Social Studies Book 10_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

10LESSON Consequences of the First World War Introduction The First World War was the greatest disaster in the history of mankind till then. 36 nations of the world participated directly and many other countries were involved indirectly. The war was fought on land with tanks and cannons, on oceans with ships and submarines, and on air with aeroplanes. This war caused unbelievable loss of life and property. The Major Consequences of the First World War 1. Versailles Treaty and Seed of the Second Versailles Palace World War: On 28th June, 1919 AD a treaty was signed between Allies and Germany in Versailles palace of France which ended the First World War formally. This treaty is called Versailles Treaty (Paris Peace Treaty). In this treaty Germany was treated very rudely. As this treaty was one-sided and insulting, it left negative effects. According to this treaty, Germany had to lose 13% of its land and 6 million people. Major provisions of this treaty a. War guilt (crime): According to the article 231 of Versailles Treaty, Germany was declared war criminal and had to take responsibility of all damages made by the war. b. Loss of German territory: Germany had to give Alsace and Lorraine to France, Eurpen- Malmedy to Belgium, North Schleswig to Denmark, and Polish Corridor and Danzing to Poland. All the German colonies were given to the Allies. The regions including Saar were kept under League of Nations. c. Military Restrictions: Germany had to keep its army 10 km away from the border of Rhineland and it was kept under Allied power for 15 years. Germany was allowed to keep only 100,000 soldiers. New recruitment in the army, air force, etc was restricted. Germany was not allowed to keep more than 6 warships. Germany was prohibited from manufacturing warships, tanks and airplanes. d. Compensation: Germany had to pay £660 million all at once to Allied Reparations Commission. Coal production area of Saar was to be given to France for 15 years. Our Past 301

2. Unprecedented Loss of Life and Destruction of First World War Properties: About 65 million armed soldiers were involved in this war. Among them 9.2 million were killed and about 29 millions were injured or missing. Many beautiful cities, modern factories, costly bridges and large vessels were destroyed. Production decreased and many countries of the world suffered from economic crisis. 3. Downfall of Monarchical Feudalism and Establishment of Republicanism: As the result of this war many absolute monarchies of Europe collapsed and democracy and republicanism replaced them. The monarchies of Germany, Austria, Russia, Bulgaria and Turkey collapsed. Republican forms of government were established in Germany, Austria, Russia, Finland, Ukraine, etc. Hungary was separated from Austria. The emperor was abdicated. Bolshevik revolution took place in Russia and the rule of the Tsar ended and communist system of government was established in 1917 AD. 4. Formation of the League of Nations: League of Nations The most significant contribution of the First World War was the establishment of the League of Nations. It was the first global organization. It was formed on the 10th January, 1920 AD according to the idea of the then US President Woodrow Wilson. Its headquarters was in Geneva. 67 nations of the world had become its members. It functioned effectively till 1939 AD. The main objectives of this organization were: a. To prevent the world from world war b. To settle the dispute peacefully, and c. To develop international understanding and disarmament. 5. Rise of New Countries and Change in World Map: After the First World War, some countries like Czechoslovakia, Finland, Yugoslavia, Albania, etc emerged and changed the political map of the world. 302 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

6. Rise of Dictatorship: It is true that the First World War ended absolute monarchism and replaced it by republicanism but it also caused the rise of dictatorships like Nazi ruler Adolf Hitler in Germany, Fascist Benito Mussolini in Italy, General Francisco Franco, etc. They remained in power by exploiting the people and murdering the opponents. 7. Worldwide Economic Crisis: During the First World War, a large number of youths were killed. It created the scarcity of active human power to work in industries and factories; production decreased which resulted in the economic crisis worldwide. The world started suffering from starvation, inflation, unemployment and price hiking. It resulted into the extreme economic recession in European countries in 1930 AD. 8. Social Changes: During this war most of the European countries had compulsory army training. When men were engaged in war, women came forward to work in offices and factories. They worked confidently and became conscious of their rights. Later on women’s right movement took place in Europe and they were given the voting and other rights. The war changed religious orthodoxy of European people and they become secular. Factory laws were passed and trade unions were established in many countries of the world. Role of Nepal in the First World War Chandra Shumsher was the Prime Minister of Nepal during the First World War. Nepal was an ally of Britain in this war. Nepal sent 7,500 Nepalese troops under the command of Babar Shumsher on behalf of British government. Later on, other soldiers were also sent by Chandra Shumsher, under the command of Gen. Padma Shumsher, Tej shumsher and Keshar Shumsher. New recruitment also continued as war continued. A total of 16,544 Nepalese soldiers fought in support of British at that time. At the same time, Nepal provided one million pound to the British as support in the war. Nepalese force exhibited extra-ordinary bravery and made the Victoria Cross British win many difficult wars. So, the enemy also praised the bravery of the Nepalese soldiers openheartedly. Many Nepalese soldiers were awarded with the most reputed Victoria Cross and Military Cross by British government and also provided one million rupees annually to Nepal as a mark of gratitude. Chandra Shumsher was given the title of General of British Army. German emperor Kaiser William II had once said about the bravery of Nepalese soldiers, “I can send my army to fight any troops of the world, but my heart shivers when I hear the name of Gorkhali soldiers”. Our Past 303

Activities 1. Collect the photographs of the dictators emerged after the First World War and prepare their short biography. 2. Prepare a timeline including the major events and dates of the First World War. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is meant by dictatorship? 2. What was Treaty of Versailles? When was it signed? 3. What was the League of Nations? When was it formed? 4. “I can send my army to fight any troops of the world, but my heart shivers when I hear the name of Gorkhali soldiers.” Who said this statement and why? Short answer questions: 1. What were the military restrictions imposed over Germany by the Treaty of Versailles? 2. Mention the role of Nepal and Nepalese soldiers in the First World War. 3. Show the following historical events of the First World War in a timeline with a suitable title and scale: Date Event 28th July, 1914 AD Austria declared war against Serbia 28th August, 1916 AD Italy declared war against Germany 6th April, 1917 AD The USA declared war against Germany 28th June, 1919 AD Treaty of Versailles singed and end of the First World War 4. Make a list of the consequences of the First World War. 5. The data given below is the number of the deaths of soldiers in the First World War from different countries. Prepare a bar-graph on the basis of this statistic. Country No. of Deaths Italy 650,000 Germany 1,773,000 Bulgaria 875,000 USA 116,516 Romania 335,000 6. How is it proved from the incidents of the First World War that the feeling of revenge cannot solve the problem? Present your logics. 7. How did the Versailles Treaty sow the seed of revenge in Germany? Long answer question: 1. Mention the consequences of the First World War and describe any five of them. 304 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

LESSON 11 Causes of the Second World War Introduction The most devastating war that started on 1st September, 1939 AD and spread worldwide and ended on 12th September, 1945 AD causing huge loss of lives and properties is known as the Second World War. During the Second World War, the European powers were divided into two rival camps which were called Allies Power and Axis Power. Britain, France, Russia, the USA, etc fought from the side of Allies and Germany, Italy, Japan, etc fought from the side of Axis power. The Major Causes of the Second World War 1. Violation of Versailles’s Treaty by Germany: After the end of the First World War, this treaty was signed between Allies and Germany in the Versailles palace of France. It is said that defeated Germany accepted this treaty with a knife at its throat. It was an imposed treaty. It contained the most humiliating terms for Germany. Germany was forced to accept the responsibility of the First World War. All German colonies and large portion of German territory were confiscated. German army was disarmed and it was reduced to one lakh soldiers. Germany was banned to manufacture weapons and had to pay 660 million pounds as the compensation of war. Germany was ill treated in Europe. Foreign forces were deployed in Germany to compel it follow the treaty. Such humiliation could not be forgotten by German people and wanted to take revenge of it. This feeling of Adolf Hitler revenge led to increase in support for Adolf Hitler who started to violate the Paris Peace Treaty (Treaty of Versailles) one after another after he came to power and paved the way for the Second World War. 2. Failure of the League of Nations: After the First World War, the League of Nations was established on 10th January, 1920 AD to prevent the world from world war. It was established according to the idea of the then US President Woodrow Wilson. But the USA never took the membership of the League of Nations. Lacking the support of the USA the League of Nations became weak. On the other hand, the permanent members of the League of Nations started violating its principle and policy. Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 AD. Japan quitted the membership of the League of Nations in 1933 AD. Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936 AD. Germany quitted League of Nations in 1933 AD and Our Past 305

annexed Austria in 1938 AD and Czechoslovakia in 1939 AD. Russia got control over Finland. But, the League of Nations could neither control the war nor take necessary action against their act. The failure of the League of Nations became the cause of the Second World War. 3. Rise of Dictators: After the First World War, Adolf Mussolini Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, General Francisco Franco in Spain, etc emerged and started to exercise the dictatorship. They adopted the policy of “Might is Right” in the internal politics. Likewise, they increased militarism and demonstration of weapons to challenge and threaten the other countries. They even spread the slogans of extreme nationalism. Hitler suspended the constitution and took all the state powers in his hand. He made compulsory for youths to join in army. Such activities weakened the democratic system in the world and became the cause of the Second World War. 4. Unholy Alliances of the Nations: To stop the spread of communism in Europe from Russia, Japan and Germany signed a treaty in 1936 AD called Anti Comintern Pact. In 1937 AD, Italy also joined in Anti Comintern Pact and it was called Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. Japan wanted to suppress the spread of communism in China through this Axis. After the formation of Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, they started to extend their empire. USA, Britain and France did not pay interest in their invasions thinking that they will help to stop the spread of communism. But the Axis started to fulfil their interest and threaten the world peace. On the other side France, Britain, Romania, Yugoslavia and USA made another group. Soon, Russia too joined them and thus Second World War broke out. 5. Fear of Communism and the Policy ofAppeasement: Vladimir Lenin When the First World War was going on, communism was established in Russia after the October Revolution SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10 of 1917 AD. That revolution overthrew the Czar and brought the Bolsheviks, a Communist party led by Lenin, to power. As Russia made progress through this system within a short period, its influence spread in the world. France and Britain were unhappy. Britain was afraid of losing its supremacy. Thus, Britain adopted the policy of appeasement to avoid war with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy by taking no action to prevent Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia or Germany’s annexation of Austria wishing that the alliance of Germany attack on Russia and make Russia lose its power. France also supported Britain in this act. 306

6. Spanish Civil War: A Civil War broke out in Spain in 1936 AD. It was the war between the Republicans and Conservatives. So, General Francisco Franco mobilized army to suppress the movement. Italy and Germany supported him. They also got a golden opportunity to test the military power and ability of their weapons. As a result, General Franco got the victory and was involved in the alliance of Germany against communism. It also added the war sentiment of Axis power and thus the Second World War broke out. 7. Economic Crisis: The First World War brought severe economic crisis worldwide. People were suffering from lots of problems like unemployment, inflation, shortage of food, etc. The life of people was very difficult. Such General Francisco Franco difficulties increased dissatisfaction and frustration among the common people. Agricultural production decreased, poverty increased and industries were almost closed. On the other hand, the unemployed youths were involved in the military and armament. It also invited the Second World War. 8. Immediate Cause: Attack on Poland: In 1939 AD, Hitler demanded Danzig and Polish Corridor from Poland. These territories were given to Poland according to the Treaty of Versailles from Germany. Hitler wanted these parts so as to have access to Baltic Sea. But Poland denied. At the same time, Hitler signed a treaty with Russia on 23th August, 1939 AD called Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and both the countries agreed to divide Poland and annex its parts in their countries. They also agreed not to attack each other for ten years. On 1st September, 1939 AD, Hitler of Germany invaded Poland by making sudden attack from both land and air. This sudden attack was called “Blitzkrieg” which means “Lightening War”. Britain and France warned Germany to stop the attack immediately but Germany refused. Then, Britain and France jointly declared war against Germany on 3rd September, 1939 AD. Thus the Second World War broke out. Chronology of the Second World War Date (in AD) Events Germany attacked Poland and beginning of the Second World 1st September, 1939 War Britain and France declared war against Germany 3rd September, 1939 Germany attacked Denmark and Norway 9th April, 1940 Japan joined Axis power 30th April, 1940 Germany attacked Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg 10th May, 1940 Germany attacked France 17th May, 1940 Italy declared war against Britain and France 10th June, 1940 Our Past 307

