h. Establishment of republic system The role played by the political parties in the establishment of republic system in the country is admirable. The first meeting of Constituent Assembly declared Nepal as a Federal Democratic Republican State on 15th Jestha, 2065 BS. i. Implementation of Federalism The political parties participated in the elections of Federal, Provincial and Local Levels held in 2074 BS and helped to implement Federalism in the country. Representation of Political Parties in Federal Parliament Political Parties House of Representatives National Assembly Nepal Communist Party 174 50 Nepali Congress 63 6 Rastriya Janata Party Nepal 17 2 Samajbadi Party Nepal 17 1 Others 4 - 275 59 Total Representation of Political Parties in Provincial Assemblies Political Parties Province Province Bagmati Gandaki Province Karnali Sudurpashchim No. 1 No. 2 Province Province No. 5 Province Province Nepal Communist Party 66 32 61 39 Nepali Congress 21 19 80 39 19 33 12 Rastriya Janata Party 22 15 6 Nepal - 25 1 2 Samajbadi Party Nepal - - - Others 3 29 5 - Total 3 2 1 2 1 - - 93 107 7 4 87 1 53 110 60 40 Activities 1. There may be some politicians in your community. Meet some of them from different political parties and ask about the good works done by their political parties in the community, then make a list of such good works. 2. Collect the manifesto of different political parties and discuss in the class on the major aspects mentioned there. Then draw your conclusion. Civic Awareness 151
Exercise Short answer questions: 1. What is a political party? Make a list of any six political parties of Nepal. 2. The role of political parties was important in the restoration of multiparty democracy in 2046 BS. Why? 3. “The historical Peoples’ Movement of 2062/63 became successful only by the unified effort of the political parties.” Justify this statement. 4. What is multiparty governance system? Why is it important? 5. What are the bases to open a political party? Present the bases. 6. What provision has been made by the Election Commission relating to the registration of political party? Write in points. 7. Mention the roles of political parties in democracy. Long answer questions: 1. Prepare an article on the topic “Political parties are the pillars of democracy” giving the example of role of political parties in the establishment of democracy in Nepal. 2. Why is the political party that jeopardizes the religious and communal unity and fragments the country not allowed to be registered? Mention the reasons. Community Work What activities have been done by the political parties in order to spread awareness in your community? Discuss with the local political leader or head cadre and note down the description. 152 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
7LESSON Election Process Election Commission Introduction Election is a legitimate process in which the voters choose their representative or participate in the decision making process using their voting rights. It is done for electing the representatives in federal, provincial and local level for making decisions about future plan, policy and programs. Similarly, people can also vote for the decision of any national issue. This is called referendum. Periodic election is the backbone of democracy. A fair, independent, and impartial election can help in the resolution of national problems. Importance of Election It makes the government responsible towards the people through the means of election, It strengthens and develops the democracy through periodic election, It resolves the conflict and gives away the power in peaceful manner through independent and impartial election, It ensures the presence of voters in political decision, and It maintains the legitimacy of government in national and international level through the election. Election Process A set of activities which needs to be performed in order to complete an election is known as election process. The election process includes several activities to be performed in pre- Civic Awareness 153
election phase, during election phase and post election phase. Determination of electoral system, formation of election law and directions, determination of election constituency, formation of election calendar, collection and update of electoral roll, interaction with stakeholders, determination of polling center, mobilization of manpower, election training, voters education program, establishment of election offices, management of security, operation of election, implementation of election code of conduct, supervision and regulation of election, voting, counting of votes and declaration of result, reports and feedback, etc are the activities to be performed in the election process. Bodies to conduct election a. Election Commission The Constitution of Nepal has made a provision of Election Commission in part 24. There is a Chief Election Commissioner and four other Commissioners in the Election Commission. It conducts, supervises, directs and controls the election of the President, the Vice-President, Federal Parliament, Provincial Assemblies and local levels. It also prepares the voters’ list for the purpose of election. b. Election Officer When the date of election is announced, the Election Commission appoints the Election Officers. The Election Officers conduct the election in different election constituencies. c. Polling Officer Polling Officers are appointed to conduct the election in different polling centers. They have to make necessary arrangement of booth, security management, begin and complete the election in scheduled time and with legal process. They have to stop or postpone the election if needed and make a decision on any filed cases and other problems. They also hold the responsibility to submit the ballot box to concerned authority and if needed count the votes in the local election. Electoral Roll Electoral roll is an official list of the names and address of the people in a specific area who are entitled to vote in an election. The Election Commission updates the electoral roll every year and includes the names of people who attain 18 years of age to ascertain the voting right of people as Nepalese citizens. It provides certain time to include the name in the electoral roll if somebody is missed. While updating the electoral roll, the name of those who died, out-migrated or got married and left the place are removed from the electoral roll and those one who attained 18 years, in-migrated and got married and came in are included in the electoral roll. Those one whose name is not included in the electoral roll is neither allowed to vote nor to give candidacy in the election. Voter Identity Card Voter Identity Card is needed for casting vote in the election. It includes the name, address, identity card number and photograph of voter. It is called biometric voter identity card. 154 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
This card is useful to identify the real voter to electronic system using biological characteristics such as fingerprints or iris patterns and prevent SAMPLE the proxy votes. Polling Station It is an officially chosen place for casting votes during an election. It is also called voting booth. Polling stations are set up in several places in an election Biometrics Voter Identity Card constituency. The area is chosen as per the convenience of people. Generally, public places such as school, play ground, etc are chosen as the polling station. Ballot The total number of votes that have been cast in an election is called ballot. Ballot Paper It is a paper containing the election symbols or names of candidates or political parties. The voters put stamp on it, fold it and drop into the ballot box. Ballot Box It is a box in which voters drop their ballots after marking them. Candidate Somebody who is seeking to be elected in the election is called candidate. Election Code of Conduct It is a set of rules or guidelines issued by the Election Commission during the election. It should be abided Sample of Ballot Paper by candidates, political parties, government, public institutions, employees, mass media, INGOs, observers, etc. Civic Awareness 155
Qualification of the Candidate for the Member of Federal Parliament A person who has the following qualification is qualified to become a member of the Federal Parliament: a. Being a citizen of Nepal, b. Having completed the age of twenty five years, for the House of Representatives, and the age of thirty five years, for the National Assembly, c. Not having been convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude, d. Not being disqualified by any Federal law, and e. Not holding any office of profit. For the member of Provincial Assembly, one should be a voter of the concerned Province in addition to the above qualification. Age Bar Age bar for the candidate is fixed by the constitution. According to which, the candidates should have attained the following age bars: President/Vice-President: 45 years Member of House of Representatives: 25 years Member of National Assembly: 35 years Member of Provincial Assembly: 25 years Chairperson/Vice-Chairperson/Member of Rural Municipality and Mayor/Deputy Mayor/Member of Municipality: 21 years Electoral Systems Electoral system is a method of election which has its own rule of casting votes, counting the votes and giving final result. Various electoral systems are used in different countries. There are three electoral systems in practice at present in Nepal. They are First-Past- The-Post Electoral System, Proportional Electoral System and Single Transferable Vote Electoral System. a. First-Past-The-Post Electoral System It is an electoral system in which, the one who obtains more votes than any other candidate gets elected. This system is used to elect a single candidate from an election constituency in which the voters cast their votes directly to their preferred candidate. b. Proportional Electoral System It is an electoral system in which the whole country is considered a single constituency. The voters cast their votes to their preferred political party and the percentage of the popular vote won by the party is converted into seats. For example: if 40% of the voters support a particular political party, then roughly 40% of seats will be won by that party. c. Single Transferable Vote Electoral System It is an electoral system in which surplus votes of candidates with higher priority shift to candidates with lesser priority in the same order the electorates marked their preferences. 156 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Election Commission first determines how many votes a candidate needs to win the election and if the candidate gets more than the required number of votes, then the surplus votes shift to candidates in top to down priority. Manifesto Manifesto is a public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a political party or candidate. Election Constituency Election Constituency is a territorial subdivision for electing members to a legislative body. In the general election of 2048, 2051 and 2056 BS, the country was divided into 205 election constituencies whereas in the election of constitution assembly of 2064 and 2070 BS there were 240 election constituencies in Nepal. For the historical election of federal parliament and provincial assembly 2074, a total of 165 constituencies for the election of House of Representatives and 330 constituencies for the election of provincial assembly were maintained. Periodic Election It is an election to be held at regular interval. In the context of Nepal, periodic election is held in 5 years interval. General election is an example of periodic election. The elections held in 2015 BS, 2048 BS, 2056 BS and 2074 BS were the general elections. If the election is held before its fixed interval of 5 years, it is called Mid-term election. Mid-term election was held in 2051 BS. Periodic elections are concentrated on the development agendas and related with the formation of government. Referendum It is an election to be held for national issue. In the referendum, a matter of national importance is decided by the vote of whole population. It is occasionally held. It was once held in the political history of Nepal on 20th Baishakh, 2037 BS on the issue of ‘Reformed Panchayat System’ or ‘Multiparty Democracy’. Election of Constituent Assembly It is an election to be held for electing the representatives for Constituent Assembly. It is occasionally held, generally after the change in political system. Its main issue is the formulation of Constitution. Election of Constituent Assembly was held on 28th Chaitra, 2064 BS and 4th Mangsir, 2070 BS for drafting new constitution. Election Threshold Election threshold is the minimum share of vote that a political party requires to obtain in the general election for the representation in the parliament. Nepal has also provisioned a threshold of 3% votes under the election of proportional electoral system and at least 1 seat under the election of FPTP electoral system to secure the status of a national political party. Civic Awareness 157
