Social Studies Book 10_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

8LESSON Insurance Introduction We all wish to live a happy life and try our best to make it safe from any kind of loss or damage. But sometimes, we have to bear an unexpected loss. Crisis, accident, untimely death, loss of property from fire, drought, flood, landslide, excessive rain, etc make our life painful. We may be worried about the possible methods of safety and recovery. In this situation, insurance is a method of ensuring protection and compensation of the loss or damage. It is designed to protect the financial well-being of an individual, company or other entity in the case of unexpected loss. After agreeing to the terms of an insurance policy, a contract is made between insured and insurer. The insured agrees to pay insurance amount on specified time and the insurer agrees to pay the insured a sum of money upon the occurrence of a specific event. The amount of money to be paid by the insured to insurer in installment is called Premium and the contract made between insured and insurer is called Insurance Policy. The insurance minimizes the risk and protects from the unexpected loss. Thus, Insurance is an arrangement by which a company or the state undertakes to provide a guarantee of compensation for specified loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a specified premium. It is risk-transfer mechanism that ensures full or partial financial compensation for the loss or damage caused by event(s) beyond the control of the insured party. In most cases, the policy holder pays part of the loss and the insurer pays the rest. For examples: car insurance, health insurance, disability insurance, life insurance, and business insurance. Insurance in Nepal Rastriya Bima Sansthan History of insurance in Nepal began with the establishment of ‘Nepal Mal Chalani Tatha Bitta Company Ltd.’ on 8th Aswin, 2004 BS. With the objective to further organize and manage insurance system, the government of Nepal established ‘Rastriya Bima Sansthan’ on 1st Poush, 2025 BS under the Rastriya Beema Sansthan Act, 2025. It provides both Economic Activities 351

type s of insurance schemes: life insurance and non-life insurance. Bima Samiti has also been established according to the Insurance Act 2049 in order to systematize, regularize, develop and regulate the insurance business. At present, there are 19 Life Insurance Companies, 20 Non-Life Insurance Companies and one Re-Insurance Company in Nepal. Rastriya Beema Sansthan is a state-owned company that provides both Life and Non-Life Insurance. Rastriya Beema Sansthan is has been playing an important role for the development, extension and promotion of insurance business in Nepal. It has occupied 25% of total non- life insurance and 50% of total life insurance. It has been providing services through its branch offices and contact offices to the various parts of the country. Types of Insurance a. Life Insurance: According to the Insurance Act 2049, “Life Insurance Business means the business relating to a contract regarding to the life of any person under which he/she or his/her heir in the event of his/her death, will be paid a particular amount in case a specified amount is paid in installment on the basis of his/her age”. Human life is uncertain, any accident may occur in life and even untimely death. If the main income generator of the family dies, the dependants have to suffer from economic crisis. Thus, everyone has to get insured in order to get protected against risk of life. In short, life insurance is a protection against financial loss that would result from the premature death of an insured. The named beneficiary receives protection from the financial impact of the death of the insured. In the life insurance, the insured gets back the amount after the completion of specified term whereas the heir is paid with the amount after the death of insured in whole-life insurance. For the life insurance, the age of insured should be 16-65 years. There are three types of life insurance. • Whole Life Insurance (cfhLjg hLjg aLdf): This insurance covers whole life. After the death of insured, total amount is paid to the heir. • Term Life Insurance (DofbL hLjg aLdf): This type of insurance is made for a certain term. The insurance amount is paid only on death of insured during the specified term to the heir. • Endowment Life Insurance (;fjlws hLjg aLdf): This is the most popular life insurance in Nepal. In this insurance, insured amount is paid in any one case either on the death of insured or after the maturity of insurance term. In this plan, an advantage of ‘Double, Accidental Benefit-DAB) can be taken by paying little additional insurance amount. b. Non-life Insurance: Any insurance other than the life insurance is called non-life insurance. There can be loss in properties like house, shop, vehicle, factories, livestock, and agricultural sector due to the natural disasters or any other cause. In this situation, the insurance companies provide compensation of the economic loss and provide protection against physical damage. The main objective of the non-life insurance is to provide 352 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

economic protection as per the valuation of damage. Generally, non-life insurance is made for one year. After the completion of one year, it has to be renewed. As Nepal is an agricultural country, there is a great importance of crops and livestock insurance. According to the National Agricultural Policy 2061, the Government of Nepal has issued the Crops and Livestock Insurance 2069 under the coordination of the Ministry of Agriculture. According to it, 75% of the insured amount is paid by the government and the rest 25% should be paid by the farmer. Farmers get the compensation up to 90% if the crop is damaged. They can get the compensation even against the death of their livestock from security deposits. Difference between Life Insurance and Non-Life Insurance Life Insurance Non-Life Insurance It insures human life. It insures people’s property. It covers a risk of the death of the insured. It covers various risks that may cause damage to someone’s property. It is not renewed annually and expires only It is generally renewed every year based on with the death of the insured or completion renewal terms as agreed upon in the policy. of specified term. The beneficiary receives the payable It is only the demand of economic benefit due to the death of the insured or protection as per the valuation of damage. the insured gets back the amount after the The collected amount is not paid back. completion of specified term. Insurance amount is comparatively more Insurance amount is comparatively less than that of non-life insurance. than that of life insurance. Things to be considered while getting insured a. Select the suitable insurance policy, b. Be clear about the objective of insurance, c. Mention clearly about the beneficiary, d. Supply correct information in the application, e. Be clear about the amount of premium and its payment intervals, f. Be informed about the proposal of insurance, g. Go directly to the insurance company or through the licensed insurance agent, h. Receive a receipt of the payment made, i. Inform to the family members about the insurance that you made, j. Remember the due date and pay premium installment on time, and k. Keep receipt and documents related to insurance safe. Advantages of Insurance 353 a. Compulsory saving in order to pay premium on time, Economic Activities

b. Compensation against loss or damages, c. Future can be safe, d. Bonus is obtained, e. With a sum of money obtained after the completion of insurance term, investment can be made on productive field, and f. Loan can be borrowed when needed. Activities 1. Your family member might have taken life insurance policy. What amount of premium has to be paid for that? What is the amount of insurance? What is its duration? What facilities will the insurance company provide? Make an inquiry and present in the class. 2. Are you eligible for life insurance according to your age? Discuss in the class. 3. If you are asked by anybody about the insurance, what information would you provide? Discuss in group and identify the topics to be given as information. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by insurance? 2. What is life insurance? 3. What is non-life insurance? Short answer questions: 1. What are the advantages of insurance? 2. Discuss the things to remember while getting insured. 3. Present any four advantages of animal and agriculture insurance. 4. Suppose you are an insurance agent, your neighbour has not insured yet, how do you convince him/her to insure himself/herself and minimise the risk? Long answer questions: 1. Why is non-life insurance necessary? Mention its importance in the context of an agricultural country like Nepal. 2. Define insurance and differentiate between life and non-life insurance in five points. Community Work Visit a nearby agriculture office and collect information about the insurance of crops. Discuss with the local farmers and prepare a report. 354 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

9LESSON Revenue and Tax Collection Introduction The government holds the major responsibility for the æxfd|f] kf/} v xfd|f] s/, overall development in the country. For this purpose, /fi6« lgdf0{ fsf] lbuf] e/Æ it needs a good income to meet the expenses. The government obtains income from various sources. The income obtained by the government is termed as public income or revenue. There are two sources of the revenue: tax revenue and non-tax revenue. Tax is a compulsory contribution to the revenue by the citizens according to the law and levied by the government on workers’ income and business profit, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions. Tax is a compulsory payment. The tax payer does not expect any benefit from the tax payment. It is the right of the government to raise tax and duty of the citizen to pay tax. Thus, tax is compulsory payment without any expectation of benefit. Tax Revenue Tax revenue is the income that is gained by governments through taxation. This is the major source of revenue. Customs, excise, taxes collected from consumption of goods and services, land tax, registration fee, taxes on property, profit and income tax, etc are the tax revenue. Non-Tax Revenue Non-Tax Revenue is the income earned by the government from sources other than taxes. Such sources include gifts and donation, fees, fines and penalties, property with no heirs, public property, etc. Types of Tax There are two types of tax. They are: direct tax and indirect tax. a. Direct Tax: It is a tax paid directly by an individual or organization to the government. Income tax, personal property tax, real estate tax, etc are the examples of direct tax. The burden of tax is on an individual. It is not transferred to anyone else. This type of tax can be revised as per necessity. This tax is based on equality and progressive. Direct tax helps to control inflation. In Nepal, it is estimated that about 30% of the public revenue is contributed by direct tax. b. Indirect Tax: It is a tax levied on goods and services rather than on income or profits. In the indirect tax, the burden of tax is on one party whereas its impact is on another party. For example: if a customer stays at a hotel, the customer pays its bill including the tax which afterward the hotel owner deposits that in state revenue. Thus, the burden of tax is on hotel owner and the impact on customer. Excise duties, customs duties, VAT, etc are Economic Activities 355