10th July, 1940 Britain started taking part in war 28th October, 1940 Italy attacked Greece 6th April, 1941 Germany attacked Yugoslavia and Greece 21st April, 1941 Greece surrendered 22nd June, 1941 Germany attacked Russia neglecting the treaty 1st September, 1941 Italy attacked Egypt 7th December, 1941 Japan attacked American ship with bombs at Pearl Harbour 8th December, 1941 America declared war against Axis Power 27th February, 1942 Ocean war at Java 4th May, 1942 Coral Ocean war 4th June, 1942 Battle of Midway 8th September, 1943 Italy Surrendered 25th August, 1944 Allies made Paris free 17th January, 1945 Russia invade Warsaw US President Franklin D. Roosevelt died and Harry S. Truman 12th April, 1945 elected as the President Mussolini murdered 28th April, 1945 Hitler and his beloved Eva Braun committed suicide 30th April, 1945 German finally surrendered at Rheims 7th May, 1945 America dropped atom bomb named Little boy in Hiroshima, Japan 6th August, 1945 America dropped second atom bomb named Fat man in Nagasaki, Japan 9th August, 1945 Japan surrendered and the Second World War ended 12th September, 1945 Activities 1. Why did Japan and Italy join Axis Power in the Second World War though they were in Allies Power in the First World War? Search the reasons from Internet or other sources and discuss. 2. How did the American policy of neutrality cause the outbreak of the Second World War? Discuss in the class. 3. A journalist asked the great scientist Albert Einstein what kinds of weapons would be used in the Third World War. Albert Einstein replied, “I don’t know about the Third World War but if Fourth World War takes place stone weapons will be used”. What meaning is implied here by Albert Einstein? 308 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is meant by the Policy of Appeasement? 2. When did the Second World War break out and end? 3. What is the difference between Communism and Imperialism? 4. What was Anti-Comintern Pact? What was its objective? 5. What was Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis? 6. What was the immediate cause of the Second World War? 7. When and why did the USA join in the Second World War? Short answer questions: 1. “If the Treaty of Versailles was fair, the Second World War would not have occurred.” How do you justify this statement? 2. Why is the economic crisis considered as a cause of the Second World War? 3. “The Second World War was the war created by Hitler.” How? Clarify with facts. 4. How did the dictatorship of Hitler, Mussolini and Franco result to the outburst of the Second World War? Discuss. 5. Germany seems guilty for the outbreak of the Second World War. Were the countries which imposed the most humiliating Treaty of Versailles not responsible for that? Justify your answer. Long answer questions: 1. How were Britain, Russia and France responsible for the outburst of the Second World War? Give reasons for each of them. 2. List the causes of the Second World War and explain any three of them. 3. ‘The consequences of the First World War were the causes of the Second World War.’ Justify this statement. Community Work British was adversary of Nepalese during the Anglo-Nepal War but became friend of Nepal in First and Second World War. Similarly, Nepalese fought against Japan, Germany and Italy in the battlefield in the Second World War but now they are good friends of Nepal. Thus, today’s enemy can be a friend tomorrow. Taking a similar incident as an example in your community or family, prepare a story based on it. Our Past 309

12LESSON Consequences of the Second World War and Role of Nepal Introduction The Second World War was more disastrous than the First World War. It was fought in Europe, Asia and Africa. Besides the use of modern and sophisticated weapons of war, the most destructive atom bombs were dropped which killed thousands of innocent civilians. The world witnessed unprecedented loss of life and property. The Second World War began after Germany attacked Poland on 1st September, 1939 AD. At the beginning, Germany got victory one after another. The countries of Allies power like France, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, etc were defeated by Germany by June, 1940 AD. On the other hand, Japan conquered East Asia, South East Asia and reached up to India. The USA requested Japan to stop its expansion but Japan denied it. So, the USA stopped exporting Iron to Japan. Then, on 7th December, 1941 AD Japan attacked Pearl Harbour, Hawaii island of America. This is called Pearl Harbour Event. After this, the USA joined in the Second World War from the side of Allies power. After the involvement of the USA in war, the Axis power started to lose the war. Hitler committed suicide. Germany was divided into East Germany and West Germany. But Japan alone continued the war with forty nations. America dropped atom bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6th and 9th August respectively. On the 12th September, 1945 AD Japan surrendered and the Second World War ended. The Major Consequences of the Second World War 1. Polarisation and Cold War: After the end of the Second World War, the USA (United States of America) and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) emerged as most powerful countries. Most of the European countries became weak in economy and military strength but the USA made economic progress by exporting war materials to European countries. As the loss in military of the USA was comparatively less than others, it emerged as powerful country. On the other hand, the USSR had a huge military strength, its political power spread in the world. But, there was political and ideological difference between these two countries as the USA was capitalist country and the USSR was a communist country. It resulted into the division of the world into two blocs. The communist countries 310 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

of the east were under Soviet bloc whereas the capitalist countries came under the US bloc. This is called polarisation. There started unhealthy competition between communist east and capitalist west. There was criticism, jealousy, tension and hatred between them but war could not be declared due to the balance in power. Such, hostile but non-violent relation between the former Soviet Union and the United States, and their respective allies is called the cold war. It remained from around 1946 to 1989 AD. 2. Great loss of life and property: The Second World War was an extremely destructive war in the human history. In this war, many modern Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) like chemical weapons and atom bombs were used which killed 20.2 million people whereas 30.4 million people were injured. Many developed cities, industries and factories were destroyed. Cultivable lands were converted into deserts. Millions of people became homeless and compelled to live a life of refugee. In term of property, trillions of dollars was lost in the war. 3. Establishment of Competitor Organizations for Economic Reconstruction: Most of the countries of Europe were destroyed during the Second World War. Their economy was paralysed. At the same time communism was spreading in Europe. To prevent the spread of communism, the USA and West European countries established NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in 1949 AD. It was an Marshall Plan international organization established to promote mutual defences and collective security. US Secretary of State, George Marshall prepared a plan to provide economic aid to the European countries. This is called Marshall Plan. On the other hand, the Soviet Union and East European countries established an organisation called “Warsaw Pact Organization” in 1955 AD. With the objective to provide economic assistance to its member countries, an organization was established in the leadership of Molotov, the Foreign Minister of Russia. This organization was called “Council for Mutual Economic Aid (COMECON)”. It was also called the “Molotov Plan”. 4. End of Colonialism and Wave of National Movements: Due to involvement in the Second World War, the imperialist countries of Europe became weak. They could not have control over their colonies. The national movements against colonialism spread over Afro-Asian countries. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Egypt, etc. were emancipated from the yoke of British colonialism. French colonies like Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos also became independent. Similarly, Indonesia got freedom from the colonial rule of Netherlands. Gradually, the wave of independence swept over the world. 5. Establishment of the United Nations Organization: The United Nations Organisation was the most important result of the Second World War. To protect the mankind from the suffering of wars, the world leaders of that time made lots of efforts to stop the war. The Our Past 311

leaders of Allies power held a meeting at London and issued a declaration on 12th June, 1941 AD. It is called London Declaration. This declaration appealed for the end of the war, and international cooperation and peace. On 14th August, 1941 AD, US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill prepared a joint declaration in a battle-ship in Atlantic Ocean for the World Peace. It is called Atlantic Charter. Likewise, San Francisco Conference held from 25th April to 26th June, 1945 AD finalized the concept of the United Nations Organization. After signing by 51 nations on the charter, United Nations Organization was established formally on 24th October, 1945 AD. The major objectives of the establishment of UNO were: M To maintain international peace and security, M To develop friendly relations among nations, M To achieve international co-operation in solving various problems, and M To promote and respect for human rights, dignity and freedom. Non-Aligned Movement and Third World After the end of the Second World War, the Cold War started between the major power blocs. N Some neutral countries that were not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc formed an organization The “three worlds” called Non-Aligned Movement. of the Cold War era. Third World It was founded at Belgrade in Second World 1961 AD. The founding fathers First World of the Non-Aligned Movement were Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as ‘The Initiative of Five’. They advocated a middle course for the states in the Developing World between the Western and Eastern Blocs in the Cold War. As of 2018, there are 120 member states in this organization. During the Cold War, the countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO or the Communist Bloc were defined as Third World. The United States, Western European nations and their allies represented the First World, while the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and their allies represented the Second World. Role of Nepal in the Second World War During the Second World War Juddha Shumsher was the Prime-Minister of Nepal. He declared an increase of one thousand soldiers in each regiment in the British force. Besides this, he sent eight thousand troops in India under the command of Bahadur Shumsher. During the time of war, about one lakh Nepalese were recruited by British in India. Altogether 250,000 Nepalese soldiers participated in this war on behalf of British government. Among them 7,544 were killed or disappeared and 23,655 were injured and many of them became 312 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

disabled. The Nepalese troops fought bravely and earned the reputation of ‘Brave Gorkhali’. They fought in Myanmar, Greece, Lebanon, Cyprus, Italy, Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Singapore, and Malaysia and so on. Some of the Nepalese were awarded the supreme Medal of Britain “Victoria Cross” and “Military Cross”. Juddha Shumsher was awarded the full honorary General of British army for the Nepalese help to British in this war. The British government paid 33.3 million rupees to Nepal as a mark of gratitude and also promised to continue the payment of one million rupees every year to Nepal. Those soldiers who participated in this war got the opportunity to see the development in the world and helped to end the Rana rule in Nepal. Victoria Cross Winner Nepalese From Left to Right: VC Agamsing Rai, VC Ganju Lama, Late King Birendra, VC Bhanubhakta Victoria Cross or VC is the highest Gurung and VC Ram Bahadur Limbu military award of UK. It is awarded for gallantry “in the face of the enemy” to members of the British armed forces. It was introduced on 29th January, 1856 AD by Queen Victoria. Nepali Gurkhas have won thirteen Victoria Crosses, including countless other military awards. The following are the Gurkha VC holders whose bravery, gallantry and loyalty have established Gurkhas as the most formidable soldiers: S.No. Name Place Date 1. Rifleman Kulbir Thapa France 25/26th September, 1915 AD 2. Subadar Lal Bahadur Thapa Tunisia 5/6th April, 1943 AD 3. Havildar Gaje Ghale Burma 27th May 1943 AD 4. Rifleman Tul Bahadur Pun Burma 23rd June, 1944 AD 5. Naik Agamsing Rai Burma 26th June, 1944 AD 6. Rifleman Ganju Lama Burma 12th June, 1944 AD 7. Rifleman Thaman Gurung Italy 10th November, 1944 AD 8. Rifleman Bhanubhakta Gurung Burma 5th March, 1945 AD 9. Rifleman Lachiman Gurung Burma 12/13th May, 1945 AD 10. Lance Corporal Ram Bahadur Limbu Borneo 21st November, 1965 AD 11. Rifleman Karan Bahadur Rana Palestine 10th April, 1918 AD 12. Subadar Netra Bahadur Thapa Burma 25/26th June, 1944 AD 13. Rifleman Sher Bahadur Thapa Italy 18/19th September, 1944 AD Our Past 313