Activities 1. Study the qualifications mentioned below which is required to be the member of Provincial Assembly and Rural Municipal/Municipal Assembly? Discuss in the class. A person who has the following qualification is qualified to become a member of the Provincial Assembly: a. Being a citizen of Nepal, b. Being a voter of the concerned province, c. Having completed the age of 25 years, d. Not having been convicted of a criminal offense involving moral turpitude, e. Not being disqualified by any law, and f. Not holding any office of profit. A person who has the following qualification is qualified to become a candidate for the office of the Member of the Rural Municipal/Municipal Assembly: a. Being a citizen of Nepal, b. Having completed the age of 21 years, c. Being his or her name included in the electoral rolls of the Rural Municipality/Municipality, and d. Not being disqualified by any law. 2. Collect the sample ballot papers and prepare its model. Prepare a stamp and practice to stamp on the model ballot paper. Exercise Short answer questions: 1. What is an election? Why is it important? 2. What is meant by electoral system? Give short introduction of the electoral systems being practiced in Nepal at present. 3. Write short introduction to the following: a. Electoral roll b. Election code of conduct c. Polling station d. Voter identity card 4. What are the qualifications required to be the member of Federal Parliament? 5. Mention the functions of Polling Officer. 6. Read the given news published in a daily newspaper and answer the question below: 28th Mangsir, 7.37% votes have become invalid in the election of House of Representatives and Province Assembly. Likewise 11,333 votes have become invalid in both FPTP and Proportional electoral system in another district. Write clearly any two causes why votes in most election of Nepal become invalid and also mention any two measures to solve this problem. Long answer questions: 1. What are the bodies to conduct election in Nepal? Write short description of each. 2. The use of Electronic Voting Machines instead of stamping on ballot paper has been started in Nepal as well. What easyness and difficulty may it bring? Write. 3. Some of the countries in the world have made the provision of rejection of vote in these days. It is also known as “None of the above-(NOTA)”. Is it appropriate in our context? Why? Prepare an article including the positive and negative aspects of this system. Community Work Visit the office of Rural Municipality/Municipality and collect the information regarding the update of electoral roll, then prepare a report on the basis of your findings. 158 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
8LESSON Role of Citizens in the Election Introduction A periodical election provides an opportunity to people for electing representatives as per their choice in different times. People can choose their preferred candidate or party in the election to form their government. A fair, independent and impartial election can help in the resolution of national problems. The citizens have to play important role to make the election successful, respectable and disciplined. They should play various roles before, during and after the election. The role of citizens in the election is presented as follows: Role of citizens Before Election Verify the electoral roll and make sure that the name of family members who have attained 18 years of age is included in the electoral roll, Help the Election Commission to update and revise the electoral roll if found any error in personal details, Encourage and help the neighbors and relatives to verify and update the electoral roll, Civic Awareness 159
Encourage the voters in the family and neighborhood to participate in the election for casting their votes, Study the manifesto of different political parties and discuss with the voters to elect the best candidate, Learn and teach other people about the technique of casting vote so that it would not be invalid, and Counsel the voters that they should not fall in greed and threat. During Election Carry the voter identity card and remind others to do so, Stand in queue to cast the vote in disciplined manner, Cast the vote regardless of nepotism and favoritism, Help the aged, differently able and needy ones to cast the vote, Raise the voice if there is any irregularity or violation of election code of conduct, and Support the electoral officials to conduct election in peaceful environment. After Election Wait for the result patiently, Congratulate and suggest the winner candidate to carry out the works in favor of people and the country, and Carry out the cleanup campaign in and around the polling station, or booths. Role of students in the election Provide correct information and help the election commission to update the electoral roll, Encourage people to cast vote for electing the best candidate or party, Teach people about proper stamping on ballot paper, Help to maintain peaceful environment in the polling station, and Support aged and physically challenged people to cast their votes in the polling station. 160 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities 1. Conduct an election of a monitor in your class as per the election process you learned in the lesson. 2. Discuss about the criteria required for the voters in the election. 3. What is a proxy vote? What should be done to check the proxy vote? Discuss in the class. 4. Present a street drama acting the role of citizens to be played in the election. Exercise Short answer questions: 1. Prepare a dialogue between two friends on the role of a responsible citizen in the election. 2. “A good citizen must participate in an election.” Prepare a speech on it. 3. What suggestions would you give to your guardians and neighbours to cast their vote? 4. How do you convince your family members who don’t wish to vote in the election? Long answer question: 1. What roles would you play as a conscious citizen to complete an election in fair and fearless environment? Mention your roles to be played before, during and after election. Community Work Meet your seniors who have participated in the election activities during the local election in or around your community and ask what activities they carried out in that election. Note down their response and present in the class. Civic Awareness 161
9LESSON Human Rights and National and International Agencies Introduction to Rights Everyone needs an appropriate condition in life for the development of personality. Such appropriate conditions which the people claim and every civilized society recognizes as essential claims are called rights. Only when the people get and enjoy rights, they can develop their personalities and contribute their best services to the society. The rights are enforced and protected by the laws of the state. It is the duty of a state to protect the rights of people. Introduction to Human Rights Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings. UNHRC We all are equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law. According to the international human rights law, it is the responsibility of the government to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of people. After the end of World War II, the international community Logo of United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) promised never to allow violent incidents again. World leaders decided to guarantee the rights of every individual everywhere. Thus the UN General Assembly adopted The Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December, 1948 AD. Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of then US President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to initiate the concept of human rights. She was the Chairperson of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights drafting Committee as well. So she is recognized as the driving force President Franklin D. Roosevelt & Eleanor Roosevelt for the approval and issue of first Universal Declaration of Human Rights from the UN General Assembly. There are 30 articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 162 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
An outline of the 30 articles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1. Right to Equality: Everyone is free and we should all be treated in the same way. 2. Freedom from Discrimination: Everyone is equal despite differences in skin colour, sex, disability, religion, language for example. 3. Right to Life, Liberty, And Personal Security: Everyone has the right to life and to live in freedom and safety. 4. Freedom from Slavery: No one has the right to treat you as a slave nor you should make anyone your slave. 5. Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment: No one has the right to hurt you or to torture you. 6. Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law: Everyone has the right to be treated equally by the law. 7. Right to Equality before the Law: The law is the same for everyone, it should be applied in the same way to all. 8. Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal: Everyone has the right to ask for legal help when their rights are not respected. 9. Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile: No one has the right to imprison you unjustly or expel you from your own country. 10. Right to Fair Public Hearing: Everyone has the right to a fair and public trial. 11. Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty: Everyone should be considered innocent until guilt is proved. 12. Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence: Everyone has the right to ask for help if someone tries to harm you, but no one can enter your home, open your letters or bother you or your family without a good reason. 13. Right to Free Movement in and out of the Country: Everyone has the right to travel as they wish. 14. Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution: Everyone has the right to go to another country and ask for protection if they are being persecuted or are in danger of being persecuted. 15. Right to Nationality and the Freedom to Change It: Everyone has the right to belong to a country. No one has the right to prevent you from belonging to another country if you wish to. 16. Right to Marriage and Family: Everyone has the right to marry and have a family. 17. Right to Own Property: Everyone has the right to own property and possessions. 18. Freedom of Belief and Religion: Everyone has the right to practice and observe all aspects of their own religion and change their religion if they want. Civic Awareness 163
