Social Studies and Population Education Book 7_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal. Readmore New Social Studies and Population Education Revised and Updated Edition 2077 7GRADE Authors Edited by Matrika Pd Lamsal Ishwar Lamsal Ram Rai Sanjeev Rai C. P. Bhusal Ganesh Dhakal

Published by TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4672071, 5187211, 5187226 Fax: 00977-1-4672073 e-mail: [email protected] www.readmorenp.com © Copyright: Publisher 2073 BS First Edition : 2069 BS Revised Edition : 2072 BS Revised and Updated Edition : 2073 BS Updated Edition : 2074 BS Revised and Updated Edition : 2075 BS Reprint : 2076 BS Revised and Updated Edition : 2077 BS No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution. Special thanks to: Language Editor Krishna Prasad Parajuli Yojana Karmacharya Pushpa Raj Bhandari Kiran Thapa Jim Valentine Grishma Rajbhandari Chris Valentine Ellen Dietrich Layout Readmore Desktop Printed in Nepal You can exchange this book from your nearest book shop if any binding errors are found. Read to help others read ! We are pleased to inform that a certain amount from each book is allocated to the Charity Fund. The fund is provided to deserving and needy students all over Nepal. The charity always welcomes co-operation and support from all well wishers and agencies.

Preface New Social Studies and Population Education is a graded series of books for school children. This series is prepared especially for the children of English medium schools of Nepal as per the Basic Educational Curriculum indorsed by the CDC, Government of Nepal. It is an appropriately planned graded series fulfilling the needs of students and teachers in the changing situation of our country and the world. Salient features of the book: The entire curriculum has been divided into 10 units as specified by the Curriculum Development Centre, Government of Nepal. Each unit consists of lessons covering entire syllabus and subject matters. Every lesson has been supplemented with suitable pictures and illustrations. The contents have been presented in a simple and interesting manner to draw the attention of the students (such as letters, dialogues, stories, news, research reports, etc.) Evaluation exercises are presented in various ways such as class room activities, exercises including both subjective and objective questions, project work, community work, report preparation, etc so that the learners can use their creative part and potentiality in the subject matters and other related aspects. The series are appropriately illustrated books that appropriately reflect the social, ethnic, geographical diversities, historical, economic, demographic and other major concerns. These are child-centred and activity-oriented books with sufficient formative and summative types of evaluation activities to test the understanding and knowledge of the students. The meaning of difficult words are given at the end of every lesson for the convenience of the teacher and students. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the teachers and well wishers who have supported us to produce this book in this standard. We also express our gratitude to the Readmore Publishers and Distributors for providing all possible help and support to produce this book. We are thankful to the learners and those who materialized this series. We highly welcome any suggestive feedback or criticism to improve the upcoming edition. - Authors

Contents UNIT 1 WE AND OUR COMMUNITY 8 11 1. Origin, Development and Necessity of Society 15 2. Evolution of Society 17 3. Socialization 21 4. Agents of Socialization 23 5. District Assembly and District Co-ordination Committee 26 6. Development Activities of the District Review Exercise UNIT 2 OUR SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES 28 33 1. Our Religious Rituals 36 2. Our Social Rituals 40 3. Our Ethnic Rituals 43 4. Respect to the Nation and Protection of Nationality 46 5. Some Important Aspects of Our Traditions 49 6. Our Folk Culture 52 7. Gehendra Shumsher: The First Scientist of Nepal 55 8. Some Historical Personalities of Nepal Review Exercise UNIT 3 SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS 57 60 1. Social Problems and Evils 65 2. Causes of Social Problems and Their Solutions 68 3. Human Trafficking 72 4. Ways to Solve Social Problems 75 5. Role of Schools and National Institutions to Solve the Social Problems 78 6. Conflict Management 81 7. Miscommunication and Its Effects 84 8. Peace and Its Necessity Review Exercise UNIT 4 CIVIC CONSCIOUSNESS 86 89 1. Basic Elements of State: Territory and Population 91 2. Basic Elements of State: Government, Sovereignty and Constitution 94 3. Fundamental Rights 4. Child Rights

5. Efforts for the Protection of Child Rights 97 6. Right to Information 100 7. Democratic Conduct 103 8. Equal Behaviour 106 9. Social Rules 109 10. Result of Following Social Rules 112 Review Exercise 114 UNIT 5 OUR EARTH 116 119 1. Introduction to Latitude and Longitude 123 2. Topography and Its Change 126 3. Geographical Condition of Nepal 129 4. Nepal: A Land of Diversity 132 5. Map Work 138 6. Physical Condition and Socio-Economic Life of Europe 143 7. Physical Condition and Socio-Economic Life of Australia 145 8. Climate Change 148 9. Impact of Climate Change 151 10. Disaster Management 154 11. Importance of Precaution in Disaster Management Review Exercise 156 159 UNIT 6 HISTORICAL STUDIES 162 165 1. Introduction of Medieval Nepal 168 2 Political Condition of Medieval Nepal 170 3. Social Condition of Medieval Nepal 172 4. Economic Condition of Medieval Nepal 175 5. Art and Culture of Medieval Nepal 6. The Civilization of Huang-Ho Valley 177 7. The Mesopotamian Civilization 180 Review Exercise 183 187 UNIT 7 OUR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 190 192 1. Natural Resources: Land and Water 2. Natural Resources: Forest and Mineral 3. Industrial Activities 4. Relationship Between Agriculture and Industry 5. Trading Activities Review Exercise

UNIT 8 OUR INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND 194 COOPERATION 197 200 1. SAARC and Its Activities 203 2. Role of Nepal in SAARC 206 3. Landlocked Countries 208 4. Problems of Landlocked Countries and their Solutions 5. Contemporary World and Nepal 210 Review Exercise 213 216 UNIT 9 INTRODUCTION TO POPULATION AND 219 DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION 224 227 1. Introduction of Population Education 2. Scope of Population Education 230 3. Evolution of Population Education 234 4. Sources of Population Statistics 236 5. The Trend of Population Growth Rate in Nepal 6. Population Composition in Nepal By Age, Sex and Religion 7. Population Composition in Nepal By Language, Caste/Ethnicity and Occupation 8. Population Distribution in Nepal By Geographical Region Review Exercise UNIT 10 POPULATION GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT 238 241 1. Trend of Population Growth in Nepal 245 2. The Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population Growth 248 3. Population Management and Quality of Life 251 4. Measures of Population Management 255 5. Measures of Quality of Life 259 6. Family Life Education 262 7. Role of Various Agencies Involved in Population Management Review Exercise Provincial Map of Nepal Specification Grid

1UNIT WE AND OUR COMMUNITY ??? Learning Achievement J Discuss the origin and evolution of society, J Get involved in socialization process, J Discuss the formation of District Co-ordination Committee and its functions, J Find out the condition of development activities in the district, and J Identify the condition and importance of infrastructures of development like transportation and communication. We and Our Community 7