the examples of indirect tax. The indirect tax is comfortable as well as flexible. This type of tax is based on equity because the tax on the essential goods and services is low and on luxurious goods and services is high. Indirect tax is wider-based and cannot be avoided. Prevailing Taxes in Nepal a. Value-Added Tax-VAT (dN\" o clejb[ l\\ w s/): It is an indirect tax, which is imposed on goods and services at each stage of production, starting from raw materials to final product. Tax is imposed on goods and services but the consumers have to bear the burden of the tax. VAT was first introduced in France. It started in Nepal since 2054 BS. In this tax system, there is tax-exemption on specified good and services. Similarly, the businessperson who has a transaction more than 20 lakhs in a year has to get registered compulsorily on VAT. For this, the business firm has to be registered in Inland Revenue Department of Nepal and and get a certificate. Thus, we should develop a habit of taking VAT bill compulsorily in every purchase of goods and services. The present rate of VAT in Nepal is 13%. b. Custom Duty (eG;f/ dx;'n): Customs Duty is a tariff or tax imposed on goods when transported across international borders. It is also an important source of revenue. Therefore, every country establishes its administrative unit at the border area. Custom duty is collected from the major entry points by the custom office. Smaller custom points are also established in the other entry point. The government of Nepal has been collecting custom duty from custom offices of Kakarvitta, Biratnagar, Nepalgunj, Birgunj, Bhairahawa, Dhangadhi, etc and from smaller custom offices on other entry points. c. Excise Duty (cGtM zN' s): An excise duty is a tax on the goods and services produced in the country and imported from outside. It is another important source of state revenue. This type of tax is called Inland Tax as it is imposed in the domestic business on specified goods and services. In Nepal, inland tax on goods such as alcohol, cigarette, molasses and noodles is charged according to quantity and that on plastic, vehicle, printing materials, Television, etc is charged according to percentage of price. Such taxable goods are also classified into three groups as liquor items, tobacco items and export items. d. Income Tax (cfos/): This is the tax levied by the government on income of an individual or corporation. Income tax is considered as the ancient tax system. The practice of income tax was originated in Britain in 12th century. In the ancient period, income tax used to be imposed on animal husbandry, agriculture, fish business, etc but at present, it is imposed on business, employment, investment, profit, etc. Income tax has been imposed in every sector in Nepal. However, non-profiting organization, cultural and religious organizations, non-commercial sports institutions, political parties registered in election commission are exempted from income tax. The local levels can charge various types of taxes such as local taxes (wealth tax, house rent tax, land and building registration fee, motor vehicle tax), service charge, fee, tourism fee, advertisement tax, business tax, land tax (land revenue), penalty, entertainment tax, land revenue collection, etc. But they cannot charge tax to diplomatic missions, projects running on foreign aid, etc. 356 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. Make an inquiry about the taxes which can be collected by the local levels. Present your findings in the class. 2. For what program, the tax paid by your family is being used? Discuss with various politicians and present in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by revenue? 2. What is tax? 3. What is meant by income tax? 4. Write the full form of VAT. 5. What can be the role of government to improve tax system? Write in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. Differentiate between the tax-income and non-tax income. 2. Discuss on the tax system prevailing in Nepal. 3. Mention the features and types of tax revenue. 4. Present the advantages and disadvantages of direct tax in a table. 5. Make a table and present the advantages and disadvantages of indirect tax. 6. Present the features of income tax. 7. Imagine, you were chairman of your Rural Municipality or Mayor of Municipality, show the list of tax or fee in table that you deserve to collect levy or you don’t. Long answer questions: 1. “Excise duty is the main source of the governmental revenue.” Justify the statement. 2. What do you mean by custom duty? Mention its importance in the context of Nepal. 3. What is revenue? Explain briefly the merits and demerits of direct tax. Community Work What kinds of taxes are imposed at local bodies? Visit the office of Rural Municipality or Municipality in order to collect information. Then, prepare a description and put on notice board in your school. Economic Activities 357

10LESSON Consumers’ Rights Introduction An individual or institution consuming or using any consumer goods or services is called consumer. It includes the producer of other goods and services, supplier and sellers as well since they are also consumers of other goods and services. Consumer International (CI), the world confederation of consumer groups has covered all of us as consumer. Consumers’ right means the right and protection of the consumers that are related with the goods and services to be used by them. According to the Consumer Protection Act 2054, Consumer means an individual or institution consuming or using any goods or service. Here, consumer goods mean the goods or materials made through the mixture of several goods which are consumed or used by consumers and this term also includes raw materials, colours, flavours or chemicals used in the production of such consumer goods. Likewise, service means any labour, facility or consultancy provided for any work on payment of any kind of service charge or other consideration. Efforts made for the protection of consumer’s rights and interest The USA enforced a law related to the interest of the consumer on 15th March, 1963 AD for the first time. Thus, International Consumers’ Day is observed on 15th March every year. According to it, every consumer has the right to get quality goods and service and has the right to obtain compensation against any damage caused by the substandard goods and services in accordance with law. United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection has defined the following eight rights as consumer’s right: 1. The right to satisfaction of basic needs: To have access to basic, essential goods and services: adequate food, clothing, shelter, health care, education, public utilities, water and sanitation. 2. The right to safety: To be protected against products, production processes and services that is hazardous to health or life. 3. The right to be informed: To be given the facts needed to make an informed choice, and to be protected against dishonest or misleading advertising and labelling. 4. The right to choose: To be able to select from a range of products and services, offered at competitive prices with an assurance of satisfactory quality. 358 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

5. The right to be heard: To have consumer interests represented in the making and execution of government policy, and in the development of products and services. 6. The right to redress: To receive a fair settlement of just claims, including compensation for misrepresentation, shoddy goods or unsatisfactory services. 7. The right to consumer education: To acquire knowledge and skills needed to make informed, confident choices about goods and services, while being aware of basic consumer rights and responsibilities and how to act on them. 8. The right to a healthy environment: To live and work in an environment that is non-threatening to the well-being of present and future generations. The Constitution of Nepal has enshrined Consumer’s Right in Article 44 under Fundamental Rights in Part 3. According to it, every consumer shall have the right to obtain quality goods and services. A person who has suffered injury from any substandard goods or services shall have the right to obtain compensation in accordance with law. According to the Consumer’s Protection Act 2054, enforced on 1st Baishakh, 2055 BS for the purpose of protecting the rights and interests of consumers, every consumer shall have the following rights: a. Right to be protected from the sale and supply of consumer goods and services that may harm life, body, health and property b. Right to be informed about the prices, attributes, quantity, purity, quality, etc. of consumer goods and services so as to be safe from unfair trade practices c. Right to be assured of an opportunity to choose consumer goods and services at competitive prices as far as possible d. Right to be assured that an appropriate agency will hear matters concerning the protection of the rights and interests of consumers e. Right to be heard and compensated against exploitation and grievances....... hardships resulting from unfair trade practices f. Right to consumer education According to the Consumer’s Protection Act 2054, a producer shall compulsorily mention the following particulars on the labels of consumer goods: a. Name and address of the producer, and registration number of the industry b. In the case of consumer goods such as food and medicines, their ingredients as well as their quantity and weight c. Quality of consumer goods whose quality has been determined, if any d. Method of consuming consumer goods and possible impact of such consumption Economic Activities 359

e. Price, batch number, production date and expiry date of the consumer goods f. In the case of consumer goods such as electronic goods, hardware and machinery, guarantee thereof, date of guarantee, and other necessary matters g. In the case of consumer goods which are inflammable, dangerous or fragile, precautions for their safety Consumer Education It is the education to be obtained by the consumers for being clear about their rights, duties, and identify the standard of consumer goods and services in the market. Consumer education and awareness is necessary to know about the consumers’ right. They have the right to complain against any fraud or substandard goods and services, and obtain compensation against any damage caused by it. Consumers can complain directly or through consumers’ organizations to the concern authority. Such complains can be made to the Department of Commerce, District Administration Office, Police station or department or Ministry. Inspection Officers have been provided for the protection of consumers’ interest. Similarly, the Consumer’s Protection Act has also made the provision of consumer education. It has made the provision of curriculum to be prepared for protecting the rights and interest of consumers. According to this provision, the materials related to consumer education has have been kept in the school level. Benefits from the Consumers’ Education a. It makes consumers conscious about their rights and duties. b. It offers the consumers an opportunity of proper choice of goods and services. c. It makes the consumers aware while purchasing goods and services. d. It provides the consumers with all information regarding the market which helps to purchase consumer goods. e. It enables the consumers to know quality of consumer goods. f. It encourages the consumers to complain against the sub-standard goods and services, and get compensation of the loss caused by the use of such goods and services. g. It informs the consumers about the rules and regulations enforced by the government in this regard. h. It helps consumers obtain maximum satisfaction from the expenses they made. i. It helps to control black marketing. j. It helps to protect and promote the consumers’ rights. k. It gives feedbacks for the business. l. It increases the consumer-producer interaction which results in the availability of quality goods and services in the market. 360 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. What legal remedy is there if the right of consumers is violated? Discuss with the subject teacher and find the conclusion. 2. Conduct an interaction program by inviting some persons concerned with politics, consumers’ rights and women rights. 3. Compose a poem or song to create awareness and promote consumer’s rights. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Who are consumers? 2. What do you mean by consumers’ right? 3. Where should we complain if we find the date expired goods in the market? Short answer questions: 1. Make a list of the rights under the consumers’ right. 2. Are the efforts made to protect the consumers’ right enough? Mention. 3. Mention the activities of an organization which is formed for the protection of consumers’ right in a form of news. 4. Mention the usefulness of the consumer education in school level in Nepal. 5. How does black marketing hinder the consumers’ right? Discuss in the class and find the conclusion. 6. What suggestions would you give to a guardian going to buy goods in market? Mention in four points. Long answer questions: 1. Prepare an editorial shedding light on the efforts made for the protection of consumers’ right in Nepal. 2. What is consumer right ? Mention the advantages from consumer right. 3. Explain the benefits that one gets from consumer education. Community Work Consult someone who is working for the protection of consumers’ rights, and collect required information. Then, prepare a report on the basis of your consultation. Economic Activities 361

OUR 9UNIT INTERNATIONAL RELATION AND COOPER ATION Learning achievements Explain the relationship of Nepal and cooperation with United Nations and its Specialized Agencies, Mention the effects of the contemporary incidents that happened in the world on the human life, and Present the concept of localization and globalization. Subject matters United Nations and Its Organs Specialized Agencies of the United Nations Nepal’s Role in the United Nations Activities of the United Nations in Nepal Current Affairs and their Effects Globalization and Localization 362 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