19. Freedom of Opinion and Information: Everyone has the right to say what they think and to give and receive information. 20. Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association: Everyone has the right to take part in meetings and to join associations in a peaceful way. 21. Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections: Everyone has the right to help, choose and take part in the government of their country. 22. Right to Social Security: Everyone has the right to social security and opportunities to develop their skills. 23. Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions: Everyone has the right to work for a fair wage in a safe environment and to join a trade union. 24. Right to Rest and Leisure: Everyone has the right to rest and leisure. 25. Right to Adequate Living Standard: Everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living and medical help if they are ill. 26. Right to Education: Everyone has the right to go to school. 27. Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of Community: Everyone has the right to share in their community’s cultural life. 28. Right to a Social Order that Articulates this Document: Everyone must respect the ‘social order’ that is necessary for all these rights to be available. 29. Community Duties Essential to Free and Full Development: Everyone must respect the rights of others, the community and public property. 30. Freedom from State or Personal Interference in the above Rights: No one has the right to take away any of the rights in this declaration. Introduction to Fundamental Rights Fundamental rights are the basic rights to be acquired by an individual to live with dignity, respect and as a citizen of the country. As the fundamental rights are guaranteed by the constitution, they are effective only within the country. It is also called civic rights, basic rights or constitutional rights. Difference between Human Rights and Fundamental Rights Human Rights Fundamental Rights Human right is a widespread expression. Fundamental right is limited expression. It comes under the international law. It comes under the national law. It is similar in all the countries. It can differ from country to country. International laws make the human rights Constitution of the country makes the monitoring mechanism. provision of protection and promotion of fundamental rights. 164 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Role of National and International Agencies for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Various national and international agencies concerned with human rights are working effectively in Nepal. These authorities are working in the fields like warning against the violation of human rights, publicity of the values and norm of human rights, and growth of public awareness regarding human rights, etc. Role of national and international agencies in protection of human rights are presented below: 1. National Human Rights Commission It is a constitutional organ of Nepal. It was established in 2057 BS. It is constituted with a Chairperson and four other members appointed by the President on the recommendation of Constitutional Council for a term of six years. It has been working for the protection and promotion of human rights in the country. “Dignity, Equality and Justice for all” is the main motto of this agency. 2. Informal Sector Service Center (INSEC) Logo of National Human Rights Commission It has been working in the sector of human rights and fundamental rights since 1988 AD. It was started with the objective of protecting the rights of people engaged in informal sectors. It has significantly contributed in protecting and promoting the fundamental rights of people in almost all sectors. It has been publishing the Human Rights Year Book every year. 3. Amnesty International It is an international agency involved in the sector Logo of INSEC of human rights. It was established in 1961 AD in London with the objectives to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated. It works to mobilize public opinion to put pressure on governments that allows abuse during their tenure. This organization was awarded with Nobel Peace Logo of Amnesty International Prize in 1977 AD and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978 AD for its “campaign against torture”. Civic Awareness 165
Activities 1. Prepare a biography of Eleanor Roosevelt collecting the information from different sources. 2. What is mentioned in the article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights? 3. Make a list of the outline of human rights and present in the class. 4. Collect the news articles and editorials published in the newspapers regarding the protection of human rights and paste on the bulletin board. 5. Draw a logo of Amnesty International and clarify its inherent meaning. 6. Prepare a list of the organizations working in the field of human rights in your community and note down their best works. Present your work in the class. Exercise Short answer questions: 1. Give a short introduction to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2. Differentiate between human rights and fundamental rights in four points. 3. Prepare a model of speech on “Right to personal freedom and self defence to every one is the foundation of human rights”. 4. How is National Human Rights Commission constituted? What is its role in the protection of human rights? 5. “Fundamental rights are the human rights guaranteed by the state to its citizens.” Present your logics on it. 6. Mention the contribution of Eleanor Roosevelt in the declaration of human rights. 7. How do you honour the individual or authority working to protect and promote the human rights? 8. How does the freedom to assemble peacefully guarantee the acquisition of human rights? Introduce your logics. Long answer question: 1. Various national and international authorities concerned with human rights are working in Nepal for the protection of human rights. Give short introduction and role of the following agencies in the protection of human rights: a. National Human Rights Commission b. Informal Sector Service Center (INSEC) c. Amnesty International Community Work Collect the activities performed by different clubs for the promotion of human rights in your community and prepare a report. Then present it in the class. 166 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
10LESSON Rights of Women and Indigenous Nationalities Introduction All the people are equal in democratic system. Every citizen has the right to participate in the governing system. State has to bring every community, sex, caste, religion and class into the mainstream of development without any discrimination on the basis of the principle of inclusion. The Constitution of Nepal and other prevailing laws have established rights to the people of every sector and class. Here, we will discuss about the rights of women and indigenous nationalities. Rights of Women Women are not less capable than men. Their contribution in the development cannot be underestimated. They have been playing significant roles in development since the very beginning. For further betterment, women empowerment is a must. Women empowerment is possible only if their rights are ensured. Women have occupied more than half population of the country. The presence and participation of women in the development may double the pace of development. Provisions made in the constitution, laws and policy making level to establish the rights of women: a. Provision of acquiring citizenship certificate in the name of mother, b. End of gender discrimination, c. Equal parental rights to women without gender discrimination, d. Equal rights of couple in the affairs of property and family, e. Formation of equitable society on the basis of proportional, inclusive and participatory principle, f. Formation of National Women Commission, g. Guarantee of social justice so that socially backward women also can participate in all state structures and bodies on the basis of inclusive principle, h. No physical, mental, sexual or psychological violence against women, or any kind of oppression based on religious, social and cultural tradition and other practices and such an act is punishable and the victim has the right to compensation, i. No discrimination in the use of law on any ground of origin, religion, color, caste, sex, disability or any other, j. Participation of women in all state structures and bodies on the basis of proportional inclusive principle, k. Political objective of the state to assure the fundamental rights, gender equality and values, norms of human rights, l. Provision of rights to women for safe motherhood and reproductive health, Civic Awareness 167
m. Provision of special opportunity for women in education, health, employment and social security on the basis of positive discrimination, n. Right to social security for economically weak, disabled, helpless and single women as well, and o. Special provision as provided by the law for the protection, empowerment and development of socially or culturally backward women and disable citizens. Rights of Indigenous Nationalities Nepal is a multiethnic and multilingual country. There are 125 castes of people living in the country. According to ‘National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities Act, 2058 (2002 AD)’, ‘Indigenous Nationalities’ means a tribe or community having its own mother tongue and traditional rites and customs, distinct cultural identity, distinct social structure and written or unwritten history. This act has listed 59 castes of people as indigenous nationalities in its schedule. It is for social, economic and cultural development and upliftment of various indigenous nationalities of Nepal and for their equal participation in the mainstream of national development. As they are behind in the development and human development, it has been aimed to establish access to education, communication, health and resource for them. The main issue concerned to indigenous nationalities is right to get basic education in their own mother tongue. Rights to be acquired by the Indigenous Nationalities a. Right to free and compulsory basic education, b. Right to education in child friendly environment in school, c. Right to preserve and promote their language, script and civilization, d. Right to easy access to natural resources and means of their location, e. Right to basic education in their own mother tongue, f. Right to special privilege for higher studies, g. Right to special facility for housing, employment and service and facilities to be provided by the state, and h. Right to respectful presence in the various state bodies and inclusive representation. Efforts made by the state to establish the rights of Indigenous Nationalities a. Establishment of Indigenous Nationalities Commission, b. Provision of getting basic education in mother tongue, c. Provision of scholarship, d. Management of curriculum, text books, teaching and learning materials and teachers to provide education in mother tongue, and e. The state has taken the principle of participation for equal access and opportunity in various state bodies. 168 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities 1. Inquire whether the indigenous nationalities living in your community are enjoying the rights mentioned in the lesson or not and present the findings in the class. 2. Make a list of the indigenous nationalities living in your community and find whether they are using their mother tongue or not. Then present the finding in the class. Exercise Short answer questions: 1. Discuss about the measures for women empowerment. 2. “Rights of women cannot be established without promoting the social status of women.” Present your logic on this statement. 3. What is meant by the rights of indigenous nationalities? Mention rights to be acquired by the indigenous nationalities. 4. “It is the right of indigenous nationalities to get basic education in mother tongue.” Present your opinion to support this statement. Long answer questions: 1. What is meant by the rights of women? Mention the provisions made in the constitution, laws and policy making level to establish the rights of women. 2. Who are Indigenous Nationalities? Mention the efforts made by the state to establish the rights of indigenous nationalities. 3. Constitution of Nepal has guaranteed Fundamental Rights and other constitutional provisions to empower or develop women. How far have those Rights and constitutional provisions implemented effectively? Present yours evaluation in points. Community Work Collect the information about the indigenous nationalities living in your community. Prepare a report including their language, culture and rites. Then present in the class. Civic Awareness 169