Lesson ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT AND NECESSITY OF SOCIETY 1 Introduction of Society Society is a social group organized for a particular purpose or activity. Generally in a society, people have common interests, beliefs, or profession. The people share traditions, cultures, laws, institution and values in a society. They involve in each other’s activities regardless of caste, creed, sex, language, economic status, etc. Origin of Society Human being is the most creative creature of nature. Initially, human beings were similar to other creatures. They had no sense of unity in the past. The present human society is a developed and a complex society. But in the very beginning, it was simple and unorganized. The human beings in the Primitive human band primitive age lived in the forest with other animals. Their life was very difficult. Fulfillment of basic needs totally depended upon nature. They had to encounter with wild animals. Gradually, humans started to live in small groups and started collective hunting. This situation helped them to share their feelings and live a collective life. The middle phase is called the savagery age. During this phase people gradually shifted towards the river banks from the dense forest area. They found life on the river banks to be more comfortable. The people settled there because of the availability of water, aquatic animals and splendor stones. Evidence of the old human civilizations have been found at the riverbanks like the Nile valley, Mesopotamia, Huang He etc. People who existed by hunting, gathering and fishing often lived in organized societies. 8 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

In the organized societies, they started to share their feelings of happiness and hardships to each other. Similarly, they had to be protected from the invasion of wild animals. They also required a collective effort for the hunting of wild animals. In this way, the need for mutual cooperation and security led to the formation of bigger societies. Humans are social beings and that the basic element of a human society is a person. An individual makes his contribution by bringing prosperity in society. Similarly, there is no alternative of society for the human life. Regarding the need of society, it definitely plays a vital role to distinguish humans from other animals. Necessity of the Society Men can’t live alone. They need co- operation and assistance from other members of the society for their easy survival. A society plays vital role to make human life different from other animals. Human being could not be in this position in the absence of society. The society is an integral part to fulfill Working together the basic to complex needs of the human beings. Society is needed for many reasons such as: To fulfill the needs of each another To feel secured and protected To preserve and promote traditions, norms and values To work for individual and collective welfare To develop collective feeling, interrelationship and cooperation To achieve the goals of our lives To be active and contribute positively for the welfare of society To pass down social identity, norms and values to the future generation, and To provide social justice We and Our Community 9

KEY TERMS Integral : made up of parts Primitive : belonging to an early stage Savagery : an uncivilized state Splendor : great brightness Activity a. What could have been the condition of our life if there was no development of society? Discuss and share in the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. How did society originate? b. How was the life of our early ancestors? c. Why is society needed? Write your opinion. d. What are the reasons for the development of most of the old human civilizations on the banks of rivers? e. What benefits do we get from the society? Community Work How has your society succeeded to fulfill human needs? Do an inquiry and observe the facts in your society and write it. 10 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY 2 The evolution of society has been a dynamic process. The human society has developed over many years and has experienced many changes and stages since its origin. There is no single or similar opinion regarding the development process of human society. The history of human society goes back millions of years. Looking across an expanded span of human existence, the famous anthropologists- E. B. Tylor and L. H. Morgan have presented three major stages of human society: savagery, barbarian and civilized. According to them, society gradually developed from savagery through barbarian to civilized society. Let’s study these three stages of human society: A. Savagery Stage or Stone Age (Preliminary Age) This is the most preliminary stage of Savagery Stage of Society human society. In this early stage, humans were grouped together in small scale societies. They gained their subsistence from gathering plants and hunting wild animals. The invention of fire, the use of arrow and pottery were the major achievements of this stage. Major features of the savagery stage (Preliminary Age): Like animals, humans lived in forest and caves. Humans hunted animals and gathered leaves and roots of plants as well as wild cereal grains in natural environments for food and livelihood. They developed techniques of making stone tools and weapons for hunting and security purposes. Stone, bone and teeth of animals were used to make tools and weapons such as hand axes, clubs and spears, bows and arrows, hooks, etc. We and Our Community 11

They invented fire by striking stones and gradually developed cooking. They used fish for food (including crabs, mussels, and other aquatic animals). Animal skins were used as cloth to cover themselves. They painted on cave walls and on stones. They developed emotional attachment towards their settlement areas etc. B. Barbarian (Middle Age) Agricultural Society The term “barbarian” refers to a state of being uncivilized. However, it is an improved stage of human society in comparison to the savagery stage. During this stage, animals were domesticated by humans. Also this stage saw the beginning of agriculture and metal working. Main Features of Barbarian stage (Middle Age): Humans started to live in permanent settlements. They developed animal husbandry and farming. They developed language, art and kinship. Use of pottery and iron weapons started. They believed in divine power and started death ritual. C. Civilized Stage (Modern Age) Modern society This is the final and the most developed stage of human society. The present society is the example of a civilized society. With the development of the alphabet and writing as well as the formation of states, governments and city settlements in many locations, the civilized stage of society began. 12 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Main features of Civilized Stage (Modern Age): The full development of physical figure of humans. Highly developed society and culture. Establishment of urban settlements. Development of language, literature, music and art. Development of industry, trade and modern agriculture system. Scientific invention and development of information technology. KEY TERMS Anthropologist : a person who studies the science of humans Evolution : a gradual process of transformation or change Kinship : harmony, family connection Nomadic : roaming, wandering Sociology : a systematic study of society as a whole Subsistence : support, livelihood, living Activities a. Discuss about the different stages of evolution of society. b. Inquire and find the good aspects of your society. Exercise 1. Write True for correct statement and False for incorrect statement. a. Human society developed from savagery stage to the civilized stage because of the development of consciousness. b. Development of human life does not depend upon the development of society. c. The forest was the main residence for the primitive human being. d. There was no trend to capture the land in the savagery age. e. Human beings started to believe in divine power from the Barbarian state. We and Our Community 13

2. Answer the following questions: a. The life of early humans was nomadic. Why? b. Write any four differences between Savagery and Barbarian stage of society. c. How has our society been developing? Write in six points. d. State any six characteristics of present society. e. What benefits are you getting from your society? Make a list. 3. Recognize and describe the following pictures related to the evolution of society in your own words. Community Work Compare and contrast the main features of your society to the features of the savagery, barbarian, and civilized societies. 14 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson SOCIALIZATION 3 In this lesson we will discuss about socialization. Now, let’s point out the meaning of socialization. Meaning of Socialization Socialization is the process by which individuals learn and adapt to the culture of their society. Socialization is the process of learning and teaching about prevailing norms and values, traditions, rules and regulation of society. Socialization is the process of learning about the social attitudes, traditions, opinions and their way of living. Socialization is the social training which develops the personality of an individual. During lifespan, a human being A process of learning participates in various social activities, obeys policies, rules and regulations adopted by the society. This lifelong process of learning is called socialization. It is the action to achieve social objective while being under the discipline as adopted by society. Socialization helps an individual to become an ideal social member of the society by teaching them social knowledge, skills, and attitudes and so on. It helps a person to be involved in the social environment and develops the personality as a productive citizen gradually. Characteristics of Socialization It is a lifelong learning process which makes an individual ideal and practical. It is a process of handing over the culture from one generation to the next generation. We and Our Community 15