Activities 1. Identify the main places of incidents and the countries involved in the Second World War. 2. There was a tight relationship between British Imperialism and Rana rulers of Nepal. It is said that if there was no Rana rule in Nepal, there would not be the involvement of Nepalese in the World Wars. What is your opinion on it? Analyze it. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What was the Cold War? 2. What was Atlantic Charter? 3. Why did Hitler commit suicide? Present your logics. 4. Why did the Pearl Harbor Event become destructive for Japan? Short answer questions: 1. Discussion and understanding is more beneficial than war. Why? Justify with the background of the Second World War. 2. After the Second World War, an organization of neutral countries was formed. Name that organization and write short description of it. 3. Despite the signing of ‘Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact’, Russia and Germany involved in war against each other in the Second World War. Which country do you think was guilty? Present your opinion. 4. “The destruction of two Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki was mainly caused by the development of atomic weapons rather than the war.” Present your logic in favour or against the statement. 5. Prepare a dialogue mentioning the positive and negative aspects being Nepalese troops involved in First and Second World War. Long answer questions: 1. List the consequences of the Second World War and describe any five of them. 2. Compare the First World War and the Second World War in term of causes and consequences of the wars. 3. “No Power or nation remains permanent enemy or friend in politics”. Prove this saying by stating the events and description of first and Second World War. Community Work If we see the world history, we can find the examples of plans made for peace and reconstructions after each revolution. Nepal also faced various revolutions in different periods of time. In this context, consult with a senior citizen of your community and ask what reconstruction plans were made and to what extent they were implemented. Prepare a report based on your discussion. 314 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

LESSON Exploration, Identification, Preservation and Promotion of 13 Historical Sites and Monuments Social Studies subject is an integrated study of humanities, social sciences and history. This is an academic discipline, in which we learn many things by performing practical activities like exploration and interaction in the society and also develop a habit of integration in the society. Considering this fact in mind, the students of Shree Siddhartha Secondary School, Tanahun visited Lumbini as an educational tour. After the end of educational tour, the students of Grade X prepared a report including the information obtained from the visit on the following titles: a. Title and Introduction b. Objectives c. Methods of the study d. Findings e. Suggestions and Conclusion Lumbini: A Historical and Sacred Site of Nepal Introduction Lumbini is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site located Ashoka Pillar in the Rupandehi district of Nepal where Siddhartha Gautam was born in 563 BC who achieved enlightenment, became Gautam Buddha, and founded Buddhism. He is known as “Light of Asia” and respected as “The Angel of Peace” all over the world. It is one of the heritage sites enlisted in the World Heritage Sites in 1997 AD. Within this holy site, there are a number of important things like Mayadevi temple, monuments, monasteries, Ashoka Pillar, museum, Lumbini International Research Institute, etc. We, the students of Grade X and the subject teacher of Social Studies decided to visit Lumbini so that one of the objectives of our curriculum in the context of identification and preservation of Nepal’s historical and religious heritages can be achieved. Accordingly, an educational tour was planned to Lumbini. Objectives We organized our educational tour to Lumbini with some limited objectives as per the need of the course, available resources and time. They were: a. To find out the historical importance of Lumbini, Our Past 315

b. To identify the various buildings and monuments located in Lumbini Site and explain their physical condition, and c. To suggest the measures for the preservation and promotion of Lumbini site. Methods of Study We completed our study using both the primary and secondary source of information about the exploration, identification, preservation and promotion of Lumbini, a historical and sacred site of Nepal to meet the objective of the study. a. Primary Source: Under the primary source of information, we prepared questionnaire and interviewed the historians, scholars and intellectuals, visited the site and observed various archeologically and historically important objects, and studied various resource materials. b. Secondary Source: Under the secondary source of information, we studied the books, articles published in the newspaper, magazines, etc on the history of Lumbini. We collected the necessary information by searching in the internet as well. Findings a. Lumbini is located at the foothill of the Himalayas of Nepal. It lies under the province No. 5 of Nepal where Buddha, the founder of Buddhism was born in 563 BC as the Prince of King Suddhodhan and Queen Mayadevi. b. According to Buddhist tradition, Queen Mayadevi gave birth to Gautam Buddha on her way to her parents’ home in Devadaha. c. In 249 BC, Emperor Ashoka English translation of the inscription: visited Lumbini on the 20th years King Piyadasi (Asoka) the beloved of of his coronation and erected the Gods, in the twentieth year of his a stone pillar and inscribed in reign, himself made a royal visit. Brahmi script on it as “Idaha Sakyamuni Buddha was born here, Buddha Jate” (Buddha was therefore the (birth spot) marker stone was worshipped and a stone pillar was born at this place). This pillar erected. The image of inscription is known as Ashoka Pillar. written in Brahmi Script The lord having been born here, the tax At present, the Ashoka pillar of the Lumbini village reduced to the and Pali Language is protected by a small fence, eight parts (only). which is decorated with prayer flags and banners from the faithful. d. Lumbini is popular for world peace and as an international pilgrimage site since it is one of the four Buddhist pilgrimage sites based on major events in the life of Buddha (Lumbini: birth, Bodh Gaya: enlightenment, Sarnath: first discourse and Kushinagar: death). e. Many monasteries and temples were built at Lumbini but declined for a thousand years. The site was rediscovered in 1896 AD, when a German archaeologist came upon Ashoka’s Pillar and identified it by its inscription. Records made by the Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian were also used in the process of identifying this site. Lumbini has been enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997 AD. 316 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

f. U Thant, the then Secretary General of UN visited Lumbini in 1967 AD during his visit to Nepal and expressed a commitment on behalf of the UNO to help in the development of Lumbini area. After that, Lumbini got much popularity in the world. g. In 1970 AD, 13 nations including Nepal have formed a Lumbini Development Committee and it started the Lumbini Development Master Plan. Under this plan, various countries of the world have constructed monasteries, stupas, etc in Lumbini. The countries like China, Myanmar, Japan, Vietnam, South Korea, India, Thailand, France, Germany, etc have constructed many monasteries and stupas. Libraries, museums, research centers, etc are also located here. An international airport is also going to be constructed nearby it. h. There is also the Puskarini Pond where it is said that Maya Devi took bath before giving birth to Buddha and where the newborn Buddha was cleaned. i. The most important temple at Lumbini is the Maya Devi Temple, which enshrines the traditional site of the Buddha’s birth. The current temple stands on the site of earlier temples and stupas, including the stupa built by Ashoka. j. Lumbini year 2011 was observed to highlight the importance of Lumbini and increase the number of visitors. Every year, the full moon day of Baishakh is observed as Buddha Jayanti with special programs. Suggestions Lumbini is not only a symbol of our national identity but also a sacred pilgrimage site and tourist destination. It is the duty of every one of us to preserve and promote the heritages located in this site. The following measures are suggested for the preservation and promotion of Lumbini: a. Publicity has to be made in the national and international level stating that Lumbini is the birth place of Lord Buddha. b. The old and ruined structures should be reconstructed maintaining their original form. c. Stakeholders should try their best to organize International Buddhists’ Conference at this place. d. The flow of the movement of the visitors should be managed. e. Proper attention has to be given for the protection of the environment, security management and protection of valuable items along with the idol of Buddha. f. Increase public participation for the preservation and promotion of the heritages, and awareness as it is the pride of Nepal, Nepalese and the entire world. Conclusion Lumbini is an important site from touristic and economic point of view. The monuments found here like pond, stupa, monastery, temple, pillar, etc are the sources of history, centre of belief, sacred pilgrimage and symbol of national identity. This is the most important site to introduce Nepal in the world. It is our duty to preserve and bestow to the future generation as it is. Every Nepali citizen and the national level religious organizations have to work jointly to preserve the importance of this site. Our Past 317

Activities 1. You might have gone for educational tour. What plans did you make for that? Prepare a sample plan of an educational tour including the following subjects: a. Need of the tour b. Preparation for the tour c. Work division d. Plan for the reviewing the achievement 2. Why is it necessary to explore the historical sites and monuments located in our locality, district or local level? Give reasons. What roles do you play for the preservation of those sites? Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by historical sites? 2. How do you involve yourself in the preservation of the historical sites? Write in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. Why should the historical and archaeological places be preserved? Write your opinion in four points. 2. Discuss about the touristic and economic importance of the historical sites. 3. There is a motion whether the historical and cultural places to be restructured on antique style is appropriate or restructured those on modern style and use of modern technology. Which side do you support and why? Long answer question: 1. You might have visited any historical place for the educational tour. Prepare a report of the visit including the following sub-titles: a. Introduction b. Objectives c. Methods of the study d. Findings e. Conclusion and recommendation Community Work What are the historical sites located in your locality? Explore and prepare a report including the following sub-titles: a. Title and Introduction b. Objectives c. Methods of the study d. Findings e. Suggestions and Conclusion 318 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

8UNIT ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Learning achievements Be familiar with the planned development in Nepal and major programs mentioned in the current planning, Mention the importance, area and possibilities of tourism and hydroelectricity industries in Nepal, Mention the importance of foreign employment, its possibilities, pre-preparation and precaution, Be familiar with cooperative, insurance, banking and financial instruments, Be familiar with revenue and tax collection process and develop positive attitude towards tax, and Be informed about the consumers’ rights, its application and act accordingly. Subject matters 319 Current Plan Tourism Industry, Its Importance And Prospects Water: An Important Source of Energy Foreign Employment in Nepal Cooperative and Its Economic Importance Financial Education Financial Devices Insurance Revenue and Tax Collection Consumers’ Rights Economic Activities

1LESSON Current Plan Introduction In general sense, plan is an idea or strategy of achieving objectives. A good plan is necessary for achieving targeted goals. In a plan, certain goals are expected to achieve within a specified period of time by utilizing estimated means and resource. Every conscious person makes a plan for achieving goal. Similarly, various plans are made for the development of the country. The plan made by the state for the development of country with the appropriate utilization of the available resources and means is known as development plan. The plans related to economic activities aiming at growing country’s economy is called economic plan. It is the activity of deciding the best way of using capital, labour and other resources in order to make country’s economy stronger. The history of planned development in the world is not very long. The USSR prepared and implemented the Five Years Plan in 1928 AD for the first time. After this, many other countries in the world began to make and implement planned development. In Nepal, planned development began since 2013 BS with the implementation of the First Five Year Plan. The National Planning Commission (NPC) Periodic is the apex advisory body of Government of Nepal for formulating a national vision, Definite Features of Rational periodic plans and policies for development. Objectives Economic Allocation of Prime Minister is the Chairperson of the NPC. The NPC calculates the needs of resource, Public Plan Resources identifies sources of funding, and allocates Welfare- budget for socio-economic development. It oriented Plan-based serves as a central agency for monitoring and Objectives Economic evaluating development plans, policies and Activities programs. Need and Importance of Economic Plan To attain steady economic development To remove unemployment, poverty and inequalities among people To provide infrastructural facilities To allocate resources properly between present and future needs, and To attain balanced regional development. 320 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