LESSON 11 Citizen Identity and Citizenship Introduction to Citizen, Citizenship and Nationality Somebody, who is a legal resident of state, is called a citizen. A citizen can enjoy the rights granted by the state and fulfill the duty towards the state as well. The legal status of being a citizen of a country is called citizenship. The citizenship is the evidence of identity of a citizen given by the state. This is the lawful base of identity. Citizenship can be acquired by two bases: on the basis of descent or blood relation and on the basis of birth or land. Citizenship is different than nationality. The status of belonging to a particular nation by origin, birth, or naturalization is called nationality. The relationship with citizenship can be broken but the relationship with nationality cannot be broken. Difference between Nationality and Citizenship Nationality Citizenship It is emotional relationship with the state. It is legal relationship with the state. It is permanent in nature and cannot be quitted. It is temporary in nature and can be quitted. It adopts the collective concept. It adopts the individual concept. It remains even residing in foreign country. It can be acquired by residing in the state. It is a widespread concept. It is a limited concept. Concept of Citizenship There are various concepts regarding the citizenship. It depends on the policy determined by the state. Citizenship by birth denotes the acquisition of citizenship based on the geography where one has been born. Similarly, the citizenship by descent denotes the acquisition of citizenship based on the ancestral background. Some countries make the provision even of dual citizenship and some countries grant honorary citizenship to the renowned citizen of other country. The state of being without citizenship is also another concept regarding the citizenship. In some places, the identity is also given as second class citizen. In such condition, an individual may be deprived from the rights, services and facilities provided by the state. Constitutional provisions regarding Citizenship The Constitution of Nepal has made the provision of single federal citizenship with provincial identity. No citizen of Nepal may be deprived of the right to obtain citizenship. The persons who have obtained the citizenship of Nepal at the time of commencement of this Constitution and who are qualified to obtain citizenship shall be the citizens of Nepal. Whenever any territory is acquired by way of merger into Nepal, a person having his/her domicile in such territory shall become a citizen of Nepal. A person who obtains the citizenship of Nepal by descent may obtain a certificate of citizenship of Nepal with gender identity by the name of his/her mother or father. According to the Constitution of Nepal, citizenship can be obtained on the following bases: 170 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
1. Citizenship by Descent SAMPLE The following person who has his/her permanent domicile in Nepal at the time of commencement of this Front side of Citizenship Certificate constitution shall be the citizen of Nepal by descent: a. A person whose father or mother was a citizen of SAMPLE Nepal at his/her birth, b. A child of a citizen having obtained the citizenship of Nepal by birth prior to the commencement of this constitution shall, upon attaining majority, acquire the citizenship of Nepal by descent if the child’s father and mother both are citizens of Nepal. c. Every minor who is found within Nepal and the whereabouts of whose father and mother are not known shall, until the father or the mother of the child is traced, be a citizen of Nepal by descent. d. A person who is born in Nepal from a woman who is a citizen of Nepal and has resided in Nepal and whose father is not traced shall be provided with the citizenship of Nepal by descent. 2. Naturalized Citizenship Back side of Citizenship Certificate According to the Constitution of Nepal, the following are the bases to acquire the Naturalized Citizenship of Nepal: a. A person who is born in Nepal from a woman who is a citizen of Nepal and has resided in Nepal and whose father is not traced shall be provided with the citizenship of Nepal by descent. Provided that in case his or her father is found to be a foreign citizen, the citizenship of such person shall be converted into naturalized citizenship. b. A foreign woman who has a matrimonial relationship with a citizen of Nepal, if she so wishes, acquire the naturalized citizenship of Nepal. c. In the case of a person born from a woman who is a citizen of Nepal and married to a foreign citizen, the person may acquire the naturalized citizenship of Nepal if he/she has permanently resided in Nepal and has not acquired the citizenship of a foreign country. 3. Honorary Citizenship According to the Constitution of Nepal, the Government of Nepal may grant the honorary citizenship of Nepal to any foreigner who has contributed to enhance the benefit, pride and prestige of Nepal. The honorary citizenship has been granted to Dr. Toni Hagen of Switzerland, Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand, Collin Philip Smith (Putali Baj) of United Kingdom, etc. 4. Non-Resident Nepalese Citizenship The non-residential citizenship of Nepal may be granted to a person who has acquired the citizenship of a foreign country, has resided in a country other than a member state of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, and who or whose father or mother, grandfather or grandmother was previously a citizen of Nepal by decent or birth but subsequently acquired the citizenship of the foreign country. Such person may enjoy economic, social and cultural rights. Civic Awareness 171
Activities 1. A citizen of Nepal, who has completed the age of 16 years and intends to obtain the certificate of citizenship of Nepal by descent, has to make an application and accomwwwpwwwa.l.nlaawiweccodommbmmiyissstiiohonn.eg.goofvvo.n.nlplpowing documents, to the concerned Chief District Officer: a. The certificate of citizenship of Nepal of his/her father or mother or relative www.wlawitchoimnmtishsiroene.gogve.nnperations of his/her lineage, b. pAlarecceoamnmd reenldataitoionnshmipaodreabcyetr■h■■tieficc oa tneceorfnbeidrthLorceaglisBtoradtyiosne.tting out his/her birth Suppose youaregoingtoobtaint■hecertificateofcitizenshipofNepa l, fill the required iNnefopraml,atthieonnpinretsheentfoinllotwheincglafsosr.matsof applicationandcertificateofcitizenship of FFuul llNNaammee((iinn bblloocckk))::.......... ........................ SSeexx::................. FullName(inblock):................................. PSelaxc:e...PVPWo.VWPP.elfD.leaaDr.aarc.BmrC.cmrdCe.dei./ara/.oMNn.oMtNn.fheo.fue.onBu.nBn(t.nii.ti.irnAic.rAtc.ith.dbiph.dp.dla(.dao(.ilr.inlriec.nite.stykb.syb/)ls/:Slo.:So.Duc.Duc.kbi.kbis.)/.s)/M.t.M.tr..ri..eic..ec..tt..trt...r.o...o...p...p...o...o...l...li...i.s...s....................................... Perm anentAddress:District............... ........ VDC/DMDauatteneiocofifpBBailirirttthyh/((ASAuDDb)/):M:....e..t.r..o..p..o.yyleieasar.r............................ Ward MNMooon.n.t.th.h..................................D.Daayy MDaotnetho.f..B...i.r.t.h....(.A...D..)..:......D...a..y.....year............... 172 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10 ■■■
www.lawcommission.gov.np ■ Government of Nepal has issued the Citizenship Certificate with following details: Citizenship Certificate No. Full Name (in block): Sex: Date of Birth (AD): Year Month Day Place of Birth (in block): Permanent Address (in block): District VDC/Municipality/Sub/Metropolis: Ward No: × Government of Nepal has issued the Citizenship Certificate with following details: Citizenship Certificate No. ■ Full Name (in block): Sex: Date of Birth (AD): Year Month Day www.lawcommission.gov.np Place of Birth (in block): ExercisePermanent Address (in block): District VDC/Municipality/Sub/Metropolis: Ward No: S hort answer questions: 1. Prepare a speech for an oratorypro gram on the topic “Citizenship is the basis to give an identity to the citizen”. 2 . Differentiate between Nationality and Citizenship. 3 . What is the difference between the Citizenship by Descent and Naturalized Citizenship? ■ 4. Who are granted an Honorary Citizenship? Write the provisions with examples. 5. The person who acquires the Non-Resident Nepalese Citizenship cannot enjoy all the rights.www.lawcommission.gov.np Should be limited within the rights given to them? Present your logic. they Long answer question: 1. What is Citizenship? Explain the various bases to obtain citizenship certificate according to the Constitution of Nepal. Community Work Collect the news published in newspaper regarding the Citizen and Citizenship. Also collect the opinion of the people living in your community on this matter and prepare a report including your conclusion. Present your work in the class. Civic Awareness 173
UNIT 6 OUR EARTH Learning achievements Discuss the factors affecting climate of the world, types of climate, vegetation and animals in the world, and the effects of climate and topographic diversity on lifestyle, Explain the geographical and natural environment and economic activities and social life of North America, South America and Africa Continent and compare with Nepal, Give introduction of Earthquake and Tsunami, their causes, effects and adopt safety measures, Use maps and be familiar with its modern and practical technology, and Draw map of Nepal and insert the major facts in the map of Nepal and the world. Subject matters Climates of the World Tropical Zone Temperate Zone Frigid Zone Alpine Climate or High Mountainous Climate Climate, Vegetation and Animals in the World Effects of Climate and Topographic Diversity on Lifestyle North America: Geographical and Natural Environment North America: Economic Activities and Social Life South America: Geographical and Natural Environment South America: Economic Activities and Social Life Africa: Geographical and Natural Environment Africa: Economic Activities and Social Life North America, South America, Africa and Nepal Natural Disasters: Earthquake and Tsunami Globe, Map and Map Technology 174 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
1LESSON Climates of the World Weather and Climate The state of atmosphere at a given place and time with regard to temperature, cloudiness, rainfall, wind and other meteorological conditions is called weather. Cloudy, rainy, windy, sunny, etc are the examples of weather condition. Climate is the average weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period. From the climate, we can know the condition of the temperature, rainfall, wind and pressure of a particular place in various seasons. Weather describes the short-term state of the atmosphere whereas the climate describes the average pattern of weather for a particular region. Factors Affecting Climate Climate is not same all over the world. We experience different climates like hot, warm, humid, dry, etc in different places or regions. There are some factors affecting climate that cause the difference in climate. A short description of the factors has been presented below: Ocean current Soil Altitude Latitude Factors Distance affecting the from sea climate Presence of Nature of Mountain wind Natural Slope of Vegetation land Our Earth 175
