สุดยอดGrammar

2 TENS ç ÿ¥¬Õ¥ Grammaré æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1  ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2547  ß«π≈‘¢ ‘∑∏‘ϵ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ Àâ“¡§—¥≈Õ°∂à“¬‡Õ° “√À√◊Õæ‘¡æå À√◊Õ«‘∏’Àπ÷Ëß«‘∏’„¥¢ÕßÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È°àÕπ‰¥â√—∫Õπÿ≠“µ ®“°∫√‘…—∑  °“¬∫ÿä° å ®”°—¥ √“§“ 80 ∫“∑ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß∫√√≥“πÿ°√¡¢ÕßÀÕ ¡ÿ¥·Ààß™“µ‘  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ Grammar -- °√ÿ߇∑æœ :  °“¬∫ÿä° å, 2547. 232 Àπâ“ 1. ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… -- ‰«¬“°√≥å I. ™◊ËÕ‡√◊ËÕß. 425 ISBN: 974-389-522-1 S7901-30-08-04 æ‘¡æå∑’Ë ∫√‘…—∑  ¬“¡ ªÕ√åµ ´‘𥑇§∑ ®”°—¥ 459 ´Õ¬æ∫‘ ≈Ÿ ¬Õå ªÿ ∂¡— ¿å (≈“¥æ√“â « 48) ·¢«ß “¡‡ ππÕ° ‡¢µÀ«â ¬¢«“ß °√ßÿ ‡∑æœ 10310 ‚∑√»—æ∑å : 0-2694-3010

Àπ—ß ◊Õ  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ Grammar ‡≈à¡πÈ’ ‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ∑Ë’ √«∫√«¡ ‡√Ë◊Õß Grammar À√◊Õ‰«¬“°√≥å¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…∑πË’ Õâ ß Ê ®”‡ªπì ®–µÕâ ß„™„â π°“√‡√¬’ π¿“…“Õß— °ƒ…‰«Õâ ¬“à ߧ√∫∂«â π °Õà π∑À’Ë πß—  Õ◊  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ Grammar ‡≈¡à π®È’ –º≈µ‘ ÕÕ°¡“ ∑“ß∑¡’ ß“π‰¥¡â À’ πß—  Õ◊ ‡°¬’Ë «°∫— À≈°— °“√„™‰â «¬“°√≥¿å “…“Õß— °ƒ… ÕÕ°¡“ 1 ‡≈à¡ ππË— §Õ◊  ¥ÿ ¬Õ¥ Tenses ´ß÷Ë ®–Õ∏∫‘ “¬‡°¬Ë’ «°∫— √“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß Tenses ∑π’Ë âÕß Ê ®”‡ªπì µÕâ ß„™â πÕ°®“°ππÈ— ∑“ß∑¡’ ß“π¬ß— ‰¥‡â ≈ßÁ ‡ÀπÁ ∂ß÷ §«“¡ ”§≠— ¢Õ߉«¬“°√≥¿å “…“Õß— °ƒ… ®÷ß¡’¡µ‘√à«¡°—π«à“ ‡√“§«√∑”Àπ—ß ◊Õ∑Ë’‡°Ë’¬«°—∫‰«¬“°√≥åÕ◊Ëπ Ê ¢÷Èπ¡“ π—Ëπ°Á§◊Õ  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ Grammar µàÕ®“° ÿ¥¬Õ¥ Tenses ‡æ◊ËÕÕ∏∫‘ “¬À≈—°°“√„™â Grammar  ”À√—∫°“√‡√’¬π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡≈à¡π’È®÷߇À¡“– ”À√—∫πâÕß Ê ∑ÿ°§π∑’Ë π„® „π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… ‚¥¬¡’‡∑§π‘§·≈–‡§≈Á¥≈—∫µà“ß Ê ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπµ—« ™à«¬„Àπâ âÕß Ê  “¡“√∂∑”§«“¡‡¢“â „®¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…‰¥ßâ “à ¬¬Ë‘ߢ÷Èπ ∑“ß∑’¡ß“πÀ«—߇ªìπÕ¬à“߬ˑ߫à“πâÕß Ê ∑ÿ°§π®–‡°àß ¿“…“Õß— °ƒ…·≈– π°ÿ °—∫¿“…“Õß— °ƒ…¡“°¢Èπ÷ Ω“É ¬«‘™“°“√ ∫√…‘ —∑  °“¬∫äÿ° å ®”°—¥

Unit 1 Nouns 5 Unit 2 Adjectives 14 Unit 3 Verbs 22 Unit 4 Adverbs 30 Unit 5 Prepositions 47 Unit 6 Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 65 Unit 7 Articles 74 Unit 8 Conjunctions 103 Unit 9 Punctuations and Capitalizations 121 Unit 10 Helping and Auxiliary Verbs 138 Unit 11 Question Words and Question 153 Unit 12 Tag Question 165 Unit 13 Active and Passive Voices 171 Unit 14 If Sentence and Subjunctive 177 Unit 15 Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 193 Unit 16 Word Building 211

§”π“¡ (Nouns) D §”π“¡ §◊Õ §”∑’Ë„™â‡√’¬°§π  —µ«å  ‘ËߢÕß ·≈–  ∂“π∑’Ë ‡™πà §π man woman Joy uncle  —µ«å dog tiger bird pig  ‘ËߢÕß book shoes chair cup  ∂“π∑Ë’ Ayutthaya Paris office village §”π“¡·∫ßà ÕÕ°‡ªπì 2 ª√–‡¿∑ §Õ◊ D 1. §”π“¡π—∫‰¥â (Countable Nouns) §◊Õ §”π“¡∑’Ë„™â‡≈¢®”π«π«“ߢâ“ßÀπⓧ”π“¡ ‡À≈“à π’ȉ¥â ‡™πà a car, two spoons, three dollars §”π“¡ π—∫‰¥πâ È®’ –‡ªπì ‰¥â∑ȗ߇հæ®π·å ≈–æÀŸæ®πå

6  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR §”π“¡„π¿“…“Õß— °ƒ… «à π„À≠à®–‡ªπì π“¡π∫— ‰¥â 1.1 π“¡π—∫‰¥â®–¡’ 2 √Ÿª §◊Õ√Ÿª‡Õ°æ®πå ‡¡◊ËÕ °≈“à «∂ß÷ ∫ÿ§§≈À√◊Õ ß‘Ë „¥ Ë‘ßÀπ÷Ëß ‡™πà a pen, the teacher ·≈–√ŸªæÀŸæ®πå ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈à“«∂÷ß ∫ÿ§§≈À√◊ՠˑߢÕß∑’Ë¡’¡“°°«à“ÀπË÷ß ‡™àπ two pens, some teachers 1.2 °“√‡ª≈¬’Ë π§”π“¡„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√ŸªæÀæŸ ®πå 1.2.1 ‡µ¡‘ çsé À≈ß— §”π“¡∑«—Ë ‰ª ‡™πà book books size sizes 1.2.2 ‡µ‘¡ ç-esé À≈ß— §”π“¡∑≈’Ë ß∑⓬¥«â ¬ s, ss, ch, sh, x À√◊Õ z ‡™πà gas gases class classes watch watches dish dishes box boxes quiz quizes