1LESSON United Nations and Its Organs Introduction The United Nations is the largest international organization founded on 24th October, 1945 AD. It was founded as a successor to the League of Nations in the hope that it would mediate in the conflicts between states and thereby keep the world away from war. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. So far, 193 countries have got the membership of the UN. The main objectives of the establishment of the UN were: a. To maintain peace and security in the world b. To achieve international co-operation in solving various problems c. To work for economic development, social progress UN Headquarters, New York and human rights issues, and d. To develop friendly relations among all the nations based on the principles of equal rights and respect for self decision Historical Background of the UN It was felt necessary from the beginning of the Second World War to establish a worldwide peace keeping organization in order to stop the war and maintain peace in the world. The world leaders of that time made lots of efforts to stop the war and protect the mankind from the suffering of the wars. The leaders of Allies power held a meeting at London and issued a declaration called “London Declaration” on 12th June, 1941 AD appealing for the end of the war and ensure international cooperation Winston Churchil and Franklin and peace. On 14th August, 1941 AD, US President D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill prepared a joint declaration in a battle-ship in the Atlantic Ocean and issued Atlantic Charter for the World Peace. On 1st January, 1942 AD, representatives of 26 nations met in Washington to sign the Declaration of the United Nations endorsing the Atlantic Charter, pledging to use their full resources against the Axis and agreeing not to make a separate peace. The name “United Nations” was first used by the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in this declaration. Our International Relation and Cooperation 363

Similarly, Moscow Declaration, Tehran Declaration, Dumbarton Declaration, Yalta Declaration, etc contributed in the formation of this international organization. San Francisco Conference finalized the Charter of the United Nations which was adopted and signed on 26th June, 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the Founder 51 Member States. Finally, the United Nations officially came into existence on 24th UN Logo October, 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States and by a majority of other signatories. United Nations Day is observed on 24th October each year. English, French, Chinese, Russian and Spanish are the official languages of the UN from the beginning and Arabian language was also added as an official language of the UN in 1973 AD. There are 19 Chapters and 111 Articles in the UN Charter. According to the Article 4 of the UN Charter, following are the provisions to obtain the membership of the UN: a. Should be peace-loving state b. Should accept the obligations contained in the present charter c. Should be able and willing to carry out these obligations in the judgment of the organization d. Should be recommended by the Security Council with the approval of nine members including all five permanent members, and e. Should be approved by the General Assembly with a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting Organs of the UN The UN Charter has mentioned the Principal Organs of the UN in Article 7. They all were established on 24th October, 1945 AD when the UN was founded. The organs of the UN are: 1. The General Assembly 2. The Security Council 3. The Economic and Social Council 4. The Trusteeship Council 5. The International Court of Justice 6. The Secretariat 1. The General Assembly (Chapter IV: Article 9-22) Introduction: The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. All 193 Member States of the UN represent the General Assembly. It is also called the legislature of the UN as it is the main deliberative, policy making 364 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

and representative organ of the UN. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly. Decisions on other questions are by simple majority. Annual General Assembly session begins on third Tuesday of September every year in General Assembly Hall in New York in which many heads of state attend and address. Each UN General Assembly member state sends 5 representatives to the General Assembly session but can cast only one vote. The General Assembly, each year, elects a General Assembly President and 21 Vice Presidents to serve a one-year term of office. In order to manage the functions of the General Assembly, there are six main committees. They are: 1. First Committee (Disarmament and International Security) 2. Second Committee (Economic and Financial) 3. Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian and Cultural) 4. Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization) 5. Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary) 6. Sixth Committee (Legal) Functions: The General Assembly exercises deliberative, supervisory, financial, and elective functions relating to any matter within the scope of the UN Charter. For example: discuss on the international peace and security, discuss on the reports obtained from the Security Council and other organs, issue membership, pass annual budget, appoint Secretary General on the recommendation of the Security council, elect the members of the Economic and Social Council, elect the judges to the International Court of Justice, etc. 2. The Security Council (Chapter V: Article 23-32) Introduction: The Security Council is the most powerful body of the United Nations. Its primary responsibility is to maintain international peace and security. It has 15 member states, consisting of five permanent and ten non-permanent members. The permanent members are the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia and China. The non-permanent members are elected from the General Assembly for two years term on a regional Security Council basis. For example: 5 from African and Asian countries, 1 from Eastern European countries, 2 from Latin American and Caribbean countries and 2 from Western European and other countries. The five permanent members hold Veto power. Veto is the special right which can reject any decision made by General Our International Relation and Cooperation 365

Assembly. Nepal was also elected twice for the non-permanent members of the Security Council. The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes every month. Functions: The primary function of the Security Council is to maintain international peace and security. Besides this, it performs other functions as well. For example: recommend for the membership of new states in the UN, mobilize the peace keeping force as per the need, recommend the General Assembly for the appointment of Secretary General, research on the dispute and condition which may occur in international struggle, etc. 3. The Economic and Social Council (Chapter X: Article 61-72) Introduction: The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed development goals. It has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly for a term of three years on regional basis like 11 from Asia, 14 from Africa, Economic and Social Council 10 from Latin America, 6 from Europe, 2 from Western Europe and 13 from other nations. One-third of its members are changed through election every year. There are eight functional commissions and five regional commissions under it. The proposals are passed through majority and each member can cast one vote. Functions: The Economic and Social Council serves as the central mechanism for activities of the UN system and its specialized agencies in the economic, social and environmental fields. For example: study on the fields of international economic, educational, social aspects and present the report, recommend for maintaining and promoting human rights and fundamental rights, organize international conferences related to various fields, follow the responsibility given by the General Assembly, etc. 4. The Trusteeship Council (Chapter XIII: Article 86-91) Trusteeship Council Introduction: The Trusteeship Council is one of the principal organs of the UN. It was established to take care of the newly freed territories from colonial rule until they could be self-relient. It was composed of five permanent members of the Security Council, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia and China. With the independence of Palau in 1994 AD, the council suspended operations. Functions: It was designed to supervise the government of newly freed territories from colonial rule and to lead them to self-government or independence. By 1994, all of them attained self-government or independence. Thus, the Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1st November, 1994 AD. 366 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

5. The International Court of Justice (Chapter XIV: Article 92-96) Introduction: The International Court of Justice is the judicial organ of the UN. It is permanently in session. There are 15 judges elected by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for 9 years. Among them, 5 judges are from the permanent member countries of the Security Council and remaining 10 judges are appointed from other countries covering all the continents. International Court of Justice More than 1 judge cannot be appointed from the same country. One-thirds of the judges are elected in every three years. They are eligible for re-election also. The judges elect their own president and vice president for a three- year term. Its head office is in Hague, Netherlands. English and French are the official languages of the International Court of Justice. Functions: It is the universal court for international law. It performs judicial functions. For example: settle international legal disputes, give advisory opinions on legal questions to UN Organs and Specialized Agencies, interprete treaties and legal terms. 6. The Secretariat (Chapter XV: Article 97-101) Introduction: The Secretariat is the administrative unit of the UN. It comprises the Secretary General and UN staff members like translators, clerks, technicians, administrators, project directors, and negotiators. The Secretary General is Chief Administrative Officer of the UN elected by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a renewable five-year term. He/she must have the approval of all five permanent members António Guterres of the Security Council to be selected to the post; because of this, secretaries-general are usually come from small, neutral countries. António Guterres, the former Prime Minister of Portugal has been appointed as the Secretary General of the UN since 1st January, 2017 AD. Functions: The Secretariat is entrusted with administrative duties, maintaining records and overseeing or performing secretarial duties. For example: mediate in the international disputes, prepare and distribute reports, keep records of the UN activities and inform the world about them, prepare agendas to discuss and organize international conferences on the subjects of international importance, run the activities to maintain peace, carry out the tasks as directed by the Security Council, General Assembly and other UN Organs.. Our International Relation and Cooperation 367

Activities 1. Read the following text about the provision of membership in the United Nations and discuss in the class. Membership Article 3 The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1st January 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. Article 4 1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations. 2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Article 5 A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council. Article 6 A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. 2. Present an act on the General Assembly session of the UN in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is the Atlantic Charter? 2. When was the UN established? 3. What is Veto power? Write any one positive aspect of Veto power. 4. Write the name of the permanent member countries of the UN Security Council. 5. Who is the present Secretary-General of the UN? Short answer questions: 1. Mention the historical background of the establishment of the UN. 2. Do you agree that the role of the UN has been more important in the present context? Present your view. 3. Prepare a model of news including the functions of the General Assembly of the UN. 4. Critically examine the activities of the UN to maintain world peace. 5. Is the UN successful to achieve its objectives? Present your opinion. 6. What roles can the UN play to protect the rights of small and poor countries? Clarify. 7. Explain the roles played by the UN to maintain peace in the world. Project Work Collect information about the organs of the UN and their functions. Prepare a table including such information and present in the class. 368 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

2LESSON Specialized Agencies of the United Nations Specialized Agencies are the inter-governmental agencies affiliated with the UN by special agreements. They are separate, autonomous organizations which work with the UN and each other through the coordinating mechanism of the Economic and Social Council of the UN. They report annually to the Economic and Social Council. Besides Specialized Agencies, there are other programs, funds and organizations in the UN family, all with their own membership, leadership, and budget. The Specialized Agencies are funded by both voluntary and assessed contributions whereas the programs and funds are financed through voluntary rather than assessed contribution. Let’s study about them and their relations with Nepal. UN Specialized Agencies 1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) It was established on 16th October, 1945 AD. Its headquarters is in Rome, Italy. It became the Specialized Agency of the UN in 1946 AD. Every year 16th October is observed as ‘World Food Day’. Objectives and Activities Uplift living standard of people by increasing agricultural production Improve food distribution Focus on food security Give suggestions to the government regarding food policy and plan 2. World Health Organization (WHO) It was established on 7th April, 1948 AD. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. Nepal became its member in 1954 AD. Objectives and Activities Help the member countries to improve health condition Provide technical knowledge in health sector Launch programs to control and eradicate diseases Encourage research activities regarding medical treatment Our International Relation and Cooperation 369

3. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) It was established on 4th November, 1946 AD. Its headquarters is in Paris, France. It became the Specialized Agency of the UN on 14th December, 1947 AD. Nepal became the member of UNESCO in 1966 AD. Objectives and Activities Promote human and sustainable development Preserve natural and cultural heritages Assist the countries in their educational, scientific and cultural development 4. International Monetary Fund (IMF) It was established on 27th December, 1945 AD. Its headquarters is in Washington, USA. Nepal became its member in 1961 AD. Objectives and Activities Solve international monetary problems Stabilize in exchange rate and reduce balance of payments 5. International Labour Organization (ILO) It was established on 11th April, 1919 AD. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. Objectives and Activities Promote international labour rights Formulate international standards on the freedom to associate, collective bargaining, the abolition of forced labour, and equality of opportunity and treatment 6. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) It was established on 30th December, 1977 AD. Its headquarters is in Rome, Italy. Objectives and Activities Focus exclusively on rural poverty reduction Work with poor rural populations in developing countries to raise their productivity and incomes Improve the quality of life 370 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

7. World Bank Group (WBG)/International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) It was established on 27th December, 1945 AD. Its headquarters is in Washington DC, USA. Nepal became its member in 1961 AD. It is compulsory to be a membership of International Monetary Fund to get its membership. Objectives and Activities Focus on poverty reduction and the improvement of living standard Provide low-interest loan, interest-free credit, and grant to developing countries 8. International Maritime Organization (IMO) It was established on 17th March, 1958 AD. Its headquarters is in London, Britain. Objectives and Activities Create a comprehensive shipping regulatory framework Address safety and environmental concerns, legal matters, technical cooperation, security, and efficiency 9. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) It was established on 23th March, 1950 AD. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. Nepal became its member in 1966 AD. Objectives and Activities Forecast weather Exchange of meteorological data and information Promote meteorological activities 10. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) It was established on 14th July, 1967 AD. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. Objectives and Activities Protect intellectual property Work about industrial property and copyright (Industrial property includes Patents, Trademaks, Industrial Designs, Geographican Indications whereas Copyright includes the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works) Our International Relation and Cooperation 371

11. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) It was established on 4th April, 1947 AD. Its headquarters is in Montreal, Canada. Objectives and Activities Extend help in civil aviation sector Develop safe air service Set international rules on air navigation 12. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) It was established on 17th May, 1865 AD. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. It became the Specialized Agency of the UN in 1947 AD. Nepal took its membership in 1957 AD. Objectives and Activities Research, develop and promote international telecommunication service Support everyone’s fundamental right to communicate 13. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) It was established on 17th November, 1966 AD. Its headquarters is in Vienna, Austria. Objectives and Activities Help developing countries in their industrial development Help the member countries to develop industrial efficiency 14. Universal Postal Union (UPU) It was established on 9th October, 1874 AD. Its headquarters is in Bern, Switzerland. Objectives and Activities Work as the primary forum for cooperation between postal sector players Help to ensure a truly universal network of up-to-date products and services 15. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) It was established on 2nd January, 1975 AD. Its headquarters is in Madrid, Spain. Objectives and Activities Work for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism 372 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

UN Programs and Funds 1. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) It was established on 22nd November, 1965 AD. Its headquarters is in New York, USA. Objectives and Activities Focus on sustainable development, poverty alleviation, etc. Support developing countries for their economic ans social development Help in the development of communication technology Fight against HIV/AIDS and address the effects of natural disaster and conflict 2. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) It was established on 1st December, 1946 AD. Its headquarters is in New York, USA. Objectives and Activities Work for the security and development of children 3. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Objectives and Activities Protect refugees worldwide Facilitate their return home or resettlement 4. World Food Program (WFP) Objectives and Activities Eradicate hunger and malnutrition Launch humanitarian activities 5. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 373 Objectives and Activities Help member states fight drugs, crime, and terrorism Our International Relation and Cooperation

6. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Objectives and Activities Expand the possibilities for women and young people to lead healthy and productive lives 7. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Objectives and Activities Deal with development issues, particularly international trade as the main driver of development 8. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Objectives and Activities Act as a catalyst, advocate, educator and facilitator to promote the wise use and sustainable development of the global environment 9. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) Objectives and Activities Work for the welfare and human development of Palestine Refugees including education, health care, relief and social service, camp infrastructure and improvement, etc. 10. UN Women Objectives and Activities Focus exclusively on gender equality and women empowerment 11. United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat) Objectives and Activities Work to promote socially and environmentally sustainable human settlements development and the achievement of adequate shelter for all 374 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Other Entities 1. United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Objectives and Activities Work for stopping and reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS 2. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) Objectives and Activities Serve as the focal point in the United Nations system for the coordination of disaster risk reduction 3. United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) Objectives and Activities Support for the peace-building, humanitarian and development projects around the world Related Organizations 1. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) It was established on 29th July, 1957 AD. Its headquarters is in Vienna, Austria. Objectives and Activities Provide scientific and technical help in the peaceful use of atomic energy Prevent the use of atomic weapons and military power to maintain peace in the world 2. World Trade Organization (WTO) It was established on 1st January, 1995 AD. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. There are 153 member countries of WTO. Nepal took its membership in April, 2004 AD. Objectives and Activities Provide assistance to make the rules regarding international trade transparent Increase trade, investment, employment and income Our International Relation and Cooperation 375

3. Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Objectives and Activities Promote the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test- Ban Treaty (which is not yet in force) 4. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Objectives and Activities Implement the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Work to achieve a world free of chemical weapons 5. International Organization for Migration (IOM) Objectives and Activities Help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration Promote international cooperation on migration issues Assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems Provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people International organization Development Association (IODA) It was established on 24th September, 1960 AD. Its headquarters is in Washington DC, USA. Nepal became its member in 1963 AD. Objectives and Activities Provide soft loan to least developed countries Encourages for sustainable economic growth and development 376 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. Prepare a list of the Specialized Agencies of the UN along with their date of establishment and functions. Discuss about it in the class. 2. Search about the activities and functions of the UNHCR and UNESCO using internet and present in the class. 3. Write a news report describing the contribution of the UNICEF. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by the Specialized Agencies of the UN? 2. How are the Specialized Agencies of the UN funded? 3. What is the main source of UN budget? Short answer questions: 1. Make a list of the activities done by the UN Specialized Agencies working in Nepal. 2. Suggest any four ways to make the activities of the UN Specialized Agencies more effective. 3. Which one do you think is the most important among the UN Specialized Agencies? Justify your answer with logics. 4. Write full form of UNESCO and give its short introduction. 5. Make a list of any four specialized agencies of the UN and one function of each. 6. When was WHO established? What role can it play to prevent the pandemic diseases like Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Community Work There might be some UN Programs running in your community. Search about such programs and prepare a report. Our International Relation and Cooperation 377

LESSON 3 Nepal’s Role in the United Nations Introduction The United Nations is an inter-governmental organization established on 24th October, 1945 AD to promote international co-operation. There are 193 member countries in the UN. Nepal was trying to extend relations with international community after the end of Second World War. Thereafter, Nepal attempted to take the membership of the UN through Nepalese embassy in Britain in 1947 AD. The application for the admission of Nepal as a member in the United Nations was submitted in 1948 AD and Nepal got its membership six years later on 14th December, 1955 AD. Nepal has been working with the UN in the maintenance of international peace and security through her continuous participation in the UN Peacekeeping Operations since 1958 AD. Let’s study the Nepal’s role in the UN. Nepal’s Role in the United Nations a. Participation in peace keeping: Nepal has been participating in the peace keeping missions of the UN continuously after obtaining the membership of the UN. Nepal participated in the UN Peace Keeping Force as an observer in 1958 AD and has been sending troops as a part of peace keeping force since the first mission of UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) in 1978 AD. Nepalese Peace Keeping Force in Africa Nepal Police, Nepal Army and Armed Police Force are working in UN Peace Keeping mission in various countries like Haiti, Liberia, Chad, Sudan, Burundi, etc. Nepal is the 4th largest peace keeping contributor to the UN. UN peacekeepers provide security and the political and peace-building support to help countries transform from conflict to peace. b. Representation in the UN System: Nepal was elected in the UN Security Council as a non-permanent member in 1969/70 AD and 1988/89 AD for two years. Likewise, Nepal’s representative (Kul Chandra Gautam) was appointed as the Deputy Secretary-General 378 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

of the UN. Nepal was elected as the Vice Chairperson of the UN General Assembly in 1958, 1968, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1983, 1984, 1988 and 2001 AD. Nepal had assumed the responsibility of the Vice-Chair of Executive Board of the UNICEF for the 2016-2018 terms. Similarly, Nepal has been elected as a member of the UNESCO executive board. c. Advocacy for justice: Nepal opposed openly when Soviet Army interfered in Hungary in 1956 AD. Nepal coordinated the special committee formed regarding the racial discrimination to pressurize against the racial discrimination of Britain in South Africa. Nepal raised voice against the attack on Egypt in 1956 AD. Nepal opposed the attack of Israel on Arab in 1967 AD. Likewise, Nepal has been sending Nepal Army as UN Peace Keeping Force to settle Lebanon crisis since 1978 AD. Nepal had also sent Peace Keeping Force to Cambodia and Yugoslavia in 1992/93. Nepal Army has been working to maintain peace in Haiti since 1994 AD. Nepal has been raising voice in the UN for reasonable rights of landlocked and Least Developed Countries (LDCs). d. Support for disarmament: Nepal has signed in the treaties to stop the experiment and manufacturing of atomic weapons. Nepal has also been playing active role for disarmament. e. Non-Alignment: Nepal has adopted non-aligned foreign policy based on the principle of Panchasheela (non-interference, non-violence, non-aggression, peaceful coexistence and respect for sovereign equality and territorial integrity). As a member of Non-aligned movement, Nepal is actively participating in its activities and has not taken the side of any group or country when they involve in the war or conflict. f. Active in the UN: As a member of the UN, Nepal has signed in the resolution, treaties, declaration and commitments of the UN and its Specialized Agencies and has implemented them in the country. Nepal always initiates to eradicate imperialism and end colonialism and oppose to expansionism, neo colonialism, intervention, etc. The Constitution of Nepal is also guided by the UN Charter. Buddha Jayanti is observed as Peace Day by the United Nations. The UN has also played vital role in Nepal’s development, conflict management, democracy and peace. United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN), a temporary political mission was established in Nepal by the UN to assist in the peace process. The role played by the UN in the arm-settlement after ten years long armed insurgency, election of Constituent Assembly, integration of Maoist combatant, etc was highly considerable. Our International Relation and Cooperation 379