1. Latitude d Oblique at 66 1 o N Due to the latitudinal extension or 2 distance from the equator, the climate differs in different places. The places NP c nearer to the equator or with lower b latitude experiences hot climate whereas 661 2o SUN’S RAYS the places farther from the equator or with a Perpendicular at 2312oS higher latitude experiences cold climate. N It is because the sun rays fall straight to the equatorial region but slanting towards 231 2o the polar region. The straight sun rays cause more heat than slanting sun rays N because the straight sun rays concentrate at a place but the slanting rays scatter in 0o a large area and have to travel through the thick atmosphere. Thus, it is hot in 231 2o SP equatorial region and cold in polar region. S ATMOSPHERE For example: it is hotter in Sri Lanka than Nepal because Sri Lanka lies closer to Perpendicular equator than Nepal. Rays Oblique A1 Sq. m. B Rays 1 Sq. m. 2. Altitude C It is hot at lower altitude and cold at higher altitude. At lower altitude, density AB of atmosphere is thicker as it contains more amounts of dust particles and Meters 0C water vapour but at higher altitude, it is 8250 -290 thinner and it contains fewer amounts 6600 -190 of dust particles and water vapour. 4950 -90 The thicker atmosphere absorbs more 3300 10 heat than thinner atmosphere. In each 1650 110 165 m altitude, temperature reduces by 210 1° Celsius. Because of this reason, it is 0 Sea Level hotter in Nepalgunj than Jumla. Effect of Altitude on Temperature 3. Distance from the sea Air cools Air cools Rising warm air Rising warm air The nature of land and sea is just opposite. The land heats and cools Descending Descending down faster than sea, and sea takes cool air more time to heat and cool down than cool air High land. During summer, it is hot on land Pressure Low but the sea is still cold. Similarly, Pressure Cool sea-breeze during winter, it is cold on land but landC-oborel eze High PreLsoswure Pressure Land Breeze Sea Breeze 176 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
the sea is still hot. Due to such phenomenon, places nearer to sea experience mild climate, means neither too hot nor too cold but places farther from the sea experience extreme climate, means hot in summer and cold in winter. For example: Mumbai experiences mild climate because there is influence of sea but Banaras experiences extreme climate because there is no influence of sea. 4. Slope of land Windward is the place facing wind and leeward is the place Leeward side Wind away from wind. Windward of mountain direction slope receives more rainfall than leeward slope. Likewise, if the Mountain slope is towards the equator, range it is warmer but if the slope is Ocean towards the poles it is cooler. Effect of Slope The climate of windward slope is humid whereas the climate of leeward slope is dry. Nepal’s climate is humid as it lies on windward slope of the Himalayas but climate of Tibet is dry as it lies on leeward slope of the Himalayas. Being situated on leeward slope, Manang and Mustang remain dry and cold throughout the year. Rain-bearing cloud enters Nepal through South-East direction which is obstructed by the Himalayas resulting relatively less rainfall in the Northern slope of Himalayas. So, it is also known as rain-shadow area. 5. Presence of mountain It also affects the climate very much. The mountain blocks the wind and causes difference in climate from one side to another. If the mountain blocks the rain bearing wind, the other side of the mountain remains dry. It is because of the presence of Himalayas, the air containing water vapour coming from Bay of Bengal cannot reach to Tibet. So, Tibetan region is dry. Northern part of Himalayas of Nepal also remains dry. 6. Nature of wind CHINA CHINA The wind blowing from the sea INDIA INDIA contains water vapour. It causes enough rainfall and makes the INDIAN OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN climate mild. But the wind blowing from land is dry. It Summer Winter causes less rainfall and makes the climate extreme. Likewise, Summer monsoon and Winter monsoon the wind blowing from tropical zone increases hotness and Our Earth 177
blowing from polar zone increases coldness. Summer monsoon blowing from sea to land causes enough rainfall in Nepal during summer but the winter monsoon blowing from land is dry and causes dryness in Nepal during winter. 7. Ocean current Ocean current affects the climate of the coastal region. If Warm Ocean current passes through it, it makes the climate warm and if Cold Ocean current passes through it, it causes cold climate in coastal region. Warm Ocean current leads to rainfall as it contains water vapour but Cold Ocean current leads dryness in coastal region. There is warm and wet climate in the eastern coastal region of the US because the Warm Ocean current passes through it. Likewise, the western coastal region of the US experiences dry and cold climate because the Cold Ocean current passes through it. 60° E. GreNenolrawnedgian N Alaska Labrador Oyashio 30° N. Pacific N. Atlantic Agulhas N. Equatorial N. Pacific 0° Gulf Stream Drift Kuroshio California Equatorial Counter Canary N. Equatorial North Equatorial South Equatorial N. Equatorial Equatorial E. Australia Counter Equatorial W. Australia South Equatorial Counter Mozambique S. Equatorial South Indian Antarctic Circumpolar 30° Peru Brazil Benguela 60° South Pacific South Atlantic Antarctic Circumpolar Antarctic Subpolare Warm Current Antarctic Subpolar Cold Current Ocean current 8. Vegetation Though the vegetation is the product of the climate, later on it affects the local climate. The places with vegetation and forest are relatively wet and cold but the places with no vegetation have dry climate. 9. Soil The quality of soil also affects the climate. There is dry and extreme climate in area of rock and sand. The areas with alluvial soil are not that much dry and extreme. On the other hand, the area with black soil is warm and with white soil is cold. Climatic Zones A large region having almost similar type of climatic condition, natural vegetation and human activities is known as climatic zone. On the basis of latitudinal extension, heat 178 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
obtained from the sun and air pressure, Heat Zones of the World the surface of the earth is divided into three climatic zones on the both 90° N hemispheres of the earth. Frigid Zone Tundra or Polar Types of Climate Climate Various types of climates are found in 70° N the different parts of the world. There are altogether 13 types of climates found Cold Temperate Climate in the world. Twelve of them are based or Coniferous Climate on the latitudinal extension and one is based on altitude. They are as presented Temperate Zone Cool Temperate 60° N below: Temperate Grassland St. In Tropical Zone Oceanic Lawrence or Climate Manchurian 1. Equatorial Climate 2. Tropical Grassland Climate or Sudan Climate Climate 45° N 3. Tropical Desert Climate 4. Tropical Monsoon Climate Mediterranean Temperate China Climate Desert Climate Type of In Temperate Zone Climate 5. Mediterranean Climate 30° N 6. Temperate Desert Climate 7. China Type of Climate Tropical Zone Tropical Desert Climate Tropical 8. Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate Tropical Grassland Climate Monsoon 20° N 9. Temperate Grassland Climate Climate 10. St. Lawrence or Manchurian Climate Equatorial Climate 5° N In Frigid Zone 0° N 11. Cold Temperate Climate or Coniferous Chart showing climates Climate 12. Tundra Climate or Polar Climate In High Mountain 13. Alpine Climate or High Mountainous Climate The above chart clarifies the direction, area and extension of the climates in northern hemisphere of the earth. Climatic Region A region which has roughly the same climate throughout the year is called climatic region. For example; the region where equatorial climate is found is called equatorial climatic region. Our Earth 179
Activities 1. Prepare a chart showing the latitudinal extension of climate on the earth surface and paste on the wall of your class. 2. Note down the characteristics of the climate found in your area. 3. Climatic zones are determined on the basis of latitudinal extension. Draw a figure and show the climatic zones of the earth. Exercise Short answer questions: 1. How does distance from sea affect on climate of Nepal? Write with examples. 2. “There is wet climate on the windward slope.” Justify the statement with example. 3. Do you agree that the soil affects the climate? Present your logics. 4. Give geographical reasons for the following statements: a. It is hotter in Sri Lanka than Nepal. b. It is colder in Jumla than Nepalgunj. c. Mumbai experiences mild climate while Banaras experiences extreme climate. d. Manang and Mustang remain dry and cold throughout the year. 5. Define the following terms: a. Climate b. Climatic region c. Climatic zones d. Rain-shadow area 6. Explain any four factors affecting the climate. Community Work Discuss with the people who have experienced the climate of the bottom and top of the mountain. Find the difference between the climate found at the bottom and top of the mountain. 180 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
2LESSON Tropical Zone Tropical zone lies between 0° to 30° latitudes in both hemisphere of the earth. As this zone receives direct sun rays, it has hot climate. Amount of rainfall differs according to the place and time. On the basis of temperature, air pressure and amount of rainfall, there are four climates in this climatic zone. They are: 1. Equatorial Climate 2. Tropical Grassland Climate or Sudan type of Climate 3. Tropical Desert Climate 4. Tropical Monsoon Climate 1. Equatorial Climate N a. Climatic Region: It extends from Tropic of Cancer 0° to 5° latitudes in both hemispheres. It is found in Amazon basin, Congo Equator basin and South East Asian Islands. As Amazon basin is the main region Tropic of Capricorn of this climate, it is also called Amazon Type of Climate. Equatorial Climatic Region b. Climatic Characteristics: It is hot throughout the year as the sun rays fall straight here. Convectional rainfall with thunder and lightning takes place every day. There is no change in season. The time of day and night is equal. There is hot, wet and humid climate all over the year. c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: This region is appropriate for crops and forests because of enough rainfall and wet climate. Dense evergreen forest is found here in which various types of large and tall trees and creepers are found in huge amount. The dense evergreen forest in Amazon basin is called Selvas. The trees are tall, broad-leaved and evergreen. About 90% of the animal species found in the world is found in the equatorial Rain Forest forests. Many reptiles and amphibians and animals like snakes, lizards, different kind of frogs, chimpanzee, leopard, gorilla, crocodiles and hippopotamus are found here. Our Earth 181
