TRUYỆN ĐỌC LỊCH SỬ VIỆT NAM

["L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n c\u0169ng xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m theo v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Minh M\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n y. Duy s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n b\u00f9 th\u00eam c\u00f3 r\u00fat b\u1edbt v\u00ec x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n. Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i hai t\u1ec9nh Cao B\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t Giao t\u1eed v\u1ee5. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n qua Giao t\u1eed v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n ra sao? 99","T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I V\u00c0 \u0110\u1edcI S\u1ed0NG C\u1ee6A NH\u00c2N D\u00c2N C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam chia th\u00e0nh hai giai c\u1ea5p l\u1edbn: th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb. Giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m vua, quan, th\u01a1 l\u1ea1i trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. Vua v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u g\u1ea7n g\u0169i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 dinh th\u1ef1, ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 quan, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 T\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ch\u0103m lo, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. C\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng do v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, h\u1ea1ch s\u00e1ch, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh li\u00eam, trung th\u1ef1c, bi\u1ebft lo l\u1eafng cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ebf trong quan tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u uy quy\u1ec1n \u1edf l\u00e0ng x\u00e3. 100","Giai c\u1ea5p b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. L\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y c\u00f9ng gia quy\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n m\u01b0\u1eddng, bu\u00f4n s\u00f3c, c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, sinh s\u1ed1ng. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba xa v\u1eeba x\u1ea5u. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y v\u1ea1y bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u1ee3 l\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c thu\u00ea cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu m\u1ecdi tai h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u00e2n khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p th\u00eam t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 ti\u1ec1n. Thu\u1ebf nh\u00e2n \u0111inh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia theo khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf t\u1eeb 3-4 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn 1 quan 8 ti\u1ec1n(1). Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u00f3c n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf r\u1ea5t ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o; th\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt kh\u00f4, n\u1ebfu h\u01a1i \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n \u0111inh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu 60 ng\u00e0y lao d\u1ecbch. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m kh\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i kinh th\u00e0nh, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, dinh th\u1ef1. N\u0103m 1807, kinh _______________ 1. Ti\u1ec1n: \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn: 1 ti\u1ec1n = 60 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n k\u1ebdm, 1 quan = 10 ti\u1ec1n. 101","th\u00e0nh Hu\u1ebf v\u1eeba x\u00e2y xong, Gia Long l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111inh, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh Thanh H\u00f3a, Ngh\u1ec7 An, B\u1eafc th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa li\u00ean mi\u00ean h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m. Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i sai ph\u00e1 d\u1ee1 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n vua L\u00ea \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long l\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u1edf v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ebf x\u00e2y dinh th\u1ef1\u2026 Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n du ra B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb n\u0103m 1842, s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ea7u l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 17.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi 44 con voi, 172 con ng\u1ef1a. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y 44 h\u00e0nh cung cho vua ngh\u1ec91. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u00e8 th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 lao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n: \u2026 \u0110o \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t su\u1ea5t \u0111inh hai th\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1eaft \u0111\u00e0o cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ea1n trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y Cai ph\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng, cai th\u1ea7y Kh\u1ea5t xin \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng D\u00e2n t\u00ecnh ngao ng\u00e1n C\u00f3 k\u1ebb tr\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u2026 V\u1ee3 con th\u00eam nheo nh\u00f3c Ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i phu phen Mu\u1ed1n v\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3 tr\u1eddi l\u00ean K\u00eau g\u00e0o cho h\u1ea3 d\u1ea1\u2026 _______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), t\u1eadp 1, Nxb Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H, 2000. 102","TH\u1ee6 C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P NH\u00c0 N\u01af\u1edaC V\u00c0 TH\u01af\u01a0NG NGHI\u1ec6P D\u01af\u1edaI TRI\u1ec0U NGUY\u1ec4N Th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, bao g\u1ed3m 57 c\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m g\u1ea1ch ng\u00f3i, \u0111\u00fac, l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e1, v\u1ebd, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 pha l\u00ea, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef, \u0111\u00fac s\u00fang, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, in \u1ea5n, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 gi\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng (ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 g\u1ea1o). Nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. Do ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc - k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1y c\u01b0a v\u00e1n g\u1ed1c, m\u00e1y nghi\u1ec1n thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang, xe n\u01b0\u1edbc, xe ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y. N\u0103m 1839, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n L\u1ecbch, V\u0169 Huy Trinh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u 103","ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u1ea1y th\u1eed \u1edf Hu\u1ebf. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai chi\u1ebfc kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y. Vi\u1ec7c khai m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c do Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, kinh doanh c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 139 m\u1ecf, 3122 th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 18331. Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, s\u00e0nh s\u1ee9, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i l\u1ee5a\u2026 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc; n\u0103m 1848 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 200 v\u1ea1n kg2. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1o, in tranh d\u00e2n gian, \u0111an l\u00e1t, l\u00e0m n\u00f3n r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 B\u00ecnh \u0110\u00e0, \u0110\u1ed3ng K\u1ef5 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1o, l\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng H\u1ed3 in tranh d\u00e2n gian. Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 th\u00f3c g\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 ch\u1edf ra B\u1eafc; t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee3 l\u00e0ng, ch\u1ee3 huy\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 _______________ 1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u1ea3n y\u1ebfu, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2000. 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u1ea3n y\u1ebfu, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Ninh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), Nxb. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2000. 104","m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee3 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 H\u1ed9i An, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ctr\u1ecdng n\u00f4ng, \u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng. 105","T\u1ed4 CH\u1ee8C QU\u00c2N \u0110\u1ed8I TRI\u1ec0U NGUY\u1ec4N Ngay t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh. Tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5u tranh d\u1eef d\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n chia l\u00e0m ba b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn: Th\u00e2n binh (h\u1ed9 v\u1ec7 vua), C\u1ea5m binh (ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh), T\u1ec9nh binh hay Bi\u1ec1n binh (\u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng). Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c binh (l\u00ednh l\u1ec7, h\u1ed9 v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quan). Theo nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf tri\u1ec1u Gia Long l\u00e0 Baridi (Barisy) v\u00e0 Senh\u00f4 (Chaigneau) b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 115.000 b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 17.600 th\u1ee7y binh. Theo s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1820 l\u00e0 h\u01a1n 204.220 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1840 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u0103ng th\u00e0nh 212.290 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 4 v\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 binh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, 15.000 th\u1ee7y binh v\u00e0 10 v\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 binh. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng 106","binh (\u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n voi) m\u1ea1nh (ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u1edf Kinh th\u00e0nh Hu\u1ebf c\u00f3 105 th\u1edbt voi v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 500 qu\u00e2n, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 15 th\u1edbt voi v\u1edbi 119 qu\u00e2n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 13 th\u1edbt voi v\u1edbi 122 qu\u00e2n, Qu\u1ea3ng Nam c\u00f3 25 th\u1edbt voi v\u1edbi 223 qu\u00e2n...) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1o binh l\u1edbn (c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 150 c\u1ed7, Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, S\u01a1n T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 200 c\u1ed7(1)..., c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee7, th\u00e0nh huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c..), th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00e2n d\u00f9ng s\u00fang tay. V\u0169 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 binh d\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n kh\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u1ee9 3-4 \u0111inh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, s\u1ed1 \u0111inh n\u0103m 1820 l\u00e0 620.240, n\u0103m 1840 l\u00e0 970.516(2) nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 l\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a binh l\u00ednh, tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eadu (7 s\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn 1 m\u1eabu\/ng\u01b0\u1eddi), th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c ru\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n cao. _______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), t\u1eadp 1, Nxb Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H, 2000. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), t\u1eadp 1, Nxb Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H, 2000. 107","C\u00c1C CU\u1ed8C \u0110\u1ea4U TRANH C\u1ee6A NH\u00c2N D\u00c2N Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f9ng l\u00ean t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. N\u0103m 1803, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n do Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Tuy\u1ebft c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n \u1edf v\u00f9ng Kinh M\u00f4n \u2013 H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0o m\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady khi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee3 ph\u1ed1 B\u1eafc th\u00e0nh lu\u00f4n kinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Phong tr\u00e0o b\u00f9ng l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1807-1808 khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u01a1n 30 cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ec5u ph\u1ea1t. R\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u00ecnh Si\u00eau v\u00e0 V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh L\u1ee5c \u1edf S\u01a1n Nam. Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e1ch T\u1ea5t Th\u00fac \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du Thanh H\u00f3a li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1824. Phong tr\u00e0o n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, T\u00e2y Nam k\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c su\u1ed1t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 500 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf, ri\u00eang th\u1eddi Gia Long c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 90 108","cu\u1ed9c, th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng kho\u1ea3ng 250 cu\u1ed9c, th\u1eddi Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb 50 cu\u1ed9c...1 Phong tr\u00e0o n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n xu\u00f4i n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a V\u0169 \u0110\u00ecnh L\u1ee5c n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Trung k\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Khoa, T\u1ed1ng Th\u00e1i, T\u00fa B\u00edch \u1edf Kinh B\u1eafc, Tr\u1ea7n L\u1ec7 Quy\u1ec1n, \u0110\u1ed7 Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e2n \u1edf S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u1ea5n, L\u00ea H\u1eefu T\u1ea1o, Phan B\u00f4 \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An, Cao B\u00e1 Qu\u00e1t \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, B\u1eafc Ninh\u2026(2) \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Phan B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh \u1edf S\u01a1n Nam. Phan B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0ng Minh Gi\u00e1m, huy\u1ec7n V\u0169 Ti\u00ean, ph\u1ee7 Ki\u1ebfn X\u01b0\u01a1ng (nay l\u00e0 x\u00e3 V\u0169 B\u00ecnh, huy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ebfn X\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ec9nh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh), nh\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng, s\u1edbm b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1821, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n Giao Th\u1ee7y (Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh). Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1824-1825, n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, S\u01a1n Nam. Nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 sao ch\u1ed5i, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n Phan B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ra kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng Nam \u0110\u1ecbnh, Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, An Qu\u1ea3ng, Ki\u1ebfn An, Tr\u00e0 L\u0169 thu\u1ed9c Ki\u1ebfn X\u01b0\u01a1ng (Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: _______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), t\u1eadp 1, Nxb Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H, 2000. 2. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), t\u1eadp 1, Nxb Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H, 2000. 109","Tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00f4ng sao tua \u1ede l\u00e0ng Tr\u00e0 L\u0169 c\u00f3 vua Ba V\u00e0nh \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ea1nh, V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c C\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ea7n B\u00e1 H\u1ef1u, Hai \u0110\u00e1ng, Ba H\u00f9m\u2026(1), ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n Phan B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 S\u01a1n Nam L\u00ea M\u1eadu C\u00fac. Thanh th\u1ebf ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh. T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n B\u1eafc th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5p b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u1eed Th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0111em qu\u00e2n ra gi\u00fap. Th\u00e1ng 3- 1826, ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh thua \u1edf Giao Th\u1ee7y, qu\u00e2n s\u01b0 V\u0169 \u0110\u1ee9c C\u00e1t ch\u1ea1y ra An Qu\u1ea3ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft... Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Ti\u00ean Minh, Nghi D\u01b0\u01a1ng (H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng), Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c tr\u1eadn \u1edf C\u1ed5 Trai, Ph\u00fa Ba, Tam Giang\u2026 Vua Minh M\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Minh, c\u00e1c Tham hi\u1ec7p Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9, Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Nhu\u1eadn thay Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00fac \u0110\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea5n th\u1ee7 H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu Th\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n. Thanh th\u1ebf ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed th\u00eam hai qu\u1ea3n c\u01a1 Thanh H\u00f3a v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 An \u0111em th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n ra ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng _______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), t\u1eadp 1, Nxb Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H, 2000. 110","bi\u1ec3n v\u00f9ng H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng - H\u1ea3i Ph\u00f2ng. Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ph\u1ee7 Thi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 Ki\u1ebfn X\u01b0\u01a1ng. Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed Ph\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ng\u00f4 V\u0103n V\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec1u 2 v\u1ec7 qu\u00e2n \u1edf Hu\u1ebf ra B\u1eafc h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u1ec7 Th\u1ea7n S\u00e1ch \u1edf Ngh\u1ec7 An vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3. Th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, Phan B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 Tr\u00e0 L\u0169 \u0111\u00e0o h\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp l\u0169y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1827, qu\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 bao v\u00e2y Tr\u00e0 L\u0169. Trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf kh\u1ed1n nguy, B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i tr\u00fang k\u1ebf m\u1ef9 nh\u00e2n n\u00ean tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m \u1ea5y qu\u00e2n tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh thua, ch\u1ebft qu\u00e1 n\u1eeda, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t. Trong \u0111\u00eam B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t con s\u00f4ng d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 800m \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ea1ng s\u00e1ng tho\u00e1t ra bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb s\u00fang b\u1eafn d\u1eef, qu\u00e2n ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u, V\u00e0nh b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eafn l\u01b0\u1ee1i t\u1ef1 t\u1eed. Minh M\u1ea1ng ra l\u1ec7nh d\u1ee1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ebft nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c, l\u0169y tre \u1edf Tr\u00e0 L\u0169 kh\u00f4ng s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec1. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Phan B\u00e1 V\u00e0nh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n. _______________ 1. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1eefu Qu\u00fdnh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), t\u1eadp 1, Nxb Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H, 2000. 111","H\u1ea2I V\u00c2N - \\\"THI\u00caN H\u1ea0 \u0110\u1ec6 NH\u1ea4T H\u00d9NG QUAN\\\" Ca dao x\u01b0a c\u00f2n ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gian nan, c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n: Anh t\u1eeb trong Qu\u1ea3ng ra thi, Leo l\u00ean \u0111\u00e8o \u1ea3i ch\u1eef chi m\u1eadp m\u1edd. \u1ea2i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u1ea3i V\u00e2n (hay H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n) m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi g\u00e2y \u00e1m \u1ea3nh: \u0110i b\u1ed9 th\u00ec khi\u1ebfp H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n, \u0110i bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec s\u1ee3 s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n Hang D\u01a1i. S\u00e1ch Ph\u1ee7 bi\u00ean t\u1ea1p l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p: \u201cH\u1ea3i V\u00e2n quan \u1edf huy\u1ec7n T\u01b0 Vang, tr\u00ean l\u00ean t\u1eadn tr\u1eddi xanh, d\u01b0\u1edbi xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Thu\u1eadn - Qu\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3n canh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ea7n ty, tr\u00ean t\u1eeb Y\u00ean Nguy\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d4 R\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t...