Activities 1. Meet Nepal Army personnel who have returned from the Peace Keeping Mission and ask what activities they did in the mission. Then, present their answers in the class. 2. Make inquiries about the help of the UN for the establishment of peace in Nepal. Present your findings in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. When did Nepal become the member of the UN? 2. What is peace keeping force? 3. Name any four countries where Nepal has deployed its troops as the peace keeping force. 4. Draw the logo of the UNO. Short answer questions: 1. Discuss about the roles played by Nepal in the UN. 2. Are you satisfied about the role of Nepal in the UN? Present your opinion in points. 3. Present your views about the role of UN towards the rights and welfare of the land- locked countries? 4. Mention the efforts of Nepal to obtain the membership of the UN. Community Work Sometimes, questions are raised about the Peace Keeping Force of Nepal. Is it good to send our Peace Keeping Force to other countries? Consult with seniors who are related to security agencies and prepare a report. 380 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

4LESSON Activities of the United Nations in Nepal Introduction The United Nations is the world’s largest organization. It works to maintain international peace and security, protect human rights, deliver humanitarian aid, promote sustainable development and uphold international law. Nepal is being benefitted as a member of the UN. The UN has been providing support in the fields like social, economic, physical and good governance in Nepal. Let’s study the role of UN in the development of Nepal. 1. International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD): It is a specialized agency of the UN dedicated in eradicating rural poverty in developing countries. It was established in 1977 AD. With the view to develop agricultural sector, Nepal got its membership in 1978 AD. Its activities in Nepal M It provides support to improve agricultural sector through technical and financial supports. M It runs the programs targeting to the poor, landless, indigenous nationalities and women with the objective to empower them and raise their economic status. M It focuses on food security. 2. International Labour Organization (ILO): It is a United Nations agency dealing with labour issues, particularly international labour standards, social security, and work opportunities for all. Nepal got its membership in 1966 AD. Its headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. This organization had received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969 AD. Its activities in Nepal M It has been working in Nepal to promote the welfare of the laborers and provide them with social and economic justice. M It runs programs to alleviate poverty by promoting employment, to improve the industrial relationship, and implement labor administration. M It helps to eliminate child-labors and release bondage-labors. 3. UN Women: It is a UN entity working for the empowerment of women. It works for gender equality and empowerment of women. Its office in Nepal was established in 2012 AD. Its activities in Nepal M It focuses on gender equality and women empowerment. M It provides support in the development of leadership capacity and participation of women, peace and security, national planning and budget. M It supports to run the programs against the violence against women. Our International Relation and Cooperation 381

4. United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF): It is the UN’s capital investment agency for the world’s 48 least developed countries. Its activities in Nepal M It helps to promote decentralization in the local development, natural resource management and participation of people. M It helps to increase institutional capacity of local level. M It helps in the delivery of the standard services in the local level. 5. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF): It is a United Nations program. Its headquarters is in New York, USA. It provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. It has been working in Nepal since 1964 AD. Its activities in Nepal M It runs the programs for the protection and promotion of child and women rights in the coordination with community and NGOs. M It provides the technical and financial support for the programs of poverty alleviation, child care and nutrition, immunization, health and environment education and HIV/ AIDS. 6. United Nations Human Settlement Program (UN-Habitat): It is the United Nations agency for human settlements and sustainable urban development. It was established in 1978 AD with the objective to improve in the condition of people who are living in slums. It had helped the flood-victims of Koshi in 2065 BS. Its activities in Nepal M It supports in the urban planning management and governance. M It helps poor people for housing. M It supports to build environmentally sound urban infrastructures and services. M It strengthens human settlement finance system. 7. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): It is a UN agency working for expanding the possibilities for women and young people to lead healthy and productive lives. It has been working in Nepal since 1971 AD and running its activities in 18 districts. Its activities in Nepal M It supports in the population census and household, health sector, and women empowerment. M It provides the supports for the programs against gender violence. 8. United Nations Program for HIV/AIDS: United Nations Program for HIV /AIDS (UNAIDS) is the main advocate for accelerated, comprehensive and coordinated global act in against the HIV/AIDS epidemic. 382 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Its activities in Nepal M It works for stopping and reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS. M It runs the programs with the view to “Zero HIV Infection, Zero Discrimination and Zero Death due to HIV”. 9. United Nations Volunteers (UNV) Program: It contributes to peace and development through volunteerism worldwide. It has been running its programs in Nepal since 1974 AD. Its activities in Nepal M It has been providing volunteer services in Nepal. M It contributes to peace and development through volunteerism. 10. World Food Program (WFP): It is the food-assistance branch of the United Nations and the world’s largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security. In Nepal, it has been running its activities in 32 districts. It has established regional offices in Damak, Nepalgunj and Dadeldhura. Its activities in Nepal M It controls famine and supplies emergency food. M It helps for long-term food security. M It assists to formulate effective strategy for food and nutrition. M It participates in the development activities. 11. World Health Organization (WHO): It is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. In Nepal, it works in the coordination with the Ministry of Health and Population. Its activities in Nepal M It provides technical assistance in health sector. M It helps in the investigation regarding the medical treatment. M It runs the programs related to reproductive health and promotion of health service. 12. United Nations Development Program (UNDP): It is the United Nations’ global development network, an organization advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. Its activities in Nepal M It helps in poverty reduction. M It helps to maintain good governance. M It helps in the field of energy, environment, climate and disaster risk management. Our International Relation and Cooperation 383

Activities Which UN agency is involved in the development programs running in your community? Find and present in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. In what fields the UN is providing support to Nepal? 2. Write the full form of IFAD. 3. What type of support can the UNICEF do in your community? 4. Write one function of UNAIDS. Short answer questions: 1. Make a list of the activities run by the United Nations Development Program. 2. Discuss the relevancy of the UN-Habitat. 3. Suggest any four ways to make the programs run by IFAD more effective. 4. Prepare a list of the International Non-Government Organizations working in Nepal. 5. Write a letter to the head of the WHO suggesting the ways to make its programs more effective to prevent the pandemic diseases from the world. Community Work Visit any program run by the UN, collect information and prepare a report on the basis of the following sub-titles: a. Title and Introduction of the program b. Objectives and activities of the program c. Beneficiaries and benefits d. Conclusion 384 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

LESSON 5 Current Affairs and Their Effects Introduction Current Affairs are the events of political, economic, environmental or social interest and importance happening in the world at the present time. Some events are desirable while some are undesirable and harm the nature and mankind. Some events leave long lasting effects in the world. The event happening in one part of the world may affect the other parts as well. It is important for us to get informed about such happening in the world at the present time. Let’s study about some of the current affairs and their effects. 1. Climate Change: It is a change in global or regional climate patterns. It is due to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels and deforestation. It is also called global warming which refers to rise in average surface temperature on the Earth. The gases trap heat within the atmosphere, which can have a range of effects on ecosystems, including rise in sea level, acid rain, melting of ice-caps, forest fire, drought, flooding, The melting Khumbu Glacier below Mount Everest shrinking of grasslands and rainforest, etc. Thus, we need to be aware about the creation of clean environment, the conservation of biodiversity, causes and consequences of the climate change and try our best to mitigate its negative effects. 2. Disarmament: It is a process of reducing or limiting the use of weapons. This process includes the balanced cut off of traditional weapons and disposal of powerful weapons such as nuclear bomb and biological weapons. It also discourages the production, distribution and storage of such dangerous weapons. The production of various biological and non- biological weapons has threatened and terrified the world. The use and supply of such weapon has created crisis in human existence. It is a fact that, general arms and weapons worth 2 billion US dollars are legally traded and those worth 1 billion US dollar are smuggled. Some weapons remain active for a long period of time and cause destruction. Realizing this fact, various activities for disarmament and limited use of weapons are going on after the establishment of the UN for the world peace and security. Thus, we need to keep on collective efforts to make the world a safer place through disarmament. Our International Relation and Cooperation 385