d. Economic Activities: The major occupation of the people in this region is agriculture. Major agricultural productions are paddy, coconut, sugarcane, maize, coffee, tea, spices, cocoa, banana, tobacco, etc. The inhabitants of forest live on hunting wild animals, collecting wild fruits and edible roots and medicinal herbs, fishing, cutting trees, etc. Wood, medicinal herbs, bones and skins of animals are the major forest products. e. Effect on lifestyle: The lifestyle of the Pygmies Hut people in equatorial climatic region is primitive and very difficult due to the hot and wet climate. Red Indians of Amazon basin and Pygmies of Congo (Zaire) basin are the indigenous nomadic tribes of this climatic region. As industry and commerce are not well developed here, the people earn their living from hunting and gathering, animal husbandry and temporary farming. Though the climate is suitable for agriculture, it is not appropriate for human settlement. But in the South East Asia, people have made advancement due to influence of European contact and civilization. Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore are its examples. The population density is also high there. The people are involved in trade, industries, tourism, etc. 2. Tropical Grassland Climate Pygmies a. Climatic Region: Tropical grassland climate is found between 5° to 20° latitudes in N the inner part of the continents. Sudan, South African plateau, Tropic of Cancer Brazilian plateau, Orinoco basin, Equator inner part of northern Australia, Deccan and Shan plateau are the Tropic of Capricorn main regions of this climate. As the main region of this climate is Tropical Grassland Climatic Region Sudan of Africa, it is also called Sudan type of Climate and Savanna Grassland. b. Climatic Characteristics: Summer is very hot and winter is warm and often dry in this region. Trade wind causes rainfall during summer ranging 50 to 150 cm. As this climatic region is between the equatorial region and tropical desert region, the rainfall is more towards the equatorial region and less towards the tropical desert region. 182 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: Rainfall Savanna Grassland is not enough to grow a dense forest. So, only the long grasses are found here. The tropical Emu grassland is called Llanos in Orinoco basin, Campos in Brazilian plateau, and Savanna Masai in central African region. Savanna grassland is also called “Zoo of the World” because House of Masais varieties of animals and birds are found in this region. This region is the home of many 183 herbivorous and carnivorous animals like deer, gazelle, antelope, zebra, giraffe, elephants, lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, hippopotamus and rhinoceros. Some of the common birds found in this region are Ostrich, Emus, Cassowary, Rhea, etc. These birds are mostly flightless and live in the region where there are few trees. d. Economic Activities: Agriculture is the main occupation of people living in the areas where enough water and irrigation facility is available. Oilseed, cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, maize, wheat, etc are the major agricultural productions of this region. The indigenous tribes live their life by hunting wild animals. So this region is also called “Land of Big Games”. Cattles rearing is another occupation of people. Wool, leather, dairy product, etc are the animal production of this region. e. Effect on lifestyle:As this region experiences hot and dry climate, it is not appropriate for the human settlement. Most of the population is still living in primitive way. Some indigenous tribes of Central African region like Masai and Hausa are living their nomadic life. The level of economic development is not uniform all over this region. There are some pastoral groups who depend on animal husbandry and subsistence agriculture. The population density is very low. However, there is higher possibility of tourism development. Most parts of tropical grassland have been converted into National Parks and Wild Life Reserves. Nowadays, thousands of tourists visit there every year for entertainment Our Earth
and study. Animal films are made in this region. Modern farming and agriculture is rapidly developing in this region. Commercial crops like cotton in Sudan, coffee and tea in Kenya, tobacco in Zimbabwe are grown in large scale. Because of this, the Savanna region has great scope for development. 3. Tropical Desert Climate Arctic Circle a. Climatic Region: Tropical Tropic of Cancer N desert climate is found roughly between 20° to 30° latitudes in Equator the western part of the continent. It is the route of dry trade wind. Tropic of Capricorn It is also known as “Hot Desert”. This type of climate is found in Tropical Desert Climatic Region Sahara and Kalahari Desert in Africa, Iranian and Thar Desert in Asia, Atacama Desert of South America, Arizona and Mexican Desert in North America, the Great Australian Desert in Australia. As this type of climate is mainly found in Sahara region of Northern Africa, it is also called “Sahara type of Climate”. b. Climatic Characteristics: This climate is very dry and hot. Due to the quick heating and cooling nature of sand, there is higher gap between the maximum and minimum temperature. The temperature at day rises up to 49°C and at night it falls down to 10°C. There is very less rainfall because there is no influence of rain bearing wind blowing from sea. Desert Vegetation c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: Trees cannot grow there due to the lack of rainfall. Dry and hot climate supports only thorny plants like cactus to grow in this region. Such plants have very long roots to reach the underground water. The plants like cactus have tiny, waxy and leathery leaves to prevent the loss of moisture. Some animals such as camel can live without or with very little water for a long time. They store fat in their humps which can Desert Hyenas be broken down to provide water and energy. Camel furs can trap a layer of air which acts as insulator and help keep their body cool during day and warm during night. They have very tough lips and tongue which enables them to nibble (chew) thorny desert vegetations. They have thick eyebrows to protect them from sand storm and broad feet to enable them to walk easily on the sand. The desert fox, snakes, lizards, gazelle, hyenas, donkeys and horses are also found in the desert. 184 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
d. Economic Activities: The main occupation of the people in tropical desert is agriculture and cattle rearing. It can only be done in the Oasis where water is available and land is fertile. Wheat, barley, cotton, tobacco, maize, oilseed, sugarcane, etc are the agricultural production of this region. e. Effect on lifestyle: As the tropical desert climate is hot and dry, it is not appropriate for human activities. So life in the desert is Bushman of Kalahari Desert extremely difficult. Agriculture, industry and commerce are not well developed here. Nomadic tribes live in small numbers by hunting and food gathering. In oasis, people have permanent settlements. They live in houses with thick mud walls and flat roofs. The Bushmen of Kalahari Desert, Aborigines of Australian desert and Bedouins of Arabian Desert are the native tribes of hot deserts. A few of the desert areas are attracting immigrants due to rich mineral deposits like Bedouins of Arabian Desert petrol and gold. Nowadays development activities are increasing. Construction of infrastructure and businesses are growing rapidly. The people have now started commercial agriculture and animal husbandry by using modern technology. Camel is the most dependable means of transportation in desert area. Therefore, it is also known as the ‘Ship of the Desert’. It can easily walk on sand and live without drinking water for many days. People rear camel for carrying load and for milk and meat. 4. Tropical Monsoon Climate N a. Climatic Region: Tropical Equator Tropic of Cancer monsoon climate is mainly found Tropic of Capricorn between 5° to 30° latitudes in the Tropical Monsoon Climatic Region Southern and South-Eastern part of the Asia. This climate is also found in Northern Australia, South-East Africa, South-West Africa, South- East Brazil, Caribbean region and Eastern islands. b. Climatic Characteristics: Here summer is hot and wet and winter is cold and dry. During summer, there is low air pressure over the land and high air pressure over the sea. Our Earth 185
So summer monsoon blows from sea to land and causes enough rainfall in this region. The annual rainfall ranges from 50 cm to 200 cm depending on the place. As the winter monsoon blows from land to sea, it does not cause rain. Thus, this climate is also known as “Summer Rain Climate”. There are three seasons: summer, rainy and winter. Rainfall is unreliable and the amount fluctuates greatly from year to year. c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: Deciduous forest is the main natural vegetation of this region. Sal, bamboo, Sisau, etc are the major species of trees. Besides this, evergreen forest, tall grasses, thorny bushes and scrubs are also found in various parts depending on the amount of rainfall and altitude. This Region is known for its wide varieties of Animals. The climatic condition and natural vegetation of this region favors the existence of Orangutan different species of birds, animals and insects. Many wild animals like leopard, tigers, wild buffaloes, wild yaks, Asian elephant, Indian and Javan rhinoceros, elephant, lions, monkeys, langurs, orangutan, gibbons, etc live in this climatic region. d. EconomicActivities: Tropical monsoon climate is appropriate for agriculture, industry and trade. The major occupation of the people in this region is agriculture. The high air pressure, enough rainfall, fertile soil, plain land, facility of irrigation, cheap labor cost, etc are supporting for the enough agricultural production. Beans, maize, barley, wheat, paddy, etc are the major agricultural products of this region. Agriculture in Monsoon Region Cash crops like tobacco, tea, coffee, sugarcane, cotton, jute, etc are also produced. Forest product and animal product are also produced sufficiently here. Paddy is the main crop. There are many mineral industries as well. e. Effect on lifestyle: This climate is most appropriate among the climates found in tropical zone. It is suitable for agriculture, industry, trade and human health. It is rich in human civilization and culture. The population density is high. About one-third population of the world lives in this region. This is the common habitation of the people representing different culture and civilization. The regions where human civilization originated and developed on the valley of Rivers Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganges and Irrawaddy also lie in this climatic region. 186 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
Activities 1. Identify the tropical zone on the natural map of the world. 2. Inquire about the camel with those who have returned from gulf countries. 3. Discuss with your friends and teacher about the reasons why the birds found in Savanna grassland are flightless. 4. Only the thorny plants with coarse leaves are found in tropical deserts. Why? What are their characteristics? Compare them with those available in your locality. 5. Complete the following table with one characteristic each of the climates of tropical zone. S. No. Name of Climate Characteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise Short answer questions: 1. Make a diagram showing the latitudinal extension of the tropical zone and the climates found in this climatic zone. 2. Differentiate between the equatorial and tropical desert climate in four points. 3. In which climatic region does Nepal lie? Mention the characteristics of this climatic region. 4. Even though, the lifestyle of people living in equatorial climatic region is primitive, the people living in eastern islands are well developed due to the European contact and influence. During colonial period, the Europeans had colonized Africa and South America also. However, the lifestyle of African and South American people in these climatic regions is not well developed. Why? Discuss and write. 5. Who are Masai and Hausa? How do they earn their living? 6. Present two features each of climate and vegetation found in the equatorial region. 7. What are the tropical grasslands called in Brazilian plateau, Orinoco basin, Central African region and South African plateau? Write their economic importance. 8. Show the following hot deserts on the outline map of the world: Sahara (North Africa), Kalahari (South Africa), Thar (India) and Western Australia (Australia) Our Earth 187