A Review of Fourteenth Plan (2072/073-2075/076) Fourteenth Plan was Three Years Plan from the fiscal year 2072/073 to 2075/076. It was the first plan prepared after the promulgation of the constitution with federal governing system for the implementation of economic, social principle underlying on it. This plan had aimed at building prosperous Nepal through reconstruction of the damages caused by the devastating earthquake of 2072 BS. This Plan has already been finished. Let’s review Fourteenth Plan in its quantitative goals and achievements. Major economic, social and physical goals of Fourteenth Plan and Achievements Status Goal of the Achievement Fourteenth till Fiscal S. Indicator/Goal of Fiscal Year No. Year Plan (by 2074/075 2075/076) 6.9 2072/073 4.1 7.2 8.0 1. Annual average economic growth rate (%) 0.8 4.7 4.2 8.4 117.5 2. Annual average agricultural growth rate (%) 1.3 7.5 18.7 116.5 0.574 3. Annual average non-agricultural growth rate (%) 0.6 17.0 0.568 0.57 69.7 4. Inflation rate (%) 9.5 0.58 88 72 43.9 5. Per Capita GDP Income (In Rs. 1,000) 79.4 90.0 85 45.0 1,020 6. Population below poverty line (%) 21.6 92.0 90.7 2,301 14.7 7. Human Development Index 0.54 87 55.4 15.2 8. Gender Empowerment Index 0.56 65.0 9. Life expectancy at birth (in years) 69 10. Population with access to drinking water (%) 83.6 11. Secondary Level net enrolment rate (%) 37.7 12. Literacy rate of 15-24 age group 88.6 13. Electricity generation (Installed capacity, MW) 851 14. Population with access to electricity (%) 74 15. Irrigation (1,00,000 hectares) 13.9 16. Population with internet access (%) 44.4 Now, Fifteenth Plan has begun in the country from the fiscal year 2076/077 to 2080/81. This is a Five Years Plan. Fifteenth Plan (2076/077-2080/081) Long-term Vision 1. To upgrade Nepal from Least Developed Country to Developing Country by 2079 BS 2. To achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2087 BS 3. To materialize “Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali” by 2100 BS National Goal To prepare the base for upgrading to a country of high income by transforming into socialism-oriented welfare state including prosperous economy, social justice and improved life. Economic Activities 321

National Objectives kGwf| }+ ofh] gf 1. To prepare foundation for the prosperity -cflys jif{ @)&^÷&&–@)*)÷*!_ 2. To make citizens attain improved and dignified life 3. To protect self-respect, independence and national interest National Strategies 1. To grow rapid, sustainable and employment- oriented economy 2. To ensure accessible and qualitative health service and education 3. To develop internal and international gk] fn ;/sf/ interconnectivity and sustainable urban/ settlement /fli6«o ofh] gf cfofu] 4. To increase production and productivity l;x+ b/af/, sf7df8f}+ 5. To provide complete, sustainable and productive social security and protection 6. To form just society including poverty alleviation and economic social equality 7. To develop conservation, mobilization and promotion of natural resources 8. To promote national unity, provincial balance and strengthen public service Quantitative Goals Some major quantitative indicators, goals and targets set up in the Fifteenth Planing are presented below: Major National Indicators and Targets S. Indicators/Goals Status (2074/75) Target (2080/81) Target (2100/01) No. 1. Economic growth rate 6.8% 9.6% 10.5% US$ 1,047 US$ 1,595 US$ 12,100 2. GNP Per Capita 18.7% 10% 0% 3. Population below poverty line 69.7 years 72 years 80 years 4. Life expectancy at birth 11.4% 6% 3% 6,979 km 15,000 km 33,000 km 5. Unemployment rate 2,200 km 42 km 200 km 6. Roadways 90.7% 99% 100% 55.4% 80% 100% 7. Railways 1,020 MW 40,000 MW 0.574 5,000 MW 0.760 8. Family with access to electricity 0.624 9. Internet users 10. Hydroelectricity generation 11. HDI 322 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. How is plan formulated at federal level? Make an inquiry and present the findings in the class. 2. Is the aspect of inclusiveness considered while making plan in your family and community? Consult with the seniors and prepare a report. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Define ‘Economic Plan’ in a sentence. 2. Mention the objectives of making plan. 3. When did the planned development begin in Nepal? 4. When did the current Fifteenth Plan start? Short answer questions: 1. What are the features of economic plan? 2. Mention the need and importance of economic plan. 3. What are the problems that may occur while formulating plan? 4. Why are not the plans of Nepal being able to achieve expected goals? Discuss. Long answer questions: 1. Mention the strategies of the current plan. 2. Write a letter to National Planning Commission mentioning the major challenges of the development projects in Nepal. 3. If you were a member of National Planning Commission, what sort of agendas would you like to include in the next economic plan? Write in seven points. Community Work How is plan formulated in your community? Make a detailed study and prepare a report. Then, present the report in the class. Economic Activities 323

2LESSON Tourism Industry, Its Importance and Prospects Tourist and Tourism Industry The people who travel from one place to another within the country or visit from one country to another for business, pleasure, adventure, spending holidays, pilgrimage, observing culture, etc are called tourists. Similarly, any business activity concerned with providing accommodation, entertainment, supplies or services is called tourism industry. Tourism industry includes the business of hotel, restaurant, travel agency, trekking agency, etc. Types of Tourists Domestic Tourist a. Domestic or Internal Tourist: The people who travel from one place to another within their own country for various purposes are called domestic tourists. For example, if the students of Nawalparasi are in Pokhara for their educational tour, they are called domestic tourists. Internal tourism is increasing day by day in Nepal. The new generation likes to travel to different places. Going for trekking, rafting, bungee jumping, etc are also the interest of Nepalese youths. b. International or Foreign Tourist: Those people who travel from one country to another for certain period of time are called international tourists. International tourists need visa to go from one country to another. Nowadays number of international tourists has increased due to increase in facilities. Reasons for Touring International Tourist To enjoy holidays To see, observe and learn the lifestyle of other people To do official and government work To do trekking, mountaineering and business To escape from the severe climate To visit famous places, and pilgrimage Importance of Tourism in Nepal Trekking Tourism is one of the biggest and fastest growing industries in the world. Nepal’s tourism industry is an important base 324 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

for the development of the country. Tourism industry contributes about 10% of the GDP. The importance of tourism industry has been discussed below: a. Source of Foreign Currencies: Foreign currencies are very important for the development of the country. Tourism is the main source of foreign currency in Nepal. Nepal is suffering from trade deficit for a long time. In this situation, Nepal can earn huge amount of foreign currency from tourism industry. b. Development of Cottage and Small Industries: When foreign tourists visit Nepal, they like to buy local products because they are made in typical Nepali style using local raw materials. It helps to utilize our natural resources and local people can earn extra income. It also develops our cottage and small industries. c. Publicity of Nepal to the World: Through tourism Nepal has become famous in the world for natural beauty. When more tourists visit our country, international relations will also be extended. There will be more demand of Nepalese product in the world market. d. Development of Infrastructures: Tourism helps to develop physical infrastructures. When tourists visit our country, we need more flights, tourist buses, hotels, restaurants, trekking and tour guides, etc. All these aspects will be developed in the country. e. Preservation of Arts and Cultures: Tourists like to see our arts, cultures, traditions, historical sites, monuments, etc which ultimately helps to preserve our art and culture. f. Increase in Trade: When tourists are interested towards the different Nepalese product, they demand such goods in their own country too which helps to develop international trade. They visit different parts of our country, involve in different activities, buy several things which increase economic activities of our country. Prospects of Tourism Development in Nepal Although Nepal is a small country, it is rich in natural beauty. Mt. Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world, moderate climate, geographical diversity, etc are the main attractions of Nepal. Cultural and ethnic diversity, art and tradition have added more attraction to develop Nepal as a tourist destination. Many tourist from different parts of the world visit Nepal to observe these things. There are many possibilities of tourism development in Nepal. They are presented below: a. Great Himalayan Trail: The region Dolpo Trek from Mt. Kanchenjunga in the east to The Great Himalayan Trail Mt. Saipal in the west is known as the Kanchenjunga Trek Great Himalayan Trail. It includes Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Great Himalayan Trail Makalu Barun National Park and Sagarmatha National Park of eastern Nepal. Similarly, mountainous areas like Langtang, Gosainkunda, Gaurishankar located in the middle region of the Economic Activities 325

country lie in this trail. The touristic destinations of Manang, Mustang, Mugu, Dolpa also come under the great Himalayan trail. Nepal Tourism Board has recommended this area as a touristic destination. By the adequate publicity and development of touristic infrastructures in this region, number of tourist can be increased as expected. b. High Mountain Peaks: Every year many tourists from different countries of the world come to view Mt. Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world. They can view it by mountain flight. Many individuals and groups also come to climb this mountain. There are 14 mountain peaks in the world with the height above 8,000 meter. Among them eight mountain peaks are in Nepal. c. Adventure Tourism: Nepal is very suitable place for adventure tourism. There are many fast flowing rivers which are suitable for rafting. Bungee jumping is another attraction for tourist in Nepal. Besides these trekking, mountaineering, kayaking, cycling, rock climbing, canoeing, paragliding, etc are major areas of adventure tourism in Nepal. d. Religious and Historical Sites: Nepal is famous Bungee Jumping as the religious centre for both the Hindus and Krishna Mandir Buddhists of the world. Lumbini, Pashupatinath, Manakamana, Muktinath, Janaki Temple, Sworgadwari, Ridi, Ugratara, Krishna Mandir, Changunarayan, etc are the famous religious sites. Likewise, there are several ancient monuments and sites in Nepal which attract the tourists. Ashoka Pillar of Lumbini, Changunarayan Temple, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Basantapur Durbar Square, Krishna Mandir, Patan Durbar Square, etc reflect the ancient art and architecture of Nepal. e. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife: Though Nepal is small in size, varieties of climate, vegetation and topography are found here. Many parts of the country have been developed as National Parks, Conservation Area and Wildlife Reserves. A huge number of tourists are attracted to observe varieties of animals and birds. f. Cultural Diversity: The structure of Nepalese society is multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi- Phoksunda Lake culture. Every ethnic group has its own distinct culture, festival and way of living. There are 125 castes of people living in Nepal with their varieties of culture and tradition. Every year, many tourists visit to observe this cultural diversity. 326 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