3. Landmine: It is an explosive mine laid on or just under the surface of the ground or sea. It explodes if disturbed by pressure or the closeness of something such as metal. It may take the life of many innocent people and animals. Landmines were used widely during the World Wars. It was also used during the ten-year long armed conflict in Nepal. With the advancement of modern technology, such explosive materials are getting easy access. The UN agencies and programs have been supporting financially and technically to give the required information. Thus, we should always be careful while moving in sensitive areas and touching suspected object. If such objects are seen we should inform the security authority so that they can make it ineffective. 4. Nuclear Energy: It is the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion, especially when used to generate electricity. Its production and use has been developed as a complicated issue in the world. Iran and North Korea are producing and using nuclear energy which has created dispute in international arena. The history of the use of nuclear energy began when atom bombs were dropped in Japan in 1945 AD. With the view to cope with the problems in the human health by nuclear energy, the UN has established International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It works to promote the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies. 5. Population Growth: Population growth is the increase in the number of individuals. The world is going through a unique population pattern. Due to the improvement in health service and facilities, death rate in all over the world has decreased. The population of elderly population is getting higher and life expectancy is increasing. The UN issued a declaration on elderly people in 1982 AD and requested all to accept the elderly people as the matter of social security but not as a problem. In order to pay respect to the senior citizens, Government of Nepal has been providing social security allowance to senior citizens since 2051 BS. Senior citizens are our guidelines and store of knowledge and experience. Thus, we should develop a positive attitude towards old age people. 6. Sustainable Development: It is the development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources so that the future generation can also use it. The objective of the sustainable development is related to the protection of the earth and resources available here. With the completion of the 15-year programs of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the UN General Assembly, in 2015 AD agreed to launch Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for next 15 years i.e. 2016-2030 AD. Democracy, good governance and rule of law have been considered as the standard of sustainable development. If the concept of the sustainable development is fully implemented, we don’t need to suffer from the environmental degradation and natural calamities. Thus, we need to carry out our activities as per the concept of sustainable development so that available resources will not be depleted. 7. Terrorism: It is the violence or the threat of violence carried out to fulfill the political, economic, social or any other aim. The terrorizing activities like hijacking, murdering, kidnapping, bomb blasting, etc have created security threat to the world. It has become a big challenge to the world. Several terrorist groups are active to fulfill their aims by creating fearful situation. Terrorist attacks in New York, Paris, Belgium, Afghanistan and 386 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Iraq were very much terrifying violence. Syria and Afghanistan are suffering badly from terrorism. Every year, hundreds of innocent people lose their life due to terrorist activities. Though, several regional and international organizations promised to end the terrorism, it has not yet been ended. Thus, we need to be aware about it and help to make the world a safer place. 8. Epidemic: It is an outbreak of infectious disease that spreads more quickly and more extensively among a group of people. Several infectious diseases have started and spread affecting human health. Diseases like Ebola, HIV/AIDS, Swine Flu, SARS, Zika Virus, Coronavirus (COVID-19), etc have created problems as epidemic disease in different parts of the world. Such diseases have affected human life negatively. Thus, we need to improve and change our living style, and try to prevent such epidemics. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Pandemic It is an infectious disease caused by the most recently identified Coronavirus. It causes respiratory infections. This disease was first identified in December, 2019 AD in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 is a widespread epidemic that affects people in many different countries. Thus, it is also called Coronavirus pandemic. Symptoms of COVID-19 The most common symptoms of this disease are fever, tiredness, and dry cough. Some patients may have aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat or diarrhea. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like high blood pressure, heart problems or diabetes are more likely to develop serious illness. Prevention of COVID-19 Wash your hands regularly with soap Overview of Coronavirus Cases and water, or clean them with alcohol- Country Confirmed Recovered Death based hand rub. Nepal 54 16 0 Maintain at least 1 meter distance between you and people coughing or Worldwide 3,041,764 893,967 211,167 sneezing. Source: WHO as of (Last updated: April 29th, 2020) Avoid touching your face. Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. Stay home if you feel unwell. Refrain from smoking and other activities that weaken the lungs. Practice physical distancing by avoiding unnecessary travel and staying away from large groups of people. Our International Relation and Cooperation 387

Activities 1. How many persons are above 60 years of age in your community? What problems are they facing? Discuss and present in the class. 2. “Nuclear energy should also be developed in Nepal.” Either criticize or approve of this statement in detail. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by current affair? 2. What is terrorism? 3. What is meant by disarmament? 4. Define atomic power? 5. Mention one latest incident/event happened in the world and its one effect. 6. List out any one latest events that took place in Nepal. 7. Mention an effort played by Nepal in regard of ‘Climate change’. Short answer questions: 1. Why should we study about the current affairs? 2. How can terrorism be ended? Write in points. 3. Discuss about the precautionary measures of Coronavirus (COVID-19). 4. Write any four effects of the Ozone layer depletion. 5. What efforts have been made to keep the environment clean in Nepal? Make a list of them. 6. Prepare an editorial to a national daily highlighting the negative effects from the use of explosive materials. Community Work Interact with a local intellectual about the causes, effect and defensive measures of pandemics like Coronavirus (COVID-19) and prepare a report. 388 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

6LESSON Globalization and Localization Globalization Globalization means the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods, and services across national boundary. This is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Due to the trend of dealing at the world level, the geographical boundaries are getting lost and the entire world has turned into a small village. As stated by Prof. Brown, globalization is “A world without border”. Globalization is not only the modern perception but also a Vedic perception. Rig-Veda has also compared the world as a nest. Progress in transportation and telecommunication has been the major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. It has also enabled free flow of views, goods and services. The social, cultural, political and economic systems which we are adopting at present are depicting the globalization. Though the globalization is mainly concerned with economic aspect, it has an effect on political, social and cultural aspects as well. Thus, the openly transference of individuals, goods, services, capital and information crossing the national border is known as globalization. It is believed to have started from the middle of 20th century. Moreover, the perception developed during the decade of 1990 AD after the end of Cold War highly influenced the world. The concept of democratization, privatization, freedom, human rights, marketization, etc emerged in the developed countries and transferred towards the developing countries. The concepts developed in the advanced countries are being adopted in the developing countries. Not only these, the globalization has affected in the foreign aid, mass medias, multinational companies, international economic organizations, tourism, technology, politics, diplomacy, education, human rights, ecology, culture, ideology, etc. The developing and least developed countries are more influenced by the globalization. It has also supported to increase the access to market, development of technology and mobilization of means and resource in those countries. Globalization has both positive and negative effects. Positive Effects/Strength of Globalization Negative Effects/Weakness of Globalization It has helped the developed countries to Least developed countries and developing extend foreign relation, reduce poverty and countries are comparatively less benefited decrease trade imbalance. from the science and technology. Developing and least developed countries Indigenous culture, tradition, value and norms are getting foreign aid to support quality get degraded and the trend of blindly adopting education and health facilities. foreign culture and tradition increases in the society. Our International Relation and Cooperation 389

Information and knowledge about the other Dependency increases in economy, national countries can be obtained through various unity and nationality become weak which means of communication. makes the weak countries weaker. Development in free trade, trade Developing and least developed countries diversification, flow of capital, increment in may lack skilled manpower due to the trend of foreign investment, increase in the capacity Brain-drain. of labourers. International competition in the trade allows Increase in drug trafficking, use of weapons, people to buy quality goods at low cost. infectious disease and social deviation. End of the misunderstanding between the Extension of multinational companies affects countries and improve in peace and security. the national economy. The gap between rich and poor gets wider. The transfer of the goods and services Pressure by rich and powerful countries on available in the developed countries weak countries to follow their perspectives which helps to improve the living style in and principles. developing countries. Localization Localization means the process of making something local in character or restricting it to a particular place. It is also defined as administrative decentralization. Localization gives priority to particular area. It focuses in the preservation and promotion of local culture, tradition, costumes, values and norms. Localization is concerned with the concept of promoting local opinion, views, knowledge, will and thought. It focuses on the identification and preservation of indigenous knowledge, skill and technology. It emphasizes in the local development extending the access to communication technology. In the context of Nepal, the federal system has increased the importance of localization. It has given more importance to the direct participation of people in politics, distribution of services at local level, socio-economic development of local area and political localization. In fact, the localization means the preservation of originality. It prioritizes the unity in diversity. Thus, the UN has given significance to localization in the MDGs and SDGs. Localization also has both positive and negative effects. Positive Effects/Strength of Localization Negative Effects/Weakness of Localization It focuses on the development of backward class. It obstructs in the supply of international It emphasizes on the people-centered goods and services. development. It opposes the interference of foreign It emphasizes on the development of only a countries and protects the nationality. limited and small area. It focuses in the uses of local products. It makes the people orthodox towards their It preserves and promotes the indigenous caste or class. culture and tradition. It makes the people deprived of foreign culture and economy. It prevents the goods and services from internationalization. 390 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

It discourages the internationalization of It focuses on the development of a particular labourer and goods. area rather than the whole country. Difference between globalization and localization Globalization Localization 1. It focuses on borderless world. 1. It focuses on local thought and view. 2. It helps to obtain goods and services 2. It helps to utilize local goods and at low cost because of international services. competition. 3. Skilled human resource gets opportunity 3. There is lack of skilled human resource at international level. where there is less opportunity. 4. Local culture, norms and value may get 4. Local culture, norms and value get displaced. preserved. 5. Developed countries dominate 5. The country proceeds towards the self- developing and least developed countries. dependence. Activities Imagine that you got a chance to observe a fair running with the motto “Use domestic product and promote local enterprises”. What other information do you expect to get from that fair? Write your answer in a model of news article. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Differentiate between globalization and localization. 2. Write any two negative aspects of globalization. 3. What can be the method to make localization effective? Write any one method. 4. What is meant by political globalization? Short answer questions: 1. Present four strengths of globalization. 2. Discuss about the negative effects of the globalization. 3. Discuss the economic features of globalization. 4. Write the difference between globalization and localization. 5. Mention the positive and negative aspects of localization. Community Work Visit your community and talk with the local people about lose of their indigenous quality? Suggest some tips to maintain their identity. Our International Relation and Cooperation 391