9. Give appropriate reasons for the following statements: a. The camel is called “Ship of the Desert”. b. Tropical grassland is called “Zoo of the World”. c. Tourism business is flourishing in tropical grassland. d. The equatorial climate is hot and wet throughout the year. 10. Give short introduction of Selvas and Oasis. And also mention their economic importance. 11. “Tropical monsoon climate is appropriate for the agriculture and human health.” Justify the statement with example. 12. Mention the relationship between the climate and natural vegetation of tropical monsoon region. Though Nepal lies in tropical monsoon, why is there a great difference in the vegetation found in mountain, hill and Terai? Mention. 13. Write the name of civilizations originated and developed in tropical monsoon climatic region. 14. Compare the lifestyle of the people living in different climates of tropical zone in the following table. S. No. Climate Native tribe Lifestyle 1. 2. 3. 4. 15. Describe the equatorial climate based on climatic region, climatic characteristic, natural vegetation and animals, and its effect on lifestyle. 16. Tropical desert climatic region is not fertile. However, commercial farming has been started by using modern technology there, where water is available. Write a letter to the local farmers’ group suggesting to go ahead utilizing the available environment and modern technology for the development of agricultural sector. 17. Tropical grassland has a great possibility of tourism development. However, most of the people enjoy their traditional way of living. Find the reasons. What programs should be launched to uplift their lifestyle? Write. 18. Tropical monsoon climatic region is densely populated. This is rich in culture and human civilization as well. How and why? Write the reasons. 188 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
3LESSON Temperate Zone The temperate zone extends roughly between 30° to 60° latitudes in North and South of the equator. This region is neither too hot nor too cold. Sufficient amount of rainfall and moderate temperature favours agriculture, animal rearing and human settlement. This has resulted in dense population in this region. Most of the population of the world live in this climatic region. In comparison to tropical and frigid zone, temperate zone is much more developed. Most of world’s big cities and developed towns are located in this zone. This is the region of diversity in terms of climate, natural vegetation, culture and human race. On the basis of temperature and rainfall, there are six climates in the temperate zone. They are: 1. Mediterranean Climate 2. Temperate Desert Climate 3. Temperate Monsoon Climate (China Type of Climate) 4. Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate (British Type of Climate) 5. Temperate Grassland Climate 6. St. Lawrence or Manchurian Climate 1. Mediterranean Climate a. Climatic Region: This type of climate is mostly found in the regions around the N Mediterranean Sea. So it is Tropic of Cancer called Mediterranean climate. Its latitudinal extension is 30° to 45° Equator in northern hemisphere and 30° to 40° in southern hemisphere. Tropic of Capricorn The European countries located Mediterranean Climatic Region around the Mediterranean Sea like Spain, Italy, and France, California of North America, Middle part of Chile of South America, Southern Africa, Perth and Melbourne region of Australia and Northern island of New Zealand are the major regions of this climate. b. Climatic Characteristics: Its major characteristic is hot and dry summer and cold and wet winter. Rainfall takes place during winter due to the influence of western wind blowing from the sea by carrying rain-bearing cloud. But during the summer, there blows dry trade Our Earth 189
wind and that does not cause any rain. There are two seasons; summer and winter. Mediterranean climatic region is also called “Winter Rain Climate” because most of the rainfall takes place in winter. c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: Though Mediterranean Vegetation there is not enough rainfall, semi-evergreen forest and shrubs are found here. The plants can survive even in dry summer because the plants use their long roots to get water from underground, thick and hard wood to save water, thorny parts to get protection from animals and small, smooth and furry leaves to reduce evaporation. Oak, maple, olive, etc are the major species of trees. Since most of the vegetations have been removed to make land available for agriculture and settlement, wild life is very less or limited in this region. Native animals include deer, rabbits and numerous rodents. d. Economic Activities: The major occupation Mediterranean Rodent of the people living here is agriculture. Fruits, Mediterranean Fruits tobacco, oilseed, beans, maize, barley, wheat, etc are the major agricultural products. Juicy fruits like grape, lemon, orange, etc are the popular fruit productions. Because of the good production of flowers and fruits, Mediterranean climatic region is also called “Garden of the World”. It produces 70% of the world’s export of citrus fruit, such as, orange, lemon, lime and grapefruit. e. Effect on lifestyle: This climate is appropriate for human settlement. Agriculture, industry and commerce are well developed. The countries of this climatic region are popular in ancient civilization and culture. It is thickly populated region. Wine industry is the speciality of this region because the climate is suitable for growing grapes. This region produces over 65% of the world’s total output of wine. The life style of people is well advanced. 2. Temperate Desert Climate a. Climatic Region: It is found between 30° to 40° latitudes in the inner part of the continent. Southern Argentina, Plateau in Rocky Mountain, Mangolia, Tibet, and Eastern 190 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
part of Caspian Sea in Turkmenistan, etc are the major regions of this climate. These regions mainly lie in rain shadow area. b. Climatic Characteristic: N Summer is hot and winter is very cold. There is a big gap between Tropic of Cancer summer and winter temperature. Thus, there is extreme climate. Equator Very less amount of rainfall takes place in summer and Tropic of Capricorn winter remains dry. Temperate Desert Climatic Region c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: Because of the less rainfall, the land is covered with dry sand. Only coarse grasses and thorny bushes are found somewhere as natural vegetation. Some desert rats and foxes are found there. d. Economic Activities: The major occupation of people living in this region is cattle grazing. They rear sheep, goats, etc. Agriculture is possible only Shearing wool from sheep there where water is available. Cotton, barley, wheat, etc are the agricultural products. Similarly, wool and leather are the main animal products. e. Effect on lifestyle: It is not appropriate for human settlement. Trade and commerce is not well developed. Most of the people are nomads. They move with their cattle wherever they find grasses. Population density is very low. Due to the inappropriate climate, there is less possibility of economic development. 3. Temperate Monsoon Climate (China Type of Climate) a. Climatic Region: Temperate monsoon climate is found between 30° to 45° in northern hemisphere and 30° to 40° in southern hemisphere in the eastern part of the continent. North and Central China, Southern Japan and Korea, N South-east USA, South Brazil and North Argentina in South Tropic of Cancer America, South-east coastal Equator region of Africa and New South Wales and South Queensland of Tropic of Capricorn Australia are the main regions Temperate Monsoon Climatic Region of this climate. As this type of Our Earth 191
climate is mostly found in China, it is named as China type of climate. b. Climatic Characteristic: It is almost similar China Type Vegetation with tropical monsoon climate. In this region, summer is hot and winter is cold. Rainfall takes place in summer due to the influence of monsoon that carries water vapour from sea, and winter remains dry. Annual rainfall ranges from 50cm to 150cm. Temperature differs from place to place. c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: The natural Mulberry Tree vegetation depends on the amount of rainfall like in tropical monsoon region. Deciduous forest is found in the areas where more rainfall takes place and grasses and bushes are found in the areas where there is less rainfall. Oak, pines, beech, magnolias, camphor, etc are the major trees. Mulberry trees are found in huge amount which is appropriate for silk farming (sericulture). Common animals found here include squirrels, bear, beavers, foxes, deers, rats, snakes and wolves. d. Economic Activities: The major occupation Beaver of the people is agriculture. Beans, tea, oilseed, barley, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, maize, wheat, paddy, etc are the main agricultural products. Silk is produced in huge amount. e. Effect on lifestyle: It has positive effect on lifestyle. Agriculture, trade and industries are well developed. This region is densely populated. The living standard of people is high. 4. Cool Temperate Oceanic Climate (British Type of Climate) a. Climatic Region: It is found in the western part of the continent between 45° to 60° in the northern hemisphere and 40° to 50° in the southern hemisphere. Western Europe, western Canada, southern Chile, Tasmania Island and southern New Zealand are the main regions of this climate. As this type of climate is mostly found in Western Europe, it is also called “West European Climate” or “British type of Climate”. b. Climatic Characteristic: It is neither hot in summer nor cold in winter. It is equable climate. These regions are influenced by the seas, summer is cool and winter is moderate. 192 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
The vaporous westerly wind Arctic Circle N causes rainfall throughout the Tropic of Cancer year. The amount of rainfall Equator goes on decreasing from west to east. Tropic of Capricorn Cool Temperate Oceanic Climatic Region c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: Mixed type of forest is found here. Coniferous forest is found in the hilly areas and deciduous forest is found in the plain areas. Birch, maple, etc are the main species of trees. Plenty of nutritious grasses grow in the places having heavy rainfall. Some herbivorous animals are found here. d. Economic Activities: Most of the people Maple Leaf are involved in industry and trade. Very few people are engaged in agriculture. The agriculture is highly developed. Fruits, potato, barley, wheat, etc are the major agricultural production of this region. Sheep rearing in highlands and fishing in coastal region are practiced. e. Effect on lifestyle: This climate is very Lumbering appropriate for human health. People are very active and energetic. Because of this reason agriculture, industry, technology, trade, etc are well developed. Population density is also high. Tourism business has developed the economic activities. The living standard of people is highly advanced in this climatic region. 5. Temperate Grassland Climate a. Climatic Region: It is found between 45° to 60° latitudes in the northern hemisphere and 30° to 40° latitudes in the southern hemisphere in the interior part of the continents. Southern part of Russia, eastern part of Europe, plateau of South Africa, southern part of Australia, central part of North America and South-East of South America are the main regions of this climate. Our Earth 193
