Lịch Sử Tư Tưởng Việt Nam - Tập 5

["C\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng qua truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb hai m\u1eb7t: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea5y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t th\u00ec d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u1ebfu tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i d\u1eady \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea5y. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o tay l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i mang l\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho n\u00f3. Trong th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn, tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 trung qu\u00e2n - \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a anh h\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng... V\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1eefa: n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c - th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7... \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh n\u00f3i: \\\"\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a ta. T\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay, m\u1ed7i khi T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecb x\u00e2m l\u0103ng, th\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, n\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, to l\u1edbn, n\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1edbt qua m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u0169 b\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u0169 c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc\\\"32. ------ Ch\u00fa th\u00edch https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1972, t.I, tr.109. 2. (D\u1ecbch th\u01a1: \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0S\u00f4ng n\u00fai n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam vua Nam \u1edf, \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0V\u1eb1ng v\u1eb7c s\u00e1ch tr\u1eddi chia x\u1ee9 s\u1edf Gi\u1eb7c d\u1eef c\u1edb sao ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, Ch\u00fang m\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i tan v\u1ee1) Tr\u00edch: Th\u01a1 v\u0103n L\u00fd \u2013 Tr\u1ea7n, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1977, t.I, tr.332. 3. L\u00ea T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u1edf tr\u1eadn B\u00ecnh L\u1ec7 Nguy\u00ean (1258), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 vua Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u00e0 vua r\u00fat lui \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tr\u1ea7n B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecdng, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh; khi b\u1ecb gi\u1eb7c b\u1eaft, ch\u00fang d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafng gi\u1eb7c r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Ta th\u00e0 l\u00e0m ma n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc\\\". Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c To\u1ea3n h\u1eadn m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb B\u00ecnh Than \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f3p n\u00e1t qu\u1ea3 cam trong tay; sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u1ea5p t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n ri\u00eang, tham gia chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 hy sinh anh d\u0169ng trong tr\u1eadn ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n Tho\u00e1t Hoan \u1edf b\u1ebfn Nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec7t (1285). 4. Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c,Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, T.I, tr.759. 5. Minh s\u1eed, q.321. D\u1eabn theo Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2013, t.5, tr.107. 6. Kh\u00e2u Tu\u1ea5n: B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh Giao Nam l\u1ee5c. D\u1eabn theo L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, S\u0111d, t.5, tr.87. 7. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1o (Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n L\u00e2u d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch, H\u00e0 V\u0103n T\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh) (Tr\u00edch trong \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, t.II, tr.285). https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","8. Lam S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c (Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u0129a d\u1ecbch), Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1992, tr. 35. 9. Lam S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c, S\u0111d, tr.42. 10. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1o, S\u0111d, tr.285. 11. Lam S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c, S\u0111d, tr.33. 12. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i: B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1o, S\u0111d, tr.282. 13,14. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1976, tr.127, 122. 15. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 d\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eebng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y: \\\"Ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1eddi B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, giai t\u1ea7ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb m\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, do c\u00f3 hai h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu: a) H\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu Trung Qu\u1ed1c: di s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, do quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i giai c\u1ea5p, do h\u1ecdc T\u00e0u \u0111e ch\u1ed1ng T\u00e0u, do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n, do t\u1ef1 ti \\\"Nam nh\u00e2n B\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng\\\" m\u00e0 c\u0169ng do t\u1ef1 an mu\u1ed1n \\\"b\u1ea5t d\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c\\\", \\\"v\u00f4 t\u1ed1n Trung Qu\u1ed1c\\\", v.v. C\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1eafc ho\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thi c\u1eed, v.v.. b) H\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, giai t\u1ea7ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam khi \u1ea5y - ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tho\u00e1t ly \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u00e2u g\u1ed1c b\u1ec1n r\u1ec5 trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh ri\u00eang. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, th\u00e2n d\u00e2n, khoan d\u00e2n, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo gi\u1eefa t\u1eadp trung nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng) v\u00e0 c\u00e1i d\u00e2n gian, c\u00e1i ngo\u1ea1i sinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u1ed9i sinh, c\u00e1i b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i bung ra \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi,.. C\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u00f3a, c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed9, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c,... M\u1eafc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ea3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3, nho gia, \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129... kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 ai c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi m\u00e0 tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i th\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i; duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u1edf th\u1eddi n\u00e0y, xu th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chi ph\u1ed1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i... Ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \\\"d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u00e2n d\u00e2n\\\" th\u1eddi L\u00fd - Tr\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c... Trong B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1o, \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 \\\"d\u1ecb th\u00f9\\\" gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, D\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ed ghi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m Vi\u1ec7t b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc phong t\u1ee5c Ng\u00f4. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gian (Confucianisme populaiie)\\\" (Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, tr\u00edch trong V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u00ecm t\u00f2i v\u00e0 suy ng\u1eabm, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2003, tr. 727-742). 16. Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng l\u00e0: \\\"M\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00fai, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5c s\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf... n\u1ebfu ai d\u00e1m \u0111em m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5c \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed3i cho gi\u1eb7c th\u00ec t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i tru di\\\". 17. Nguy\u00ean l\u1eddi M\u1ea1c Ng\u1ecdc Li\u1ec5n d\u1eb7n M\u1ea1c K\u00ednh Cung v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7-1594 nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Nay kh\u00ed v\u1eadn nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft, h\u1ecd L\u00ea l\u1ea1i trung h\u01b0ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 tr\u1eddi. D\u00e2n ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1eafc \u00e1n binh \u0111ao, ai n\u1ee1 l\u00f2ng n\u00e0o! Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean l\u00e1nh ra \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng uy l\u1ef1c, ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1eddi, ch\u1edd khi n\u00e0o m\u1ec7nh tr\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ef1c ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c. Khi hai con h\u1ed5 tranh nhau, t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edch g\u00ec cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. N\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y qu\u00e2n h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh \u0111i, ch\u1edb c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, c\u1ed1t ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh; l\u00e0 ch\u1edb n\u00ean m\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh v\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n ta ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7m than \u0111au kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec n\u1eb7ng b\u1eb1ng. (Xem \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7 T\u1ee5c bi\u00ean, Quy\u1ec3n XVII, K\u1ef7 Nh\u00e0 L\u00ea: Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng Ngh\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, ph\u1ee5: H\u1ecd M\u1ea1c (M\u1eadu H\u1ee3p 20 n\u0103m) (Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n, 2011). Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb can thi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n n\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia - d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia - d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea5y. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","18. D\u1eabn theo Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Ph\u1ee5ng: T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1975, tr.256. 19. Ng\u00f4 gia v\u0103n ph\u00e1i: Ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1964, tr.359. 20. Cho d\u00f9 v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t th\u1ea3y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i hai nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Hai l\u00e0, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed chi ti\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ed1n cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Xem th\u00eam nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong Yoshiharu Tsuboi: N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Nam \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Trung Hoa, Nxb. Tri th\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2013. 21. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec9a Nguy\u1ec5n Trung Tr\u1ef1c (1839- 1868). N\u0103m 1861, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ecbnh, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn l\u1edbn tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt T\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y t\u00e0u Esp\u00e9rance c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1867, \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 Ti\u00ean l\u1eadp c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u1edf H\u00f2n Ch\u00f4ng, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p v\u00e2y b\u1eaft v\u00e0 t\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e1ng 10-1868. 22. Th\u01a1 v\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 197S, tr.31. 23. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Duy T\u00e2n h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u00c1m X\u00e3. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Duy T\u00e2n h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Duy T\u00e2n h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng Ph\u00e1p do Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u, Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ec3u La v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1eadp ra t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Nam n\u0103m 1904, gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n n\u0103m 1912. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tinh hoa nh\u1ecf k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c tr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t v\u0169 trang d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00e1 c\u1eddtrung qu\u00e2n \u2013 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi trung \u0111\u1ea1i. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c qua m\u1ed9t https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Xem th\u00eam: Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n S\u01a1n: Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed t\u00e2n bi\u00ean (quy\u1ec3n 5, t\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1963. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o: Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Trung: Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i, Nam S\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1963. 24. Phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11-1907. