH TH\u1ee8C \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH TRONG QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A IV. KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A T\u1eeaNG PH\u1ea6N TI\u1ebeN L\u00caN T\u1ed4NG KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A V. CH\u1edaP TH\u1edcI C\u01a0 L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec \u0110\u1eacP TAN C\u01a0 C\u1ea4U QUY\u1ec0N L\u1ef0C \u0110\u1ecaCH, GI\u00c0NH CH\u00cdNH QUY\u1ec0N G\u1eaeN LI\u1ec0N V\u1edaI B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 CH\u00cdNH QUY\u1ec0N TRONG C\u1ea2 N\u01af\u1edaC Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III I- T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG CHI\u1ebeN TRANH NH\u00c2N D\u00c2N https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","1. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh 2. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh II- NGH\u1ec6 THU\u1eacT QU\u00c2N S\u1ef0 TRONG CHI\u1ebeN TRANH NH\u00c2N D\u00c2N VI\u1ec6T NAM 1. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c 2. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \\\"l\u1ea5y \u00edt \u0111\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u, l\u1ea5y nh\u1ecf th\u1eafng l\u1edbn\\\" 3. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng 4. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t sinh l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbch 5. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, linh ho\u1ea1t, m\u01b0u tr\u00ed s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, b\u00ed m\u1eadt, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV I- T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG C\u0102N C\u1ee8 \u0110\u1ecaA, H\u1eacU PH\u01af\u01a0NG CHI\u1ebeN TRANH 1. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3, t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh 2.D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n r\u1eebng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb - nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i gi\u00e0u s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a 3. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u1edbi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc; tranh th\u1ee7 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf 4. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba, h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","5. V\u1eeba chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1eeba x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba II- T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG QU\u1ed0C PH\u00d2NG 1. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng trong c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn 2. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V I- X\u00c1C \u0110\u1ecaNH VAI TR\u00d2 L\u1ef0C L\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u0168 TRANG TRONG TI\u1ebeN TR\u00ccNH \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH GI\u1ea2I PH\u00d3NG D\u00c2N T\u1ed8C V\u00c0 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 T\u1ed4 QU\u1ed0C II- V\u0168 TRANG TO\u00c0N D\u00c2N, X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG V\u00c0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N L\u1ef0C L\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u0168 TRANG T\u1eea NH\u00c2N D\u00c2N III- T\u1ed4 CH\u1ee8C CH\u1eb6T CH\u1ebc, C\u01a0 C\u1ea4U NHI\u1ec0U TH\u1ee8 QU\u00c2N IV. CH\u00da TR\u1eccNG X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG QU\u00c2N \u0110\u1ed8I \\\"C\u1ed0T TINH\\\", V\u1eeeNG M\u1ea0NH TO\u00c0N DI\u1ec6N V- CH\u0102M LO X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG \u0110\u1ed8I NG\u0168 C\u00c1N B\u1ed8 TRUNG TH\u00c0NH, T\u00c0I TR\u00cd VI- QUAN T\u00c2M GI\u1ea2I QUY\u1ebeT TRANG B\u1eca V\u0168 KH\u00cd, X\u00c1C \u0110\u1ecaNH L\u1ed0I \u0110\u00c1NH GI\u1eb6C C\u1ee6A L\u1ef0C L\u01af\u1ee2NG V\u0168 TRANG Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI I- T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG V\u1ec0 PH\u00c1T HUY S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH \u0110\u1ea0I \u0110O\u00c0N K\u1ebeT TO\u00c0N D\u00c2N 1. C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam 2.T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n d\u00e2n th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn 3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i II- T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG V\u1ec0 \u0110O\u00c0N K\u1ebeT QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe, K\u1ebeT H\u1ee2P S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH D\u00c2N T\u1ed8C V\u1edaI S\u1ee8C M\u1ea0NH TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","1.T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn 2. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn https:\/\/thuviensach.vn"]