g. Geographical and Climatic Diversity: Nepal has diversified topography. Many beautiful Himalayas, deep gorges, valleys, plains, hills, fast flowing rivers, etc have made Nepal rich in natural beauty. The climate also differs when one travels from south to north. It is neither too hot nor too cold. Different international tourism journals have listed Nepal as one of the important tourist destinations of the world which has to be visited at least once in life time. ‘National Geographic Traveller’ listed Nepal in 6th place as tourist destination that should not be missed to visit. Thus, there is a great possibility of tourism in Nepal. But it has not been able to flourish due to many problems. Problems in the Tourism Industry a. Lack of Proper Transportation and Communication Facility: Most of the international tourists use air services to come to Nepal. But Nepal is linked with a very few countries of the world through air services. That is why there are not many international flights. Tourists want quick and efficient means of communication to be in touch with their family, friends and relatives. But most of the beautiful remote places lack the facilities of good transportation and communication system. b. Lack of Preservation of Cultural and Religious Places: Nepal is very rich in culture and religion. There are many religious and cultural heritage sites in Nepal but they lack maintenance, preservation and promotion. c. Lack of Means of Entertainment: Another important facility that tourists want is entertainment. Such facilities are not enough due to lack of physical infrastructures. The tourists who come with family need varieties of means of entertainment suitable for all age group. In the absence of these means, tourists do not wish to stay for a long time. d. Lack of Organised Tourists Centres: There is lack of well managed tourist centres which can provide Lack of Preservation necessary information and help needed by tourists. Therefore, many tourists hesitate and do not want to go to such places. e. Lack of Tourists Goods: Tourists need various goods in their travels but sufficient tourist goods are not produced in Nepal. Such goods need to be imported from other countries and are expensive too. Thus, due to this reason, tourists find it difficult to visit Nepal. Economic Activities 327

f. Lack of Good Publicity: Many tourist destinations lack publicity. If we could make them known to the world, a number of tourists may visit our country due to the attraction of such tourist destinations. g. Lack of Proper Accommodation: Tourists expect good and comfortable accommodation. There should be a good provision of accommodation when the tourists go for trekking and hiking in remote areas. There is no guarantee of security for them. So, they are often cheated and their lives are in threat and danger. For all these reasons, tourists are discouraged to visit Nepal. h. Lack of Proper Sanitation: Most of the Lack of Sanitation places of tourist attraction in Nepal are dirty and polluted due to garbage thrown everywhere. They cannot walk freely and enjoy the beauty due to bad odour and dirty surroundings. This may cause the number of tourists to decrease. Nepal is one of the most beautiful and suitable places for tourism. But there are many problems related to tourism sector. In this situation, we should try our best in order to develop tourism industry. Solutions a. The number and capacity of domestic and international air services should be increased. b. There should be a good provision of transportation and communication in tourism areas. c. Tourists should be provided with the things they need like market, banks and security. d. Provisions must be made to produce the things necessary for tourism industry in our own country. e. There should be provision of simple and easy access to fulfill the requirements of tourists. f. Nepal should be introduced to the world through advertisement of its art, culture and natural beauty. g. Cultural and religious places must be maintained and preserved for the development of religious tourism. h. Domestic and international investors should be encouraged for the development of tourism industry. Tourism in the Current Plan In order to develop tourism sector in Nepal, the Fifteenth Plan (2075/076-2080/081) has made the following vision, goal, objective and strategies: 328 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Vision To develop Nepal as an attractive, safe and pleasant tourist destination Goal To establish Nepal at top position in the world tourism market Objective 1. To develop Nepal as an attractive tourism centre by making safe, qualitative and tourism friendly place, 2. To increase tourism sector’s contribution in economy by diversifying tourism destinations and outcomes, and 3. To extend the benefits achieved from tourism sector upto public level in rightful manner. Strategies 1. To carry out massive publicity and promotion of Nepal’s tourism in the neighbouring countries and major tourism markets, 2. To develop integrated tourism covering the sectors like sports, health, education that have prospects of tourism, 3. To focus on the development, marketization and promotion of modern tourism infrastructures according to the concept of public-private-cooperative collaboration by encouraging domestic and foreign investment, 4. To develop tourism sector as the driving force of economy. For this Local Level will collaborate with private sector in the identification, development and diversification of tourist spots, and 5. To distribute the outcomes of the tourism upto Local Level. Tourism Indicators and Targets S. Indicators/Goals Status (2074/75 BS) Target (2080/81 BS) No. 1. Total tourist 940,000 3,500,000 2.6% 10% 2. Contribution in GDP 31,000 490,000 3. Employment generated US$ 54 per day US$ 100 per day 13 days 4. Per tourist expenditure 15 days 5. Nepal stay Visit Nepal 2020 329 The year 2020 was announced as “Visit Nepal 2020” with vision of enhancing the growth of tourism industry by welcoming more than two million tourists. The government was also planning to complete the construction and expansion of the international and domestic airports, heritage sites and other tourism infrastructures before 2020 but this ambitious campaign has been postponed by the Government of Nepal due to the threat of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Economic Activities

Activities 1. What activities are carried out by Nepal Tourism Board for the tourism development? Make an inquiry and present in the class. 2. Observe tourist spots located in your locality and present their features in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Who are tourists? 2. What do you mean by tourism industry? 3. Mention any one strategy introduced by 15th periodic plan to promote tourism. Short answer questions: 1. Mention the importance of tourism in Nepal. 2. Prepare a model of news for a daily newspaper about the Great Himalayan Trail and entertainment to be obtained from it. 3. What are the possible adventurous activities for tourist in Nepal? Discuss. 4. “There is a great prospect of religious tourism in Nepal.” Justify this statement. 5. Mention the activities carried out for the development of tourism sector in Nepal? 6. What should be done to increase the number of tourists in Nepal? Present the measures in points. 7. What are the strategies included in the current economic plan for tourism development? Mention. 8. Show the following statistics in pie-chart. Tourist Arrivals by Purpose of Visit in 2018 1. Entertainment: 60.0% 2. Trekking and Mountaineering: 16.0% 3. Pilgrimage: 14.4% 4. Others: 9.6% Long answer questions: Economic Survey: 2018/19 AD 1. Write the roles to be played by the tourism industry, government and local level for the tourism development? Write in points. 2. “The income generated from the tourism industries should be used for the development at local level.” Present your logics in support of this statement. 3. Explain the prospects of tourism development in Nepal. 4. Describe any four problems seen in the tourism industry and suggest any three measures for the solution. 5. Due to the effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), the tourism industry has been affected. Nepal government has postponed the Visit Nepal-2020 campaign too. In this regard, what should the government do to attract the tourists in Nepal? Write in seven points. Community Work There might be some hotels, transportations, home stays, etc running in your locality. How are the local communities benefitted from these activities? Make an inquiry and prepare a report. 330 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

3LESSON Water: An Important Source of Energy Introduction Kaligandaki ‘A’ Hydro Project The power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to operate machines is called energy. Energy is obtained from coal, gas, petroleum, hydro-power, nuclear power station, etc. In the context of Nepal, there are two types of sources of energy: traditional and commercial sources. Firewood, animal dung, agricultural residues, etc are the traditional sources of energy whereas petroleum, hydropower, gas, coal, solar energy, wind energy, etc are the commercial or modern sources of energy. Development of Hydropower in Nepal Nepal is rich in water resource. There are many underground and surface sources of water. Most of the rivers are snow-fed and fast flowing such as Karnali, Gandaki, Koshi and their tributaries. Such perennial rivers are very suitable for hydropower generation as they flow swiftly down steep slopes carrying high potential. The rivers in the hilly topography can also be used for constructing multi-purpose projects like generation of hydropower; supply of drinking water, irrigation, etc. The estimated theoretical power potential is approximately 83,000 MW which is about 2.26% of the world’s hydropower generation. However, with the technical and economic point of view its potential has been evaluated to be 44,370 MW. Potential of hydroelectricity production S. No. Rivers Theoretical Potential Technical and Economic Potential 1. Koshi 22,350 MW 10,860 MW 2. Gandaki 20,650 MW 5,270 MW 3. Karnali and Mahakali 36,000 MW 27,360 MW 4. Others 4,000 MW 880 MW 83,000 MW 44,370 MW Total Source: CBS Benefits from Hydropower Generation to Nepal It helps to reduce dependency on petroleum and maintains balance of payment. It can be used to operate the factories and industries in the country. Economic Activities 331

It helps to reduce the amount of deforestation for fuel and helps in the environment conservation. It helps to earn foreign currency by exporting electricity. It helps in the development of transportation, communication and generation of employment opportunity. It helps in the modernization and commercialization of agriculture. Present Status of Power Supply The history of electricity generation is not long in Nepal. It began since 1968 BS with the production of electricity (500 KW) from Pharping Hydropower Station, Kathmandu. Despite being rich in water resource, Nepal is facing power crisis because of being unable to utilize its potential. Common people, industries and factories are struggling with low power supply. As of the fiscal year 2074/075, total hydroelectricity generated in the country just amounts 1,020 MW in which 90.7% Nepalese family have the access to electricity. The Fifteenth Plan (2075/076-2080/081) has aimed to generate 5,000 MW electricity and make the access of 99% family to electricity. The Government is also trying its best to manage the power crisis by importing electricity from India. Nepal Electricity Authority is also trying to extend electricity supply to all parts of the country and make load shedding free zones even with insufficient production of electricity. Factors Obstructing in the Hydropower Generation in Nepal Lack of sufficient capital for the investment in hydropower generation, Lack of hydropower project friendly infrastructures, Political instability and lack of visionary leadership, Nepotism and favoritism in the hydropower projects, and Difficulty in obtaining land for the construction which delays in the implementation of project. Measures to solve energy crisis in Nepal A long-term policy should be formulated and implemented to make the country independent in energy. Remittance and national capital should be utilized in the development of hydropower. Basic infrastructures such as transportation and communication should be developed. There should be political commitment not to interfere in this sector and maintain political discipline. The justifiable demands of the local people should be timely addressed. 332 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. Write a letter to the Non-Resident Nepalese requesting for investment in hydropower generation in Nepal. 2. Conduct a speech program on “Hydropower production is the best way to solve energy crisis”. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Write any two sources of energy. 2. What is the potential of hydroelectricity in Nepal evaluated with the technical and economic point of view? 3. What can be the two ways to utilize the water resources available in your local level? Write. Short answer questions: 1. Discuss on the traditional and commercial or modern sources of energy. 2. How can Nepal be benefited from the hydropower generation? Mention the ways. 3. “Nepal has huge potential of hydropower.” Justify this statement. 4. Is there any possibility that Nepal will earn foreign currency by exporting hydroelectricity? Present your opinion in points. Long answer question: 1. Why is Nepal not being able to generate hydroelectricity as per the potential? Mention the reasons. Also mention the measures to solve energy crisis in Nepal. Community Work Visit a powerhouse operated in or near your locality. Observe the site and collect necessary information. Then, prepare a report and present in the class. Economic Activities 333