It is the process of internalizing and following the existing practices, behaviours and knowledge of an individual’s society. It is a process which increases an individual’s confidence in their society. The socialization varies through time, process and nature of societies. KEY TERMS Confidence : belief in own abilities Internalize : to accept an idea, belief, attitude, etc Lifespan : lifetime Prevailing : existing Activities a. What are the ways to find out whether a person is socialized or not? Discuss and present in class. b. Are all the friends of your classroom easily involved in classroom activities? If yes, how and if not, what are the reasons behind it? Discuss with friends. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is meant by socialization? b. How do you identify a socialized person? c. Present the characteristics of socialization in a table. d. “Socialization is a lifelong process of learning.” Justify the statement. e. Are you a socialized student? Give reasons. 2. Fill in the blanks with the help of following words: a. Socialization helps an individual to become an...............................social member of the society. b. The...................................process of learning is called socialization. c. Socialization is the social training which develops the............................... of an individual. d. Socialization increases an individual’s................................in their society. 16 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION 4 Socialization is an endless process. The process of socialization goes from birth to death. There are many agents of socialization. The practices, traditions and institutions which help us to be socialized are called agents of socialization. Family, parents, peers/friends, teachers, mass media, etc are some examples of agents of socialization. The agents of socialization can be categorized as primary and secondary agents. I. Primary Agents The agents or means which help an individual to become socialized informally are primary agents. The process of socialization for an individual begins in informal, primary or micro social institutions like family, parents, neighbourhood, etc. The socialization which takes place during infancy usually within the family is the most important aspect of the socialization process. The primary agents of socialization are: Family Sharing amongst neighbourhood Peers and friends group Neighbourhood Kin groups/relatives Marriage Customs, festivals, etc II. Secondary Agents The secondary agents of socialization help us to be socialized in a formal environment. Educational and occupational institutions are the important secondary agents of socialization. Socialization is not only confined to our childhood and within our immediate community but extends to various groups We and Our Community 17

that people join to learn new skills and adopt different manners in different places. In our modern complex societies, the secondary agents have become essential for the socialization process. Some of the secondary agents of socialization are: Educational institutions like schools, colleges, etc Local organizations, NGOs, and INGOs Political institutions like political parties Business and occupational groups Economic institutions like banks and cooperatives Religious institutions like Temples, Churches, Monasteries, Mosques, Gurudwara etc These various elements and institutions of society contribute towards changing a human being into a social being. A human being is very weak in his/one’s natural state. Human being is the top species among all organisms because of socialization. Socialization is also considered as a social participation. Participation of people in social processes is a basic aspect for the fulfillment of social needs and development. Social participation also promotes understanding and cooperation among people. Thus, socialization is the foundation of social development and transformation. KEY TERMS Formal : in accordance with recognized forms or rules Genetic : the characteristic and qualities of parents Informal : not formal or official Institution : a social unit or organization founded for different purpose Internalize : to accept an idea, belief, attitude, etc Nature : inborn characteristics/heredity characters Nurture : the way in which children are treated as they are growing Transformation : change something so that they are improved 18 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activities a. Are you well socialized? What do you think about your socialization? Express your opinion. b. Divide the class into two groups. Conduct a debate whether Nature (the heredity) is more powerful than Nurture (socialization) for the development of people’s personalities. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is meant by agent of socialization? b. Why is school regarded as a secondary means of socialization? c. Write any six secondary means of socialization. d. What is social participation? Why is it important for socialization? 2. Match the following: Group B Group A Agent of socialization Socialization A secondary agent of socialization Friend group Social being School Process of learning and teaching rules and policies of society Ideal citizen Basis of social development and transformation Human being A primary means of socialization 3. How can you be an ideal citizen of a society? Present your conclusion. 4. Differentiate between primary and secondary agents of socialization in four points. We and Our Community 19

5. Complete the following sentences: a. ................................is the act of obeying the rules and policies adopted by society and behaving accordingly. (Society, Socialization, Social rules) b. Socialization makes an individual...................................by teaching social knowledge, skills and proper behaviors. (involvement, socialization, socially eligible) c. Socialization is a lifelong learning......................... (process, rules, action) d. The means which formally help an individual to socialize are........................ agents or means. (primary, secondary, informal) Community Work What are the various means of socialization available in your community? How are they helping the community members for socialization? Are there any problems in socialization in the community and what may be the solutions for the problems? Collect information regarding these matters from the community activists, intellectuals and other people and prepare a report for the presentation. 20 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson DISTRICT ASSEMBLY AND DISTRICT CO-ORDINATION 5 COMMITTEE Democracy (Loktantra) is called ‘the rule of people’. In democratic system, people elect their representatives by themselves, and the government is formed by these representatives. Thus, democracy refers to a political system where governmental activities, policy formation and development works are carried out by elected representatives of people. It is not possible to carry out all the development works and deliver services to people only by the central government. Thus, three different federal units (Federation, Provinces, and Local Levels) have been created in our country to make development and other activities easier and more fruitful. This is a form of decentralization and also called the federal system. Such different federal units exercise their power and authority as authorized by the constitution. In our context, people elect their representatives to form governments of all three levels (Federal, Provincial and Local Level). Local Level consists of Rural Municipalities, Municipalities and District Assemblies. There are 77 districts in Nepal and there is a District Assembly in each district. Now let’s study about the District Assembly. District Assembly District Assembly consists of Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of Rural Municipal Executives, and Mayors and Deputy Mayors of Municipal Executives within the district. It makes coordination between the Rural Municipalities and Municipalities within the district. All the functions of the District Assembly are carried out by the District Coordination Committee. District Co-ordination Committee District Assembly elects a District Coordination Committee. District Coordination Committee consists of a maximum of nine Members including one Chief, one Deputy Chief, at least three women and at least one Dalit or minority. A Member of a Village Assembly or Municipal Assembly within the concerned district is eligible to be a candidate for the office of Chief, Deputy We and Our Community 21