\u201d. H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n quan \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Nam huy\u1ec7n Ph\u00fa L\u1ed9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n, ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda, tr\u00ean c\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 ba ch\u1eef \u201cH\u1ea3i V\u00e2n quan\u201d, tr\u00ean c\u1eeda sau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1eef \u201cThi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec7 112","nh\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng quan\u201d. C\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc cao \u0111\u1ec1u 15 th\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00e0i 11 th\u01b0\u1edbc, ngang 18 th\u01b0\u1edbc 1 t\u1ea5c. Ph\u00eda t\u1ea3, h\u1eefu x\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau ti\u1ebfp nhau, d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1826. N\u0103m 1836, \u0111\u1eb7t hai vi\u00ean Ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u00fay m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, bi\u1ec1n binh th\u00ec c\u1ee9 15 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p cho thi\u00ean l\u00fd k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 xem ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n, ph\u00e0m thuy\u1ec1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 Kinh \u0111\u00f4. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1eeda \u1ea3i th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Nam- B\u1eafc; th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1826, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3n Nh\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1859, sau khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm Kinh th\u00e0nh Hu\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n quan v\u00e0 vi\u00ean Trung t\u00e1 Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Dupre Deroul\u00e8de \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ng\u00e0y 18-11-1859. Theo s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Nam nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed th\u00ec v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1eddi vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1471, nh\u00e0 vua Nam chinh \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u00eam \u1edf \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n. Tr\u00ean cao nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eabu h\u1ee9ng l\u00e0m th\u01a1: Tr\u0103ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Long ba canh \u0111\u00eam t\u0129nh, Thuy\u1ec1n L\u1ed9 H\u1ea1c n\u0103m tr\u1ed1ng gi\u00f3 thanh. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n d\u1eebng xe l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ebft phong c\u1ea3nh H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng x\u01b0a kia \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf, nguy hi\u1ec3m, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00e1ch n\u00fai d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean 113","l\u00e0 v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m. N\u0103m 1839, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng cho tu b\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 ban D\u1ee5: \u201cH\u1ea3i V\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y Tr\u1eabm ng\u1ef1 ch\u01a1i Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 g\u1eadp gh\u1ec1nh \u0111i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee9c sai m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda sang\u201d. Tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tu s\u1eeda nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thong dong v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadn m\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t di t\u00edch m\u00e2y tr\u1eafng bi\u1ec3n xanh n\u00ean th\u01a1 h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, tr\u01a1 gan c\u00f9ng tu\u1ebf nguy\u1ec7t. 114","CH\u00d9A THI\u00caN M\u1ee4 V\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac uy nghi\u00eam, c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ed n\u00ean th\u01a1, thanh tho\u00e1t, ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh lam th\u1eafng c\u1ea3nh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 Hu\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5, Hu\u1ebf 115","V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, n\u00ean ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c nhau. A.Bonhomme trong ba b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Hu\u1ebf x\u01b0a n\u0103m 1915 \u0111\u00e3 phi\u00ean \u00e2m th\u00e0nh Thi\u00ean M\u1eabu (La Pagoda Thi\u00ean M\u1eabu). M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n An trong s\u00e1ch \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u c\u1eadn l\u1ee5c phi\u00ean \u00e2m th\u00e0nh Thi\u00ean M\u1ed7. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed s\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 do c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean \u00e2m ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1862, tri\u1ec1u vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh Linh M\u1ee5, v\u00ec theo m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n D\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kim ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecba danh c\u00f3 ch\u1eef Thi\u00ean (tr\u1eddi) \u201c\u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh c\u1ea9n\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 7 n\u0103m, n\u0103m 1869, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Thi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh do vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c ban D\u1ee5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c ho\u00e0nh phi \u1edf c\u1eeda Tam quan tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00f9a ghi ba ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u201cLinh M\u1ee5 t\u1ef1\u201d. Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong s\u00e1ch \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u c\u1eadn l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n An, Ph\u1ee7 bi\u00ean t\u1ea1p l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, Vi\u1ec7t Nam khai qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ed truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ea3ng Trung v\u00e0 trong t\u1ea5m bia Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Duy\u00ean b\u1eedu th\u00e1p 116","c\u1ee7a vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t trong ch\u00f9a. A.Bonhomme trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 n\u0103m 1915 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i dung huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y: \u201cV\u00e0o thu\u1edf xa x\u01b0a, ban \u0111\u00eam d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 l\u00e3o m\u1eb7c \u00e1o \u0111\u1ecf, qu\u1ea7n xanh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i t\u1ea1i An Ninh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nay l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n Ho\u00e0. B\u00e0 ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u00e2n ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp ch\u00f9a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ee5 kh\u00ed thi\u00eang cho b\u1ec1n long m\u1ea1ch, r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. V\u1ec1 sau, khi cho d\u1ef1ng ch\u00f9a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1601 ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho ch\u00f9a l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 t\u1ef1, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00f9a c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 M\u1ee5 (linh thi\u00eang) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tr\u1eddi\u201d. Th\u1ef1c ra, ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp s\u1edbm h\u01a1n n\u0103m 1601. D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n An trong s\u00e1ch \u00d4 Ch\u00e2u c\u1eadn l\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1555. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u00f9a c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i H\u00e0 Kh\u00ea (thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 H\u01b0\u01a1ng Long, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hu\u1ebf). M\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i ch\u1ea1y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1eafc - Nam, c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc: 313 m x 76 m. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ch\u00f9a c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n, xa xa l\u00e0 d\u00e3y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n h\u00f9ng v\u0129, sau l\u01b0ng ch\u00f9a c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed3i th\u1ea5p che ch\u1eafn. \u0110\u1ecba th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 117","\u201cs\u01a1n tri\u1ec1u th\u1ee7y t\u1ee5\u201d h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb xa nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3i H\u00e0 Kh\u00ea t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t con r\u00f9a kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, c\u00f5ng tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh \u0111ang c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed hai khu v\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u1eeda Tam quan. Khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac mang t\u00ednh k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p, nh\u00e0 bia, nh\u00e0 chu\u00f4ng. Khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai, r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u0103ng x\u00e1 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0103n \u1edf. Cu\u1ed1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn th\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t thi h\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch \u0110\u00f4n H\u1eadu. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi phong c\u1ea3nh thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean xung quanh. 118","BA N\u00c0NG C\u00d4NG CH\u00daA T\u00c0I N\u0102NG Theo b\u1ed9 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed9c Th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3 cho bi\u1ebft: Vua Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c vua tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u con nh\u1ea5t. Minh M\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 43 b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 142 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con (g\u1ed3m 78 Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 54 Ho\u00e0ng n\u1eef). C\u00e1c con trai c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 chu \u0111\u00e1o t\u1eeb b\u00e9. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nhi\u1ec1u con c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 T\u00f9ng Thi\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Mi\u00ean Th\u1ea9m, Tuy L\u00fd v\u01b0\u01a1ng Mi\u00ean Trinh, T\u01b0\u01a1ng An... \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i th\u01a1 v\u0103n. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba n\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa t\u00e0i danh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTam Khanh \u0111\u1ea5t Th\u1ea7n kinh\u201d g\u1ed3m: - N\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: An Tr\u1ecdng Khanh t\u1ee9c V\u0129nh Trinh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Quy \u0110\u1ee9c, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec7t \u0110\u00ecnh, con g\u00e1i th\u1ee9 18 (1825-1892). - N\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai: Th\u00fac Khanh t\u1ee9c Trinh Th\u1eadn, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Mai Am, con g\u00e1i th\u1ee9 25 (1826-1904). - N\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 ba: Qu\u00fd Khanh t\u1ee9c T\u0129nh H\u00f2a, 119","hi\u1ec7u Hu\u1ec7 Ph\u1ed1, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn L\u1ec5, con g\u00e1i th\u1ee9 34 (1829-1883). C\u00e1c n\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i thi ca, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u thi ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. T\u1eadp th\u01a1 \u201cNguy\u1ec7t \u0110\u00ecnh thi th\u1ea3o\u201d c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecdng Khanh, \u201cHu\u1ec7 Ph\u1ed1 thi t\u1eadp\u201d c\u1ee7a Qu\u00fd Khanh v\u00e0 \u201cDi\u1ec7u Li\u00ean thi t\u1eadp\u201d c\u1ee7a Th\u00fac Khanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i, ti\u1ebfng vang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong \u0111\u00f3, C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Th\u00fac Khanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 n\u1eef thi nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i hoa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Hu\u1ebf m\u1ed9ng m\u01a1 v\u00e0o n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Khi nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 n\u1eef quan d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Nho gia nh\u01b0 T\u1ee9 Th\u01b0, Ng\u0169 Kinh, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch s\u1eed v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u00f4ng gia ch\u00e1nh. Cho n\u00ean, l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n Nho gia, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. Tuy l\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00e2u th\u00fac trong n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp l\u1ec5 nghi v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t cung c\u1ea5m, t\u00e1ch xa cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n d\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n tranh th\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1849, ba ch\u1ecb em c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Tam Khanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo m\u1eb9 ra S\u1edf Ti\u00eau Vi\u00ean (V\u01b0\u1eddn 120","M\u00eda) b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng L\u1ee3i N\u00f4ng (t\u1ee9c s\u00f4ng An C\u1ef1u sau n\u00e0y), do v\u1eady s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n, anh em d\u1ec5 g\u1eb7p nhau \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n thi ph\u00e1p, x\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ecda thi v\u0103n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a T\u00f9ng Thi\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng Mi\u00ean Th\u1ea9m. C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Qu\u00fd Khanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c anh l\u00e0 Mi\u00ean Th\u1ea9m d\u1ea1y lu\u1eadt th\u01a1, n\u00ean r\u00e0nh r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \u00e2m lu\u1eadt, kh\u00e9o v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i v\u0103n t\u1eeb kh\u00fac. Mi\u00ean Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng khen ng\u1ee3i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a em g\u00e1i: l\u1eddi g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng, \u00fd l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t, v\u0103n tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y, \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Trong l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \u201cHu\u1ec7 Ph\u1ed1 thi t\u1eadp\u201d, Mi\u00ean Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0111\u00eam tr\u0103ng t\u1ecf th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe ti\u1ebfng d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng, gi\u00f3 m\u00e1t m\u00f9a thu, t\u1ea5u kh\u00fac nh\u1ea1c ti\u1ebfng t\u01a1 v\u00e0ng\u201d. T\u1eadp th\u01a1 \u201cDi\u1ec7u Li\u00ean thi t\u1eadp\u201d c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Th\u00fac Khanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ra c\u00f3 l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1a, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thi ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 b\u00fat n\u00eau l\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: \u201cL\u1eddi th\u01a1 trong tr\u1ebbo m\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e9o, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u0111o\u1ea3n ng\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2u n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hay\u201d. N\u1ed9i dung xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u01a1 do ba n\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Tam Khanh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 121","y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m ri\u00eang. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m t\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u k\u00edn, tinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u th\u01a1 trong b\u00e0i \u201cThu Thanh\u201d c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Th\u00fac Khanh: B\u00e1n ch\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0 kinh m\u1ed9ng h\u1eadu, Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean t\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e1o t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u (M\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n n\u1eeda g\u1ed1i b\u1eebng xu\u00e2n nh\u1edb, Chuy\u1ec7n c\u0169 m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m d\u1ea1 x\u1ed1n xang.) C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi nh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, l\u00f2ng n\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i d\u00e2ng l\u00ean n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n day d\u1ee9t trong b\u00e0i \u201cXu\u00e2n th\u1ee7y\u201d: L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0u c\u1ef1u h\u1eadn, \u0110\u00f4ng phong nam ph\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng t\u00e2n s\u1ea7u. (H\u1eadn c\u0169 c\u00f2n tr\u00f4i trong n\u1eafng x\u1ebf, Gi\u00f3 xu\u00e2n qua b\u1ebfn g\u1ee3i s\u1ea7u d\u00e2ng.) Ba nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 n\u1eef Tam Khanh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb1m th\u1eafm, t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ea7y n\u1eef t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u01a1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Tuy \u00edt b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong cung c\u1ea5m (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Th\u00fac Khanh), nh\u01b0ng qua thi ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa, ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00e2m t\u01b0, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. 122","DOANH \u0110I\u1ec0N S\u1ee8 NGUY\u1ec4N C\u00d4NG TR\u1ee8 Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 qu\u00ea l\u00e0ng Uy Vi\u1ec5n, huy\u1ec7n Nghi Xu\u00e2n, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 T\u0129nh, sinh ng\u00e0y 1-11-1778 t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 \u0110\u1ecba Linh, huy\u1ec7n Qu\u1ef3nh C\u00f4i, t\u1ec9nh Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh. Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh quan l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n th\u01a1. Cha l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ng\u1ea1n h\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n, m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 \u00e1i n\u1eef c\u1ee7a quan Qu\u1ea3n n\u1ed9i th\u1ecb C\u1ea3nh B\u00e1 Nh\u1ea1c \u1edf S\u01a1n Nam. Tuy xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i th\u1ebf phi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh h\u00e0n vi v\u00ec gia s\u1ea3n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, song \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ch\u00ed h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh, thi c\u1eed. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i xa, tr\u1eddi r\u00e9t, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 v\u00e0o qu\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec9 ch\u00e2n. G\u1eb7p l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i binh c\u1ee7a T\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t \u0111i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u00e9p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c, ri\u00eang \u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eafp chi\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u1ed5 r\u01a1m ng\u1ee7 say. Qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh g\u1ecdi d\u1eady, T\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 nho nh\u00e3, li\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 th\u1eed v\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3nh \u201cn\u1eb1m \u1ed5 r\u01a1m 123","\u0111\u1eafp chi\u1ebfu\u201d, n\u1ebfu hay s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha. Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 li\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ecdc: Ba v\u1ea1n anh h\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e8 xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, Ch\u00edn l\u1ea7n thi\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean tr\u00ean. (Ch\u1ec9 r\u01a1m l\u00e0 \u201canh h\u00f9ng r\u01a1m\u201d, chi\u1ebfu v\u00ed v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a vua) L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t khen hay, th\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tha cho. N\u0103m 1804, Gia Long ra B\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 tr\u00fa l\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ec7 An \u00edt ng\u00e0y, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1i y\u1ebft v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean vua t\u1eadp Th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u1eadp s\u00e1ch do m\u00ecnh so\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng kinh t\u1ebf. Theo \u00f4ng, \u201cmu\u1ed1n an \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng, l\u1ea5y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n\u201d. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 41 tu\u1ed5i (1819), Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed7 Gi\u1ea3i nguy\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m quan tr\u1ea3i ba \u0111\u1eddi vua Gia Long, Minh M\u1ea1ng, Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb. N\u0103m 1828, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng Th\u1ecb lang B\u1ed9 H\u00ecnh (tr\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh \u00e1n \u1edf dinh T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n B\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh), ki\u00eam Doanh \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1ee9. Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 \u0111i kinh l\u00fd kh\u1eafp b\u00e3i b\u1ed3i duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecda l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, ph\u00e1t tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea9n hoang. Ch\u1ec9 trong hai n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra hai huy\u1ec7n Ti\u1ec1n H\u1ea3i (Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh) v\u00e0 Kim S\u01a1n (Ninh B\u00ecnh) c\u00f9ng hai t\u1ed5ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng Thu v\u00e0 Ninh Nh\u1ea5t (ven b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n 124","Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Ninh B\u00ecnh), khai kh\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 33.570 m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1852, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n hai huy\u1ec7n Kim S\u01a1n v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n H\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng sinh t\u1eeb th\u1edd Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 trong l\u00fac \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng (75 tu\u1ed5i). Trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m B\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh, r\u1ed3i T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c H\u1ea3i Y\u00ean (H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Y\u00ean), Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1ea9n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3.500 m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea5t ven bi\u1ec3n (n\u0103m 1838-1839, sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n chi\u00eau d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa khai kh\u1ea9n tr\u00ean 700 m\u1eabu, l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh l\u00e0ng H\u01b0ng H\u00f3a). N\u0103m 1833, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 l\u00e0m Tham t\u00e1n qu\u00e2n v\u1ee5, sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 B\u1ed9 Binh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u1edf H\u1ea3i Y\u00ean gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c. V\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng t\u00f9 tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng b\u1ed1n c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 cho g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 Kinh. N\u0103m 1840, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0110\u00f4 ng\u1ef1 s\u1eed, ch\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3o tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Khi qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n Tri Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n \u0110i\u1ec3n d\u1eb9p tan. \u00d4ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Do\u00e3n U\u1ea9n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh tan li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam - Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p. \u0110\u1eddi Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb, khi Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Minh Gi\u1ea3ng ch\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbch \u1edf Tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 An Giang, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9c. Sau nh\u1edd l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng gi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eb7c; Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c c\u0169. Trong 28 n\u0103m 125","l\u00e0m quan, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m l\u1ea7n, n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u00ednh th\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u00f4ng c\u0169ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ed kh\u00ed. N\u0103m 1848, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 tr\u00f2n 70 tu\u1ed5i, xin v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed s\u0129, s\u1ed1ng \u1edf qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ea5t. Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c, hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 150 b\u00e0i g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c th\u1ec3 h\u00e1t n\u00f3i. N\u1ed9i dung th\u01a1 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ca t\u1ee5ng ch\u00ed nam nhi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng danh, vai tr\u00f2 nh\u00e0 Nho, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung hi\u1ebfu. N\u0103m 1858, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 80 tu\u1ed5i, Nguy\u1ec5n C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 v\u1eabn xin vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111i t\u00f2ng qu\u00e2n: \u201cTh\u00e2n gi\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n th\u1edf ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o xin hi\u1ebfn cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y\u201d, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb tr\u1ea7n (1858). 126","T\u1eacP QU\u00c1N TR\u1ed2NG C\u00c2Y TH\u1edcI NGUY\u1ec4N Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f2ng la th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n Nam Giao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng theo l\u1ec7nh vua Gia Long v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1806. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf trong v\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh, ngo\u00e0i cung, m\u1eb7t nam l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n m\u1ed7i c\u00e2y n\u1eb1m ri\u00eang l\u1ebb th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb quan \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i th\u00e2n c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 treo m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 ghi t\u00ean nh\u00e0 vua ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. Trong v\u00f2ng t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Trai Cung, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 tay tr\u1ed3ng 10 c\u00e2y mang nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i v\u0103n kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng tr\u1ed3ng 11 c\u00e2y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong v\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh, m\u1ed7i ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n c\u0169ng tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y. C\u00e1c quan v\u0103n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quan T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean hay quan v\u00f5 t\u1eeb nh\u1ecb ph\u1ea9m 127","tr\u1edf l\u00ean, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y ghi r\u00f5 t\u00ean h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y tr\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban t\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan v\u0103n h\u00e0m t\u1ee9 ph\u1ea9m, c\u00e1c quan v\u00f5 h\u00e0m ch\u00e1nh tam ph\u1ea9m. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ph\u00eda sau Trai Cung tr\u1ed3ng to\u00e0n th\u00f4ng. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 1885, sau l\u1ec5 Nam Giao, c\u00e1c quan m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong h\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 tay tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 L\u1ec5 v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y do l\u00ednh tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1o cho v\u1ecb quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng vinh d\u1ef1 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y 3 quan ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng... Tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n cho c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2n th\u01b0\u1edfng k\u00e8m theo vi\u1ec7c ghi danh tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 hay \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i lo ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y do m\u00ecnh tr\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 vinh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. H\u01a1n 80 n\u0103m sau, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua v\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng Trai Cung \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 132 t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch (granit) ho\u1eb7c sa th\u1ea1ch (gres), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 33 t\u1ea5m c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean. C\u00e1c t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 17,6 cm x 11,5 cm x 5 cm, 128","m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 t\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, m\u1eb7t kia l\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u1ed3ng. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3n c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00ean c\u00f3 Nguy\u1ec5n T\u01b0 Gi\u1ea3n, T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t H\u00e2n... v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ebb c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cH\u00e0m Nghi nguy\u00ean ni\u00ean K\u1ef7 D\u1eadu (b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef) cung tuy\u00ean...\u201d. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh th\u00e1i thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a vua quan tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n. 129","NH\u1eee B\u00c1 S\u1ef8 NG\u01af\u1edcI TH\u1ea6Y GI\u00c1O T\u00c2M HUY\u1ebeT Nh\u1eef B\u00e1 S\u1ef9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0nh C\u00e1t Xuy\u00ean, huy\u1ec7n Ho\u1eb1ng H\u00f3a, t\u1ec9nh Thanh H\u00f3a, th\u00f4ng minh t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi nh\u01b0ng thi c\u1eed l\u1eadn \u0111\u1eadn. Trong khoa thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1819, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi em l\u00e0 Nh\u1eef \u0110\u00ecnh An c\u00f9ng d\u1ef1 thi, em th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed7 C\u1eed nh\u00e2n c\u00f2n \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed7 Sinh \u0111\u1ed3 (T\u00fa t\u00e0i); \u0111\u1ebfn khoa thi n\u0103m 1821, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed7 C\u1eed nh\u00e2n, song v\u00e0o thi H\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00fang Tam tr\u01b0\u1eddng (tr\u00ean C\u1eed nh\u00e2n, d\u01b0\u1edbi Ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9, ngang Ph\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng sau n\u00e0y). Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0m quan c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eef B\u00e1 S\u1ef9 c\u0169ng ch\u00f4ng gai. Sau khi thi \u0111\u1ed7, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Tri huy\u1ec7n, r\u1ed3i th\u0103ng Vi\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i lang Lang trung B\u1ed9 H\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i thanh tra thu\u1ebf \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i, do c\u00f3 k\u1ebb vu c\u00e1o, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1ng giam 4 n\u0103m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c quan tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh sang Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng (Trung Qu\u1ed1c). Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o th\u1ee5 (ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec7n), r\u1ed3i \u0110\u1ed1c h\u1ecdc 130","(ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh). N\u0103m 1839, \u00f4ng c\u00e1o b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. 14 n\u0103m sau, c\u00f3 Chi\u1ebfu g\u1ecdi, \u00f4ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129 ph\u1ea3i ra nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c quan. Hai n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng xin ngh\u1ec9 h\u1eb3n, v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch. Khi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, Nh\u1eef B\u00e1 S\u1ef9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan \u1edf Thanh H\u00f3a d\u00e2ng s\u1edb t\u00e2u Vua ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng gi\u1eb7c T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 h\u00f2a. N\u0103m 1864, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i d\u00e2ng l\u00ean vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1edd Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ba s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c Ph\u00e1p (tinh d\u01b0\u01a1ng tam s\u00e1ch), d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y v\u1ea1n ch\u1eef! Vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea v\u00e0o t\u1edd t\u1ea5u: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 cao r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc thay!\u201d. N\u0103m 78 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng S\u1ef9 c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m v\u00f5ng, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ng v\u00e0o Ngh\u1ec7 An \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u0103n th\u00e2n t\u1ec9nh b\u1ea1n b\u00e0n c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh th\u00ec \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eef B\u00e1 S\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o gi\u1ecfi, lu\u00f4n n\u00eau cao l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 y\u00eau qu\u00fd h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2. Chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u1edf huy\u1ec7n H\u1eadu L\u1ed9c, c\u1ea1nh n\u01a1i \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Thanh (1820-1863), nh\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o (b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed7 C\u1eed nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0m \u00c1n s\u00e1t Tuy\u00ean Quang, b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn ph\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 Thanh b\u1eaft, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e3 tu\u1eabn ti\u1ebft). Nh\u1eef B\u00e1 S\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n, b\u00e8n \u0111em ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean h\u1ecd Ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7. Ph\u1ea1m Thanh h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7y y\u00eau qu\u00fd, \u0111em con g\u00e1i l\u00e0 Nh\u1eef Th\u1ecb N\u0103ng g\u1ea3 cho l\u00e0m v\u1ee3. 131","\u0110\u1ebfn khoa thi H\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1851, Ph\u1ea1m Thanh d\u1ef1 thi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed7 B\u1ea3ng nh\u00e3n. V\u00ec tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y Tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean n\u00ean Ph\u1ea1m Thanh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed7 cao nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, hi\u1ec7n b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd qu\u00ea \u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y ghi d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef \u201cQu\u1ed1c tri\u1ec1u \u00c1 tr\u1ea1ng\u201d. Nh\u1eef B\u00e1 S\u1ef9 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 t\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0: n\u1ed9i dung, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7y tr\u00f2... \u00d4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng khuy\u00ean c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch l\u0169y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c: \u201cKh\u00f4ng th\u00edch th\u00fa c\u0169ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u1ee9 h\u1ecfi, b\u1ecdn h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c anh \u0111\u1eebng b\u1ecf qua c\u00f4ng phu th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc\u201d. Nh\u1eef B\u00e1 S\u1ef9 c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n V\u0129nh t\u1ef1 b\u00fat ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef sao cho \u0111\u00fang n\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb, gi\u1eef m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c trong n\u00f3i n\u0103ng, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n, ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, n\u1ec1n n\u1ebfp, \u0103n ng\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd, r\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch th\u00ec t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd cao, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ai l\u00e0m g\u00ec xung quanh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hay. 132","\u00d4ng khuy\u00ean h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 suy ngh\u0129 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng khi n\u00f3i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecdc hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 trong s\u00e1ch thu\u1ed1c: Ngh\u00ecn tai v\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf mi\u1ec7ng m\u00e0 ra V\u1ea1n b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u do mi\u1ec7ng m\u00e0 v\u00e0o. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eef B\u00e1 S\u1ef9 r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 C\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ed1c Nh\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c. 133","T\u1ea4M L\u00d2NG Y\u00caU N\u01af\u1edaC, TH\u01af\u01a0NG NH\u00c0 V\u0169 Duy Thanh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4n V\u0103n B\u1ed3ng, x\u00e3 Kh\u00e1nh H\u1ea3i, huy\u1ec7n Y\u00ean Kh\u00e1nh, t\u1ec9nh Ninh B\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y nay. H\u1ed3i nh\u1ecf, \u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u00f4ng minh, lanh l\u1ee3i, \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1p t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh. Tuy h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn khoa thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1843, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed7 C\u1eed nh\u00e2n khi \u0111\u00e3 32 tu\u1ed5i. T\u00e1m n\u0103m sau, \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00ec \u1ea5n khoa n\u0103m 1851; V\u0169 Duy Thanh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed7 B\u1ea3ng nh\u00e3n (h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y Tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 l\u00e0m quan t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf. \u00d4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng quan h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n. Chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u1eeb Kinh \u0111\u00f4 (Hu\u1ebf) v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, khi \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, V\u0169 Duy Thanh th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n ch\u00fang d\u1eaft nhau t\u1eebng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i \u0103n xin d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f2 l\u00ea kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o c\u1ee7, b\u1ee9t l\u00e1 \u0103n thay c\u01a1m. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi hay v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n, m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ed9ng 134","l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm g\u1eb7p quan \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3i cho d\u00e2n, th\u1ea3o ngay S\u1edb g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u xin m\u1edf kho ph\u00e1t ch\u1ea9n. \u00d4ng n\u00e1n l\u1ea1i ch\u1edd k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Song h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 \u0111i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf, n\u00ean s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y sau v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e1p. \u00d4ng l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p quan \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ec9nh, kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u: - Ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng chu\u1ea9n y l\u1eddi t\u1ea5u. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea1m xa x\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eadm d\u00e2n c\u00e0ng ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u00eam. V\u1eady xin c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u1ee9 m\u1edf kho tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00e1t th\u00f3c cho d\u00e2n, c\u1ee9u h\u1ecd s\u1edbm ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u01a1n \u0111\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3! C\u00e1c quan t\u1ec9nh ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb, vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a vua n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m l\u00e0m. \u00d4ng b\u00e8n vi\u1ec7n l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c: - X\u01b0a nay quan l\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 d\u00e2n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lo cho d\u00e2n no \u1ea5m. Nay c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3i ch\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mau m\u1edf kho c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n, t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 Kinh t\u00e2u ho\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebft, th\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed9i. Trong \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0o c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed9i c\u1ea3, song c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ebft, th\u00ec b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3! C\u00e1c quan nghe c\u00f3 l\u00ed, b\u00e8n l\u00e0m theo l\u1eddi \u00f4ng khuy\u00ean. Qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean \u00edt ng\u00e0y sau c\u00f3 Chi\u1ebfu vua chu\u1ea9n y. V\u0169 Duy Thanh vui m\u1eebng th\u1edf ph\u00e0o nh\u1eb9 nh\u00f5m v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 th\u0103m qu\u00ea. N\u01b0\u1edbc ta b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111ang b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p l\u0103m 135","le x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u00ean tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ch\u1ee9c quan ch\u0103m lo vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng V\u0169 Duy Thanh lu\u00f4n lo l\u1eafng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, m\u00e0 kh\u01b0 kh\u01b0 gi\u1eef th\u00f3i th\u1ee7 c\u1ef1u l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng s\u1edb l\u00ean vua xin c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y, h\u1ecdc, thi c\u1eed, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i\u2026 M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u binh th\u01b0, binh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 mong t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n h\u01a1n ta nhi\u1ec1u. Khi Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng (1858), \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng S\u1edb xin \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng cho\u2026 Khi \u00f4ng \u1ed1m, th\u1eddi gian n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh (1863), V\u0169 Duy Thanh c\u00f2n c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t t\u1edd S\u1edb t\u00e2u l\u00ean vua v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh binh b\u1ecb, ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, S\u1edb vi\u1ebft ch\u01b0a xong th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng may \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn d\u00e2ng l\u00ean vua. N\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo bi\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb Thanh H\u00f3a tr\u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00e0 B\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn tr\u1edf ra, m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00f4ng ra bi\u1ec3n, l\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u00fai, \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0o g\u1eb7p bi\u1ebfn, b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf qu\u00e2n l\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu gi\u1eb7c t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n nh\u00f2m ng\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp 136","\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c coi tr\u1ecdng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3i k\u1ecbp luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n, h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3i binh s\u0129, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00f5 quan th\u1ee7y chi\u1ebfn, n\u00e2ng cao uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n cho h\u1ecd\u2026 C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Duy Thanh v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n, r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0ng khi tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 ban khen, r\u1ed3i giao v\u1ec1 cho con ch\u00e1u \u00f4ng c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef, \u0111\u1ee3i khi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n m\u1edbi d\u00f9ng (!). Qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt l\u00e2u, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng b\u1eafn ph\u00e1, \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9nh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, r\u1ed3i Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda nam\u2026, th\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y ki\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c quan trong tri\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111i\u1ebfu, n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tr\u00ean: Ch\u00edn su\u1ed1i Tr\u00e0 S\u01a1n(1) \u00f4m h\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc; Ngh\u00ecn tr\u00f9ng non Thu\u00fd(2) g\u1eedi h\u1ed3n qu\u00ea. _______________ 1. \u1ede Qu\u1ea3ng Nam - \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. 2. \u1ede Ninh B\u00ecnh. 137","NGO\u1ea0I GIAO C\u1ee6A NH\u00c0 NGUY\u1ec4N Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh sai ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang h\u1ecfi T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng Qu\u1ea3ng (Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y) v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch bang giao. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eed s\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n do L\u00ea Quang \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u sang nh\u00e0 Thanh xin c\u1ea7u phong qu\u1ed1c \u1ea5n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1804, s\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u00e0 Thanh sang phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gia Long c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n ra Th\u0103ng Long l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn s\u1eafc phong \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec7n K\u00ednh Thi\u00ean. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee9 4 n\u0103m, nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed s\u1ee9 b\u1ed9 sang n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng 2 l\u1ea7n. L\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn s\u1eafc phong r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Th\u0103ng Long; s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 Thanh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0o Hu\u1ebf trao, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1849, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0o Hu\u1ebf s\u1eafc phong cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nguy\u1ec5n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Thanh l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Cao Mi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh Tr\u1ea5n T\u00e2y, b\u1eaft L\u00e0o th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c. C\u00f2n quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi 138","Xi\u00eam r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00fac th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, l\u00fac h\u00f2a ho\u00e3n, l\u00fac l\u1ea1i tranh ch\u1ea5p. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. Quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y y\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0o n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa v\u1eabn l\u00e9n l\u00fat t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi T\u00e2y S\u01a1n, Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edd gi\u00e1o s\u0129 A\u0111r\u0103ng (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c) \u0111\u01b0a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh sang Ph\u00e1p xin vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p (1789), nh\u01b0ng B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gia Long l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, ch\u1ecbu \u01a1n B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Anh, M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u201cT\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 r\u0103n d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb n\u01a1i xa \u0111\u1ebfn\u201d. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xung quanh c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho vua Gia Long lo l\u1eafng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ecdn Minh M\u1ea1ng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb (vua kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn ho\u00e0ng t\u00f4n \u0110\u00e1n l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed C\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t). Trong gi\u1edd ph\u00fat h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i, Gia Long c\u00f2n tr\u0103ng tr\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Minh M\u1ea1ng: \u201cVi\u1ec7c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y th\u00f9 o\u00e1n trong d\u00e2n gian, l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng 139","khi l\u00e0m s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ng\u00f4i vua\u201d. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd cha, Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u1ecf ra d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1819, S\u00eanh\u00f4 xin v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho vua Ph\u00e1p, sang l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb vua Minh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t. N\u0103m 1824, S\u00eanh\u00f4, Vani\u00ea ph\u1ea3i xin tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 1825, Ph\u00e1p xin \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. N\u0103m 1830, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Anh, M\u1ef9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed1 nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tinh th\u1ea7n \u201c\u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda\u201d, c\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p. Tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. 140","CH\u00cdNH S\u00c1CH \u201cNGO\u1ea0I GIAO PH\u00c1O H\u1ea0M\u201d C\u1ee6A TH\u1ef0C D\u00c2N PH\u00c1P Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u1ed5 s\u00fang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c vua quan nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn. N\u0103m 1817, Nap\u00f4l\u00ea\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1i chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n do \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1 Kecgariu (Kergariou) ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn vua Gia Long v\u00ec \u201cvua \u0111ang \u1ed1m\u201d. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1821 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1824, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb Minh M\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng cho v\u00e0o kinh th\u00e0nh Hu\u1ebf. Trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1840 -1842), nh\u00e0 Thanh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Nam Kinh, nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng cho t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Anh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Anh \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Trung Hoa. Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 cho chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m v\u00e0 141","thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i Ph\u00e1p c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1edf Trung Hoa, r\u1ed3i k\u00fd m\u1ed9t Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Nam Kinh k\u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Thanh n\u0103m 1844. Nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ed1m \u0111au l\u00ean b\u1edd ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i xin v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u1edf Ma Cao ho\u1eb7c H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Luyx\u00f4ng (Philippin) m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00fa \u1ea9n, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf. V\u00ec v\u1eady n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t trong khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang cho chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u1ea5y c\u1edb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111ang truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. N\u0103m 1843, khi vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft giam v\u00e0 k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh 5 gi\u00e1o s\u0129, Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 cho chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m v\u1edbi 30 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c t\u1edbi \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng uy hi\u1ebfp, bu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, khi nghe tin Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c L\u01a1phetvr\u01a1 (Lefebre) b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, th\u00e1ng 5-1845 chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng \u0111\u00f2i th\u1ea3. Th\u00e1ng 3-1847, chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m Victoria v\u1edbi 24 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c do 142","Trung t\u00e1 Rig\u00f4n \u0111\u01a1 Gi\u01a1nui (Riganlt de Genouilly) ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m Gloa (Gloire) v\u1edbi 54 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c do \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e1 \u00d4guyxtanh Lapie (Augustin Lapieru) ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ef1 do truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y 15- 4-1847, hai chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1o k\u00edch v\u00e0o \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y 5 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 9-1856, ph\u00e1o h\u1ea1m Catina (Catinat) v\u1edbi 10 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. Th\u00e1ng 10-1856, t\u00e0u Caprixi\u01a1 (Capricieuse) ch\u1edf theo ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 M\u00f4ngtinhi (Montiguy) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng do Nap\u00f4l\u00ea\u00f4ng III ph\u00e1i sang \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00fd m\u1ed9t tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui. Vi\u1ec7c M\u00f4ngtinhi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Rig\u00f4n \u0111\u01a1 Gi\u01a1nui \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m T\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n vi\u1ec5n chinh Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng ng\u00e0y 10-9-1858, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o Nam K\u1ef3, bu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1862 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t ba t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam K\u1ef3 cho Ph\u00e1p, Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1873 c\u1eaft ba t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Nam K\u1ef3 cho Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng 143","Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Hacm\u0103ng (1883) v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Pat\u01a1n\u00f4t (1884) c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1o h\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. 144","M\u1ed8T TI\u1ebeN S\u0128 - M\u1ed8T NH\u00c0 C\u1ea2I C\u00c1CH C\u00d3 T\u00c0I Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u00fa Th\u1ee9 sinh n\u0103m 1821, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u00e0n, huy\u1ec7n Di\u00ean Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 nho. \u00d4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi, uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed7 th\u1ee7 khoa k\u1ef3 thi H\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 21 tu\u1ed5i (1842), \u0111\u1ed7 th\u1ee7 khoa k\u1ef3 thi H\u1ed9i (Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129) n\u0103m 22 tu\u1ed5i (1843). N\u0103m 1863, vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c giao cho \u00f4ng l\u00e0m Ph\u00f3 s\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Phan Thanh Gi\u1ea3n sang Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i ba t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trung Hoa bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m quan c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf. N\u0103m 1873, \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 B\u1ed9 H\u1ed9 (ch\u1ee9c quan t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng, tr\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c kinh t\u1ebf, h\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9u, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t). \u0110\u00e1m gi\u1eb7c c\u1ecf Trung Hoa hay qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u \u1edf B\u1eafc 145","Ninh, sau c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh ti\u1ec5u tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, quan t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc Ninh v\u1ed9i \u0111em m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn qu\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 qu\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec5u, k\u1ef3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1ea7m h\u01b0\u01a1ng, y\u1ebfn s\u00e0o t\u1eb7ng t\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 Thanh r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi t\u00e2u v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 H\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 H\u1ed9 t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh. Bi\u1ebft chuy\u1ec7n, vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u00fa Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t, gi\u1ea5u l\u1ed7i, kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00e1ng \u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m T\u1ea3 th\u1ecb lang, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 1877, \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c (ch\u1ee9c quan \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh) H\u1ea3i Y\u00ean (H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Y\u00ean) th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi quan B\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh (ch\u1ee9c quan d\u01b0\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c, tr\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh) H\u1ea3i Y\u00ean l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Phi\u00ean, nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng c\u1ea5t nh\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00ec Nguy\u1ec5n Phi\u00ean hay g\u00e2y chuy\u1ec7n tai ti\u1ebfng, \u00f4ng xin vua cho Phi\u00ean v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ec7nh. Vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c cho r\u1eb1ng, Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u00fa Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00ean t\u01b0 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng n\u00ean gi\u00e1ng l\u01b0u hai c\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1878, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng l\u01b0u ba c\u1ea5p n\u1eefa v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u00e0o s\u00f4ng n\u1ed1i hai x\u00e3 Quang D\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng L\u00f4i \u1edf H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh r\u00f5. N\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb vu l\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi em h\u1ecd b\u00e1n g\u1ea1o ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i t\u00e2u l\u00ean vua v\u1ec1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh 146","l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 L\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 Ph\u00e1p \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb mua kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi m\u01b0u \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. Vua qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u00fa Th\u1ee9 dung t\u00fang thu\u1ed9c vi\u00ean, nghe tin th\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i kh\u00edch bi\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 1881, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1ng ba c\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m Quang l\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 khanh (ch\u1ee9c quan coi vi\u1ec7c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a vua). Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u00fa Th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 mu\u1ed1n canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi \u0111i s\u1ee9 sang Ph\u00e1p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc - k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Khi v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng s\u1edb l\u00ean vua nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng giao l\u01b0u bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc - k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf mang tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 cho tri\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng, chi\u1ebfc xe n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 theo ki\u1ec3u xe ng\u1ef1a do b\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng v\u1ebd ki\u1ec3u mang v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1882 v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111en t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0. Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ta v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00e0i. 147","B\u00c0 HO\u00c0NG T\u1eea D\u0168 D\u1ea0Y CON T\u1eeb D\u0169 l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u00f4n vinh, truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng v\u00ec l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch cao qu\u00fd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cd\u1ea1y con l\u00e0m vua\u201d! Th\u00e1i h\u1eadu T\u1eeb D\u0169 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb H\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 B\u1ed9 L\u1ec5 Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u0103ng H\u01b0ng, sinh ng\u00e0y 10-6-1810, qu\u00ea \u1edf T\u00e2n Quy, T\u00e2n H\u00e0o, t\u1ec9nh Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh (\u0111\u1ea5t G\u00f2 C\u00f4ng x\u01b0a, nay l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh Ti\u1ec1n Giang). T\u1eeb nh\u1ecf, b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh, ham \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, th\u00f4ng kinh s\u1eed. N\u0103m 14 tu\u1ed5i, v\u1ee3 vua Gia Long cho tuy\u1ec3n b\u00e0 v\u00e0o cung l\u00e0m v\u1ee3 l\u1ebd Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edfng Mi\u00ean T\u00f4ng (con vua Minh M\u1ea1ng). N\u0103m 1829, b\u00e0 sinh ra Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac H\u1ed3ng Nh\u1eadm. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1841, vua Minh M\u1ea1ng b\u0103ng h\u00e0, Mi\u00ean T\u00f4ng l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u00ean hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1846, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0 Qu\u00fd phi. Theo s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i Nam ch\u00ednh bi\u00ean li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n th\u00ec vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t tin v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3. Khi thi\u1ebft tri\u1ec1u, vua ng\u1ed3i \u1edf 148"]