Nouns 7 1.2.3 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”∑≈Ë’ ß∑“â ¬¥«â ¬ o ·≈–Àπ“â o ‡ªìπæ¬≠— ™π–„À⇵¡‘ çesé ‡™πà potato potatoes mango mangoes buffalo buffaloes 1.2.4 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”∑≈Ë’ ß∑“â ¬¥«â ¬ o ·≈–Àπ“â o ‡ªìπ √–§Õ◊ a, e, i, o, u „À‡â µ‘¡ çsé ‡™πà radio radios bamboo bamboos 1.2.5 §”¬°‡«πâ §”∑≈’Ë ß∑“â ¬¥«â ¬ o ·≈–Àπ“â o ‡ªπì æ¬≠— ™π–„À⇵¡‘ çsé ‡™πà kilo kilos piano pianos casino casinos photo photos zero zeros 1.2.6 §”π“¡∑Ë’≈ß∑⓬¥â«¬ y ·≈–Àπâ“ y ‡ªπì æ¬≠— ™π–„À‡â ª≈¬Ë’ π y ‡ªπì i ·≈«â ‡µ¡‘ çesé

8  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR ‡™πà country countries lady ladies study studies 1.2.7 §”π“¡∑≈Ë’ ß∑“â ¬¥«â ¬ y ·≈–Àπ“â y ‡ªπì  √–„À‡â µ¡‘ çsé ‡™πà day days valley valleys key keys 1.2.8 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”∑’Ë≈ß∑“â ¬¥«â ¬ f À√◊Õ fe „À⇪≈’¬Ë π f À√Õ◊ fe ‡ªìπ v ·≈«â ‡µ‘¡ çesé ‡™πà shelf shelves life lives knife knives 1.2.9 §”¬°‡«â𠧔∑’Ë≈ß∑⓬¥â«¬ f À√◊Õ fe ·≈–Àπâ“ f À√◊Õ fe ‡ªìπ √– „À‡â µ‘¡ çsé ‡™πà roof roofs proof proofs

Nouns 9 safe safes chief chiefs cliff cliffs 1.2.10 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”‡¡Õ◊Ë ‡ªπì √ªŸ æÀæŸ ®π®å – ‡ª≈’¬Ë π√Ÿª‰ª ‡™πà child children woman women mouse mice 1.2.11 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”¡’√Ÿª‡À¡◊Õπ°—π∑È—ß√Ÿª ‡Õ°æ®π·å ≈–æÀŸæ®πå ‡™πà fish fish sheep sheep salmon salmon 1.2.12 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”√Ÿª‡Õ°æ®πå ·µà„™â Õ¬“à ßæÀæŸ ®πå ‡™πà people ª√–™“™π police µ”√«® cattle Ωߟ «—«À√Õ◊ §«“¬

10  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 1.2.13 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”√ŸªæÀŸæ®πå ·≈–„™â Õ¬“à ßæÀæŸ ®π几¡Õ ‡™πà goods  π‘ §“â trousers °“߇°ß¢“¬“« arms Õ“«ÿ∏ 1.3 §”π“¡∑π’Ë ∫— ‰¥∑â ¡Ë’ √’ ªŸ ‡ªπì ‡Õ°æ®π¡å °— ‰¡Õà ¬µŸà “¡ ≈”æ—ß·µà®–¡’ determiner ‡™àπ a, the, another, every ‡™πà Weûve killed a pig. He was eating another apple. 1.4 §”π“¡∑πË’ ∫— ‰¥Õâ ¬„Ÿà π√ªŸ æÀæŸ ®πåÕ“®¡À’ √Õ◊ ‰¡¡à ’ determiner °‰Á ¥â À“°°≈“à «∂ß÷  ß‘Ë ¢ÕßÀ√Õ◊ §π„𠧫“¡À¡“¬∑Ë—«‰ª ‰¡µà Õâ ß¡’ determiner ‡™πà Does the hotel have large rooms ? The film is not suitable for children. À“°¡°’ “√°≈“à «√–∫™ÿ ™’È ¥— ≈߉ª §”π“¡æÀæŸ ®πå ∑Ë’π—∫‰¥â®–µâÕß¡’ determiner

Nouns 11 ‡™πà These cats are pretty. Our computers are very expensive. 1.5 ‡¡Ë◊Õ§”π“¡π—∫‰¥â‡ªìπª√–∏“π¢Õß°√‘¬“„π ª√–‚¬§ππÈ— §”π“¡‡Õ°æ®πå πÈπ— µâÕß„™â°√¬‘ “ ‡Õ°æ®πå·≈–∂“â §”π“¡ππÈ— ‡ªπì æÀæŸ ®πµå Õâ ß„™â °√¬‘ “æÀæŸ ®πå My son likes playing football. The address on the letter was wrong. 2. §”π“¡π∫— ‰¡‰à ¥â (Uncountable Nouns) 2.1 §”π“¡π∫— ‰¡‰à ¥π⠉Ȓ ¡ à “¡“√∂π∫— ‰¥‚â ¥¬µ√ß ®– ¡≈’ —°…≥–‡ªìππ“¡∏√√¡ ‰¥â·°à coal food ice iron rice water pride relief life fun courage cruelty beauty steel death etc. 2.2 §”π“¡π∫— ‰¡‰à ¥®â –‰¡¡à √’ ªŸ æÀæŸ ®πå(‡µ¡‘ s ‰¡‰à ¥)â I needed help with my homework. 2.3 §”π“¡π∫— ‰¡à‰¥â∫“ߧ”≈ß∑“â ¬¥«â ¬ s ‡À¡Õ◊ 𠧔π“¡æÀæŸ ®ππå —∫‰¥â ‡™àπ

12  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR Mathematics Physics Athletics Gymnastics cards darts measles mumps 2.4 ‡¡◊ÕË §”π“¡π∫— ‰¡à‰¥â∑”Àπ“â ∑’‡Ë ªπì ª√–∏“πµÕâ ß „™â°√¬‘ “‡Õ°æ®πå ‡™πà Electricity is dangerous. 2.5 §”π“¡π—∫‰¡à‰¥â®–‰¡à¡’ a π”Àπ“â They resent having to pay money to people like me. 2.6 ®–‰¡à¡’‡≈¢®”π«ππ—∫π”Àπ“â ·µàÕ“®„™§â ”∑¡’Ë ’ §«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ߪ√‘¡“≥π”Àπâ“ ‡™πà some any much a little most almost À¡“¬‡Àµÿ Õ“À“√À√Õ◊ ‡§√Õ‘Ë◊ ߥ¡Ë◊ Õ“®¡§’ ”∫Õ°ª√¡‘ “≥‰¥â ‡™πà Do you like coffee ? (π∫— ‰¡à‰¥â) We would like two cups of coffee. (π—∫‰¥)â

Nouns 13 ·≈–„™â°—∫ a lot of a glass of a bar of packets of a piece of a bit of a loaf of 2.7 §”π“¡∫“ߧ”‡ªìπ§”π“¡π—∫‰¡à‰¥â‡¡Ë◊Õ°≈à“« ‚¥¬∑«—Ë ‰ª·µ‡à ¡Õ◊Ë °≈“à «‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡®“–®ß®–‡ªπì §”π“¡π∫— ‰¥â ‡™àπ Victory was now assured. (π∫— ‰¡à‰¥)â In 1960, the party won a convincing victory. (π∫— ‰¥)â Unit 2 ∆