4LESSON Foreign Employment in Nepal Introduction According to the Foreign Employment Act 2064, “Foreign Employment” means employment which a worker gets abroad. So, the act of going abroad for getting employment is called foreign employment. Though the history of foreign employment is not so long, the trend of going for foreign employment has rapidly increased after the restoration of democracy in the country. Due to lack of job opportunity, many Nepalese youths are compelled to go to various countries of the world in search of job. This trend is found more along with the extension of foreign relation. The flow of youths going for foreign study is also increasing. They aim at getting opportunity for both study and employment. Foreign employment has an immediate benefit but it is not beneficial for long term since it is not the permanent source of income. It has both positive and negative effects in Nepal. Read the following news report published in a daily newspaper. bnfnn] 7u]kl5 afvf| kfng dfof clwsf/L .sZ' df dfb] L ufpkF flnsfsf] es' tfª\\ n]sf en' axfb/' kf}8]nn] 6sL{ hfg C0f vfh] /] bnfnnfO{ cf7 nfv %) xhf/ ?ko} fF ae' mfP . o'/f]k hfg] rSs/df pgsf] emG8} !) nfv ?k}ofF vr{ eof] . t/, pgsf] ;kgf Tolta]nf rsgfr'/ eof] ha bnfnn] ljbz] gp8fP/} efUof] . To;kl5 eg] pgL :jb]zd} afv|fkfng ug{ yfn] . clxn] pgL lhnnfd} gd'gf afvf| kfns Joj;foL ag]sf 5g\\ . tLg jif{bl] v es' tfª\\ n]l:yt tNnf] nK;Laf6] df k|ult PsLs[t afvf| kmfd{ ;~rfngdf NofPsf kf}8n] n] afv|f kfngaf6 dgUu] cfDbfgL ub{} cfPsf 5g\\ . pgn] Ps} dlxgfsf] cjlwdf () xhf/ ?ko} f;F Dd cfDbfgL u/s] f] cg'ej ;g' fP . ‘clxn;] Dd nufgL u/,] ca cfDbfgL lbg yfns] f] 5’, si[ fs kf}8n] n] eg], pTkfbg u/s] f afs] f cf7 xhf/b]lv !$ xhf/ ?ko} fF;Dddf laqmL u/s] f] hfgsf/L lbP . afv|fkmfd{df clxn] em08} *) j6f afv|f /x]sf 5g\\ . em08} Ps bhg{ af]sf laqmL ug{] tof/Ldf 5g\\ . sDtLdf Ps ;o j6f dfxF' afv|f agfpg] ofh] gfdf pgL 5g\\ . ‘Ps jifl{ eq} Ps ;o j6f dfx'F kfNg] tof/Ldf 5'’, pgn] eg] . pTkfbg ePsf af]sf laqmLsf nflu ;d]t sg' } ;d:of gePsf] pgL atfpF5g\\ . ;b/ds' fd s'Zdf, kf]v/faf6 :yfgLo hftsf afs] fsf] dfu cfpg] u/s] f] pgn] atfP . :yfgLo vl/hftsf] af]sfsf] df;' s'Zdf / kfv] /fdf kl| ts]hL Ps xhf/;Dddf laqmL xg' ] u/s] f] 5 . Jofj;flos afvf| kfngdf kfrF nfv ?ko} fF nufgL u/s] f kf8} n] n] Ps ;o /fk] gL hUuf ef8fdf lnPsf 5g\\ . pgn] afvf| kfnsf nflu ;ft jifs{ f nflu Ps ;o /f]kgL hUuf ef8fdf lnPsf 5g\\ . o;sf] ef8f jflif{s %) xhf/ ?ko} fF 5 . afv|f kmfdd{ f pgsf] kl/jf/;Fu} Ps hgfnfO{ /f]huf/L ;dt] lbPsf 5g\\ . afv|fkmfd{df /f]huf/L kfpg] dgaxfb/' las;d]t v;' L 5g\\ . ‘/f]huf/Lsf nflu ljbz] hfg k;} f 5g} ’, lasn] eg,] ‘cfÇg} ufpdF f lagf nufgL /f]huf/L kfpbF f v;' L 5' .’ kf}8]nn] lasnfO{ dfl;s !) xhf/ lbg] u/L /f]huf/L lbPsf x'g\\ . kf8} n] nfO{ afvf| kmfd{df >LdtL / 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ;3fpg] u/]sf 5g\\ . tLg 5f/] L / Ps 5f]/fsf afa' en' axfb'/ o;cl3 klg a}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf uP/ kms]s{ f xg' \\ . )%& ;fndf stf/ k'u]sf pgL /fd|f] cfDbfgL gePkl5 89] jif{leq} 3/ kmss]{ f lyP . ‘ca ab} ]lzs /f]huf/L eGg] ;G' g klg rfxGg’, pgn] eg], ‘jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf] gfddf dn} ] w/] } b'Mv kfPF .’ dx] gt / nufgL ug]{ xf] eg] 3/d} a;]/ klg /fd|f] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] clxn] cfP/ cfkm\" df ;fr] cfPsf] pgn] atfP . Source: http://annapurnapost.com/epaper/epaper_searched/584 334 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Positive Effects of Foreign Employment The income generated from foreign employment helps to alleviate poverty. The foreign currency obtained from this is useful for foreign trade and to maintain balance of payment. It reduces the unemployment problem of the country. The skills, knowledge and experience learned in the foreign employment can be beneficial for the development of native country. People’s life standard is uplifted due to increment of income. It may help to develop international relations since the country has to do labor contract with other countries and embassies have to be established there. It helps to promote the local culture and tradition in other countries. Negative Effects of Foreign Employment The country may lack skilled manpower for the development when the youths go for foreign employment. The development process becomes slow due to the lack of efficient manpower. It may cause the transmission of various infectious diseases. This trend may degrade the traditional norms and values. Social evils may increase and that may disturb social unity. The migrant workers may suffer from various problems such as cheating by broker, lack of respectful job and salary, risky job, etc. Preparation before Going for Foreign Employment It is said that most of the Nepalese migrant workers are compelled to do dirty, difficult and dangerous jobs in foreign countries. It is also reported that some of them do not get job and salary as per the agreement. Some die untimely too there. Thus, those one who wish to go abroad for foreign employment, should mandatorily consider the following instructions so that their Ministry of Labour and Employment foreign employment becomes safe and reliable. Contact with Ministry of Labour and Employment and its Department of Foreign Employment, Foreign Employment Promotion Board, etc to get detailed information about the foreign employment. Get prepared mentally and physically. Learn necessary skills and technology. Make citizenship and passport from the concerned District Administration Office. Contact reliable and registered Manpower Company with the certificates of your academic qualification, training certificates, etc. Get informed about the nature of employment, cost, income and other facilities. Get your health checked up from government approved institution. Do your insurance. Take orientation training before going for foreign employment. Economic Activities 335

Get approval letter from the Department of Foreign Employment. Be aware of the brokers, Be in regular contract with Nepalese diplomatic missions abroad. Nepalese youths can go to 110 countries for foreign employment. In order to go for foreign employment, male has to attain 18 years of age and female has to attain 24 years of age. If any problem arises in the foreign country, one can contact the Nepalese Embassy in concerned country. In this way, foreign employment can be safe and trustworthy. Read the following information regarding the foreign employment issued by Government of Nepal so as to make it safe and trustworthy: An important information for foreign employment issued by Government of Nepal jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg rfxg] JolStx?n] yfxf kfpgk' g{] s/' fx?M s_ pd/] / ljj/0f !* jif{ k/\" f ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf] k|lj|mof cjnDag ug'k{ 5{ . /f]huf/Ldf hfg]j|mddf e'm6f ljj/0f jf sfuhft kz] ug{'x'b“ g} . v_ ;:+ yfut kxn j}b]lzs /fh] uf/sf] lgldQ cg'dlt k|fKt u/s] f PhG] ;Lx?;“u dfq j}bl] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] ;DaGwL sf/f]af/ ug{'k5{ . ;+:yf;“u JolStut tj/n] hfgu] /L sfd sf/jfxL ug{ xb“' g} . JolStut ?kdf j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf hfg rfxgn] ] j}bl] zs /fh] uf/ ljefusf] :jLsl[ t kf| Kt ug'{k5{ . u_ cfjZos k|df0fx? ;'/lIft /fVgk' g]{ j}b]lzs /fh] uf/sf] lgldQ hfgj] m| ddf jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/ Ph]G;LnfO{ /sd a'emfPkl5 /l;b lnO{ ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ . j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf] lgldQ Psd'i6 jf ls:tfdf /sd a'emfPsf] ePdf sg' ls:tf jfkt\\ slt /sd a'emfPsf] xf] ;f] ;d]tsf] lg:;f lng'k5{ . a'emfPsf] /sd / k|fKt /l;bdf /sd km/s k/,] gk/]sf] olsg u/L u/L jf:tljs lt/s] f] /sd hgfPsf] /l;b lng'k5{ . /l;bdf ;DalGwt Ph]G;Lsf] 5fk eP gePsf] / a'lemlngs] f] b:tvt eP gePsf] hf“rL lng'k5{ . /fxbfgL, le;f, >d :jLsl[ t, s/f/kq, tflndx?sf] k|df0fkq, /sd ae' mfPsf] /l;bx?, ladf, :jf:Yo k/LIf0f cflbsf] sfuhft cfkm' ;“u ;/' lIft /fvL To;sf] kmf6] f]skL 3/ kl/jf/sf JolStx? jf e/kbf]{ cleefjsnfO{ 5f]8\\g'k5{ . 3_ tflnd tyf ;/' Iff jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] sfdsf] nflu ;Lkd\"ns tflnd cfjZos eP To:tf] tflnd lnPsf] xg' 'kg{] / dfGotf k|fKt ;:+ yfaf6 cledv' Ls/0f tflnd xfl;n ug{k' 5{ . j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] j|mddf ug'k{ g]{ ladf tyf sNof0fsf/L sf]ifdf clgjfo{ ?kdf /sd hDdf ug{k' 5{ . PhG] ;L jf sfx] L s;a} f6 j}b]lzs /fh] uf/L ;DaGwL ljifodf unt jf 7uL ug{ nfu]sf] zs+ f nfud] f jf To;f] eP u/]df j}bl] zs /f]huf/ ljefu jf glhssf] lhNnf kz| f;g sfofn{ o jf kx| /Ldf t?' Gt va/ ugk'{ 5{ . jb} l] zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] JolStn] cg'dlt lnPsf] cj:yfdf afxs] cGo dn' 'ssf] dfu{ k|of]u u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg xb“' g} . jb} l] zs /f]huf/Lsf] lgldQ ljbz] k:| yfg ug'{ kj\" { jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/ ljefuaf5 /fxbfgLdf >d :jLsl[ tsf] l:6s/ nufPsf] x'g'k5{ . ª_ k\"j{ tof/Lsf] cjnDag j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg] gk] fnLn] cgd' ltsf] cjlw k rft\\ lgodfg';f/ Dofb yk gu/L cj}wflgs ?kdf ljbz] df a:g jf sfd ug{ x“b' g} . jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf] j|mddf epsf] ;Demf}tf cg;' f/sf] cjlwleq s/f e+u geP;Dd pSt sfo{ 5f8L cGoq sfd ug{ jf lagf :jLsl[ t sfd 5f8L cGoq hfg x'b“ g} . r_ Ifltkl\" t{ sg' } sf/0fn] ljbz] af6 c;dodf kmsg{ ' k/]df jb} l] zs /f]huf/ ljefu / k7fpg] PhG] ;Ldf lkmtf{ cfPsf] !% lbg leqdf hfgsf/L u/fpg' k5{ . 5_ ljb]zdf ;Dks{ / ;dGjo lgod cg';f/ jb} l] zs /f]huf/Ldf uPkl5 pSt dn' 'sdf /xs] f] g]kfnL b'tfjf;, jf lgof]u jf >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnon] tf]ss] f] ;Da4 ;+:yfdf ;Dks{ sfod u/L cfk\"m cfPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg5{] . jb} ]lz /f]huf/sf] j|mddf ;d:of cfPsf] cj:yfdf pSt lgsfodf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg{]5 . h_ j}bl] zs /fh] uf/ ljefuaf6 >d :jLsl[ t glnO{ jb} l] zs /fh] uf/df hfg' x“'b}g . em_ jb} l] zs /f]huf/df hfgk' j\" { cled'vLs/0f tflnd lng'k5{ / hfg nfus] f] bz] , cfk\"mn] ug]{ sfd / kfpg] kfl/>ldsaf/] /fd/| L hfgsf/L lnO{ hfg'k5{ . `_ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f, hLjg ladf, b'3{6gf ladf ljbz] df sfd ug{ hfg' k\"j{ clgjfo{ ?kdf ugk'{ 5{ . http://www.dofe.gov.np/new/pages/details/41 336 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. Discuss about the preparations to be done before going for foreign employment. 2. What problems may one suffer from while going for foreign employment? Discuss in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by foreign employment? 2. Why is foreign employment important in Nepal? Write in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. Why the foreign employment is considered a challenge? Discuss and write. 2. Mention the precautions to be followed while going for foreign employment. Present in points. 3. How can more employment opportunities be generated in Nepal? 4. Write a letter to a friend who is facing problem in foreign country stating the efforts made in the country in order to manage the foreign employment. 5. What would you suggest to your neighbour going for foreign employment with the influence of friend but not having any skills. Mention in four points. Long answer questions: 1. Mention the positive and negative effects of foreign employment in the form of news for national newspaper. 2. Make a table and show the roles to be played by the government, Manpower Company and civil society in order to make foreign employment well managed. Community Work Make an inquiry with those who have returned from foreign employment about their positive and negative experiences while in foreign country. Economic Activities 337