Chief or Member of the District Coordination Committee. If elected to the office of Chief, Deputy Chief or Member of the District Coordination Committee, his or her office of Member of Village Assembly or of Municipal Assembly expires. The term of office of the Chief, Deputy Chief and member of the District Coordination Committee is 5 years after the date of being elected. The functions, duties and powers of the District Assembly are as follows: a. to make coordination between the Rural Municipalities and Municipalities within the district, b. to monitor development and construction works to make balance of such works, c. to make coordination between the Federal and the Provincial Government offices and Rural Municipalities and Municipalities in the district, d. to perform other functions as provided for in the Provincial law. KEY TERMS Authorize : to give somebody or something power or permission to do something Co-ordination : combining of diverse parts to make a unit Monitor : check something regularly Activities a. Suppose your class is a District Assembly, now form a District Co-ordination Committee. b. What problems may arise in the absence of elected people’s representatives in the local level? Make a note and present in the class. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is Loktantra? Write down two characteristics of it. b. Why is a local government needed? Write two reasons. c. Write the process of the formation of District Co-ordination Committee. d. What are the function, duties and powers of the District Assembly? 22 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES OF THE DISTRICT 6 Sinja, Jumla March 1st, 2020 Dear Sister Maya, It has been a long time since we last communicated. Perhaps, it is because of your added responsibility as a member of the District Co-ordination Committee. I am writing this letter to give you a brief update about the development activities in my district. We all know that Jumla is one of the most remote districts in Nepal. Sister, I still remember the three-day walk that we took to reach Surkhet in order to catch the bus to Chitwan. Life was really difficult fifteen years ago. We had to walk a long distance to reach school. Similarly, poor health conditions, hunger, illiteracy, etc were common problems. I think you migrated because of these factors. But after 15 years there have been some changes here. Now I have joined Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS) at a Campus established in the neighbouring Rural Municipality. Recently the road from Birendranagar to Jumla has been completed. It has made our life a bit easier than before. Edible goods are available at cheaper prices. The products of our district like apple and medicinal herbs have found markets. Food scarcity has gradually been decreasing. Earlier there was no provision for drinking water in many areas of the district. People had to walk a long distance to fetch a pot of water, but nowadays water taps have been constructed in many parts of my district. Similarly a mobile phone network is available across the district. A plan for the extension of Hydroelectricity is also underway. We and Our Community 23

The educational status of the district has also improved. Many schools have been established in the district. My school has also been upgraded to the higher secondary level since last year. However, the school has been asking for some assistance to employ more efficient teaching faculties and to improve the school’s physical infrastructures. The hills in the northern side of my village were barren until a few years back. But now various types of trees have been planted by the collective efforts of the villagers and the support provided by the District Co-ordination Committee and Rural Municipality. It has made our village green and beautiful. After the introduction of the concept of a community forest, a number of forests of the district have been preserved. Several consumer groups have been formed to look after them. Similarly, people are encouraged to adopt organic farming for the collection and processing of medicinal herbs. The District Co-ordination Committee has also planned for the preservation and promotion of our historical, cultural and religious heritage to promote tourism. The government has established primary health centers in many parts of the district. There are also some medical dispensaries. Health facilities are also improving. The awareness programs conducted by different social service organizations are encouraging locals to visit health centers instead of going to Dhami and Jhankri. Aama Samuha and other local organizations are playing vital roles in overcoming different types of social problems and carrying out various development works. People are constructing toilets near their houses instead of going to the forest or open areas. Sister, I hope there have been some changes in your district too. I hope you will also share the development works and plans of your district with me. I also request you to visit Jumla to see the recent changes that have taken place. Your loving brother Ramesh Budha KEY TERMS Barren : the land which is not good enough for plants to grow on it Edible : suitable to be eaten Faculties : teachers of different subjects/departments 24 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activities a. Write a letter to your friend highlighting the recent changes and development activities in your district. b. What are the various obstacles for the development works? Discuss and make a list. c. Mention some possible ways to solve physical and economic problems of your district. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What are the reasons behind the positive changes seen in the development? Write your opinion. b. What was the condition of your district in the past? Compare that with the present condition. c. Why is development necessary? d. “We should carry out our development by ourselves.” Justify this statement. e. Write the role of transportation and communication as the infrastructure of development. Project Work The following diagram shows the development works and infrastructures of development. Study the diagram and conduct a small inquiry with development activists and other intellectuals that you know. Then prepare a short report about the condition of these development activities in your district. Forest Industry Tourism Road Education Health Development Works Drinking water Electricity Irrigation Agriculture Communication We and Our Community 25

Review Exercise Activities 1. Conduct an election using all the students in your classroom. Make a model of local government for your community. For this election, select one leader, one deputy leader and three members. Use your teacher to conduct the election. Similarly, nominate any two active members from the different areas, caste and ethnic groups, religion and girls so that you have equal representation. Make a list of functions to be carried out by this government, for example: - Prepare a student code of conduct to be followed in the community - Observe whether the code of conduct is implemented or not - Decentralize the power and functions by forming various groups like a cleaning group, drinking water management group, cultural group, literature group, etc - Find out the various problems of the community - Plan appropriate measures to solve the problems of the community - Discuss the community welfare - Help maintain discipline and good attitudes and manners in the community, etc 2. Conduct a meeting of the model government and discuss classroom management and effective teaching learning. Prepare minutes from the meetings which includes all the decisions made. Have each participant sign the minutes. 3. Show an example of a service oriented activity in the local community. Project Work What are the problems in transportation and communication in your local community? Follow the following activities to solve the problems: a. Make a list of activities that you can carry out personally. b. Prepare a description about the activities that can be carried out by the local community. c. Separate the activities that can be carried out by the Rural Municipality, Municipality and District Assembly respectively. d. Write a letter to the District Co-ordination Committee mentioning the details of the development activities in your local community that can be carried out by the Rural Municipality or Municipality and District Co-ordination Committee. Also request to formulate and execute a plan for this. You can ask the school management or principal to send the letter. 26 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

2UNIT OUR SOCIAL NORMS AND ??? VALUES Learning Achievement J Explore the important rituals of different religions, J Identify the social traditions and rituals of various castes and ethnic groups, J Preserve and promote traditions and rituals, J Participate in the activities to promote nationality, J Understand the importance of folk songs, folk dances and folk musical instruments, J Preserve folk songs, folk dances and folk musical instruments found in local place, J Identify the costumes and ornaments of local communities and contribute for their preservation, J Get inspiration from historical personalities, and J Recognize the Nepalese personalities who have been involved in invention and scientific works. Our Social Norms and Values 27