14  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR §”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å (Adjectives) D Adjectives ‡ªπì §”∑‡’Ë √“π”¡“¢¬“¬§”π“¡À√Õ◊ §”  √√æπ“¡°Á‰¥â ‡æË◊Õ· ¥ß∂÷ß≈°— …≥– §≥ÿ  ¡∫—µÀ‘ √Õ◊ ®”π«π ¢Õßπ“¡ ™π¥‘ ¢Õß Adjectives ∑Ëπ’ Õâ ß Ê „™∫â àÕ¬¡’∑È—ßÀ¡¥ 8 ™π‘¥ §Õ◊ D 1. Descriptive Adjective §◊Õ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å∑’ËπâÕß„™â∫Õ°∂÷ß≈—°…≥– §ÿ≥¿“æ ¢π“¥  ’ √ªŸ √à“ß ¢Õߧ”π“¡∑’¡Ë —πª√–°Õ∫ ‡™àπ good ¥’ bad ‡≈« big „À≠à

Adjectives 15 small ‡≈Á° clean  –Õ“¥ dirty  °ª√° beautiful  «¬ ugly ¢È’‡À≈à old ·°à new „À¡à rich √«¬ poor ®π ‡™πà Methinee is beautiful. Paradorn is a good tennis player. This house is very big. ‡√“¡À’ ≈°— °“√‡√¬’ ß≈”¥∫— §”§≥ÿ »æ— ∑å‡æÕË◊ √«¡‡ªπì ª√–‚¬§ ‰¥¥â ß— πÈ’ 1. ∂â“¡§’ ”∑∫Ë’ Õ°∑Ë’¡“ « — ¥ÿ  ’ ®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å §”π“¡ ‡√“ “¡“√∂‡√¬’ ß„À⇪ìπª√–‚¬§ ¥—ßπÈ’ §”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å ∑Ë’¡“ « — ¥ÿ ®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å §”π“¡ ∑’Ë∫Õ° ’ black England leather sport shirt yellow New Zealand silk business tie

16  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 2. ∂â“¡’§”∑∫Ë’ Õ°¢π“¥ §«“¡ Ÿß §«“¡¬“« ‡√“®– µâÕßπ”¡“«“߉«âÀπ“â  ’ ∑’¡Ë “ «— ¥ÿ ®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å §”π“¡ ¥—ßπÈ’ a big red car a thin white ruler 3. ∂“â ¡’§”«“à first, second, last À√◊Õ next ‡√“®– µÕâ ßπ”¡“«“߉«Àâ π“â ®”π«ππ∫— ‡™àπ the first three weeks the next two cars 2. Proper Adjective §◊Õ§”∑’∫Ë ßà ∫Õ°∂ß÷ ‡™◊ÕÈ ™“µ‘ ‡ªìπ§”»æ— ∑∑å ’¡Ë “®“°™◊ËÕ ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»À√◊Õ∑Ë’‡ªìπ§”π“¡ ‡™πà Noun Adjectives Thailand Thai §π‰∑¬ Japan Japaneses §π≠’˪Éÿπ China Chinese §π®’π England English §πÕ—ß°ƒ… Spain Spanish §π ‡ªπ ‡™πà The English language is used by every nation.

Adjectives 17 3. Quantitative Adjective §Õ◊ §”∑∫’Ë Õ°∂ß÷ ª√¡‘ “≥ «“à §”π“¡∑¢Ë’ ¬“¬ππÈ— ¡¡’ “° πÕâ ¬‡∑“à „¥ ‡™àπ some ∫“â ß much ¡“° little πÕâ ¬ enough ‡æ¬’ ßæÕ all ∑—ßÈ À¡¥ no ‰¡à¡’ any ∫“â ß whole ∑—ßÈ À¡¥ ‡™πà Give me some fruit. I do not have enough money. 4. Numberal Adjective §Õ◊ §”∑Ë∫’ Õ°®”π«ππ—∫ ≈”¥∫— ∑’Ë ·≈–®”π«π∑Ë’‰¡à ·ππà Õπ 4.1 ®”π«ππ∫— ‰¥·â °à one, two, three, four, five ..... 4.2 ≈”¥∫— ∑’Ë ‰¥·â °à first, second, third, fourth, fifth ..... ‡™πà He is the second son. 4.3 ®”π«π∑Ë’‰¡·à πàπÕπ ‰¥â·°à ‡™πà Some roses are double. many ¡“° much ¡“°

18  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR double ∑Èß—  Õß few / a few πÕâ ¬,®”π«ππÕâ ¬, Õß “¡ several À≈“¬ a little / little ‡≈°Á πâÕ¬ all ∑—ßÈ À¡¥ no ‰¡à¡’ some ∫“â ß enough ‡æ¬’ ßæÕ I have two cats. I like some vegetable. 5. Demonstrative Adjective ‡ªì𧔻—æ∑噒ȇ©æ“– ‡æ◊ËÕ∫Õ°„Àâ‡√“∑√“∫«à“ ‡√“ À¡“¬∂ß÷ §”π“¡„¥ ‰¥·â °à this (π)È’ „™°â ∫— §”π“¡‡Õ°æ®π∑å Õ’Ë ¬„Ÿà °≈â that (πÈ—π) „™°â ∫— §”π“¡‡Õ°æ®π∑å Õ’Ë ¬‰àŸ °≈ these (‡À≈“à π)’È „™â°∫— §”π“¡æÀæŸ ®πå∑Ë’Õ¬Ÿ„à °≈â those (‡À≈à“π—πÈ ) „™°â ∫— §”π“¡æÀæŸ ®π∑å ÕË’ ¬‰Ÿà °≈ This is my car. Those dogs are theirs.

Adjectives 19 6. Possessive Adjective ‡ªì𧔧ÿ≥»—æ∑å∑Ë’„™â· ¥ß§«“¡‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß ‡√“ ®–µÕâ ß«“߉«âÀπ“â §”π“¡∑ˇ’ √“µâÕß°“√∫√√¬“¬ ‰¥·â °à my ¢Õß©—π her ¢Õ߇∏Õ his ¢Õ߇¢“ its ¢Õß¡—π your ¢Õߧÿ≥ our ¢Õßæ«°‡√“ their ¢Õ߇¢“‡À≈à“π—Èπ This is my car. Your pen is under the chair. 7. Interrogative Adjective ‡ªì𧔧ÿ≥»—æ∑å∫Õ°§”∂“¡„™â«“߉«âÀπ⓪√–‚¬§ ·≈–µ“¡¥â«¬§”π“¡∑‡’Ë √“µâÕß°“√∂“¡∂ß÷ ‰¥·â °à what which whose ‡™πà Which way shall we go ?

20  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 8. Distributive Adjective ‡ªì𧔧ÿ≥»—æ∑å∑Ë’‡√“„™â·∫àß·¬°π“¡ÕÕ°®“°°—𠇪πì °≈¡àÿ Ê ‡ªπì ™Èπ‘ À√◊Õ‡ªìπÕ—π ‰¥·â °à each every either neither ‡™πà Either side is a narrow lane. Neither accusation is true. «∏‘ „’ ™â Adjective ∑π’Ë Õâ ß Ê  “¡“√∂𔉪„™„â πª√–‚¬§ ‰¥¡â ¥’ ß— πÈ’ D 1. ‡√“ “¡“√∂π” Adjective ‰ª‰«Àâ πⓧ”π“¡∑Ë’‡√“ µâÕß°“√¢¬“¬‚¥¬µ√ß ‡™πà - It is a white dog. adj. n. - There is a young lady in a beautiful garden. adj. n. adj. n. 2. ‡√“π”¡“«“߉«âÀ≈—ß verb to be À√◊Õµ“¡À≈—ߧ” °√‘¬“µàÕ‰ªπÈ’