Additional Learning Materials A sample of letter to the editor Many classical and folk dances of our country are on the verge of extinction. What step should be taken to preserve them? Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper mentioning the measures to preserve them. 12th March, 2020 Harinas, Syangja To, The Editor, The Rising Nepal, Gorkhapatra Sansthan, Kathmandu Subject: Preservation of Classical and Folk Dance Dear Sir/Madam, I would like to draw the attention of all concerned authorities and people about the preservation of our classical and folk dances through your popular newspaper. Our classical and folk dances reflect our glorious culture and tradition. But, many such dances are on the verge of extinction. I would like to give the following suggestions to preserve them: a. New generation should be encouraged to participate in classical and folk dances which are on the verge of extinction. For this, the new generation should be made aware about the importance of such dances. b. Regular competition of classical and folk dances should be organized throughout the country. Similarly, cultural fair should be organized highlighting the folk cultures. c. Electronic Medias like television, radio, etc should give preference to such dances. d. Classical and folk dances should be included in the curriculum of school and colleges. Sincerely Shree Ram Ale A sample of editorial The Panchai Baja which is played during wedding ceremony is being displaced by the imported Band Baja nowadays. It is almost displaced in urban areas and is being displaced slowly in rural areas as well. What measures should be taken to continue the practice of Panchai Baja in our society? Write an editorial for a newspaper. Editorial Preservation of Panchai Baja Panchai Baja is a set of five folk musical instruments. The set consists of Narasingha, Jhyali, Sahanai, Nagara and Tyamko. It is one of the oldest musical instruments of Nepal. Panchai Baja is played on the occasions like marriage ceremony, Bratabandha and other social, cultural and religious programs. Though, Panchai Baja is considered as the fundamental musical instrument of Damai Community, it is an identity of our country. But such valuable musical instrument is being displaced by the imported Band music. The practice of Panchai Baja can be continued by adopting the following measures: a. Publicity of our folk musical instruments, b. Organizing folk musical competitions on regular interval, c. Giving priority to the manufacturing of such musical instruments, d. Making the provision of incentives to those who know how to play it and are preserving it, e. Including it in curriculum and teaching in schools and colleges practically, f. Using in modern music and encouraging different communities to preserve and keep on their tradition. A sample of news article Prepare a news article about the effective initiation of Aama Samuha against social evil. Aama Samuha against Social Evil Tanahun, 12th March Women from Gajarkot, Tanahun have formed an Aama Samuha and started a campaign against alcoholism and gambling. At first, the mothers of this area organized a meeting. They publicly requested not to get involved in alcoholism and gambling. They have aimed to make Gajarkot area free of alcohol and gambling. They initiated this campaign when the youths of the village got involved in these evils and the village became the hub of several social evils. In connection with this campaign, they spilled out alcohol found in six hotels and prohibited gambling in public places. They have decided to publicly dishonor and compel to beg pardon to those who will stand against this campaign. Now, it is the responsibility of everyone to support this Aama Samuha so that social evils like gambling and alcoholism can be eradicated from the society. 392 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

A sample of report writing Imagine, you met a member of Council of Ministers of Nepal, you discussed about the present constitution making process and the condition of nation after its declaration. Now prepare a report comprising his/her opinions expressed at the meeting and your observation study in the following sub-headings: a. Title and introduction b. Description achieved c. Your analysis d. Suggestions for political stability Present Constitution and Its Impact Introduction I met a member of Council of Ministers of Nepal and discussed about the constitution making process and the condition of nation after its declaration. The Constitution of Nepal was promulgated on 3rd Aswin, 2072 BS. This is the first constitution drafted and adopted by the Constituent Assembly which was specifically elected for this purpose. After the declaration of the constitution, the voices both on its favour and against came out. The country suffered from unofficial blockade also as the impact of the declaration of this constitution. Description achieved From the discussion with the member of Council of Ministers of Nepal, I got the following information regarding the constitution making process and the condition of nation after its declaration: • Nepalese people had a dream to draft constitution through Constituent Assembly since 2007 BS. Now, it has been fulfilled. • There was an approval of more than two-thirds of Constituent Assembly members in the constitution. • Some of the political parties and the people of Terai and some other parts of the country were not satisfied towards this constitution. • A movement started in the Terai against of this constitution. • An unofficial blockade was made from Indian side that adversely affected the daily life of Nepalese people. • This problem can be solved through peaceful dialogue with unsatisfied parties. • Since the constitution is the result of a long struggle, it should be implemented along with correcting its weakness. Analysis The Constitution of Nepal promulgated on 3rd Aswin, 2072 BS is the seventh constitution of Nepal. Then, President of Nepal Dr. Ram Baran Yadav announced the promulgation of Constitution of Nepal at a special meeting of the Constituent Assembly on 3rd Aswin, 2072 BS which was endorsed by the Constituent Assembly and authenticated by the Chairperson of Constituent Assembly Subas Chandra Nembang. A total of 507 votes were casted in favour of the Constitution Bill while 25 votes went against it. Of the total 598 Constituent Assembly members, 532 were present at the meeting. Thus, this constitution is the outcome of the hard struggle of Nepalese people. They were waiting for this since 2007 BS. Now, every one of us should accept this constitution and correct its weakness through peaceful dialogue. Suggestions for political stability A country can make progress only when there is political stability in the country. It needs the effort from all side. For maintaining the political stability, following ways are suggested: • Problems regarding the constitution should be solved through peaceful dialogue. • The constitution should try its best to address the will and aspiration of all people. • No one should come under any pressure of foreigners in our internal affairs. • All the people should be united for the protection of national integrity and sovereignty. A sample of dialogue Highlight the statement “Cultural heritage reflect socio-cultural aspect of Nepalese society” in dialogue between two friends. (Zenith, a tenth grader student is talking with his friend Sharmila on National heritage.) Zenith : Sharmila, could you tell me what cultural heritage is. Sharmila : Of course Zenith. Cultural heritage refers to valuable objects and qualities such as historical buildings and cultural traditions that have been passed down from previous generation to present generation. The heritages reflect art, culture and tradition of a country. Zenith : Does the cultural heritage reflect socio-cultural aspect of Nepalese society? Sharmila : Yes, the cultural heritage reflects socio-cultural aspect of Nepalese society. If we look at the old building, temple, Jatra, taps, festivals, etc, we can find how people used to live in the past, and how they are inherited from one generation to another. The festivals and Jatras show the various cultural practices of our country. All these practices reflect socio-cultural aspect of Nepalese society. Zenith : Thank you Sharmila for your information. Additional Learning Materials 393

A sample of timeline Show the given date and event in time line. Date Event 2046 BS People’s movement 2048 BS General Election 2052 BS Commencement of armed revolution 2058 BS Royal Palace Massacre Time Line: Political Events of Nepal from 2046 to 2058 BS 2046 People’s movement 2048 General Election 2050 Scale: 1 cm = 2 years Years (in BS) 2052 Commencement of armed revolution 2054 2056 2058 Royal Palace Massacre A sample of timeline Show the following dates and events in a timeline: Date Event 11th Baishakh, 2063 BS Establishment of Loktantra 28th Chaitra, 2064 BS Election of Constituent Assembly-I 15th Jestha, 2065 BS Establishment of Republic 14th Jestha, 2069 BS End of Constituent Assembly-I A timeline showing some historical events and their respective dates Date (in BS) 14th Jestha, 2069 BS: End of Constituent Assembly-I 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 Scale: 1 cm = 1 year 15th Jestha, 2065 BS: Establishment of Republic 28th Chaitra, 2064 BS: Election of Constituent Assembly-I 11th Baishakh, 2063 BS: Establishment of Loktantra 394 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

A sample of pie chart Present the following data in a pie chart. Number of individuals getting labour permission to go on foreign employment Country Number Malaysia 74029 Saudi Arabia 39279 UAE 25172 Qatar 60005 Here, Total No. of individuals = 198485 Converting the number of individuals into degree Country Number In percentage In degree 37.29x3.6= 134o Malaysia 74029 74029x100/198485 = 37.29% 19.78x3.6= 71° 12.68x3.6= 46° Saudi Arabia 39279 39279x100/198485 = 19.78% 30.23x3.6= 109° UAE 25172 25172x100/198485 = 12.68% Qatar 60005 60005x100/198485 = 30.23% A pie chart showing the number of individuals getting labour permission to go on foreign employment 30% 37% Malaysia 13% Saudi Arabia UAE 20% Qatar A sample of simple bar diagram Present the given data in Bar Diagram. Agricultural Product Status in Nepal Paddy 1,20,000Mt. Maize 19,250Mt. Wheat 10,450Mt. Millet 10,100Mt. A bar diagram showing the status of agricultural products in Nepal 140000 Agricultural Product (in mt.) 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 395 Paddy Maize Wheat Millet Additional Learning Materials