Lesson OUR RELIGIOUS RITUALS 1 Our country is a multi religious and secular nation. People from various religious backgrounds like Hindu, Buddhist, Islam, Kirant, Jain, Sikh, Christian, Bon, Bahai, etc live in our country. Hence, our country is very rich in religious rituals. Religious rituals are the formal behaviours established according to the religion. All religions are treated equally here. Nepal has recognized all these religions, their rituals, traditions and festivals equally. We celebrate public holidays on various religious festivals. There is unity amongst people of different religions. The main features of some of the religions and their rituals are given below: Hinduism Hinduism is based on the philosophy of Veda. It is also called “Sanatan Religion” or “Vedic Religion”. Hindus read classical texts Worshiping gods/goddesses like Ved, Upanishad, Puran, Gita, Astrology, Mahabharat, Ramayan, etc. Veda is considered as the oldest religious epic in the world. There are four Vedas. They are: Rigveda, Samaveda, Atharbaveda and Yajurveda. Hindus believe and worship various Gods and Goddesses like Brahma, Bishnu, Shiva, Durga, Saraswati, Laxmi, Ganesh, Surya, Chandra, etc. Omkar (ç) is always respected. Polytheism is a major feature of Hinduism. They worship idols. They perform daily duty and practice worshipping methods like Panchopachar, Dasopachar and Shodshopachar and fast on 28 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

different days, Tithi, etc. They recite hymns while worshipping. The Hindus worship at a Temple (Mandir). They serve the poor, disabled, helpless, and elderly and like to give donations. Hindus celebrate various festivals like Dashain, Tihar, Chhat, Mahashivaratri, etc. Buddhism Buddhists worship idols of Gautam Buddha at Gumba (Monastery). ‘Jatak Katha’ and ‘Tripitak’ are the main holy books of Buddhism. The ‘Jatak Katha’ is a collection of stories of the teachings which Lord Buddha had given to his disciples. Similarly, the Tripitak is a collection of the Monk preaching in monastery teachings of Lord Buddha which was given to monks, philosophers and the common people. Non-violence, peace and truth are the key features of Buddhism. Buddhists celebrate festivals like Buddha Jayanti, Lhosar, etc. Donation is the main feature in Buddhism. Kirant Religion Kirants believe in nature and worship natural things like rivers, hills, trees, stones, etc as their Godfather/mother. These natural things are considered to be symbols of Paruhang, Sumnima, and Manhang. Mundhum is the main religious book of Guru Falgunanda Kirant. 29 Kirant celebrates festivals like Udhauli, Ubhauli, etc. Our Social Norms and Values

Islam Religion Followers of Islam are known as Muslims and believe in Allah. The Quran is the sacred book Pilgrimage at Mosque of Islam. Idols or statues are not worshipped in this religion. They go to the mosque and read Namaz. They believe on Fitra (donation). Donation according to the economic capacity is the religious ethics of Muslims. Reading the sacred book “Quran”, performing “Namaz”, observing “Roza”, going on “Hajj” or pilgrimages to Mecca and giving “Zakat” are considered the major duties of Muslim people. “Eid” and “Bakar Eid” are the main festivals of the followers of the Islam religion. Christianity Jesus Christ is the founder of Christianity. Christians celebrate Christmas. Christians worship Christ as being the son of God. According to Jesus Christ, service to human kind is service to God. The holy book of Christianity is “The Bible”. Church is the holy place for Pilgrimage at a Church Christians which is dedicated to Jesus Christ. Christians have various cultural traditions according to the Bible. Be merciful, be generous, love everyone and do good deeds are the messages of Christianity to all mankind. 30 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Jain Religion Mahabir is considered to be the ideal personality of Jain religion. Jain religious groups believe Tirthankar (the Teacher-Guru) to be the symbol of god. Providing service and donations Jain Tradition are the main religious acts of this religion. Sikh Religion The Sikhs consider Guru Nanak as the founder of their religion. The ‘Guru Granth Sahib’ is the holy book of the Sikhs. Gurudwara is a place of worship in Sikh religion where ‘Guru Granth Sahib’ is placed. Naam Karan, Amrit Sanskar, Sikh Tradition Anand Sanskar, and Antim Sanskar are important rituals in Sikhism. Sikhs give importance to Simran (meditation on the words of the Guru Granth Sahib). Each religious follower practices his/her traditions and culture according to his/her religious norms and values. In our country, people of different religious groups and sects follow their respective religious ethics and perform various religious rituals. However, there is a good understanding and co-existence amongst the people of these different religions. People respect each other’s traditions. Some religious places are commonly shared by the followers of two or more religions. For example, Swayambhunath Stupa is regularly visited by both the Hindus and Buddhist of our country. This shows that there is a good religious tolerance in our country. 31 Our Social Norms and Values

KEY TERMS Disciple : person who follows the teachings of a religious leader Polytheism : the belief that there is more than one god Ritual : a set of actions that are always carried out the same way as part of a religious ceremony Sects : religious group Secular : not connected with religious matter Activity a. There may be the students of different religions in your classroom. Ask students to talk about their religion and their respective traditions or rituals. Have students write a description of their religion and its traditions or rituals. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What do you mean by religious ritual? b. Write a paragraph about the religious rituals you observe. c. Make a separate list of the religions that believe and don’t believe in worshiping idol. d. How do the Kirants worship their God? 2. Fill in the gaps with suitable words to complete the following incomplete sentences. a. ……......................…......is the holy book of the Buddhist religion. b. ……….........................is the goddess of education according to the Hindu religion. c. The holy book of Islam is the………............................ d. Tirthankar is considered as the God in the……….......................religion. e. ………........................is the founder of the Sikh religion. f. Sumnima is the Goddess according to………........................religion. 3. What is religious tolerance? How does it help to maintain peace, unity and prosperity in human societies? Describe with examples. 32 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson OUR SOCIAL RITUALS 2 Human society is a network of human relations and interactions. Society and culture are inseparable to each other. Culture is the way of living and it includes beliefs, rituals, traditions, norms and values created by the people who live in the societies. Social ritual is the practice and process followed by the people from generation to generation and is the identity of society. Ritual is a major component of religion so that social rituals are determined by religious ethics of the people that they follow. Rituals are religious activities performed for mental and physical purity which also reflect the culture of a society. Those rituals related to birth, childhood, socialization, marriage and death are the fundamental aspects of culture. Various communities, cultural groups, castes or ethnic groups can be distinguished from each other by their different rituals and traditions. Some rituals of these different groups are similar. The life cycle ritual like birth, marriage and death and the way to perform them reflect the characteristics of Newari Culture the society. Diversity is present in our Chhatha Puja country in numerous aspects like geographical environments, castes, 33 ethnic groups, religion, language, culture etc. The differences in social rituals of the people living in the Terai, hills and mountains are affected by the geographical diversity of Nepal. Rituals are Our Social Norms and Values

significantly different in terms of caste, ethnicity, religion and social norms. However, there is common understanding among them. Present Constitution of Nepal has guaranteed the ‘Right to freedom of religion’. It has stated in the provision that: Every person who has faith in religion shall have the freedom to profess, practice and protect his or her religion according to his or her conviction. Every religious denomination shall have the right to operate and protect its religious sites and religious Guthi (trusts). Provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the regulation, by making law, of the operation and protection of religious sites and religious trusts and management of trust properties and lands. No person shall, in the exercise of the right conferred by this Article, do, or cause to be done, any act which may be contrary to public health, decency and morality or breach public peace, or convert another person from one religion to another or any act or conduct that may jeopardize other's religion and such act shall be punishable by law. This legal provision has supported the existence of social traditions and rituals of all in our country. Besides the diversity of culture, religion, ritual and tradition, there is a good understanding amongst the people of different backgrounds. People take part and respect each others’ traditions and rituals. “Unity in Diversity” and tolerance are the unique features of Nepalese society Cultural Diversity of Nepal and culture. It is our duty to protect and promote such identity. There are quite a few customs and traditions that are bad and some rituals are considered to be evil or superstitious. Social evils like untouchability, gender discrimination, dowry, etc are related to ritual and traditions. Similarly, there are problems in our society that are related to rituals like unnecessary feasts and celebrations, extravagant expenditures, animal sacrifice, use of alcoholic beverages, etc. These evils and problems should be abolished as they harm peace, development and the prosperity of our society. 34 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