Adjectives 21 look, feel, seem, get, taste, smell, go keep, become, sound, appear etc. ‚¥¬§”‡À≈à“πÈ’®–∑” Àπ“â ∑Ë¢’ ¬“¬ª√–∏“π„πª√–‚¬§πÈ—π ‡™àπ - Fried rice tasted good. - You look smart today. 3. Adjective ∑Ë’‡√“𔉪¢¬“¬§” √√æπ“¡‡À≈à“πÈ’ ‡√“®–µâÕß𔉪‰«â¢“â ßÀ≈—ß ‡™πà someone everybody anything somebody everything no one something everywhere nothing ‡™πà - She had something special. 4. Adjective µÈ—ß·µà 2 µ—«¢÷Èπ‰ª∑’ˇ√“π”¡“¢¬“¬ §”π“¡µ«— ‡¥¬’ « ‡√“ “¡“√∂«“߉«Àâ π“â À√Õ◊ À≈ß— §”π“¡ππ—È °‰Á ¥â ·µ«à “à ‡√“®–µÕâ ßπ” çandé ¡“§π—Ë ‰«Àâ π“â Adjective µ«—  ¥ÿ ∑“â ¬ ‡ ¡Õ ‡™àπ - Her son has a dog new, big and brown. Unit 3 ∆

22  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR §”°√¬‘ “ (Verbs) D §”°√‘¬“ (Verbs) §◊Õ §”∑Ë’„™â· ¥ß∂÷ß°“√°√–∑” À√◊Õ°“√∂Ÿ°°√–∑”¢Õߧ”∑’ˇªìπª√–∏“π À√◊Õ Õ¥·∑√°‡¢â“¡“ ‡æÕ◊Ë ∑”Àπ“â ∑™Ë’ «à ¬°√¬‘ “µ«— ÕπË◊ „À„â ®§«“¡™¥— ‡®π„π‡√Õ◊Ë ß°“≈‡«≈“ ·≈–Õ“√¡≥å ´÷ßË ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªπì 5 ™π¥‘ §Õ◊ 1. Transitive Verb ( °√√¡°√‘¬“) §◊Õ °√‘¬“∑Ë’µâÕß°“√°√√¡¡“√Õß√—∫ ‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡  ¡∫√Ÿ ≥å¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ ‡™àπ buy write speak hit kick look at order open close wash ‡™πà My father gave me some money. He looks at that dog.

Verbs 23 2. Intransitive Verb (Õ°√√¡°√‘¬“) §Õ◊ °√¬‘ “∑‰’Ë ¡µà Õâ ß°“√°√√¡√Õß√—∫ °Á ¡∫Ÿ√≥¥å «â ¬ °√¬‘ “‡Õß ‡™àπ go come run sleep sit stand fly dance inhale exhale ‡™πà Mary goes to Paris. 3. Finite Verb (°√¬‘ “·∑)â §◊Õ °√‘¬“∑’Ë„™â‡ªìπ à«π ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‚¬§ ´Ë÷ß∑ÿ° ª√–‚¬§®”‡ªìπµâÕß¡’°√‘¬“À≈—° À√◊Õ Finite Verb ´÷Ëß®– ‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ªµ“¡ª√–∏“π·≈–°“≈‡«≈“ ‡™πà He walks to school. He walked to school. (‡¢“‡¥π‘ ¡“‚√߇√¬’ π) (‡¢“‡¥π‘ ¡“‚√߇√¬’ π·≈«â ) He is walking to school. (‡¢“°”≈—߇¥‘π¡“‚√߇√¬’ π) 4. Non-Finite Verb (°√¬‘ “‰¡·à ∑)â Non-Finite Verb §Õ◊ °√¬‘ “‰¡·à ∑â π”¡“∑”Àπ“â ∑‡’Ë ªπì Noun, Adjective ·≈– Adverb ·∫ßà ‡ªπì 3 ™π¥‘ §Õ◊ Infinitive, Gerund ·≈– Participle

24  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 4.1 Infinitive §◊Õ °√¬‘ “∑¡Ë’ ’ to π”Àπ“â (to π” Àπ“â °√¬‘ “ Simple Form) ‡™πà to go, to work, to play, to buy etc. À√◊Õ®–‰¡¡à ’ to π”Àπâ“ °‰Á ¥â „π°√≥∑’ ª’Ë √–‚¬§ππÈ— ¡°’ √¬‘ “·∑∑⠵˒ Õâ ß°“√ Infinitive ∑ˉ’ ¡¡à ’ to (Infinitive without to) ‡™πà Let me go! go ‡ªπì Infinitive without to ‡æ√“– µ“¡À≈—ß°√‘¬“ let ‚¥¬∑«Ë— ‰ª Infinitive À¡“¬∂ß÷ Form (√ªŸ ) ¢Õß Verb ™π¥‘ Àπß÷Ë ∑„Ë’ ™„â πª√–‚¬§∑¡Ë’ °’ √¬‘ “µßÈ— ·µà 2 µ«— ¢πÈ÷ ‰ª °√¬‘ “µ«— ∑Ë’ 2 ®–µâÕß¡’√Ÿª‡ªπì Infinitive „𧫓¡À¡“¬¢Õß çin order toé  à«π®–¡’ to À√Õ◊ ‰¡àπ—Èπ ¢πÈ÷ Õ¬Ÿ°à ∫— °√‘¬“µ«— ∑’ÕË ¬àŸ¢â“ßÀπâ“ µ“¡ª°µ°‘ √¬‘ “µ«— ∑Ë’ 2 „π·µ≈à –ª√–‚¬§®–µÕâ ßπ”Àπ“â ¥«â ¬ to Infinitive ¡’¢âÕ¬°‡«πâ ∑’‰Ë ¡µà Õâ ß„™â to π”Àπâ“°√‘¬“µ—«∑Ë’ 2 „π °√≥’∑’µË “¡À≈—ß°√¬‘ “µÕà ‰ªπ’È §◊Õ let feel hear watch see help make observe ‚¥¬®–¡’√ªŸ ª√–‚¬§∑«Ë— Ê ‰ª‡ªìπ

Verbs 25 Subject + } let + Object + Simple Form feel helphear watch observe }see make ‡™πà I let him go. °√¬‘ “∑„Ë’ ™°â ∫— Infinitive ·∫ßà ÕÕ°‡ªπì 3 °≈¡ÿà §Õ◊ 1. Verb + Infinitive 2. Verb + Pronoun (Noun) + Infinitive 3. Verb + Infinitive ·≈– Verb + Pronoun (Noun) + Infinitive - Verb + Infinitive ‰¥â·°à°√‘¬“∑’˵“¡¥â«¬ Infinitive ¡¥’ ß— πÈ’§◊Õ care decide forget hope deserve endeavor learn mean

26  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR - Verb + Pronoun (Noun) + Infinitive ‰¥â·°à °√¬‘ “ 2 µ—« ∑¡Ë’ ’ √√æπ“¡À√Õ◊ π“¡§—Ëπ°√¬‘ “µ—«Àπ“â ‡ªìπ°√¬‘ “ „π°≈ÿà¡π’È °√‘¬“µ—«∑Ë’µ“¡¡“´Ë÷ßÕ¬àŸÀ≈—ߧ” √√æπ“¡À√◊Õπ“¡ ®–‡ªπì Infinitive ¡’¥—ßπ’È §Õ◊ advise cause encourage force get instruct invite oblige order persuade remind teach tell urge warm etc. - Verb + Infinitive ·≈– Verb + Pronoun (noun) + Infinitive ‰¥â·°à°√‘¬“∑Ë’®–µ“¡¥â«¬ Infinitive ‡≈¬À√◊Õ®–¡’ §” √√æπ“¡ À√◊Õπ“¡§Ë—π·≈⫵“¡¥«â ¬ Infinitive °‰Á ¥â §◊Õ ‡ªπì ‰¥∑â Èß— 2 ·∫∫ ¥ß— π§È’ Õ◊ ask beg expect promise want wish 4.2 Gerund §Õ◊ °√¬‘ “√Ÿª - ing Form ∑µ’Ë “¡À≈—ß Preposition (∫æÿ ∫∑) ¡À’ π“â ∑‡’Ë ªπì °√√¡¢Õß ∫æÿ ∫∑‡æÕË◊ ¢¬“¬§«“¡„πª√–‚¬§„À™â ¥— ‡®π¢πÈ÷ ‡™πà After finishing my shopping, I went home. (finishing ‡ªπì °√√¡¢Õß∫ÿæ∫∑ after)