A sample of multiple bar diagram Show the following figure in Bar graph: Households use of communication means (in %) Types of means Rural Area Urban Area Radio 50% 53% Television 30% 60% Computer 3% 23% Telephone 3% 22% Means of communication (in %) A bar graph showing household use of means of communication 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Rural Area 20% Urban Area 10% 0% Radio Television Computer Telephone Means of communication Some important terms and their meanings Adventure Tourism : a type of tourism involving travel to remote or interesting locations in order to take part in physically challenging outdoor activities Affirmative Action : Government programs that provide special treatment for individuals from designated groups to remedy the effects of past discrimination and to eliminate existing and continuing discrimination. Allies Power : an alliance of France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Belgium, China, Japan, USA, etc in the First World War Alpine : relating to high mountains Antarctic region : the region where polar climate is found in the southern hemisphere Anti Comintern Pact : a treaty signed by Japan and Germany to stop the spread of communism in Europe in 1936 AD Appeasement : the policy of making concessions to the dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict Atlantic Charter : a joint declaration made by the US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in a battle-ship in Atlantic Ocean and issued for the World Peace on 14th August, 1941 AD Atlas : a book containing maps and vital statistics relating to geographical regions Autonomous : having the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs Axis Power : an alliance of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, etc in the First World War Bicameral : having two separate and distinct law making assemblies Bill : a draft of proposed law presented to parliament for discussion Black Hand Society or : a spy organization formed by the youths of Bosnia and Herzegovina to revolt against the Unity or Death occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary Blitzkrieg : Germany invaded Poland on 1st September, 1939 AD by making sudden attack from both land and air which was called Blitzkrieg meaning Lightening War British type of climate : cool temperate oceanic climate Bushmen : a native tribe of hot deserts 396 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Campos : tropical grassland of Brazilian plateau Cartographer : a person engaged in cartography, or the producer of maps Cartography : the science, skill or art of making maps Check and balance system : a mechanism in which the three major organs of the state possess powers that control each other so that no organ can become too powerful   : a custom prevailing in the rural areas of Karnali and Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal in which girls or women have to live in a Chhau Goth located apart from their home during their menstrual period Children trafficking : the buying and selling of children for different purposes Citizenship : the legal status of being a citizen of a country Civil Disobedience Movement : a non-violent movement Classical Dance : a dance describing the character of the gods, goddesses and religious scriptures Climate : the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period Climatic region : a region throughout which roughly same climate is found Climatic zone : an area with distinct climate Cold War : hostile but non-violent relation between the former Soviet Union and the United States, and their respective allies Colonialism : a policy in which a country rules other nations and develops trade for its own benefit COMECON : The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was an economic organization formed under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc Comprehensive Peace : a peace agreement between the Government of Nepal and then CPN (Maoist) on Agreement 5th Mangsir, 2063 BS Concept of regional : a concept to develop the country by dividing it into different administrative units development Coniferous climate : cold temperate climate Constitutional bodies : important authorities provisioned in the constitution along with their formation, functions, duties and power, and required qualification of the chiefs and officials Constitutional council : a body formed for making recommendations for appointment of the Chief Justice and Chiefs and Officials of the Constitutional Bodies Consumer : a person who purchases goods and services for personal use Cooperative : a firm, business, or other organization which is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits Coup : seizure of political power Credit Card : a small plastic card issued by a bank, business society, etc, allowing the holder to purchase goods or services on credit Cultural diversity : the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society Customs : the duties levied by a government on imported goods Daijo Pratha : a tradition in which property is given to bridegroom or his family from bride’s family in the marriage ceremony Dark Continent : Africa Delhi Agreement : a tripartite agreement made among Ranas, King Tribhuvan and Nepali Congress in Delhi on 1st Falgun, 2007 BS to introduce democracy in Nepal Democracy : the free and equal right of every person to participate in a system of government, often practiced by electing representatives of the people by the majority of the people Deuki Pratha : a custom practiced in the hilly area of Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal in which a young girl is offered to the local Hindu temple Development : the process of positive and progressive change Development projects : development programs running with the uses of resources and means and aiming at achieving various goals within a certain period of time Dictatorship : a form of government where a country or a group of countries is ruled by one person or political entity, and exercised through various mechanisms to ensure that the entity’s power remains strong 397 Additional Learning Materials

Disarmament : the reduction or withdrawal of military forces and weapons Domestic violence : violent behaviour like battering, mistreating, threatening, coercion, etc to the family members within the home Downs : temperate grassland of Australia Earthquake : any sudden movement of earth’s crust due to a natural cause which produces a shaking or trembling Earthquake : any sudden movement of earth’s crust due to a natural cause which produces a shaking or trembling Economic Plan : the plan related to economic activities aiming at growing country’s economy Election code of conduct : a set of rules or guidelines issued by the Election Commission during the election Election constituency : a territorial subdivision for electing members to a legislative body Electoral System : a method of election which has its own rule of casting votes, counting the votes and giving the final result Electronic banking service : a range of banking and other services or facilities that use electronic equipment and include: online banking. ATM and debit card services, phone banking, etc. Epicenter : the point on the earth’s surface directly above the hypocenter Epidemic : a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time Eskimos : the native tribe of Greenland Estate : large and extensive farmland in Africa Excise : a tax levied on certain goods and commodities produced or sold within a country Executive : the law implementing body of state Executive power : power to put decisions, laws, etc, into effect Extreme Nationalism : having extreme pride for your country and willing to do anything for your country to keep its pride Favouritism : the practice of giving unfair preferential treatment to one person or group at the expense of another Federal government : the central government of a federated state Federal system : a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units Feudalism : the dominant social system Finance system : a system that allows the exchange of funds between lenders, investors, and borrowers First past the post : an electoral system in which the one who receives more votes than any other candidate electoral system gets elected First World War : a war fought mainly in Europe from 28th July, 1914 AD to 28th June, 1919 AD Folk Dance : a traditional dance of a particular group of people or place Folk musical instrument : a musical instrument that developed among the common people that usually does not have a known inventor Folk songs : a traditional song originating among the people and has been passed down orally from one to the next Foreign employment : act of going to other country for job and to earn money Formulation of plan : a draft of the whole program prepared to achieve certain objective within a fixed period with the appropriate use of available resources Frigid Zone : the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle Garden of the world : Mediterranean climate Gaucho : a cowboy of South American pampas General election : the election of representatives to a legislature from constituencies throughout the country Ghumto Pratha : a custom of covering the face by a married woman with a Ghumto when they are in front of men or any respectable persons Girl trafficking : the buying and selling of young girls for sex and labour exploitation Global Goals : 17 Sustainable Development Goals Globalization : the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale 398 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Globe : a representation or model of the earth’s surface in the form of a hollow ball Granary of the world : prairies of North America Hausa : indigenous tribe of central African region Heritage : important and valuable objects, places, arts, culture and natural environment that have been passed on from the previous generation, are being maintained in the present and will be presented to future generation Hot desert : tropical desert Hottest Continent : Africa Human development : development in health, education, food, clothing, housing, skill, freedom, opportunity, etc for Human Development Index the improvement in human well-being Human organ trafficking : a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which Human resource are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development : the trade of human organs for the purpose of transplantation : the people or group of people with ability and skill Human resource development : the framework for helping employees develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities Human resource management : the process of appointing and developing employees to make them more valuable to the organization Human resource planning : the process of forecasting future human resource requirements of the organization and determining as to how the existing human resource capacity of the organization can be Human trafficking utilized to fulfill these requirements Hundi Hypocenter : the trade of humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labour, or Igloo commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or other : a financial instrument for use in trade and credit transactions which is used as a form of remittance instrument to transfer money from place to place : the place below the earth’s surface where an earthquake originates : a house made up of ice blocks Hypocenter : the place below the earth’s surface where an earthquake originates Igloo : a house made up of ice blocks Imperialism : the political, military, or economic domination of one country over another Inclusion : the action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure Income Tax : tax levied directly on personal income Indigenous nationalities : a tribe or community having its own mother tongue and traditional rites and customs, distinct Inflation cultural identity, distinct social structure and written or unwritten history : a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money Insurance : an arrangement by which a company or the state undertakes to provide a guarantee Inuit of compensation for specified loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a specified premium : the native tribe of Northern Canada Janakpur incident : Durgananda Jha hurled a bomb at the vehicle in which King Mahendra was travelling from Janaki Temple to Rangabhumi on 9th Magh, 2018 BS. This incident is called Janakpur Jhapa revolt incident Jhuma Pratha Judicial council : the movement launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (ML) in Jhapa for the freedom of poor people and against of feudal in 2028 BS : a tradition of offering the second daughter to the monastery practiced in the Sherpa community living in mountain region of Nepal : a body formed to make recommendation or give advice on the appointment of, transfer of, disciplinary action against, and dismissal of, judges, and other matters relating to the administration of justice Judicial review : a reassessment or re-examination by judges of a decision or proceeding by a lower court or a government department Judiciary : an organ of the state that is concerned with providing justice Landmine : an explosive mine laid on or just under the surface of the ground Additional Learning Materials 399

Land of big games : savanna grassland is known as “Land of big games” as the indigenous tribes live their life by hunting wild animals Land of extremes : South America Lapp : the native tribe of Scandinavia League of Nations : The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes Legislature : A body of people with the power to make and change laws Llama : a South American animal reared in Andes mountain region for carrying loads, meat and wool Llanos : tropical grassland of Orinoco basin Localization : the process of making something local in character or restricting it to a particular place Long term human resource : the human resource prepared for long period service Manifesto : a public declaration of policy and aims, especially one issued before an election by a political party or candidate Map : a representation of the earth surface, as a whole or part of it on a plain surface Marshall Plan : an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II Martyr : one, who sacrificed the life in various democratic movements Masai : indigenous tribe of central African region Melting pot : society composed of many different cultures Millennium : a period of a thousand years Militarism : a government policy of investing heavily in and strengthening the armed forces Molotov Plan : the system created by the Soviet Union in order to provide aid to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were politically and economically aligned to the Soviet Union Monument : a building, structure, or site that is of historical importance or interest Motion of no confidence : a statement or vote that a person or persons in a position of responsibility (government, managerial, etc) is no longer deemed fit to hold that position National days : the special days, observed nationwide National integrity : the togetherness or oneness felt by citizens of a country with regard to citizenship Naturalized citizenship : A citizen originally of another nationality but made a citizen by a specified legal process Naumati Baja : a set of nine folk musical instruments containing those that comprise Panchai Baja with an added Damaha and Sahanai, as well as two Narasingha or Karnal Nazi-Soviet : a treaty signed by Hitler and Russia on 23rd August, 1939 AD from which both the countries Non-Aggression Pact agreed to divide Poland and annex its parts in their countries and not to attack each other for 10 years Nepotism : the practice among those with power or influence of favouring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs Non Aligned Movement : an international organization or a group of countries who do not want to be officially aligned with or against any major power bloc North Atlantic : an international organization established by the USA and West European countries to Treaty Organization – NATO promote mutual defenses and collective security Nuclear energy : the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion, especially when used to generate electricity Oasis : fertile land in desert October Revolution : A revolution in Russia in 1917–1918, also called that overthrew the Czar and brought the Bolsheviks, a Communist party led by Lenin, to power Ottoman Empire : a former Turkish empire that reached its greatest territorial extent under Suleiman in the 16th century; collapsed after World War I Pacific Ring of Fire : the earthquake zones of the world surrounding Pacific Ocean Pampas : temperate grassland of Argentina 400 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10