KEY TERMS Denomination : religious group Extravagant : spending a lot more money than is necessary Jeopardize : harm Activities a. Discuss the various rituals that exist in your community and prepare a short report on it. b. Find the difference between religious tolerance and secularism. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is culture? Write any three characteristics of our culture. b. What is a social ritual? c. Ritual is a fundamental aspect of culture. Justify the statement. d. What are the provisions made regarding ‘Right to freedom of religion’ by the constitution of our country? e. Make a list of social evils based on rituals or traditions in your community and suggest appropriate measures to abolish them. 2. “Our country is the common garden of different castes, ethnic groups, language and culture.” Briefly explain the statement. Community Work Collect the information on rituals and traditions practiced in your community on the basis of the following aspects and present in the class: a. Life cycle rituals b. Custom c. Festival d. Religious rituals e. Respect to the guest Our Social Norms and Values 35

Lesson OUR ETHNIC RITUALS 3 Nepal is a multiethnic country. According to the census of 2011 AD, there are altogether 125 castes/ethnic groups and 123 languages in our country. There is a significant diversity in culture among various castes and ethnic groups. Majority of the Mongolian races live in northern Nepal and the Caucasian race (Aryan people) in the southern part. Different caste and ethnic groups living Marriage Tradition in different places of our country have practiced various rituals. Let’s discuss about some of them. Some Ethnic Rituals Caste Birth Ritual Marriage Death Ritual Main Festival Ritual Naming ritual Napur Karma Gyalbo Arrange, on 3rd, 7th and Lhosar, 11th day after Dumjee, Oso, (Nwaran) by a abduction/ the death etc according Lama between eloping, to Buddhist tradition Sherpa the 5th to 11th day Jari or love after the birth marriage according to Buddhist tradition 36 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Naming ceremony Arrange or Bury the dead Sonam Lhosar, after 3 days, Rice abduction/ body, Mourn Buddha Tamang feeding on the 5th eloping for 3 days Jayanti, etc. and 6th month for marriage and perform a daughter and Ghewa son respectively Naming ceremony Arrange Bury the Sakela or after the 3rd to 6th or love dead body, Sakewa, Rai days of the birth marriage Gun firing Nwagi, during funeral Wadangmet, procession etc. Naming ceremony Arrange or Bury the dead Udhauli and Limbu on the 3rd day for abduction/ body in the Ubhauli a daughter and the eloping defined area Chamachasok, 4th day for a son marriage etc. Naming ceremony Arrange Bury or Naag Puja, from the 11th to and Jari cremate the Luto Falne, Magar 15th days of the marriage, dead body. Maage birth cross cousin Mourning for Sakranti, etc. marriage 10 to 13 days Special ceremony Arrange, Mourning Sorathi dance, during the first love for 13 days, Ghatu, Tamu Gurung child, Putpute marriage or burying or Lhosar, etc. dance cross cousin cremating the marriage dead body, Arghau Naming Arrange Cremating the Dashain, Tihar, ceremony on or love dead body and Janai Purnima, the 11th day after marriage Mourning for Ramnawami, the birth, Rice out of same 13 days Chhat, Teej, Brahmin/ feeding on the clan-gotra etc based Chhetri 5th or 6th month, (exogamy) on Hindu Sacred Thread calendar (Bartabhandha) ceremony after the 7th year from the birth. Our Social Norms and Values 37

Naming ceremony Ihi (Bel Death ritual Different according Jatras, Mha on the 11th day of Bibaha), to their own Puja, etc. religion Newar the birth arrange (Hindus or Siriwa, Parwa, Dhimal Buddhist) Sirijat, etc. Tharu and love Bury the dead body in the Maghi, Fagu, marriage defined area, etc. Mourning up Purity on 3rd day Arrange, to 4 days. for daughter and Abduction/ Bury/cremate the dead body 4th day for son eloping, Jari, widow and Supari marriage Naming ceremony Arrange, on 6th to 9th day of Jari and the birth love marriage KEY TERMS Eloping : running away with somebody in order to marry secretly Exogamy : the custom in some societies of marrying outside their own social group Mourn : grieve or to feel and show sorrow 38 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activity a. Discuss and write about the different castes/ethnic groups and their respective rituals in your community. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What are the reasons behind the different rituals of different castes/ ethnic groups? b. Write a paragraph about a ritual of your caste/ethnic group by asking your guardian. c. Ritual is a part of the identity of a community and needs to be preserved. What should be done to preserve such rituals of the community? d. What are the advantages of preserving the rituals of local communities? Write any five advantages. 2. Match the following: Group B Group A Gurung Tharu Naag Puja Magar Rishi Panchami Nwagi Rai Dumjee Hindu Maghi Sherpa Project Work Conduct a research. Take an interview; ask your parents and guardians about the life-cycle rituals, traditions and festivals of your caste, ethnic groups or cultural groups. Prepare a report on it. Our Social Norms and Values 39