Verbs 27 ‚¥¬ª°µ‘§”∑’ËÕ¬àŸÀ≈—ߧ”∫ÿæ∫∑®–µâÕ߇ªìπ§”π“¡ À≈—ß √√æπ“¡ ‡æ√“–∑”Àπâ“∑Ë’‡ªìπ°√√¡µ“¡À≈—ß∫ÿæ∫∑ ¥—ßπÈ—π§”°√‘¬“®–µ“¡À≈—ߧ”∫ÿæ∫∑‡≈¬‰¡à‰¥â πÕ°®“°®–∑” „À⇪πì Gerund (- ing Form) ¢âÕ§«√®” F ¡’§”°√‘¬“Õ¬àŸ°≈àÿ¡Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë®–µâÕß µ“¡¥â«¬°√‘¬“∑’Ë¡√’ ªŸ -ing Form ‡ ¡Õ ·≈–®–‰¡à„™â Infinitive µ“¡À≈ß— °√‘¬“°≈à¡ÿ π’È ‰¥â·°à enjoy avoid risk stop finish insist on consider give up suggest admit detest escape get through resist imagine keep recent miss postpone practice appreciate deny quit πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’°√‘¬“Õ’°°≈ÿà¡Àπ÷Ëß∑’˵“¡‰¥â¥â«¬∑—Èß °√¬‘ “ -ing Form ·≈–°√¬‘ “ Infinitive °√‘¬“°≈à¡ÿ πÈ’‰¥â·°à begin continue dislike dread prefer intend like neglect plan start 4.3 Participle ‡ªπì Verb ∑‡’Ë µ¡‘ ing ·≈– ed À√Õ◊ Verb ™àÕß∑Ë’ 3

28  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 4.3.1 -ed Form ‰¥·â °à °√¬‘ “™Õà ß∑’Ë 3 ∑Ë’„™â°—∫ Perfect Tense ´÷ßË ¡’∑—È߇µ¡‘ -ed ‡™àπ worked, helped ·≈–‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª‰ª‡≈¬ ‡™àπ go ‡ªìπ gone ‡ªìπµâπ 4.3.2 -ing Form ‰¥â·°à °√‘¬“ Simple Form ∑’ˇµ‘¡ -ing ‡™àπ walking, working πÕ°®“°®–„™â°—∫ Progressive Tense ·≈«â ¬ß— „™‡â ªπì Present Participle ·≈– Gerund ´Ë÷ß∑”Àπâ“∑Ë’§≈⓬§”π“¡ ‰¥¥â ⫬ ‡™πà Verbs ∑Ë’µ“¡À≈—ß feel, hear, see ·≈– watch πÕ°®“°®–‡ªìπ Infinitive without to ·≈⫬—ßµ“¡¥â«¬ Present Participle ‰¥Õâ °’ ¥â«¬ Subject + } hear}feel + Object + Present Participle see watch

Verbs 29 5. Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary Verb À√Õ◊ Helping verb §Õ◊ °√¬‘ “π‡ÿ §√“–Àå À√◊Õ°√‘¬“™à«¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇪ìπª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡ ª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏ À√◊Õ∫Õ°°“≈‡«≈“ ·≈–°“√§“¥§–‡π ¥—ßπ’È Verb to be = is, am, are, was, were Verb to have = has, have, had Verb to do = do, does, did, done = will, would = shall, should = can, could = may, might = must = need (‡ªìπ‰¥â∑È—ß°√‘¬“·∑â·≈– °√¬‘ “™«à ¬) = dare = ought to = used to Unit 4 ∆

30  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR §”°√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥å (Adverbs) D §”°√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥å(Adverbs)‡ªπì §”∑∫’Ë Õ°√“¬≈–‡Õ¬’ ¥ ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‡°Ë’¬«°—∫§”°√‘¬“À√◊Õ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å §”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªπì 5 ª√–‡¿∑À≈°— ‰¥·â °à 1. Adverb of Manner §◊Õ °≈àÿ¡§”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å∑’Ë∫√√¬“¬«à“ °√‘¬“π—Èπ ‡°¥‘ ¢π÷È „π≈°— …≥–„¥ ‡ªπì §”∑„’Ë ™µâ Õ∫§”∂“¡ çhowé µ«— Õ¬“à ß ¢Õߧ” Adverb of Manner ‡™πà beautifully carefully slowly softly fast quickly happily bravely hard well

Adverbs 31  «à π¡“° Adverb of manner ·≈– Adverb of degree ∫“ßµ«— ¡√’ ªŸ øÕ√¡å ¡“®“° Adjective ‚¥¬°“√‡µ¡‘ -ly ≈ß∑“â ¬§” Adjective π—Èπ‡™àπ slow - slowly grave - gravely bad - badly ¢Õâ  —߇°µ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫°“√‡µ¡‘ -ly 1. ∂“â Adjective ≈ß∑“â ¬¥«â ¬ çyé „À‡â ª≈¬’Ë π y ‡ªπì i ·≈⫇µ‘¡ -ly ‡™àπ dry - drily ready - readily merry - merrily 2. ∂“â Adjective ≈ß∑“â ¬¥«â ¬ çeé „À‡â µ¡‘ -ly ‰¥‡â ≈¬ ‡™πà extreme - extremely sincere - sincerely ‡«πâ ·µà F true - truly due - duly whole - wholly

32  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR 3. ∂“â Adjective ≈ß∑“â ¬¥«â ¬ able , ible „Àâµ¥— çeé ∑ßÈ‘ ·≈«â ‡µ‘¡ çyé ‡™àπ sensible - sensibly capable - capably simple - simply 4. ∂“â Adjective ≈ß∑⓬¥«â ¬ -ic „À⇵‘¡ -ally ‡™πà automatic - automatically ironic - ironically drastic - drastically 5. ∂â“ Adjective ≈ß∑⓬¥«â ¬ l ·≈– l ππÈ— µ“¡À≈ß—  √–°Õà π‡µ¡‘ -y „À‡â µ¡‘ l Õ°’ µ«— ‡™πà final - finally beautiful - beautifully ¢âÕ¬°‡«âπ D 1. Adverb ¢Õß good §Õ◊ well 2. §” Adjective ∑≈Ë’ ß∑“â ¬¥«â ¬ ly Õ¬“à ߇™πà friendly, lovely, lonely, likely, lowly ‰¡¡à ’√ªŸ ∑ˇ’ ªìπ Adverb ¥—ßπ—πÈ ∂â“®–„™â§”‡À≈à“πÈ’ ®÷ßµâÕß„™â Adverb À√◊Õ Adverb phrase Õ◊Ëπ·∑𠇙àπ