5LESSON Cooperative and Its Economic Importance Introduction In general meaning cooperative means working together and sharing the benefits together. It is a jointly owned enterprise. Its members engage in the production or distribution of goods or the supply of services. Cooperative is operated by its members for their mutual benefit. In its broad sense, this is the act jointly carried out by the people who have similar objective, occupation, business and class for their economic and social development. Cooperatives in Nepal In the context of Nepal, cooperative has been in practice in the form of Guthi, Parma, Dhikuti, Dharma Bhakari, Manka Khala, Kulayan, Dewali, Bheja, etc. With the establishment of Department of Cooperative in 2010 BS, the development of cooperative formally started in Nepal. Bakhan Cooperative established in 2013 BS in Chitwan was the first cooperative of Nepal. Afterward in 2016 BS, Cooperative Act 2016 was enforced in order to institutionalize the cooperatives. Later in 2018 BS, Cooperative Regulation was made and in 2020 BS a Cooperative Bank was established. After the enforcement of Cooperative Act 2048, the Bakhan Singh Gurung wave of establishing cooperatives began all over the Founder of Bakhan Cooperative country. In order to regulate cooperatives, Department of Cooperatives under the Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation has been provisioned and Cooperative Act 2074 has also been enacted. Definition of Cooperative International Cooperative Alliance was founded in London, Britain on 19th August, 1895 AD. The general assembly of International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) held in September, 1995AD in Manchester, Britain has defined cooperative as “Cooperative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common Logo of ICA economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise”. 338 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Values of Cooperative Cooperatives are based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity and solidarity. In the context of their founders and cooperative members, they believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others. Principles of Cooperative The cooperative principles are guidelines by which cooperatives put their values into practice. Its principles are: 1. Voluntary and Open Membership: Cooperatives are voluntary organizations. They are open to all persons who are able to use their services and willing to accept the responsibilities of membership. 2. Democratic Member Control: Cooperatives are democratic organizations controlled by their members who actively participate in setting their polities and making decisions. 3. Member Economic Participation: Members contribute equitable to the capital of their cooperative which is the common property of the cooperative. 4. Autonomy and Independence: Cooperatives are autonomus, self-help organizations controlled by their members. 5. Education, Training and Information: Cooperatives provide education and training for their members, elected representatives, managers, and employees so that they can contribute effectively to the development of their cooperatives. They inform the general public about the nature and benefits of cooperatives. 6. Co-operation among Cooperatives: Cooperatives serve their members most effectively and strengthen the cooperative movement by working together through local, national, regional and international structures. 7. Concern for Community: Cooperatives work for the sustainable development of their communities through policies approved by their members. Requirements to set up a Cooperative At least 25 persons as its members An application to the registrar for the registration Two copies of By-law and work plan Description of shares which the members have undertaken to subscribe, and Citizenship, photographs and signature of members Types of Cooperatives Several types of cooperative societies are operated in the country. They are Saving and Credit, Multipurpose, Dairy, Agriculture, Fruits and Vegetables, Bee Keeping, Tea, Coffee, Consumers, Science and Technology, and Energy. Economic Activities 339

Importance of Cooperative It plays a great role to strengthen the economic system of the country. It teaches the farmers to be economical. It develops production-oriented attitude in the rural society. It helps in poverty alleviation by raising the living standard of local residents. Multi-purpose cooperatives provide loan facility, market facility, etc to the farmers and improve in rural life. It promotes access to finance, women empowerment, leadership and ability development, social unification and entrepreneurship. Need of Cooperative To get required capital for the establishment of cottage and small industries To create the environment of collaboration, coordination and investment at local level To identify new need and possibility To alleviate poverty and unemployment by improving in economy through cooperative Problems of Cooperative Providing more loans to kith and kin Appointing the members of same family in executive posts Mobilizing the fund incorrectly even against the rule Collecting deposit from ordinary people and providing loan to big enterprises Not getting the account audited and maintaining economic transparency A person, being involved in more than one cooperative and The operators, running way by collecting huge sum of money from the ordinary people. Solutions Effective implementation of Cooperative Act Discouragement for the investment out of scope Providing facility to the depositors Prohibiting the sale of share out of the scope Making the provision of effective monitoring, and Establishment of cooperative training centers in local levels. 340 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. Discuss the major activities carried out by cooperatives established in your locality. 2. What are the procedures to be followed for setting up a cooperative? Discuss with friends and write the conclusion. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is cooperative? 2. Name the first cooperative of Nepal. Short answer questions: 1. Mention the principles of cooperative. 2. State the requirements to set up a cooperative. 3. Discuss the importance of cooperatives in Nepal. 4. Explain the evolution of cooperative in Nepal. 5. Discuss about the roles played by the cooperative for the promotion of local products. 6. Write the roles that the state should play for making more successful and effective of co-operatives activities. 7. Prepare a news report shedding light on the advantages of cooperatives in Nepal. Long answer questions: 1. What do you think should be done by the state for making cooperatives more successful and effective? Mention the measures to raise positive attitudes towards the cooperative in Nepal. 2. What problems are seen in the cooperatives in Nepal? Suggest the ways for the solution of such problems. Community Work There might be any cooperative in or near by our community. Make an inquiry about its services and prepare a report. Then present the report in the class. Economic Activities 341

6LESSON Financial Education Finance: In general meaning, finance means money or other monetary resources. The activity concerned with economic transactions, particularly with monetary transaction is called finance. Finance Literacy: Finance literacy refers to the set of skills and knowledge by which an individual understands the importance of finance and can make effective decisions with all of his/her financial resources. Finance literate is able to understand how money works in the world, how to earn or make money, how to manage money, how to invest it for turning into more and how to donate it to help others, etc. Importance of Finance Literacy in Nepal: In the context of Nepal, finance literacy is very important for ordinary Nepalese. Most of them live in village where they hardly have access to financial institutions. On the other hand, everyone’s economic and financial resources need to have effective and economical use. Thus, the Government of Nepal has been giving importance to finance literacy. The following points show the importance of finance literacy: M Finance literacy makes people understand the importance of capital. M It enables people to utilize money for social and economic security. M It encourages people to save some portions of income for future use. M It gives knowledge for appropriate and productive use of remittance. M It helps to maintain domestic income and expenditure in a managed way. Finance System Finance system is a set of institutions functioning financial transaction. In Nepal, Nepal Rastra Bank, Commercial Bank, Development Bank, Finance Companies and Micro- Finance Companies come under the finance system. Likewise, the cooperative society working for banking transaction and non-government organizations working as micro- finance also come under the finance system. It is also called financial institutions. According to the “Banks and Financial Institutions Act 2063”, “financial institution” means a corporate body incorporated to carry on the monetary transactions according to their classes. The Nepal Rastra Bank classifies the licensed institutions into “A”, “B”, “C” and “D” classes on the basis of the minimum paid-up capital required for the license. The minimum paid-up capital of the licensed institutions is as prescribed by the Rastra Bank. Commercial Banks are in “A” class, Development Banks are in “B” class, Finance Companies are in “C” class, and Micro Credit Development Banks are in “D” class. As of March 2020 AD, there are 27 Commercial Banks, 22 Development Banks, 23 Finance Companies and 92 Micro Credit Development Banks. 342 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Functions of Financial Institutions a. Accepting deposits b. Supplying credit c. Dealing in foreign exchange d. Remitting or transmitting funds to different places e. Bank guarantee f. Transaction of government bonds g. Providing other services Bank Account It is an account of individual or institutions opened by bank or financial institution for the financial transactions. Banks or other financial institutions keep details of its customers to open an account. The customers use such bank account to deposit money, get loan or for any other banking activities. They receive voucher at every deposit at bank account. The customers are provided with chequebook or ATM card and bank statement. They can withdraw their deposited money at bank account by using cheque or ATM card. The customers can also check their balance through bank statement. The account holders have to fill the Know Your Customer (KYC) form too. Type of Accounts a. Current account: It is an account of funds deposited in a bank or financial institution as may be withdrawn at any time on demand. In current account, banks or financial institutions do not pay any interest to a balance. This type of account is suitable for offices, traders or businesspersons. b. Saving account: It is an account of funds deposited in a bank or financial institution for purpose of saving. The banks or financial institutions provide interest of a certain rate on the balance. The customers can deposit their money as many times they wish but can withdraw only limited money for limited times as prescribed by the bank. This type of bank account is useful for savers of small amounts. c. Fixed account: It is an account of funds deposited in a bank or financial institution for a specified term. In this type of bank account the customers are provided with a higher rate of interest than other types of account. The money deposited at this account cannot be withdrawn until the maturity date. If the depositors need money before the specified term, they can deposit the certificate of their deposit in fixed account as a security and get loan from the same bank. Requirements to Open a Bank Account In order to open a bank account, an applicant should fill a form and submit to the bank with his/her citizenship certificate, photos, minimum amount of money required to open an Economic Activities 343

account and sample of authentic signature. If the applicant is minor, guardian’s citizenship certificate, photos, and signature on application form are needed. While opening a bank account, every applicant should provide clear details of his/her identity such as family description, name of father and grandfather, address, date of birth, etc. Electronic Banking: Banking has now become more advanced than earlier due to the advancement and extension of the communication technology. Banks and financial institutions use electronic machines and internet to operate accounts and provide various banking services. It is called electronic banking. Electronic banking is commonly known as e-banking. Electronic banking has made the banking services faster, safer and easier. From the e-banking service, an account holder can check balance, make transfer of balance, open account or withdraw the amount. The banking services through mobile apps, internet banking, ATM, etc are the examples of electronic banking. Automated Teller Machine-ATM Automated Teller Machine (ATM) An automated teller machine (ATM) is an electronic machine. It is issued by a bank or financial institutions to its customers. An ATM card allows customers to complete basic transactions without the aid of a branch representative or teller. The customers can withdraw specified amount or check their balance using ATM card and secret pin code provided along with it. It is also called Debit Card since the customer can withdraw amount only as much in the account. Credit Card It is a small plastic card issued by a bank allowing the holder to purchase goods or services on credit. Such credit cards are provided by the bank only to its trustworthy customers even there is no balance in bank account. The cardholders have to clear their debt to the bank whenever they have money with extra amount for service as well as interest on the credit card. The use of credit card is similar as of debit card but the card holder can spend only the limited amount from it. SMS Banking Service Debit/Credit Cards SMS banking is a form of mobile banking. It is a facility used by some banks or other financial institutions to send messages (also called notifications or alerts) to customers’ 344 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