Lesson RESPECT TO THE NATION AND PROTECTION OF 4 NATIONALITY In their leisure time, Nirmal, Furba, Nikita and Muralidhar, the students of class seven are discussing how to show respect for their nation and nationality while preparing a program for Unity Day. Nirmal : Furba, what can we do for the welfare of our nation? Furba : As students, we are not able to contribute as much as adults, but we can definitely help the country to progress directly or indirectly. We can become an ideal and skilled human resource for our country by studying well and becoming well-disciplined with good morality. We can help to protect public places and properties, temples, monasteries, mosques, water taps, bridges, roads, etc. We can engage in social and development activities, raise awareness against corruption, prevailing social evils and other deformities of our society. I think this way we can contribute to the welfare of the nation. Nikita : Of course! These activities will not only help the nation but we can also gain self respect and recognition. Muralidhar : Diversity in geography, caste, ethnicity, language and culture is a fundamental feature of our nation. I think respecting diversity and maintaining unity and integration itself show respect for the nation. We have unity in diversity. We respect ritual, language and the customs of each other. We have maintained a common understanding and coexistence amongst the people of different backgrounds. Thus, our country is recognized as a nation with ‘Unity in Diversity’. Furba : Nirmal, can you name some of the reasons we are proud of our country? Nirmal : Our country is really wonderful. There are many things which identify Nepal and Nepalese in the world. Sagarmatha, the highest mountain peak of the world, and Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautam Buddha are some of the reasons we should be proud of our country. Similarly, Araniko, the great artist, introduced our popular art to China, and Bhirkuti helped to extend and establish Nepal’s friendly relations with other countries. What could be others, Nikita? 40 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Nikita : Our country has never become a colony of any foreign powers. Our brave ancestors always guarded the freedom and independence of our country. They never let Nepal fall under the clutches of foreign rule. Therefore, Nepal is also recognized as the country of the brave Gorkhas. We should learn the lesson of living with self respect from them and vow to help the younger generation to learn about their contribution. Furba : Indeed, we have many reasons to be proud. The ecological and cultural diversity, national flag, national bird, national anthem, national flower play a significant part in Nepal’s cultural heritage. Nirmal : All right, friends. Have you prepared the song for tomorrow to sing for ‘Unity Day’? Nikita : Of course, our madam helped us to prepare a song. By the way, don’t forget to come in your traditional costumes for the program. Muralidhar : Yes! My Daura Suruwal is ready, and I have also seen Furba’s Bakhhu. What about you Nikita and Nirmal? Nikita : I am wearing Gunyo Cholo. Nirmal : And I am wearing Daura Suruwal and Dhaka Topi. Nikita : Wonderful! Let’s practice the song. g]kfn xf] xfd|f] g]kfnL xf}+ xfdL 41 ljZjdf g} gk] fnLx¿ ags] f 5g\\ gfdL gk] fnsf hghftL efiffefifL ;a} g]kfnL ;a} wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t, j0f{ / j]ife\"iff gk] fnL . lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{, dwz] ;a} g]kfn e]b 5}g, 4Gb 5}g Ps gk] fn . ;lxi0f'tf, ;b\\efj;fy sfod 5 /fi6« Pstf cfTd ;Ddfg, :jfledfg /fvL u/f}+ ldqtf otf lxdfn ptf kxf8 ;dy/ t/fO{ gk] fnL 5g\\ ;a} ox“f sfx] L 5g} g\\ k/fO{ . Our Social Norms and Values

Activities a. There might have been a program related to the protection of nationality in your school and community, and you might have formed an important opinion about the nationality expressed by the intellectuals who participated in the program. Now, discuss their opinions in the classroom. b. Prepare a song, story or poem related to your nationality and national pride. Present it in the class or school assembly. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What are our duties towards the nation? List them. b. Why are you proud of our country? List some of the reasons that make you proud. c. What lesson should we learn from our brave ancestors? Why are these lessons important for us? Explain. d. Why should we live with self respect? What should be done for this? e. What should we do to show respect for nation? 2. “It is the duty of all Nepalese to give high priority to nationality and national welfare.” Give your arguments for it. 3. Prepare a dialogue between friends about the duty of school children to protect and promote the public resources and heritage available in your community. 42 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Lesson SOME IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF OUR TRADITIONS 5 Tradition is a belief, behaviour, custom or elements of a culture transferred from generation to generation. It is an aggregate form of attitudes, practices, and customs existing in our community from the past. Tradition includes life cycle rituals and different aspects of festivals. It also includes the things related to language, religion, culture, costume, food habit, etc. The specific norms and values of different castes, community, religion and place contribute to the development of different traditions. It is obvious that Nepal is rich in traditions. People from different social, cultural, religious and geographical backgrounds have their own unique traditions. There are some traditions that are common among the Nepalese irrespective of their background. Respecting and serving our parents and seniors citizens, loving our juniors, respecting guests, constructing chautaro and patipauwa for porters and public travelers to rest, constructing taps and wells and offering water to thirsty people are some examples of the Nepalese tradition. Holy trees like the Pipal, Bar and Swami are planted in religious and public places as well as roads. Mutual cooperation is another important aspect of our traditions. We help each other during mourning. People work together during social and religious functions held either in a family or on a community level. Different types of cooperation and moral economies like reciprocity, borrowing and parma are the fundamental features of Nepali rural life. Likewise, various indigenous and induced social organizations like Guthi, Club, Women Group, Mother Group, Religious Group, etc have been working for the collective welfare. Folk art and culture is the next important aspect of our traditions. Festivals in different communities glorify their society throughout the year. Nepal is famous for different types of folk songs, dance and musical instruments. Similarly, people of different social and geographical backgrounds have unique costumes and ornaments. Let us briefly discuss about these unique costumes and ornaments. Special Costumes A particular clothing or set of clothes which is different from what one usually wears is called a special costume. There are many special costumes among the Nepalese people according to their geographical areas, sex, caste and religion. Some of them are listed below in the table: Our Social Norms and Values 43

Area/Caste/Religion Sex Costumes Hilly Community Female Saari, Cholo, Fariya, Pachheura, Patuka, Dhoti, Jama, etc. Hilly Community Male Daura, Bhoto, Suruwal, Jwarikot, Eastakot, Topi etc. Terai Community Female Saree, Petani Terai Community Male Kurta, Kamij, Paijama, Dhoti, Gamchha, Pagari, etc. Mountain Region Female Pangden (worn below waist) Gurung, Magar and Female Ghalek, Tikiya (worn at the back below the Tamang waist) Sherpa, Tamang and Male Bakhhu Gurung Muslim Community Female Scarf (to cover head) Magar and Gurung Male Gado of Bhangro Ornaments The artistic jewelleries which are worn by the people on their ears and noses, around ankles, necks, legs, etc. are called ornaments. Ornaments are generally made of stone and metal like gold, silver, diamond and pearl. The ornaments of a particular community or cultural group represent the tradition of that community. There is a big diversity in the ornaments worn by the people of different ethnic groups living in a different geographical region, gender and castes, etc in Nepalese society. Rings, chains and bangles (Bala) are the common ornaments worn by males and females throughout the country. Similarly, chura, pote, dori (dhago), kanta, tika, etc are the common ornaments for female. Brahmin, Chhetri, Magar, Gurung, Rai, Limbu women wear Sirbandi, Dhungri, Fuli, Bulaki, Tilahari,Naugedi, etc. Hansuli which is worn around the neck is common in the Terai. Maakasi wearing on ears and Taaya wearing around the necks are common in the Newari community. KEY TERMS Parma : a tradition of exchanging labour/work particularly in agrarian societies Reciprocity : providing the same help to each other 44 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Activity a. Collect the name of clothes and ornaments worn by the people in your neighbourhood and community and classify the costumes and ornaments according to castes/ethnic groups. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. What is a tradition? b. Write down four fundamental aspects/ features of Nepalese traditions. c. The cooperative aspect of Nepalese traditions is decreasing day by day. Why? Write any four reasons. d. “The special costumes have made our country a colourful cultural land.” Explain the statement. e. Write a short description about the costume of your community/caste. 2. Draw the pictures of any five ornaments found in your community. 3. Write a letter to your foreign friend describing the special cultural aspects of your community. 4. Match the following: Group A Group B Guneu Female of hilly region Daura, Suruwal Male of hilly region Kamij, Paijama Male of Terai region Pangden Female of mountain region Ghalek Female of Gurung, Magar and Tamang community Bakkhu Male of Sherpa, Tamang and Gurung community 5. What does the picture show? What are the purposes of constructing these things in Nepalese society? Describe. Our Social Norms and Values 45