Adverbs 33 likely (adj.) - probably (adv.) 3. §”∑ˇ’ ªπì ‰¥â∑È—ß Adjective ·≈– Adverb §◊Õ high low deep near far fast hard early late much little leisurely kindly wide last very loud wrong 4. §” Adverbs highly, lowly, deeply, nearly, hardly, lately ´Ë÷ß¡“®“° Adjective ‡À≈à“π’È ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬ ·§∫°«à“ Adjective √ªŸ ‡¥‘¡¢Õß¡—𠇙πà highly „™„â 𧫓¡ √Ÿâ ÷°·∫∫π“¡∏√√¡‡∑à“π—È𠇙πà He was highly placed. (He had an important of him.) They spoke very highly of him. (À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√查¬°¬àÕß„πµ«— ‡¢“) lowly = humble =  ¿ÿ “æ, ∂àÕ¡µ«— nearly = almost = ‡°◊Õ∫®– lately = recently = ‡¡Õ◊Ë ‡√Á« Ê π’È deeply =  à«π„À≠„à ™°â —∫§«“¡√ Ÿâ °÷ 5. warmly, hotly, coolly, coldly, presently, shortly, scarely ·≈– barely ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬µà“ß®“°§” Adjective ‡¥‘¡¢Õß¡π— ‡™àπ

34  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR She welcomed me warmly. (warmly = in a friendly way) À≈àÕπµÕâ π√—∫©π— Õ¬“à ßÕ∫Õπÿà (‡ªìπ°—π‡Õߥ’) µ”·Àπßà ¢Õß Adverbs of manner ‡™πà quickly, bravely, happily, hard, fast, well etc. µ“¡ª°µ«‘ “߉«Àâ ≈ß— °√√¡µ√ß (Direct Object) À√Õ◊ «“߉«Àâ ≈—ß°√¬‘ “ (Verb) ‡™àπ She speaks English well. He walks quickly. 2. Adverb of Place §◊Õ°≈àÿ¡§”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å∑Ë’µÕ∫§”∂“¡ çWhereé ‡ªπì §”«≈∑’ Ë’Õ∏‘∫“¬‡æ¡Ë‘ ‡µ¡‘ «“à °√¬‘ “∑’æË Ÿ¥∂÷߇°‘¥¢πÈ÷ ∑’ˉÀ𠇙πà çhereé, çthereé ‡ªìπµâ𠵫— Õ¬“à ß My uncle lives here. John left your books over there. §”°√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥å çhereé ∫Õ° ∂“π∑‡’Ë °¥‘ ¢Õß°√¬‘ “ çliveé §”°√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥å çthereé ∫Õ° ∂“π∑‡Ë’ °¥‘ ¢Õß°√¬‘ “ çlefté

Adverbs 35 §”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥åª√–‡¿∑πÈ’®–«“ß„πµ”·Àπà“À≈—ß §”°√¬‘ “‡ ¡Õ µ”·ÀπàߢÕß Adverbs of place ‡™πà hear, there, everywhere, up, down, near, by Adverb of place ®–«“߉«Àâ ≈ß— °√√¡µ√ßÀ√Õ◊ À≈ß— °√¬‘ “ ‡™πà He looked everywhere. They built the house here. À¡“¬‡Àµÿ 1. ∂â“„πª√–‚¬§¡’ Adverb of manner Õ¬¥Ÿà ⫬ Adverb of place ®–Õ¬Ÿµà “¡À≈—ß ‡™àπ He played well there. 2. nowhere  «à π„À≠à„™â„π°“√µÕ∫ È—π Ê ‡™àπ Where are you going ? Nowhere (Iûm not going anywhere.) 3. Adverbs of Time §Õ◊ °≈¡ÿà §”°√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥∑å ‡’Ë ªπì §”µÕ∫ ”À√∫— §”∂“¡ çwhené ‡ªìπ§”À√◊Õ«≈∑’ ∫Ë’ Õ°«à“°√‘¬“∑’Ë楟 ‡°¥‘ ¢Èπ÷ ‡¡Õ◊Ë ‰√ ‡™πà çyesterdayé, çlast nighté ‡ªπì µâ𠵫— Õ¬“à ß I went swimming yesterday. Jenny had dinner with Mike last night.

36  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR §”°√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥å çyesterdayé ∫Õ°«“à °√¬‘ “ çwenté ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡Ë◊Õ«“ππÈ’ §”°√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥å çlast nighté ∫Õ°«“à °√¬‘ “ çhadé ‡°¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ ‡¡Õ◊Ë §π◊ πÈ’ µ—«Õ¬“à ߢÕߧ”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥åª√–‡¿∑π’È ‰¥·â °à last month, tomorrow, next week, today, next day, next wednesday ≈—°…≥–摇»…¢Õߧ”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥åª√–‡¿∑πÈ’ §◊Õ πÕ°®“°®–«“ßÕ¬Ÿà„πµ”·Àπàß∑⓬ª√–‚¬§·≈â« ¬—ß “¡“√∂ «“߉«Àâ π“â ª√–‚¬§‰¥¥â «â ¬ ‡™πà Yesterday I went swimming. Last night Jenny had dinner with Mike. µ”·ÀπàߢÕß Adverbs of time ‡™πà now, soon, yet, still, then, today µ“¡ª°µ‘«“߉«âµÕπµâπª√–‚¬§À√◊Õ∑⓬ª√–‚¬§ À√Õ◊ ∑⓬ clause ·µπà ‘¬¡«“߉«â∑⓬ª√–‚¬§¡“°°«“à yet ·≈– still „™â·µ°µ“à ß°—π‡≈°Á πÕâ ¬ §◊Õ - yet «“߉«â∑“â ¬ª√–‚¬§ ¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬«“à ç¬ß— é  à«π„À≠à„™â°—∫ª√–‚¬§ªØ‘‡ ∏À√◊Õª√–‚¬§§”∂“¡ ·µà®–‰¡à „™â°∫— ª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈“à ‡™àπ

Adverbs 37 He left home at seven and hasnût returned yet. (‡¢“ÕÕ°®“°∫“â π‰ªµß—È ·µ‡à ®¥Á π“Ã°î “·≈–¬ß— ‰¡°à ≈∫— ¡“‡≈¬) The shop isnût open yet. (√“â π§â“¬—߉¡‡à ªî¥‡≈¬) - still ®–«“߉«Àâ π“â °√¬‘ “ (Verb) ·µµà “¡À≈ß— Verb to be ‡™πà Pook still dislikes him. (ªÿÖ°¬ß— §ß‰¡™à Õ∫‡¢“) Nid is still in bed. (‡¢“¬—ߧßπÕπÕ¬à∫Ÿ π‡µ¬’ ß) 4. Adverbs of Frequency §◊Õ°≈ÿࡧ”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å∑Ë’„™âµÕ∫§”∂“¡ çhow oftené ‡ªìπ°≈ÿࡧ”∑’Ë∫Õ°§«“¡∂’Ë„π°“√‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¢Õß°√‘¬“∑’Ë æ¥Ÿ ∂÷ß ‡™πà çalwaysé çsometimesé ‡™πà Jack always get up at 6.30 a.m. I sometimes play football on Sunday. §”°√¬‘ “«‡‘ »…≥å çalwaysé ∫Õ°§«“¡∂¢Ë’ Õß°√¬‘ “ çget upé «à“‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ¬“à ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ

38  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR §”°√‘¬“«‡‘ »…≥å çsometimesé ∫Õ°§«“¡∂’Ë∑’‡Ë °¥‘ ¢È÷π¢Õß°√‘¬“ çplayé «à“‡°‘¥¢È÷π∫“ߧ√—Èß∫“ߧ√“« πÕ°®“° §”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å°≈àÿ¡πÈ’®–¡’™Ë◊Õ‡√’¬°«à“ çAdverbs of Frequencyé ·≈â« ∫“ߧ√—ÈßÕ“®‡√’¬°«à“ çMid-position Adverbsé ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡—°π‘¬¡«“߉«â¿“¬„πª√–‚¬§¡“°°«à“∑’Ë ®–Õ¬„àŸ πµ”·ÀπàßÀπ⓪√–‚¬§À√Õ◊ ∑“â ¬ª√–‚¬§ µ”·Àπßà ¢Õß Adverbs of Frequency ‡™πà never, often, seldom, usually, rarely, sometimes always ·≈– ever 1. «“߉«Àâ ≈ß— Verb to be ‡™πà He is always on time for school. (‡¢“‰ª‚√߇√’¬πµ√߇«≈“‡ ¡Õ Ê) She is seldom late. (À≈Õà π‰¡§à Õà ¬¡“ “¬) 2. «“߉«Àâ πâ“°√¬‘ “µ«— ÕË◊π Ê ‡™πà I always play Badminton on Wednesday. (©π— ‡≈πà ·∫¥¡π‘ µπ— „π«—πæ∏ÿ ‡ ¡Õ Ê) I sometime drink Green Tea. (∫“ߧ√ß—È ©—π°Á¥¡◊Ë ™“‡¢¬’ «)

Adverbs 39 3. ∂“â ‡ªπì Tense ∑¡’Ë °’ √¬‘ “¡“°°«“à Àπß÷Ë µ«— „À«â “ß ‰«Àâ ≈ß— °√‘¬“™«à ¬µ—«·√° ‡™πà I have hardly begun. He can never understand. You have often been told not to be that. ¢Õâ ¬°‡«âπ F 1. ∂â“„™â°—∫ used to ·≈– have to ¡°— «“ß ‰«¢â â“ßÀπâ“ ‡™πà You hardly have to remind him, he always remember. (§ÿ≥·∑∫®–‰¡µà Õâ ߇µÕ◊ π‡¢“ ‡¢“®”‰¥‡â  ¡Õ) We always used to go there. (‡√“‡§¬‰ª∑πË’ Ë—π‡ ¡Õ Ê) 2. Õ“®®–«“߉«âÀπâ“°√‘¬“™à«¬‰¥â„π°√≥’„™â ‡æ’¬ß≈”æ—ß„π°“√°≈à“«À√◊Õ°“√µÕ∫ §”∂“¡ ‡™πà A : Can you park your car near the shops? B : Yes, I usually can. (§≥ÿ ®Õ¥√∂„°≈â Ê °∫— √“â π§“â ‡À≈“à ππ—È ‰¥√â ‡÷ ª≈“à ? : ‰¥µâ “¡ª°µ©‘ —π°®Á Õ¥∑Ë’πËπ— )

40  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR I know I should take exercise but I never do. (©π— √«âŸ “à ©π— §«√®–ÕÕ°°”≈ß— ∫“â ß·µ©à π— °‰Á ¡‡à §¬∑”) 3. ‡¡◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√‡ππâ ¡°— ®–«“߉«âÀπ“â °√¬‘ “ ™à«¬ ‡™πà I never can remember. (º¡‰¡‡à §¬®”‰¥â‡≈¬ (can ‰¥â√∫— °“√ stressed)) 5. Adverbs of degree ‡ªìπ°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å∑’Ë∫Õ°‡Àµÿº≈„π°“√‡°‘¥¢÷àÈπ¢Õß °√‘¬“∑’Ë查∂÷ß °√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥åª√–‡¿∑πÈ’‡ªì𧔵Õ∫ ”À√—∫ §”∂“¡ çWhyé ‚¥¬®–Õ¬à„Ÿ π√ªŸ «≈’ À√◊Õ clause ∑’Ë¡§’ ”‡™àπ çbecauseéédue toé À√Õ◊ çasé ‡™πà Tom is absent froms school tody because he is ill. µ”·Àπßà ¢Õß Adverbs of degree ‡™πà almost, nearly, quite, just, too, fairly, rather etc. 1. ∂“â „™â¢¬“¬§” Adjective À√◊Õ Adverb µ«— ÕËπ◊ Ê „À⫓߉«Àâ π“â Adjective À√Õ◊ Adverb π—È𠇙πà He was too tired to work. She knows him quite well. The film was rather bad.

Adverbs 41 2. almost, nearly, quite, hardly, scarcely, barely, just etc. „™¢â ¬“¬°√‘¬“‰¥â¥«â ¬ „À⫓߉«Àâ π“â °√‘¬“À≈—° À√Õ◊ À≈ß— °√¬‘ “™«à ¬ ‡™πà She quite understand. (À≈Õà π‡¢â“„®‰¥â¥’∑‡’ ¥’¬«) I can nearly swim. (©π— ‡°◊Õ∫®–«“à ¬πÈ”‰¥â·≈«â ) She is just going. (À≈àÕπ‡æË‘ß®–°”≈—߉ª) 3. enough «“߉«â¢â“ßÀ≈ß— Adjective À√◊Õ Adverb ∑’Ë¡π— ¢¬“¬ ‡™πà The room isnût big enough. (ÀâÕ߉¡à„À≠àæÕ) They work quickly enough. (æ«°‡¢“∑”ß“π‰¥‡â √Á«æÕ¥Ÿ) 4. only «“߉«Àâ π“â §”∑¡Ë’ π— ¢¬“¬ (√–«ß— §«“¡À¡“¬) ‡™πà She had only two pens. (¡‰’ ¡¡à “°°«“à  Õß) She only lent the car. (‰¡à‰¥â„À≪‡≈¬ ‡æ’¬ß ·µ„à À¬â ¡◊ )

42  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR She lent the car to me only. (À≈àÕπ„À⬡◊ √∂‰¥â‡©æ“–©π— ) I believed only half of what he said. (©—π‡™ÕË◊ ‡æ’¬ß·§§à √ßË÷ Àπ÷Ëß∑’‡Ë ¢“楟 ) À¡“¬‡Àµÿ 1. Adverb °≈¡ÿà in, out, up, down, round, back, forward etc. ‡¡ÕË◊ «“߉«µâ πâ ª√–‚¬§®–µ“¡¥«â ¬ Verb + Subject ‡™πà In came John. Up jumped two big doges. Down fell the apples. 2. ∂“â ª√–∏“π„π Pronoun µÕâ ßµ“¡¥«â ¬ Subject + Verb ‡™πà In he came. Back he went again. °“√„™â Adverbs of Degree ∫“ßµ«— 1. fairly ·≈– rather = §àÕπ¢“â ß®– - fairly  à«π„À≠à·≈â«„™â°—∫ Adjective À√◊Õ Adverbs ‰ª„π∑“ß∑¡’Ë §’ «“¡À¡“¬∑¥’Ë ’ ‡™πà good, bravely, well, nice etc.