mobile phones using SMS messaging, or a service provided by them which enables customers to perform some financial transactions using SMS. The customers can know and transfer their balance and pay bills through SMS banking service. Saving An amount of income that is not spent and kept in bank account is called saving. Generally, saving is made for future use and for emergency purpose. Saved money can be useful for capital formation, buying goods, investment, maintaining daily expenses, clearing debt etc. Besides these, saving is also made for social activities such as marriage, Bratabandha, death rites, education, health, etc. Types of Saving a. Saving in formal financial institutions: We can save our money by opening an account in the banks or financial institutions licensed by the central bank for financial transaction. b. Saving in semi-formal financial institutions: We can save money in saving account in semi- formal institutions such as consumer’s group, Aama Samuha, etc. c. Saving in informal financial agencies: We can save our money in informal agencies such as money lenders and relatives, investing on real estates, jewellery, etc. d. Khutruke saving: We can save money in a cash box of metal, wood or clay called Khutruke. Advantages of Saving Khutruke Saving Develops a habit of regular saving Gives security to property Helps to earn interest Develops entrepreneurship Creates an environment of investment If the financial activities are carried on through the banking system, it helps to earn income and at the same time, contributes in the economic development of the country. Thus, we should be economical and develop a habit of saving. Economic Activities 345

Activities 1. Discuss with the friends about the process to open an account in bank or any other financial institution. 2. Find the process of getting ATM card from the bank located in or near in your locality. Motivate other members of the community too to take ATM cards. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by finance education? 2. It is better to open a bank account and why? 3. What is an ATM card? 4. What do you mean by SMS Banking Service? Short answer questions: 1. State the various types of bank accounts and explain each in brief. 2. What are the advantages of having a bank account? List them in points. 3. Discuss about the advantages of saving. 4. List the positive and negative aspects of ATM card. 5. What are the ways to make banking transactions safe? Write in points. Long answer questions: 1. Mention the importance of financial literacy in a form of dialogue. 2. Analyze the necessity of E-banking and its present condition in Nepal. 3. Mention the measures to make Financial Education effective in Nepal. Community Work In which bank have your guardians opened bank account? Ask them and mention the process to open a bank account and prepare a report on it. 346 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

7LESSON Financial Instruments Introduction Any instrument or device that is used in financial system for financial activities is known as financial instruments. Notes, coins, cards, cheques, etc are the examples of financial instruments. Financial devices are used to obtain cash, goods, and services or to transfer amount or to make financial payments. They are discussed below: 1. Clean Notes: Note is also gk] fnL gf]6sf] ko| f]u ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjfwfgL ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6« a}s+ , called paper money. It is used d'b|f Joj:yfkg ljefusf] cg'/fw] M in monetary exchange and other • gf]6sf] htg ugs{ f] nflu clgjfo{ ?kdf dlg Aofu k|ofu] ug]{ afgL activities. It is also a means of a;fnf}+ . payment. Money is of two types: • gf]6df hyfefjL s/] d]6 gu/f}+ . paper notes and coins. Paper • ;dfg b/sf gof“ cyjf ;l' snf gf]6sf] ko| f]u ug{] afgL a;fnf}+ . notes are used in almost every • gof“ gf]6 5kfO{ ug{ 7\"nf] dfqfdf ;Dklt vlr{g' kg]{ ePsf]n] gf6] sf] htg nation of the world. In Nepal, both paper notes and coins are u/L bz] sf] ;Dklt hfu] fcf}+ . used. The central bank is given the responsibility to issue notes • gf6] nfO{ df6f,] wdL/f, cfuf] / kfgLaf6 hfu] fcf+} . and manage it. Nepal Rastra • gf]6nfO{ uf8\\g], w/] } ;do;Dd kfs] f] kf/]/ /fVg] ugf{n] gf6] ;8g\\ ] 8/ xg' ] xb“' f o:tf] sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt u/f}+ . • gf]6sf] lxkmfht ug]{ s'/f cfk\"mn] klg dgg u/f+} / c?nfO{ klg l;sfcf+} . • gf]6sf sf/fa] f/ ubf{ kmf]xf]/ ug{] kj| [lQnfO{ Tofuf}+ . Bank, as the central bank of the • kh\" f cfhf ubf{ cyjf sg' } sfd ubf{ dl} nPsf xftx?n] ;s;] Dd gf6] country issues notes in Nepal. g5f]cf+} . Paper notes and coins are the • 6f“rf jf l:6h nufpb“ f gf6] Rofltg] / lgsfNg ufx|f] x'g] tyf gf6] sf] identity of the nation as they cfo' 36g\\ ] x'b“ f, o:tf] sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt u/f+} . • sf/fa] f/sf] qmddf ;+sf:kb gf6] x? kfOP{ df glhss} f] gk] fn /fi6« a+s} sf] represent the nationality, cultural sfofn{ o jf cGo a}+s tyf ljQLo ;:+ yfdf nlu bflvnf u/f+} . and traditional values, animals, • gf]6nfO{ d7–dlGb/ jf kh\" f kf7 cflb wfld{s sfod{ f k|ofu] ubf{ gf6] df structures, etc. So, we should use /+u, cla/, kfgL, bw\" , /ut cflb gkf/f,+} a? bfg k]l6sfdf xfNg] jf paper notes and coins properly. ;DalGwt wflds{ cgi' 7fgsf] /zLb sf6L rGbf k|bfg ug]{ rng rnfcf+} . Nepal Rastra Bank also issues ‘Clean Notes’ policy. According to this policy, no stapling, writing, tearing and excessive folding is to be done on the currency notes. Thus, it is our duty to handle it safely and protect it. 2. Bank Loan: Money is very important for everyone. Sometimes we may not have enough money for running our business. Thus, we need some financial resources so that we can take loan and maintain our business. Banks and financial institutions provide loan for cattle rearing, running business, using in emergency, social activities and educational Economic Activities 347

purpose. Thus, a loan taken from the bank which has to be returned after certain period with interest or only principal is known as bank loan. The bank sets the fixed period over which the loan is provided, the rate of interest and timing and amount of repayments. Banks and financial institutions offer different types of loans such as purchasing loan, investment loan, working capital loan, consumption loan, etc. If the loan is not paid, the borrower has to pay fine along with interest. In this situation, collator (property as security against loan) can also be auctioned or taken legal action against borrower. If loan cannot be paid on time, the borrower can be enlisted on black list by the financial institution by which the borrower losses social prestige. Thus, the loan should be used for right works and should be repaid on time. 3. Remittance: It is an act of sending money from one place to another. The money sent by an emigrant to their country of origin is commonly known as remittance. Money can be transferred through banks and other financial institution or licensed money transfer agencies. As of fiscal year 2074/075, the remittance has 25.1% contribution in the GDP of Nepal. The act of sending money earned in foreign country through businessperson, representative or unregistered institution is called Hundi. It is illegal as neither the medium is registered nor tax is collected from such transaction. It is not reliable too. Thus, remittance should be sent through reliable and registered agencies. It is the fact that the remittance which is earned with hard work in foreign land is not being utilized in productive goods and consumption. Thus, it is necessary to control this trend and encourage for the utilization in productive fields. 4. Foreign Exchange: The currency of other countries is foreign currency for our country. In Nepal, foreign currencies are obtained from various sources such as foreign assistance, exports, foreign employment, tourism, etc. It is advantageous for the country to collect foreign currency. Foreign currency is useful for paying to foreign countries while importing goods and services. There is high demand of foreign currency in our country as we have to import many things from abroad in high amount. It causes the Nepalese currency to be weak. If the economy of the country is stronger, the value of currency also becomes higher. The exchange of one currency for another or the conversion of one currency into another currency is known as foreign exchange. Similarly, the rate of exchange of one currency for another is called foreign exchange rate. 5. Security Bonds: Security bond is a financial tool to be used by the government or any company to raise required amount of money. It is a certificate issued by the security bond issuer promising to pay back the borrowed money with interest of specified rate on specified date. Government bonds, debenture bonds and shares come under security 348 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

bonds. Security bond is issued to raise funds necessary for the development or for certain investment from individuals or corporate investors. It is issued by dividing the capital into different shares. Generally, it costs Rs. 100.00 per share. A share holder has his/her share over the loss or profit of the company in proportion to the number of shares. In this way, security bonds can mobilize the savings of investors in the industries which can ultimately help in the development of the country. We can also invest in share so that profit can be earned and contribute in the nation building. Share and its types Share is a unit of ownership that represents an equal proportion of a company’s capital. It entitles its holder (the shareholder) to an equal claim on the company’s profits and an equal obligation for the company’s debts and losses. There are two types of shares. They are: a. Ordinary share: Equity shares are the ordinary shares of the company. The shareholders of the equity shares are the real owners of the company since the amount of shares held by them is the portion of their ownership in the company. b. Preference share: Preference shares get preference over equity shares on the matters like distribution of dividend at fixed rate and repayment of capital in the event of liquidation of the company. Differences between Ordinary Shares and Preference Shares Ordinary Shares Preference Shares Shareholders enjoy voting rights at Shareholders do not enjoy voting right at shareholders’s meetings. shareholder’s meetings. Shareholders get the dividend after the Shareholders have the preference right to payment to preference shareholders. the payment of dividend. The rate of dividend may vary year to The rate of dividend is fixed. year. Ordinary shares are non convertible. Preference shares can be converted into ordinary shares. Those who dare to take on higher risk Those who do not want to take higher risk invest for this type of share. generally invest for this type of share. Details and documents needed for applying for a share a. Certified photocopy of citizenship certificate b. Address of the applicant, name of father and grandfather, contact number c. Bank account number d. Demat account number e. Authorized signature f. Recently snapped photos Economic Activities 349

Activities 1. There is a less awareness regarding the use of clean notes in Nepal. Format an awareness program for raising public awareness in this regard in your locality. Act out the role and exhibit in the class. 2. Collect the notice about today’s exchange rates to Nepali currency and present to the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What is remittance? 2. What are the types of share? 3. What problems are created if we don’t have clean notes? 4. What is the major source of remittance to Nepal? Short answer questions: 1. Differentiate between bank loan and security bond? 2. Write any four advantages of share holding. 3. What is Hundi? Why is it considered as illegal business? 4. Suggest the people working abroad and sending money via ‘Hundi’ any four appropriate ways of sending money. 5. Write a short note on ‘Foreign exchange’. 6. What details and documents are needed to applying for a share? 7. Prepare a news for a newspaper comprising the present condition of use and utilization of clean note in your community. 8. How can we get the share issued by a company? Long answer questions: 1. What is share issue? How can profit be earned by purchasing shares? Discuss. 2. Any of your family members or relatives might have gone for foreign employment. In which field has the remittance been used? Mention the right ways to utilize the remittance in Nepal. Community Work Visit a bank and collect the information related to the loan scheme of that bank. Then, present it in the class. 350 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10