Lesson OUR FOLK CULTURE 6 A culture which is practiced and followed by a group of people or community in their day to day life is called folk culture. Folk culture is learnt and transferred from one generation to the next. Folk culture shows the “old ways”. A folk culture is a unique tradition of a community in a particular territory. Folk songs, dances, daily practices, art, customs, rituals, beliefs and thoughts, etc are the fundamental elements of folk culture. In this lesson we basically focus on the folk song, folk musical instrument, folk tune and folk dance. Folk Song The native or original song from a particular community or cultural group is a folk song. Folk songs are locally composed and sung with traditional tunes. Folk songs reflect locality, traditions, customs, social practices, happiness and grief and the way of life in particular communities. They help to minimize pain and sorrow, and increase happiness. Folk songs vary according to the place, communities and festivals. There are many folk songs in Nepal. Some examples of folk songs are: Types Songs Prayer songs Mangal, Chudka, Bhajan, etc. Ritual songs Ratauli, Songs related to birth and death, etc. Festival song Deusi, Bhailo, Teej, Gaura, etc. Caste/Ethnicity related Maruni, Sorathi, Kaura, Jhyaure, Tamang common songs Selo, Rodhi, Palam, etc. Folk Musical Instruments The traditional musical instruments which are made and played by the people of a certain community or ethnic group are folk musical instruments. These musical instruments are played during festivals and occasions. 46 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

Folk songs are sung to the tune of folk musical instruments. Our country has many traditional musical instruments. There are different instruments in different communities and regions. However, some of them are commonly played all over the nation. Panchai Baja, Madal, Sarangi, Binayo, Murchunga, Damphu, Khainjadi, etc are few examples of popular musical instruments of our society. Folk Tune The traditional tune which is used in a folk song, music and dance of folk life is called folk tune. Folk tunes are the sources of entertainment. They have a good flavour and bring life to our culture. Malashree, Chanchari, Sorathi, etc are the few popular folk tunes of Nepal. Folk Dance Kaura Naach Deuda Naach The traditional dance which is performed by the people of a particular community or region is called a folk dance. Folk dance represents culture and life style. Like folk songs and folk musical instruments, there are different types of folk dances in our country. For example: Dhan Naach, Deuda Naach, Kaura Naach, Ghatu Naach, Bhairav Nritya, Sorathi Naach, Khyali Naach, Dandi Naach, Gauna Naach, Madhikhola, Mundhum, Chyabrung, Hopcha, Charya, Hanuman, Charitra, Maruni, Taraware, Chhokara, Singaru, Hudkeli, Pancha Buddha, Devi Naach, Savai, Bhaili, Basanta, Kattike, Satar Naach, Ghargit, Jhangad Naach, etc. Folk dances, folk songs and folk musical instruments are interrelated, and they are the symbols of our glorious past. It is our duty to preserve and promote them. Our Social Norms and Values 47

KEY TERMS Fundamental : basic/very important Native : connected with the place where you were born/indigenous Panchai Baja : a group of five folk musical instruments (Narasingha, Jhyali, Sahanai, Tyamko and Nagara) Transfer : move from one to next Unique : very special Activities a. Divide the students of your class into four groups. Let them sing folk songs they know of any community. b. What role can you play for the preservation and promotion of folk songs, instruments, tunes and dances in your community? Prepare a short plan. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions: a. Define folk culture and discuss its major characteristics. b. What is a folk song? Write four characteristics of a folk song. c. What is a folk musical instrument? Make a list of six popular folk musical instruments of Nepalese society and give introduction of any one. d. Draw a figure of a folk musical instrument of your community and write a short description on it. e. What is a folk dance? Why is it called a cultural symbol of a particular community? f. What is a folk tune? To which festival is a Malshree tune related? g. “Folk song and Folk dance are interrelated with each other.” Explain it. Community Work a. Collect the names of folk songs, folk musical instruments, folk tunes and folk dances in your community. Discuss and present them in an appropriate table. b. Write the complete lyrics of a folk song of your local community and present it in the class. 48 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7

7Lesson GEHENDRA SHUMSHER: THE FIRST SCIENTIST OF NEPAL Gehendra Shumsher was the son of Rana Prime Minister Bir Shumsher. He was born in Poush 1928 BS. He received his primary education from Durbar High School. In his childhood, he was very creative and serious in his work. He was interested in new inventions, music, sports and physical exercise. So, he spent most of his time working and being creative in these areas. Though he was young, he was made in-charge of the arms and ammunition of the Nepal Army by his father. When his father became the Prime Minister of Nepal in 1942 BS, the door of opportunity opened for him. Now he could work independently and use his creative ideas. He received more opportunities, encouragement and inspiration to carry on his works. He started to manufacture essential arms, ammunition and other things like shoes, electricity, rice mills, wind Gehendra Shumsher mills, etc for the Nepali army. He established factories for products at Jamal, Sundarijal and (1928 BS - 1963 BS) Ramechhap. He encouraged the use of coal and iron found in our country for making arms and weapons rather than importing them from other countries. Inventions and Achievements: His creative mind was always looking for new ways to do things. So, in 1956 BS he imported a motor car from the Ford Company of Britain. He wanted to study the imported motor car in detail. Of course, for the sake of study, he separated and dismantled every part of the motor car. Then, he tried to design a new car Our Social Norms and Values 49

by assembling the parts of the car in different ways. Unfortunately, he was not able to complete his redesigned car as King Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah wished to use that car. He bought books, maps, and charts and catalogues related to arms and ammunitions from Japan and Britain. He studied them in detail and successfully designed and manufactured rifles. At that time there was only a single barrel rifle in the army. He made a double barrel gun and named it “Birgun” in honour of his father, Bir Shumsher. He also made cannon and named it “Dhirgun” after his grandfather, Dhir Shumsher. There is a saying, “where there is will, there is a way.” He was the first one to generate hydro electricity in our country with the help of his friend Muse Thapa. His other inventions are a rice mill (Kal) and water pump technology which drew underground water with the help of wind motor. He established a leather processing factory which was known as Balaju Chhala Karkhana. He was sent to Japan by Prime Minister Dev Shumsher (after Bir Shumsher) to learn Japanese technology. He made new arms and ammunition by observing the British design. Birgun, Dhirgun and an automatic machine gun were his invention of that time. Thus, Gehendra Shumsher is regarded as the first scientist of Nepal. He died a mysterious death at the age of 35 in 1963 BS. Inventions of Gehendra Shumsher 50 SOCIAL STUDIES AND POPULATION EDUCATION - BOOK 7