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m khai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed, m\u1edf l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hai t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, b\u00e0i Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, T\u1ed1ng Nho, H\u00e1n Nho; hai l\u00e0, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX: c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tham kh\u1ea3o: Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh Ngh\u0129a Th\u1ee5c, Nxb.Tri th\u1ee9c H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2008. 25. Phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5 ra v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX do \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Thuy\u1ebft, nh\u00e2n danh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf H\u00e0m Nghi \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng. Phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00ea. Theo GS. \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i sau c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i k\u00e9m, v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu; hai l\u00e0, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh quy c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p; ba l\u00e0, tinh th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ngoan c\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng khi t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i, khi\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o tan r\u00e3 t\u1eebng m\u1ea3ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Xem th\u00eam \u0110\u00e0o Duy Anh: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2007. 26. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2002, t.4, tr.4. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","27. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.91-92. 28. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.4, tr.480. 29. Theo H\u1eadu c\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch trong kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1994, tr.138. 30. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi M\u1ef9, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea5y: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Aixenhao (D. Eienhower) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd cu\u1ed1n ph\u0103ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c (\u0111\u1ec3 B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba (ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m), \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u00f9ng l\u00fac hai ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. Xem th\u00eam: Pentagon Papers: Evolution of the War. U.S. and France 8 Withdrawal from Vietnam, 1954-56, The U.S. National Achives and Records Administrat\u1ec9on, p.5-6. 31. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: B\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 IV, Nxb. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1977, tr.5-6. 32. H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, S\u0111d, t.6, tr.171. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II \u00a0 \u00a0 T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A V\u0168 TRANG\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i bang \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p phong ki\u1ebfn, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng y\u00ean b\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung phong ph\u00fa, \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc. Nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 to l\u1edbn, h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00a0 \u00a0 I. KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A V\u0168 TRANG: C\u00d3 \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG L\u1ed0I \u0110\u00daNG TH\u00cc TH\u00c0NH C\u00d4NG \u00a0 \u00a0 Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng d\u1eady d\u00f9ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n suy t\u00e0n, th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh to t\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, l\u00e0m sai th\u00ec th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang. \u201cL\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00fang, bi\u1ec3u https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","hi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung \u1edf vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, L\u00fd B\u00ed, Mai Th\u00fac Loan, Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n, T\u00e2y S\u01a1n... gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 do ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a: \u201cM\u1ed9t xin r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch th\u00f9 nh\u00e0. Hai xin \u0111em l\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p x\u01b0a h\u1ecd H\u00f9ng. Ba k\u1ebbo oan \u1ee9c l\u00f2ng ch\u1ed3ng. B\u1ed1n xin v\u1ebbn v\u1eb9n s\u1edf c\u00f4ng l\u00eanh n\u00e0y\u201d1. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u201cnghi\u1ec7p x\u01b0a h\u1ecd H\u00f9ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tham gia kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0ng Tr\u1eafc v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng Nh\u1ecb, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, vi\u1ec7c \u201cd\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf b\u00e0n tay\u201d2. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec9nh cao l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a L\u00fd B\u00ed c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u00fd B\u00ed ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u201cnh\u00e2n th\u1eafng gi\u1eb7c\u201d, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201ct\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ebf, l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u, l\u1eadp tr\u0103m quan, d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 V\u1ea1n Xu\u00e2n... D\u1ef1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n V\u1ea1n Th\u1ecd l\u00e0m n\u01a1i tri\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i\u201d3. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u ri\u00eang l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c (\u0111\u1ee9c l\u1edbn), x\u00e2y ch\u00f9a \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00f9a Khai Qu\u1ed1c4 (m\u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Ng\u1ed7i, Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u00fd Kho\u00e1ng5 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n Minh, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u m\u1edbi thay th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 suy t\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u1eefa. C\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00fang l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sai, thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n sai l\u1ea7m n\u00eankh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch qu\u00e2n th\u00f9 l\u00e0 do kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00fang m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi binh ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m M\u1eadu Tu\u1ea5t (7-2-1418), nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u (1418-1424), ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n Lam S\u01a1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai r\u1eebng Thanh H\u00f3a. Su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u00fac ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n g\u1eb7p mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n: \u201cKhi L\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea1n m\u1ea5y tu\u1ea7n, l\u00fac Kh\u00f4i Huy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t l\u1eef\u201d; l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u00fac ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, qu\u00e2n c\u00f2n h\u01a1n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u201cL\u00ea Lai ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u Ch\u00faa\u201d. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f9m b\u1ecdc, che ch\u1edf, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00edch, chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o Ngh\u1ec7 An, \u201cn\u01a1i hi\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n, ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n gi\u1eb7c. V\u1edbi quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn (1425-1427), ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n Lam S\u01a1n n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 binh, th\u1ee7y binh, k\u1ef3 binh, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n Minh, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. C\u00f3 l\u00fac, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbch\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t B\u1eafc th\u00ec qu\u00e2n ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh, m\u1eb7t Nam th\u00ec qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ea5t c\u00f2n, Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi l\u1eddi l\u1ebd nh\u00fan nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c \u201cxin l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u00ean phong\u201d cho qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u toan t\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Ng\u0169 Ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1eb7t B\u1eafc, t\u1eadp trung l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n \u1edf m\u1eb7t Nam. Khi https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Qu\u1ea3ng Nam v\u1ec1 Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a, Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c nhanh ch\u00f3ng cho qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra B\u1eafc xin ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh cho Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c l\u00e0m tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c cho s\u1eafm s\u1eeda v\u0169 kh\u00ed, t\u00edch tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n ch\u1ed1t gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i hi\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu. Khi th\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00fan nh\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eefa. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u0103m 1776, Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh danh x\u01b0ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, hai n\u0103m sau l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed3 B\u00e0n l\u00e0m kinh \u0111\u00f4, phong cho Nguy\u1ec5n L\u1eef l\u00e0m ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m Long Nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n6. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 hai t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n phong ki\u1ebfn Tr\u1ecbnh - Nguy\u1ec5n, qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Xi\u00eam v\u00e0 Thanh, gi\u1eef y\u00ean b\u1edd c\u00f5i. Trong khi nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00fang, c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do thi\u1ebfu linh ho\u1ea1t, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng sai n\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1802, tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n - tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. Do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc g\u00e2y cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1ed5, b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng \u201cc\u1ea3 Tri\u1ec1u l\u1eabn T\u00e2y\u201d; phong tr\u00e0o nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp ba mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Sau khi vua H\u00e0m Nghi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft (11-1888), vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u1eb3n sang v\u0103n th\u00e2n, s\u0129 phu. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 H\u01b0\u01a1ng S\u01a1n - H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00ea (H\u00e0 T\u0129nh), Ba \u0110\u00ecnh - H\u00f9ng L\u0129nh (Thanh H\u00f3a), B\u00e3i S\u1eady - Hai S\u00f4ng (H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng - H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean). T\u1eeb khi phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p d\u1eadp t\u1eaft n\u0103m 1896 (b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Y\u00ean Th\u1ebf k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1913), quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n sang nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n. Tuy \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi so v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Quang Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i \u1edf Nam Trung K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Hu\u1ebf (th\u00e1ng 5-1916)7 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Y\u00ean B\u00e1i8 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (1930) \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1858 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1930 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Giai c\u1ea5p phong ki\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, khi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, giai c\u1ea5p phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a H\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00ea do Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cph\u00f2 vua gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. \u0110o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc theo \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 phong ki\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u s\u0129 phu h\u01b0\u1edbng ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. Cho n\u00ean, tuy \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Y\u00ean B\u00e1i - n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cKh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n\u201d bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u0103ng h\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u201cbi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, non y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n\u201d9. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f3i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1858 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1930, tuy di\u1ec5n ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y cho k\u1ebb th\u00f9 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i to l\u1edbn; nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Gi\u1eefa l\u00fac nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Duy T\u00e2n (1908), Vi\u1ec7t Nam Quang Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i (1915-1916), kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean (1917)... kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, \u0111i qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i trong phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (1920). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1927, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng hu\u1ea5n huy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, in th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nhan \u0111\u1ec1 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh10. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng bao tr\u00f9m l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i\u201d v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 \u201cc\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, g\u1eafn c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p\u201d11. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1930, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Sau nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u00ed m\u1eadt, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n: Ch\u00ednh c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, S\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 v\u1eafn t\u1eaft,... Ch\u00ednh c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eafn t\u1eaft \u201cch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n\u201d12. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn phong ki\u1ebfn, l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, l\u1ea5y ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 phong ki\u1ebfn chia cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o. Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng binh. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m hai n\u1ed9i dung d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, trong \u0111\u00f3 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft l\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 do cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong khi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00ec Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n do thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin, thi\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i VI Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (1928), khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201ct\u1ea3\u201d gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i hai giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u00fa n\u00f4ng. Theo s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u00fa so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Lu\u1eadn c\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (th\u00e1ng 10-1930), \u0111\u1eb7t hai nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n phong \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ngang nhau13. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u1eadp trung \u1edf c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 t\u00e1m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u (11-1939) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \u201cC\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 hai c\u00e1i m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba - c\u00e1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Hi\u1ec7n nay t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ph\u00e1t x\u00edt thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng trung ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n b\u1ed5n x\u1ee9 c\u0169ng c\u0103m t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1i cao, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1n ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ea5y m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft\u201d14. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y (11-1940) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1t x\u00edt Ph\u00e1p \u2013 Nh\u1eadt\u201d. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n t\u00edch phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cQu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cao - \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u00f5 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","trang\u201d; tuy v\u1eady, \u201cta ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i l\u00ean; do \u0111\u00f3, \u201c\u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang: l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f5 trang b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u201d15. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (5-1941) kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cTrong l\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng ta l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ra kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c Ph\u00e1p - Nh\u1eadt... V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t th\u1ea3y nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p m\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft sau\u201d16. \u0110\u1ec3 r\u00f5 th\u00eam quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t n\u00e0y, Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5: V\u00ec cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p - Nh\u1eadt, ch\u0129a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0o k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho giai c\u1ea5p. Ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, l\u00fac n\u00e0y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cao h\u01a1n h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Cho n\u00ean, trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u201ccu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p - Nh\u1eadt\u201d17. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn. M\u1ed7i khi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 th\u1eb3ng tay \u0111\u1ee5c kho\u00e9t, m\u1ed7i khi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p xung \u0111\u1ed9t nhau \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng x\u00e9t cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \u201cC\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, bu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng ta ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng cho h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0110\u1ea3ng ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y, m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d18. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft n\u00eau r\u00f5: \u201cC\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00f5 trang\u201d19. Do t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c cao h\u01a1n h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y, chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Do t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1941, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng20. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f9 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang tham gia kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang l\u00e0m \u201cqu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c\u201d trong kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng; chia c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u1ee7y, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch; \u0111\u1ecbnh ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a... Trong kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ec9 huy ph\u1ea3i h\u0103ng h\u00e1i, m\u01b0u tr\u00ed; ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecdn m\u1eadt th\u00e1m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i... Sau kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111em v\u0169 kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 trang cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp ngay ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5: th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u0169, ban b\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1eef g\u00ecn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n21. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng: kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, l\u1ea1i do ch\u00ednh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, n\u00ean c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u201cL\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 n\u1eeda thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi 15 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c\u201d22. \u00a0 \u00a0 II. KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A V\u0168 TRANG TO\u00c0N D\u00c2N, TO\u00c0N D\u00c2N T\u1ed8C TI\u1ebeN H\u00c0NH \u00a0 \u00a0 Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb x\u00e2m l\u0103ng, k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tham gia, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 M\u00ea Linh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n l\u00e0m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tham gia. H\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, c\u00e1c L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf M\u00ea Linh, Chu Di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 k\u00e9o v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5 ngh\u0129a. S\u00e1ch H\u1eadu H\u00e1n th\u01b0 cho bi\u1ebft: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Man, ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00fd (ch\u1ec9 chung c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam) \u1edf 4 qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, Nh\u1eadt Nam, H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng. S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u1edf qu\u1eadn Giao Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1c qu\u1eadn Nam H\u1ea3i, C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng\u201d. Phong tr\u00e0o nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. Ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tham gia kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp tan b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 65 huy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3). N\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c sau h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cTr\u01b0ng Tr\u1eafc, Tr\u01b0ng Nh\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, h\u00f4 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn C\u1eedu Ch\u00e2n, Nh\u1eadt Nam, H\u1ee3p Ph\u1ed1, c\u00f9ng 65 th\u00e0nh \u1edf L\u0129nh Ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf b\u00e0n tay\u201d23. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cH\u1ecd Tr\u01b0ng gi\u1eadn th\u00e1i th\u00fa nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, vung tay h\u00f4 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c\u201d24. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c L\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edbng, L\u1ea1c d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u L\u1ea1c. Sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng (40-43), h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u1ed5 ra trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a B\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u (248), kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a L\u00fd B\u00ed (542-548), kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Mai Th\u00fac Loan (713-722), kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng (766-791), kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Thanh (819-820) v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 (905). C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n d\u00e2n cao, c\u00f3 thanh th\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do Mai Th\u00fac Loan t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n phu, ph\u01b0\u1eddng s\u0103n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t trong v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ra c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Ch\u0103m Pa ph\u00eda Nam, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p ph\u00eda T\u00e2y Nam \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ghi nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc n\u00e0y, s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft: \u201cMai Th\u00fac Loan chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef ch\u00e2u, x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 H\u1eafc \u0110\u1ebf, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u00e2m \u1ea5p, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 30 v\u1ea1n\u201d25. S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Nam nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Mai H\u1eafc \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1edbi 30 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi26. Tuy c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n L\u00e2m \u1ea4p, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p tham gia kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 Mai H\u1eafc \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f9ng ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 tham gia \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang khi\u1ebfn cho cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n d\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, Mai H\u1eafc \u0110\u1ebf quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n ra B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o s\u00e0o huy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, thu l\u1ea1i giang s\u01a1n, gi\u1eef n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n 10 n\u0103m. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n (1418-1427) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n d\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i - nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi L\u00ea L\u1ee3i b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 s\u00e1ch, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u1ebft tinh nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch \u201chi\u1ebfn m\u01b0u ch\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00e9o n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao k\u1ebf s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 phong cho Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i ch\u1ee9c Tuy\u00ean ph\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea1i phu H\u00e0n l\u00e2m th\u1eeba ch\u1ec9, lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng b\u00e0n m\u01b0u, t\u00ednh k\u1ebf l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a. \u00d4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cPh\u00e0m m\u01b0u vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c, n\u00ean c\u00f4ng to ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a th\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n\u201d27. \u201cVi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a c\u1ed1t \u1edf y\u00ean d\u00e2n. Qu\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ebfu ph\u1ea1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc lo tr\u1eeb b\u1ea1o\u201d28. N\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o cao c\u1ea3. Theo \u00f4ng, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n; b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi d\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n, c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00f4ng \u01a1n \u0111\u00f3: \u201c\u0102n l\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1n \u01a1n k\u1ebb c\u1ea5y c\u00e0y\u201d29. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ch\u00fang, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cch\u1edf thuy\u1ec1n\u201d v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cl\u1eadt thuy\u1ec1n\u201d. S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u00e2m c\u00f4ng\u201d \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft tha v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng c\u0103m th\u00f9 gi\u1eb7c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Theo \u00f4ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u01a1i d\u1eady ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0, l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u nh\u00e0, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tham gia s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea7n l\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u201ct\u00e2m c\u00f4ng\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ki\u00eau c\u0103ng, m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c hoang mang, gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat tinh th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e0 gi\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng, ch\u1ecbu thua. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n. T\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n. Theo hai \u00f4ng, khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n Minh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u00ec t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u \u0111au kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cmanh l\u1ec7\u201d, \u201cd\u00e2n \u0111en\u201d \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u201cGi\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1eady l\u00e0m c\u1edd, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp\u201d30. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy Lam S\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y qu\u00e2n s\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cD\u00e2n ta kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u, ph\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o, m\u1ea3y may kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m\u201d31. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n Lam S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang: \u201cQu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, ngh\u0129a thanh vang d\u1eady, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eaft d\u00edu nhau m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn theo\u201d32, \u201cg\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0a r\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, \u201cai ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n ra s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n \u00e2n\u201d. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy Lam S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i ngh\u0129a binh \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1edbi 35 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cmanh l\u1ec7\u201d b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u201cnguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c li\u1ec1u ch\u1ebft v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh di\u1ec7t gi\u1eb7c\u201d33. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n, ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u1ebb loi nh\u01b0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng trong s\u1ef1 tham gia, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p phong ki\u1ebfn, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n do giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 phong ki\u1ebfn, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Th\u1eadt th\u1ebf, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u201cd\u00e2n\u201d, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean g\u00ec, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. C\u0169ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 vang d\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ebf t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 2 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7: ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n. V\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n (1771- 1789), t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, th\u00f3c l\u00faa c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u chia cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o\u201d, n\u00ean anh em T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, thanh th\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy T\u00e2y S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201ct\u1eadn su\u1ea5t vi binh\u201d (to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. T\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf c\u1edd xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e8o An Kh\u00ea, Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ban b\u1ed1 3 \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n lu\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d, n\u1ebfu vi ph\u1ea1m https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed ch\u00e9m. V\u1ec1 sau, t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u0103ng quang \u1edf Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Quang Trung \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n. Do bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh nghi\u00eam minh trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, n\u00ean ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u0103ng h\u00e1i tham gia, nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n... ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn; \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdn x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 Thanh\u201d34. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc tinh hoa qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1924, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \u201c...T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a\u201d35. C\u0169ng trong n\u0103m 1924, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cCu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng... ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb trong qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang\u201d36. Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra n\u1ed9i dung l\u1edbn m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u00edt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. V\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf n\u0103m 1908, n\u00f3 d\u1ea1y cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cnh\u00e0 qu\u00ea\u201d ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1ea7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ebf t\u1ea1p d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf mu\u1ed1i... C\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c... \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c thanh ni\u00ean b\u00e3i kh\u00f3a, l\u00e0m cho https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tr\u1ed1n sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vua Duy T\u00e2n m\u01b0u t\u00ednh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u0103m 1917\u201d37. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec3u t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. C\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. S\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n; ngo\u00e0i ra, \u201cy\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u01b0a l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 trong C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (1930). Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. Do s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng (10-1930) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201c\u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c l\u01b0u huy\u1ebft c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m v\u00f5 trang b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1edbp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n\u201d. V\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi. Th\u00e1ng 7-1936, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed L\u00ea H\u1ed3ng Phong. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Chung quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y 30- 10-1936. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00eau ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7ng tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f2i nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n... \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c v\u0169 trang tranh \u0111\u1ea5u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng (th\u00e1ng 7-1936) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m \u201cd\u1ef1 b\u1ecb\u201d cho cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (1930). \u0110\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m (5-1941), Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cTrong l\u00fac n\u00e0y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1eed, t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c... N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu m\u00e3i ki\u1ebfp ng\u1ef1a tr\u00e2u, m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea1n n\u0103m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d38. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t, l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n d\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Sau H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi to\u00e0n d\u00e2n: \u201cVi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chung. Ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec1 vai g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m: ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng g\u00f3p t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. Ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n t\u00f4i, xin \u0111em h\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u1ef1c \u0111i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o m\u01b0u gi\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, d\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i hy sinh t\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1\u201d39. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945. \u00a0 III. CH\u00da TR\u1eccNG X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG L\u1ef0C L\u01af\u1ee2NG, K\u1ebeT H\u1ee2P C\u00c1C H\u00ccNH TH\u1ee8C \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH TRONG QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A \u00a0 \u00a0 C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i bang c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam di\u1ec5n ra trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eadp tan c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch, gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 tay m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u0103m lo x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ta, v\u1eeba t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbch, t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi c\u01a1 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ra s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chi\u00eau t\u1eadp hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i tham gia, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n th\u00f9. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a nhanh v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng. Theo s\u00e1ch Thi\u00ean nam ng\u0169 l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n t\u00edch th\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, ch\u1ec9 trong 10 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 10 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. V\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eadp tan \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng H\u00e1n, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong ba n\u0103m. Tuy v\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ch\u00ednh quy. T\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, ngay c\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110inh v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n L\u00ea, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t - \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed3n h\u1ebft t\u00e2m s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201ch\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3i t\u00e2n kh\u00e1ch, v\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh ng\u1ea7m nu\u00f4i k\u1ebb m\u01b0u s\u0129, b\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t th\u00f3c gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 b\u1ea7n, nh\u00fan l\u1eddi h\u1eadu l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t\u201d (Bia V\u0129nh L\u0103ng). Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1416. L\u00ea L\u1ee3i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 18 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 th\u1ec1 k\u1ebft ngh\u0129a anh em \u1edf L\u0169ng Nhai th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1418 - n\u0103m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi40, bao g\u1ed3m 35 quan v\u00f5 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan v\u0103n, 200 qu\u00e2n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t, 200 ngh\u0129a s\u0129, 200 d\u0169ng s\u0129 v\u00e0 14 th\u1edbt voi. V\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1nh du k\u00edch v\u1eeba x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn, quy t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng l\u00e0: \u201cV\u1ed7 nu\u1ed1i s\u0129 t\u1ed1t, v\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3n hi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3, thu d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i, s\u1eeda r\u00e8n kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi, luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp binh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ti\u1ebfn, l\u00f9i; l\u1ea1i hun \u0111\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a...\u201d41. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i l\u00e0 v\u1eeba chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1eeba x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tinh binh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft: \u201cVua r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129, s\u1eeda sang kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi... d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o ph\u00e9p ng\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00e2m; ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef3, ch\u00ednh, ph\u00e2n, h\u1ee3p; cho bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u chi\u00eang, hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ed1ng, hi\u1ec7u c\u1edd. K\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00eam, kh\u00ed th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng h\u0103ng...\u201d42. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy Lam S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a binh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf n\u00fai r\u1eebng Thanh H\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u00ednh quy h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 35 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1o tinh binh, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n b\u1ed9 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u voi chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n. S\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a binh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o ra chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean; t\u1eeb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh, di\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 Minh. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy Lam S\u01a1n c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n c\u00f3 n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, tham gia v\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi n\u00ean ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi binh. N\u0103m T\u00e2n M\u00e3o (1771), ba anh em Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7, Nguy\u1ec5n L\u1eef d\u1ea5y binh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u chia cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201cph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i\u201d quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u00e8o. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, anh em Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o khai th\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gay g\u1eaft trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 quan l\u1ea1i ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u: \u201c\u0110\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00fac Loan, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u00e0ng t\u00f4n Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac D\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d43. S\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a anh em Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00f4i k\u00e9o, thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1ng \u0111inh n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n cho ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00f4i k\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan l\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi phe Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00fac Loan n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn sau ng\u00e0y d\u1ea5y binh, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy T\u00e2y S\u01a1n chia ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n binh, tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u1edbi d\u00e2n, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 thu\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. Nh\u1eefng l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c \u201cb\u1ecb thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a\u201d. V\u1eeba t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn, v\u1eeba x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Qu\u00fd T\u1ef5 (1773), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 hai n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y d\u1ea5y binh, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Trung, Nam, B\u1eafc, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","S\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam, v\u1edbi uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u00e8o tham gia kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n quy t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n s\u0129, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, tham gia, l\u00e0m cho thanh th\u1ebf ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n th\u00eam m\u1ea1nh. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n ra B\u1eafc ph\u00e1 gi\u1eb7c Thanh, l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u1edf Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n (12-1888) ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0i v\u1ea1n (b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 10 v\u1ea1n, g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: b\u1ed9 binh, th\u1ee7y binh, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh, k\u1ef5 binh, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng... Th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Quang Trung trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n. C\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n phong ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Xi\u00eam La v\u00e0 M\u00e3n Thanh, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c di\u1ec5n ra l\u00fac th\u0103ng, l\u00fac tr\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 l\u00fac tr\u1ea7m, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u1edbi. Trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1858), nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n. Sau khi kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng (1896), th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Th\u00e1ng 5-1912, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Quang Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp thay cho Duy T\u00e2n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1904. Vi\u1ec7t Nam Quang Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c n\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Quang Ph\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Tr\u1ecdng M\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Vi\u1ec7t Nam Quang Ph\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed3m 4 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n v\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00ednh k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. D\u1eabu r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u b\u1ecb b\u1eaft (12-1923), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p. Th\u00e1ng 12-1927, sau nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u00e1i H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi mang t\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ra \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (1927), Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 chia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3: th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ea3ng; th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang; th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 ba, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1929, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo 4 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3: Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00f4i thai, \u0111\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd b\u00ed m\u1eadt t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng...; th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb, b\u00ed m\u1eadt chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, v\u0169 kh\u00ed, qu\u00e2n trang v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft...; th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng khai, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00e3i kh\u00f3a, b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i gi\u1eb7c Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tay sai; th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft, l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, n\u00e2ng cao d\u00e2n tr\u00ed, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 do, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee744. V\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sau, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Do ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do Vi\u1ec7t Nam https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 tinh hoa qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, trong \u0111\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean trong mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1923, trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec?... \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh h\u1ecd, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecd, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft h\u1ecd, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n h\u1ecd, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd ra \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u201d45. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c - H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e2u then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1). Do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang n\u1ed5 ra kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u1ef1 ti, th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cth\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh\u201d nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 K\u00ednh c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u01b0a ch\u00edn, hai l\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u00e2n ta ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m\u201d46. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp t\u1edd b\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i th\u01a1 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, s\u00e1t v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o, c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 tham gia tranh \u0111\u1ea5u. Ng\u00e0y 19-5-1941, theo s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3ng minh, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Minh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Theo s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u00e0y 25-10- 1941, Vi\u1ec7t Minh c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Minh g\u1ed3m 44 \u0111i\u1ec3m, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o \u0111ang mong \u01b0\u1edbc: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Hai l\u00e0, l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ef1 do. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Minh ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng thi\u1ebft tha https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 to\u00e0n d\u00e2n tham gia c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. V\u1ec1 sau, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh 10 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1edbn \u0111em th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf v\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi sau khi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u then ch\u1ed1t. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1ng 12-1941, Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 ra ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb n\u00eau r\u00f5: \u201cBi\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00ec d\u00f9 b\u1ecdn ph\u00e1t x\u00edt qu\u1ef7 quy\u1ec7t t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1ed5i. Bi\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 v\u00f5 kh\u00ed, c\u00f3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u l\u1ef1c\u201d47. Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u1ee7y \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c, N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c, Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c, Thanh ni\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1944 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1945, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t Minh v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang48. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 - m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng do nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ch\u01b0a c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang m\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang c\u01a1 s\u1edf song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eadp trung l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang; x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, qu\u00e2n v\u1edbi d\u00e2n; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c... Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 du k\u00edch, \u0111\u1ed9i du k\u00edch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1944, \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, th\u00e1ng 4-1945, Ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 B\u1eafc K\u1ef3, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 C\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n th\u00e0nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee7y ban qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang nhanh, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1) h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c - H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a nh\u1eb1m chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a l\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbch. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n) kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u00edt v\u00e0 th\u00f4 s\u01a1. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1eeba x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, \u0111i t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n v\u1edbi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1eadp tan \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba khai th\u00e1c, ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng gi\u1eb7c, v\u1eeba t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng, gi\u00e1ng cho \u0111\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2n \u0111au, l\u00e0m tan r\u00e3 h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, L\u00fd B\u00ed, Mai Th\u00fac Loan...l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n v\u1edbi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1eadn c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cao nh\u1ea5t. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n Trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ngo\u1ea1i giao, \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1eadn. Theo hai \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf c\u1ea7m v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qu\u00e2n ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng suy y\u1ebfu. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1eadn, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i chung. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 Minh, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a, s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 di\u1ec7t vong c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng d\u00f9ng l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n th\u00f9. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ngoan c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n Minh; nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n binh, ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u Li\u1ec5u Th\u0103ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Minh m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n Minh, Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho b\u1ecdn tay sai nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd quay gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a. Qua 68 b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho qu\u00e2n gi\u1eb7c, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ng\u00f2i b\u00fat tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u1eb3ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec \u201cc\u1ea3 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn\u201d. V\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong Lam S\u01a1n th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c: \u201cX\u01b0a qu\u00e2n s\u0129 \u0111\u00f3i thi\u1ebfu th\u00ec l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ta th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, x\u01b0a khi qu\u00e2n s\u0129 tr\u1ed1n tan, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i nh\u1edd binh c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c tr\u1edf gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1nh nhau. Ph\u00e0m cung t\u00ean, gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ta, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ta; c\u00e1i n\u00f3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1i ta ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1i n\u00f3, c\u00e1i n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u00fap ta, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh n\u00f3\u201d49. Ngo\u00e0i hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ly gi\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbch, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n. Bi\u1ebft Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u00f4 C\u1ea7u, t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eef th\u00e0nh Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nhu nh\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 l\u1eadp m\u01b0u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ed1 h\u1ecda ph\u00fac, khi\u1ebfn cho C\u1ea7u ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3, sai qu\u00e2n s\u0129 x\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00fang l\u1ec5 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam g\u00e2y hao t\u1ed5n s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh. \u0110\u00e3 th\u1ebf, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 c\u00f2n sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 d\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng ph\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh Th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u201cg\u1eedi nh\u1ea7m\u201d cho ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng C\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ly gi\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Nh\u1edd k\u1ebf hi\u1ec3m l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecbch, l\u1ea1i gi\u1ecfi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u, qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u00e0nh binh, v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong gi\u00e1p chi\u1ebfn ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh trong kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi. Th\u00f4ng qua M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Vi\u1ec7t Minh, \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, h\u1ecdc sinh, ti\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ngay c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ebfn t\u00e0u S\u00e0i G\u00f2n (11-1941); m\u00edt tinh ch\u1ed1ng c\u01b0\u1edbp th\u00f3c \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam (1-1942); \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i ph\u00e1t l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n H\u00f2n Gai (2-1942); \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i chia l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ti\u1ec1n H\u1ea3i - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh (6-1942); b\u00e3i th\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (1-1943), v.v.. N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phong https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00e1 kho th\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt chia cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ph\u00e1 kho th\u00f3c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1edbi, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u1ee5c s\u00f4i, lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh t\u1eeb B\u1eafc ch\u00ed Nam. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u1ec3 phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1944, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c - H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0169 trang tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh phong tr\u00e0o \u0111i t\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang ngay th\u00ec qu\u00e2n th\u00f9 s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Song hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d50. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1945, phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, khi H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ngo\u1ea1i giao qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng (m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng) ngay trong \u0111\u00eam Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p (9-3-1945). H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c d\u1ea5y l\u00ean cao tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. H\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean m\u1edbi gia nh\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t Minh. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. T\u00ednh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai, th\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh trong kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, khi t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tr\u00ean hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. \u00a0 \u00a0 IV. KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A T\u1eeaNG PH\u1ea6N TI\u1ebeN L\u00caN T\u1ed4NG KH\u1edeI NGH\u0128A \u00a0 \u00a0 Trong kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 n\u00eau r\u00f5 trong Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng th\u00e1ng 5-1941. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00e1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ra ng\u1eafn, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi lan ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c trong v\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9nh l\u00e2n c\u1eadn th\u00ec c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u00ean 30 n\u0103m, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Duy M\u1eadt (1738-1769), kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng Ch\u1ea5t (1739-1769), kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Y\u00ean Th\u1ebf (1884-1913)... Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng, sau \u0111\u00f3 lan r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng tham gia, n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, x\u00e9t tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a L\u00fd B\u00ed, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Mai Th\u00fac Loan, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, v\u1ec1 sau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a - kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0110a H\u00f4 M\u00e2y, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p, M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 Pari (1871), T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga (1917), kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (1927). Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Nga, n\u00ean khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","d\u1ecbch t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n (b) Li\u00ean X\u00f451 -m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u1edf Nga. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Nga th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, m\u1edf ra th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi Nga r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, b\u1edfi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba \u00edt, v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p non k\u00e9m v\u00e0 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c. Do t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: Mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i Nh\u1eadt - T\u00e2y. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang s\u1eafp di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c do to\u00e0n d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, l\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0m l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0169 trang th\u00ec \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i lan d\u1ea7n kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai, n\u01a1i ti\u1ec7n cho l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1nh du k\u00edch, ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng52. Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (5-1941) ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u201cv\u00f5 trang kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a\u201d. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng; \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p - Nh\u1eadt tuy ch\u01b0a b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1edbi, khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho phe d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n P\u00eatanh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t x\u00edt Nh\u1eadt lung lay, \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u201c\u0111em s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ta\u201d. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, tuy \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng, cho n\u00ean ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tranh \u0111\u1ea5u. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t khi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c, qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n gi\u1eb7c. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3i n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cd\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd\u201d. Ti\u1ebfp thu t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edfVi\u1ec7t Nam trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai: \u201cMai \u0111\u00e2y cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n T\u00e0u xoay ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n trong t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to l\u1edbn\u201d53. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u201ckh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Ch\u1ec9 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111ang v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi c\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edfVi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (5-1941). Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n trong ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang. Ngay trong \u0111\u00eam ph\u00e1t x\u00edt Nh\u1eadt n\u1ed5 s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p (9-3-1945), Ban Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdp (m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng), ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ra \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eb1m t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1ee3t cho qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cao tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt, c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. V\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang d\u00e2ng l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8-1945, th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn mau l\u1eb9, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi c\u01a1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0110\u1ea3ng h\u1ecdp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c (t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 13 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 15-8-1945) v\u00e0 ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n khai m\u1ea1c (16-8) t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n d\u00e2n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn (a) l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a - ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn tranh (b) c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m (c) th\u1eddi c\u01a1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. Trong \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 (c) cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1: th\u1eddi c\u01a1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 hai ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 hai ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. V. CH\u1edaP TH\u1edcI C\u01a0 L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec \u0110\u1eacP TAN C\u01a0 C\u1ea4U QUY\u1ec0N L\u1ef0C \u0110\u1ecaCH, GI\u00c0NH CH\u00cdNH QUY\u1ec0N G\u1eaeN LI\u1ec0N V\u1edaI B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 CH\u00cdNH QUY\u1ec0N TRONG C\u1ea2 N\u01af\u1edaC \u00a0 \u00a0 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp tan c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch, gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi th\u1eddi c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n ch\u1edbp l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","quy\u1ec1n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ch\u1edbp th\u1eddi c\u01a1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eadp tan c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbch gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, L\u00fd B\u00ed, Mai Th\u00fac Loan, Ph\u00f9ng H\u01b0ng... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i tham gia n\u00ean gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Sau th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do \u1edf s\u00e1t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh, b\u1ed5 sung qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nhanh, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh, b\u1ecb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 th\u1eb3ng tay \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IX \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1ed5 ra m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh phong ki\u1ebfn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t. N\u1ea1n c\u00e1t c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Ho\u00e0ng S\u00e0o (874-884) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lung lay t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u1edbp th\u1eddi c\u01a1 vi\u00ean Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ed9c C\u00f4 T\u1ed5n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc (6-905), Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 - m\u1ed9t h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea5t H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u (H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ee7 T\u1ed1ng B\u00ecnh (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i), t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 (nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3), chuy\u1ec3n sang gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. N\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m \u201c\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, th\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a\u201d. Bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed3i, vua \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng phong t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 phong ch\u1ee9c \u201cT\u0129nh h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9\u201d cho Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5. Sau khi Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba D\u1ee5 qua \u0111\u1eddi, Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o l\u00ean thay (7-907); kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 917-918, Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 thay Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o l\u00e0m Ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 930 th\u00ec b\u1ecb Nam H\u00e1n kh\u1edfi binh \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Kh\u00fac Th\u1eeba M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn; D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00ecnh Ngh\u1ec7, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u0129 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Nam H\u00e1n, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 938. Ch\u1edbp th\u1eddi c\u01a1 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady x\u00f3a b\u1ecf th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9, n\u1eafm th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","Kh\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Kh\u00fac H\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a to l\u1edbn trong \u201cgiai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1\u201d c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng \u1edf Y\u00ean B\u00e1i (1930), nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ch\u1edbp th\u1eddi c\u01a1 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbch, gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Lam S\u01a1n, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u (1418-1424), ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf n\u00fai r\u1eebng Thanh H\u00f3a g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng khi ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t Ngh\u1ec7 An theo k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00edch th\u00ec th\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m (1424-1425), ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb Thanh H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a. Nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n, qu\u00e2n Minh \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u vi\u1ec7n binh. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u201ctinh binh c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c t\u1ea5t \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u ru\u1ed7ng y\u1ebfu\u201d54, vi\u1ec7n binh ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp sang, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Ch\u1ec9 huy ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tranh th\u1ee7 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ra B\u1eafc ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbch, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Sau khi ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t 6 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n Minh55 \u1edf C\u1ed5 L\u00e3m, T\u1ed1t \u0110\u1ed9ng, Ch\u00fac \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 Ninh Ki\u1ec1u, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 h\u1eadu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng; ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e2y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng h\u00e3m th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng Quan, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7n binh c\u1ee7a gi\u1eb7c. B\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, qu\u00e2n Lam S\u01a1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i hai \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m 15 v\u1ea1n t\u00ean do Li\u1ec5u Th\u0103ng v\u00e0 M\u1ed9c Th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u. Qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 qu\u00e2n Minh \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Quan v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t ngoan c\u1ed1. V\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, L\u00ea L\u1ee3i v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i ki\u00ean tr\u00ec thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t danh d\u1ef1 cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch. M\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n Minh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tinh binh (trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 35 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n Lam S\u01a1n) v\u00e2y ch\u1eb7t trong th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u201cgi\u1ea3ng https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","h\u00f2a\u201d. B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy Lam S\u01a1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u201ch\u1ed9i th\u1ec1 \u0110\u00f4ng Quan\u201d, c\u1ea5p ng\u1ef1a, c\u1ea5p thuy\u1ec1n cho qu\u00e2n Minh v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c \u201ctha k\u1ebb h\u00e0ng m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n s\u0129 binh\u201d56, r\u1ed3i c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cho ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u00f9. Sau th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n Minh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea S\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u1ea1n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a phong ki\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc ri\u00eang trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi c\u01a1 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecbch gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 sau khi l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh, Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh danh x\u01b0ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 T\u00e2y S\u01a1n V\u01b0\u01a1ng (1776). Hai n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, l\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed3 B\u00e0n l\u00e0m kinh \u0111\u00f4. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh \u1edf Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh (1782) v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Xi\u00eam ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (1785), Nguy\u00ean Nh\u1ea1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh \u1edf Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a57. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n do Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt h\u01a1n 3 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n Tr\u1ecbnh kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n (6-1786). Ch\u1edbp th\u1eddi c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c tin \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ra l\u1ec7nh cho qu\u00e2n s\u0129 v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Gianh ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng ra B\u1eafc \u0111\u1eadp tan s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u1ecb lung lay b\u1edfi n\u1ea1n ki\u00eau binh. Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n r\u00fat v\u1ec1 Nam, B\u1eafc H\u00e0 l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n ra B\u1eafc di\u1ec7t qu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n (5-1788). \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp B\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 huy T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 cai qu\u1ea3n 11 tr\u1ea5n B\u1eafc H\u00e0. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1788, nh\u00e0 Thanh cho qu\u00e2n tr\u00e0n sang x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin, ng\u00e0y 25-11 n\u0103m M\u1eadu Th\u00e2n (22-12-1788), Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 x\u01b0ng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, l\u1ea5y ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Quang Trung, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n ra B\u1eafc ph\u00e1 gi\u1eb7c Thanh. Khi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Tam \u0110i\u1ec7p - Bi\u1ec7n S\u01a1n, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Quang Trung \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129: L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ta th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7m qu\u00e2n, https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1eb5n, ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, sau khi b\u1ecb thua m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn, \u1eaft s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1eb9n m\u00e0 lo m\u01b0u b\u00e1o th\u00f9, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec h\u1ecda binh \u0111ao ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1ee9t, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u00fac cho d\u00e2n, ai n\u1ee1 l\u00f2ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e9o l\u1eddi l\u1ebd m\u1edbi mong d\u1eadp n\u1ed5i binh \u0111ao58. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Quang Trung, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c v\u1edbi \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh\u201d t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch 29 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 Thanh ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1edd c\u00f5i n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng vang d\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Quang Trung c\u1eed Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec Nh\u1eadm \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c bang giao v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Thanh59. N\u0103m 1790, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Quang Trung c\u00f2n giao cho Ng\u00f4 V\u0103n S\u1edf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1ea3 Quang Trung l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ecb sang Y\u00ean Kinh m\u1eebng th\u1ecd vua Thanh nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp 80 tu\u1ed5i. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bang giao c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec Nh\u1eadm m\u1ed9t n\u0103m ba l\u1ea7n l\u00ean \u1ea3i Nam Quan (Nh\u1ea5t ni\u00ean tam \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3o Nam Quan) \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c quan tri\u1ec1u Thanh b\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c h\u1eefu h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 do Ng\u00f4 V\u0103n S\u1edf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 Thanh (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, vua nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed Ph\u00fac An Khang l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng, phao tin \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng 50 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n sang b\u00e1o th\u00f9). Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, vua Thanh c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, ra l\u1ec7nh an tr\u00ed b\u1ecdn l\u01b0u vong L\u00ea Chi\u00eau Th\u1ed1ng, b\u00e3i b\u1ecf l\u1ec7 c\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f2n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i giao m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1eddi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi, l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ti\u1ebfp thu truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, khi \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 trong kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang. Trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng cho h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1i l\u1edbp hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (Trung Qu\u1ed1c), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cCu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 10, \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3 r\u1ed3i, ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1eed s\u1ef1. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng L\u00eanin b\u1ea3o: \u201cKhoan \u0111\u00e3! Ch\u1edd \u00edt b\u1eefa n\u1eefa cho ai ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, l\u00fac \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u1eed s\u1ef1\u201d. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 11, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 khai h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ban b\u1ed1 ph\u00e9p lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 ph\u00e9p lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y th\u00ec l\u1ee3i cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 h\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4ng, n\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng L\u00eanin n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: M\u1ed3ng 6 c\u1eed s\u1ef1 th\u00ec s\u1edbm qu\u00e1, v\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 x\u1ea5u \u1ea5y, m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u1ea5y th\u00ec ch\u01b0a gh\u00e9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eafm. M\u1ed3ng 8 c\u1eed s\u1ef1 th\u00ec mu\u1ed9n qu\u00e1 v\u00ec khi \u1ea5y th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n o\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t r\u1ed3i. Qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0y m\u1ed3ng 7 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n h\u1ea1 l\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, th\u00ec th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e2y ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, d\u00e2n c\u00e0y \u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7... T\u1eeb b\u1eefa \u1ea5y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, n\u00f4ng, binh\u201d60. Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c, qua b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 cho h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 trong kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang. V\u1ec1 sau, khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi c\u01a1.Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng do Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (5-1941) do Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u00e1ng r\u00f5. Theo \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eddi c\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb lung lay, b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. Hai l\u00e0, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u0103m t\u1ee9c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m, quy\u1ebft hy sinh n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng v\u00ec hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1ebft. Ba l\u00e0, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tin c\u1eady. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u1eddi c\u01a1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 d\u00e0y https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111ang v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi H\u1ed3ng qu\u00e2n Li\u00ean X\u00f4 m\u1edf cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt \u1edf M\u00e3n Ch\u00e2u (Trung Qu\u1ed1c); ph\u00e1t x\u00edt Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb: \u201cL\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u1eddi c\u01a1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi, d\u00f9 hy sinh t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u, d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u1ea3 d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft gi\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u201d61. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, khoa h\u1ecdc. Ph\u00e1t l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a s\u1edbm ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, b\u1edfi Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang l\u0103m le quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169, T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u1ea5p \u1ee7 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f2n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t x\u00edt Nh\u1eadt tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. B\u1edfi v\u1eady th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed3ng minh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb cho qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u00ec s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u201cnh\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7t\u201d c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng s\u00e1t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt. Qua b\u1ea3n tin c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i Xan Phranxic\u00f4 (M\u1ef9) loan b\u00e1o Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u trong b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 P\u1ed1tx\u0111am, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i s\u1eafp s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Ngay trong \u0111\u00eam 12-8, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh h\u1ecdp ngay H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u gi\u1ea5y tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y 18-8-1945. Theo g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng b\u1ed9 Vi\u1ec7t Minh \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee7y ban kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00fang 23 gi\u1edd ng\u00e0y 13-8, b\u1ea3n Qu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1 1 v\u1ec1 T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. Ng\u00e0y 15-8, trong khi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111ang h\u1ecdp phi\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, th\u00ec tr\u01b0a h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0a tin Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ed3ng minh. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau (16-8), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n T\u00e2n Tr\u00e0o h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 b\u00e0n ngay nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t, t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee7y ban gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam do l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e0m Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch. C\u0169ng ngay trong https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ng\u00e0y 16-8, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh g\u1eedi th\u01b0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \u201cGi\u1edd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn. To\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady \u0111em s\u1ee9c ta m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho ta... Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5\u201d62. L\u1ec7nh T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t. L\u1eddi hi\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n. To\u00e0n d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1ea5t t\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng d\u1eady. Ng\u00e0y 19-8, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i; ng\u00e0y 23-8, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf Hu\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y 25, ta gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd m\u00e0 V.I. L\u00eanin \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3, n\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1) v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi c\u01a1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, g\u1eafn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n d\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1i Qu\u1ed1c - H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecba. khu gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng; chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m n\u0103m 1945 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u1ecdc Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tr\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecdng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam quy\u1ebft \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1ea5y\u201d63. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eeba t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1eeba t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u1ea5y, ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean gi\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i m\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfp theo. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i bang, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean T\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung: Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00fang; t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, do to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh; ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh; x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, th\u1eddi c\u01a1 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a gi\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 soi s\u00e1ng cho th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i bang tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi (v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i; v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh to\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ch\u1edbp th\u1eddi c\u01a1...) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c b\u00ecnh y\u00ean. ---------- Ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1. D\u1eabn theo B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng - Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: Danh nh\u00e2n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004, t.1, tr.20. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Nxb. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1993, t.I, tr.178. 3. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, S\u0111d, t.I, tr.179. 4. Ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 ch\u00f9a Tr\u1ea5n Qu\u1ed1c, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng H\u1ed3 T\u00e2y (thu\u1ed9c qu\u1eadn T\u00e2y H\u1ed3, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i). Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng \u201cch\u00f9a Khai Qu\u1ed1c\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","\u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng: r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp ch\u00f9a c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i ban s\u01a1. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi L\u00fd B\u00ed, trong kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e1 c\u1edd tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VI, ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u0103ng l\u1eef Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng cho kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a L\u00fd B\u00ed. Xem th\u00eam: Nguy\u1ec5n Duy Hinh: V\u0103n minh \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2005. 5. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Gi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ebf Tr\u1ea7n Ng\u1ed7i (m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1410) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tr\u00f9ng Quang \u0110\u1ebf Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u00fd Kho\u00e1ng (m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1414) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a a- s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b- \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u01b0ng khi l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00edch k\u1ec9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Kho\u00e1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Tr\u1ea7n Kho\u00e1ng, v\u00ec nghi k\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9m hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u01a1i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng T\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n C\u1ea3nh Ch\u00e2n. Xem th\u00eam: \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Nxb. V\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2004. 6. Xem B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng - Vi\u1ec7n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: Danh nh\u00e2n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi L\u00ea Trung H\u01b0ng - T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, S\u0111d, tr. 59. 7. Vi\u1ec7t Nam Quang Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1912 do Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp d\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c th\u00ec s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam Quang Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vua Duy T\u00e2n n\u0103m 1916 \u1edf Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 Nam Trung K\u1ef3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u1edfi https:\/\/thuviensach.vn","ngh\u0129a. Xem th\u00eam: D\u01b0\u01a1ng Kinh Qu\u1ed1c: Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (1858-1918), Nxb. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2001, tr. 365. C\u0169ng xem th\u00eam: 100 n\u0103m phong tr\u00e0o Duy T\u00e2n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung (T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay, s\u1ed1 148\/2003). 8. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Y\u00ean B\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1927) t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 2-1930. C\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam Qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang kh\u00e1 m\u00f9 m\u1edd, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, thi\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, thi\u1ebfu li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u201ct\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a\u201d. Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. 9. L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n: M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1959, tr. 41. 10. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng K\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, do B\u1ed9 Tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u00c1 \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) n\u0103m 1927. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, \u201cd\u1ef1 \u00e1n\u201d c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh, c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh An Nam v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh Ph\u00e1p, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7nh... l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam quan tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. 11. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p: T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ta, T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, s\u1ed1 24, th\u00e1ng 12-1999. 12. \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam: V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n t\u1eadp, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998, t.2, tr.2. 13. \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p: T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1997, tr. 94. https:\/\/thuviensach.vn"]