b. Climatic Characteristic: N It lies in the inner part of the continent. There is no influence Equator Tropic of Cancer of sea. So the climate is extreme Tropic of Capricorn i.e. very hot in summer and very Temperate Grassland Climatic Region cold in winter. Rainfall is very less and convectional rainfall takes place during summer. There is snowfall in winter. c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: As it has Antelope scanty rainfall, these regions have different types of grasses. It is completely treeless but few trees can be seen only on the banks of rivers. The grasses grow in spring, dry out in summer and covered by snow in autumn. Temperate grasslands are known by different names in different regions. It is called Steppes in Eurasia, Pampas in Argentina, Prairies in North America, Veld in South Africa and Downs in Australia. Herbivorous animals like antelopes, horses, rabbits, marsupials, etc are found here. d. Economic Activities: Agriculture is done only in the areas where there is irrigation facility. Most of the people are involved in cattle rearing and dairy production. Cotton, tobacco, oilseed, maize, barley, wheat, etc are the major agricultural crops. ‘Prairies’ of Cattle rearing North America is called “The Granary of the World” because highest amount of wheat in the world is grown here. The rainfall takes place during wheat growing season and the climate is most suitable for wheat cultivation. e. Effect on lifestyle: Due to the extreme climate and scanty rainfall, it is not well developed. Economic sectors like agriculture, industry and trade are not that much developed. Population density is low and some people are still nomadic. The USA and Canada have given priority to commercial wheat farming. They are the largest producer and exporter of wheat products in the world. They apply modern tools and technologies in farming. Pampas and Downs are utilized for cattle rearing whereas Prairies and Steppes are utilized for wheat production. Because of the presence of temperate grassland in the 194 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
country, Argentine people have taken occupations like cattle rearing and beef exporting whereas Australian people rear sheep and export wool. 6. St. Lawrence or Manchurian Climate Arctic Circle N Tropic of Cancer a. Climatic Region: It is found Equator between 45° to 60° latitudes in St. Lawrence of North America and Manchurian region of China. It is not found in southern hemisphere. b. Climatic Characteristic: As Tropic of Capricorn this region lies in eastern side of St. Lawrence Climatic Region the continent, summer is warm and winter is very cold. The influence of sea is very less but this region is influenced by cold ocean current. There is rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall takes place in winter. c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: Mixed type of forest is found in this climatic region. Coniferous forest is found in the highlands and deciduous forest is found in the plain areas. Main species of trees are maples, oak, birch, etc. Grass also grows well in this climate. Animals like bear, squirrels, foxes, etc are found here. d. Economic Activities: Very few people are Coniferous forest involved in agriculture. Trade and industry are the main economic activities of people. Wheat, barley, potato, fruits, etc are the major agricultural productions. Lumbering, fishery and animal rearing are other occupations of people. e. Effect on lifestyle: This climate is Fishery appropriate for human health. Due to this reason, the people are also laborious and progressive. Population density is moderate. St. Lawrence region is more developed than Manchurian region. Our Earth 195
Activities 1. Prepare a short description on the characteristics of Temperate Zone. 2. Make a list of the Temperate Grasslands found in different regions and insert them in a map of the world 3. Show the Temperate Zone on a map of the world. 4. Why does the Temperate Desert region have low population density, difficult lifestyle and backwardness in development? Discuss in the class and write. Exercise Short answer questions: 1. Give geographical reasons for the following statements: a. Temperate Monsoon region is suitable for silk farming. b. There is rainfall throughout the year in Cool Temperate Oceanic Climatic region. c. There is winter rainfall in the Mediterranean region. d. Wine industries are established in the Mediterranean region in large scale. 2. Complete the following table: Temperate Grasslands Economic importance Veld Pampas Steppes Downs 3. How is Mediterranean Climate different from Temperate Grassland Climate? Write in four points. 4. Write any four characteristics of Temperate Monsoon Climatic region. 5. Why is Prairies called “Granary of the World”? Discuss and write the reasons. 6. Why Mediterranean Climatic region is called the “Garden of the World”? The countries located in this region earn more economic benefit from the wine industries. How and why it became possible? Present your logics. 7. “There is huge production of wheat and development of animal husbandry in Prairies of North America and Steppes of Eurasia.” Write the reasons in points. Community Work Inquire the seniors of your community about the similarities and dissimilarities between the economic activities performed 15 years back and now. Present the conclusion in the class. 196 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
4LESSON Frigid Zone N N Antarctica Arctic The Frigid Zone extends roughly between 60° to 90° latitudes. It is the coldest place on the Earth and has extreme weather condition. There are mainly two climates in the Frigid Zone. They are: 1. Cold Temperate Climate or Coniferous Climate (Siberian Climate) 2. Polar Climate (Tundra Climate in the North and Antarctic Climate in the South) 1. Cold Temperate Climate or Coniferous Climate (Siberian Climate) a. Climatic Region: It is found within the latitude of 60° to 70° Arctic Circle in the northern hemisphere. Northern part of North America, N Tropic of Cancer Europe and Asia are the major region of this climate. As this type of climate is mostly found Equator in the Siberian region of Asia, Tropic of Capricorn it is also called “Siberian Climate”. It is not found in the Cold Temperate Climatic Region southern hemisphere because there isn’t any continent extended within these latitudes. b. Climatic Characteristic: In these climatic regions, summers are short and slightly warm and winters are long and extremely cold. It receives slanting rays from the sun and remains cold all over the year. The polar wind makes this region colder. Snowfall Our Earth 197
takes place in winter and remains on the land for months. Most of the lakes and sea of this region stay frozen almost throughout the year. c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: Evergreen Taiga Forest trees like pine, spruce and firs are common. Trees found in this region are cone shaped with short branches and needle like leaves to enable the snow to slip down easily. Coniferous forests yield softwood which is used in the manufacture of paper, match sticks, furniture, doors, windows, plywood, sports goods and toys. The Siberian Climatic belt has vast evergreen coniferous forest which is called Taiga in Eurasia. It is very important from economic point of view. The taiga is used for making pulp, a semi-liquid material required in order to make paper. Thick fur bearing animals like bear, squirrel, lynx, etc are found here. d. Economic Activities: The main occupation of the people is Lumbering. It is not suitable for Lynx human settlement. In some part agriculture is also done. Potato, barley, cauliflower, etc are major agricultural products. Cutting trees, collecting medicinal herbs and supplying furry skins of animals are other economic activities. e. Effect on life: This climate is adverse for human life. People have to work very hard to earn their living as it is extremely cold there. Most of the people live inside the wooden house. Population is also sparse. Soil is also not suitable for growing crops. People are engaged in cutting trees, collecting medicinal herbs, and trapping and hunting animals for their furry skins. 2. Polar Climate (Tundra Climate in the North and Antarctic Climate in the South) Arctic Circle a. Climatic Region: This climate is found in the north of Arctic N Circle and south of Antarctic Circle. Polar climate is called Tropic of Cancer Tundra Climate in the northern Equator hemisphere and Antartic Climate in the southern hemisphere. Tropic of Capricorn Tundra Climate is found between 70°N to 90°N latitudes whereas Polar Climatic Region Antartic Climate is found between 198 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
66°S to 90°S latitudes. Antarctica, Greenland, Iceland, northern islands of Asia, Europe and North America are the major regions of this type of climate. b. Climatic Characteristic: It receives slanting rays of the sun as this region lies farthest from the equator. So there is extreme cold throughout the year. The average temperature is below freezing point. This region remains frozen for about 10 months. Summer temperature of Tundra region ranges from -2°C to -5°C and in winter it ranges from -35°C to -45°C. Tundra Landscape Similarly, Antarctic Climate is found only in the Antarctica Continent. Here, the temperature goes down even to -45°C. It is not suitable for human settlement. Only the explorers and researchers visit it temporarily. Very less rainfall takes place in the polar climatic region. The summer season is cold and short. It lasts for about 2 to 3 months. There is almost 24 hours of sunlight during summer. Winter is long and severely cold. It lasts for 9 to 10 months. There is hours long darkness during the winter season. c. Natural Vegetation and Animals: Being Polar Bear extreme cold, this climate does not support the growth of forest. It is like Cold Desert of ice. However, some mosses and lichens are found somewhere. Some flowery plants grow in the summer. Polar bear, arctic fox, etc are the common animals found in Tundra region whereas penguin is found in the Antarctic region which survives there by eating fish. Their thick fur helps them survive even in severe cold. d. EconomicActivities: The land is completely Seal covered with snow. Agriculture is not possible there. Hunting in the coniferous forest located towards the lower part, fishing and catching seals, etc are the main occupations of the indigenous tribes of Tundra region. They use traditional weapons like knives, arrows, ropes, etc for the purpose of hunting and gathering activities. There is no any agricultural activity in the Antarctic region. e. Effect on lifestyle: The climate is not appropriate for human life. Only some native tribes live in this climatic region. Eskimos are the native tribe of Greenland. Similarly, Lapps are the native tribe of Scandinavia and Inuit is the native tribe of Northern Canada. They live Our Earth 199
on hunting, fishing and trapping seal and other Polar dogs fur bearing animals. They hunt the animals for food, clothing and making shelter from their bones and skins. The population density is very low. The indigenous tribes of this climate live in a house made up of ice blocks called Igloo during winter and in a tent made up of animal’s skin called Tupik in summer. They are living a nomadic life and are economically backward. They use reindeers and polar dogs as means of transportation. Igloo Tupik Ice Fishing Life of people living in this region has changed very much in the recent years. They live in wooden houses and are employed in mining and lumbering. They use modern weapons to hunt the animals and travel on snow automobiles. Canada, Russia and other European countries are trying to modernize the areas located in this climatic region. Many countries have established scientific research centres in Antarctica also. Activities 1. Find the countries located in the Frigid Zone in the natural map of the world and write their name. 2. Analyze the reason behind the long gap between the lengths of day and night in polar region. 3. The daily activities and lifestyle of Inuit people living in northern polar region is gradually changing. Analyze its reasons. 4. Discuss with friends and teacher in the class about the species of plants found in Taiga forest. 5. Penguin is found only in Antarctica. Discuss with friends and subject teacher and find the reason. 200 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10
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