Adverbs 43 - rather „™â°—∫ Adjective À√◊Õ Adverbs „𠧫“¡À¡“¬∑Ë’‰¡§à àÕ¬®–¥’ ‡™πà bad, stupid, ugly etc. µ«— Õ¬“à ß James is fairly clever, but Bob is rather stupid. (‡®¡ §å Õà π¢“â ß®–©≈“¥·µà∫Õä ∫§àÕπ¢“â ß®–‚ß)à Your case is rather heavy, but mine is fairly light. (°√–‡ªÜ“¢Õߧÿ≥§àÕπ¢â“ß®–Àπ—° ·µà¢Õߺ¡ §àÕπ¢â“ß®–‡∫“) À¡“¬‡Àµÿ { Article çaé Õ“®«“߉«â¢â“ßÀπâ“À√◊Õ¢â“ßÀ≈—ß rather ·µà«“߉«â‡©æ“–¢â“ßÀπâ“¢Õß fairly ‡∑à“π—Èπ‡™πà He is a rather bad boy. À√Õ◊ He is rather a bad boy. ·µà This is a fairly interesting book. { rather Õ“®«“߉«¢â “â ßÀπ“â alike, like, similar, different À√Õ◊ Àπ“â §”„π¢π—È °«“à (comparatives) ´ßË÷ ¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬«“à ‡≈°Á πÕâ ¬, ·µ‡à 欒 ߇≈°Á πÕâ ¬ ‡™πà The cats are rather like the dogs in some ways. (·¡«¡’≈°— …≥–∫“ßÕ¬“à ߧ≈“â ¬ ÿπ¢— Õ¬Ÿà∫â“ß)

44  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR The weather was rather worse than I had expected. (Õ“°“»·¬°à «à“∑©Ë’ —𧥑 ‰«‡â ≈Á°πâÕ¬) { rather Õ“®«“߉«âÀπâ“ Adjectives À√◊Õ Adverbs æ«° good, well, pretty, clever amusing ‰¥â ·µà§«“¡À¡“¬®–‡ª≈Ë’¬π‰ª ‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫§”«à“ çveryé ∑—π∑’ ‡™àπ He is rather good = He is very good. 2. quite ‡ªπì §”∑Ë¡’ ª’ ≠í À“æÕ ¡§«√ ‡æ√“–¡π— ¡’ ∂÷ß 2 §«“¡À¡“¬ ¥ß— πÈ’ { quite = ∑‡’ ¥’¬« ‡¡ËÕ◊ „™â°—∫§”À√Õ◊ Phrase ∑Ë’ · ¥ß∂÷ߧ«“¡∫√‘∫√Ÿ ≥å ‡™àπ full, empty, finished, wrong, right, all right, sure, certain, determind, ready ‡ªìπµπâ ‡™πà The glass is quite empty. She is quite wrong. { ∂“â „™°â ∫— Adjective À√Õ◊ Adverb µ«— ÕË◊π ®–¡’ §«“¡À¡“¬ÕàÕπ≈ß°«à“§«“¡À¡“¬‡¥¡‘ ¢Õß¡π— ‡™πà quite good ®–¡§’ «“¡À¡“¬ÕÕà π°«“à good ·≈–®–¡’ §«“¡À¡“¬‡°Õ◊ ∫®–§≈“â ¬ Ê °—∫ fairly

Adverbs 45 3. much „πª√–‚¬§∫Õ°‡≈“à ¡°— ®–„™â very ¢¬“¬ ‡™πà She likes that book very much. Thank you very much. ·µ„à πª√–‚¬§ªØ‡‘  ∏‰¡®à ”‡ªìπµâÕß„™â very ‡™πà I donût like it much. much Õ“®„™â°∫— §”„π¢—πÈ °«“à (comparative) ‡™πà It is much better to go there. 4. hardly, barely ·≈– scarcely ∑È—ß “¡§”¡’ §«“¡À¡“¬§≈⓬ Ê °—π hardly  «à π„À≠„à ™â°∫— any, ever À√Õ◊ can hardly any = πÕâ ¬¡“°, hardly ever = ·∑∫®–‰¡à hardly „™â°—∫ can = ‡ªπì ‰ª¥â«¬§«“¡≈”∫“° ‡™πà He has hardly any money. (‡¢“¡‡’ ßπ‘ Õ¬Ÿπà âÕ¬¡“°) She hardly ever goes out. (À≈Õà π·∑∫®–‰¡à‰¥Õâ Õ°‰ª¢“â ßπÕ°‡≈¬) I can hardly see the letter. (µ—«Õ—°…√ππ—È ¡Õ߇ÀπÁ ‰¥â¬“°)

46  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR barely = ‰¡à¡“°‰ª°«“à  «à π„À≠à„™â°—∫ Adjectives Õ¬“à ߇™àπ enough ·≈– sufficient ‡™πà She was barely fifteen. (À≈Õà πÕ“¬ÿ‡æ‘Ëß®– 15 ªï ‡∑“à ππÈ— ‰¡à·°°à «“à πÈ)’ She had barely enough to eat. (À≈àÕπ°‘πÕ“À“√‰¡‡à æ’¬ßæÕ ®ß÷ ¡—°À«‘ ∫Õà ¬ Ê) scarcely „™„â 𧫓¡À¡“¬‡™πà ‡¥¬’ «°∫— hardly ·≈– barely Unit 5 ∆

Prepositions 47 §”∫æÿ ∫∑ (Prepositions) D §”∫æÿ ∫∑ (Prepositions) §Õ◊ §”∑Ë’„™‡â ™ËÕ◊ ¡§”π“¡ À√◊Õ √√æπ“¡‡¢â“°—∫ª√–‚¬§ Preposition ¡’ 2 √ªŸ ¥Ñ«¬°—π §Õ◊ 1. ‡ªπì §”‡¥’¬«‚¥¥ Ê ‡™πà at, by, in, on, of, after, with etc. 2. ‡ªìπ«≈’∑Ë’√«¡°—π‡ªìπÀπ«à ¬ (unit) ‡¥¬’ « ‡™πà in front of, at the back of, etc. §”∫ÿæ∫∑·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπ 6 ª√–‡¿∑ ¥ß— πÈ’ D 1. Preposition of Place and Position (∫Õ°  ∂“π∑’·Ë ≈–µ”·Àπàß)

48  ÿ¥¬Õ¥ GRAMMAR in on above by near beside below before behind in front of, at the back of, under 1.1 ∫ÿæ∫∑ in, on ·≈– at in = „π, ¿“¬„π, „π ∂“π∑Ë’ ‡™àπ He lives in a big apartment. His shop is in that apartment. on = ∫π, ¢“â ß∫𠇙πà The carpet is on the floor. The pictured are on the wall. at = for a definite position ‡™πà They stayed at home. I met Brithney at the hotel. °√‘¬“∑µË’ âÕßµ“¡¥«â ¬ çoné based on Õ“»¬— √“°∞“π®“° call on ‡¬¬Ë’ ¡ comment on «®‘ “√≥å congratulation on · ¥ß§«“¡¬‘π¥’ count on À«ß—

Prepositions 49 depend on ¢÷ÈπÕ¬°àŸ ∫— live on ¡’™«’ µ‘ Õ¬‰àŸ ¥¥â «â ¬ spend on „™â (‡«≈“, «π— ) decide on µ—¥ ‘π„® insist on √∫‡√“â °√¬‘ “∑’˵Õâ ßµ“¡¥«â ¬ çiné absorb in  π„®¡“°,§√Ë”‡§√ßà believe in ¡§’ «“¡‡™ÕË◊ ∂◊Õ„®, π∫— ∂Õ◊ dress in  «¡™ÿ¥, ·µßà ¥â«¬ encourage in  π—∫ πÿπ engage in ¡’∏ÿ√–Õ¬Ÿà°—∫ fail in  Õ∫µ°, ≈⡇À≈« interested in  π„®„π involved in ‡¢â“‰ª¡ ’ à«π√à«¡°—∫ persist in ¬◊π°√“π share in  à«π·∫àß„π succeed in ‰¥√â ∫— §«“¡ ”‡√®Á