Social Studies Book 10_2078 Revised and Updated Edition

LESSON 16 Globe, Map and Map Technology Globe Globe is a representation or model of the Earth’s surface in the form of a hollow ball. It is kept on a frame of iron or wood by leaning at an angle of 66.5°. Its upper side is north, down side is south, right side is east and left side is west direction. Globes are of two types: physical and political. Latitudes, longitudes, continents, islands, oceans, seas, mountains, etc are shown on the globe like in a map. As it is spherical, whole parts of the earth can be observed properly. Map A map is a representation of the earth surface, as a whole or part of it on a plain surface. Various facts are shown in a map by indicating with legend, colour and shading. Map is the main base required in the geography. It is important and useful in many sectors like education, administration, planning, industry, agriculture, trade, transportation, travelling, warfare, etc. A book containing maps and vital statistics relating to geographical regions is called Atlas. The science, skill or art of making maps is called cartography. A person engaged in cartography, or the production of maps is called cartographer. Types of Map There are several types of maps. Each shows different information. Most maps include a compass rose, which indicates which way is north, south, east and west. They also include a scale so we can estimate distances. Some of the types of maps are: M Climate map: It gives general information about the climate and precipitation (rain and snow) of a N region. Cartographers use colours to show different climate or precipitation zones. M Economic orresource map: It shows the natural resources or economic activity that dominates an area. Cartographers use symbols to show the locations of natural resources or economic activities. M Physical map: It illustrates the Climate Map physical features of an area, such as the mountains, rivers and lakes. Our Earth 251

N N Physical Map Political Map M Political map: It indicates state and national boundaries and capital and major cities. A capital city is usually marked with a star within a circle. M Road map: It shows highways, roads, airports, railway tracks, cities and other points of interest in an area. People use road maps to plan trips and for driving directions. M Topographic map: It includes contour lines to show the shape and elevation of an area. Lines that are close together indicate steep terrain, and lines that are far apart indicate flat terrain. Elements of Map A good map contains essential features which are known as elements of map. Scale, legend, title, north direction, etc are the major elements of map. These elements help to understand the information. Scale: Scale is the ratio of distance on map to the actual distance on the ground. For example: if an actual distance of 5 km is represented on the map by a distance of 1 cm, the scale is 1 cm = 5 km. There are three ways in which scales are depicted on the map. They are: Verbal scale, Graphical scale and Representative fraction. Legend: A map legend is a table or chart included on a map to indicate the meaning of the map’s varied symbols. It is also called the key of map. Each symbol, shading or colour gives a definite meaning on the map. For example: a small triangular shape for a mountain peak, a small black circle for a city. Colour: Blue colour is used to show water bodies. Green is typically used at lower elevations, and orange or brown colour indicates higher elevation and white colour indicates the snow-covered area. Map Making Methods There are many ways of making maps. The traditional ways of making maps have been changed due to the advancement of communication technology. Some of the commonly used ways of making maps are presented below: a. Freehand Method: In this method, a map is observed thoroughly and copied on another sheet. 252 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

b. Carbon Method: A carbon paper is used to make another copy of a map. c. Tracing Method: A map can be made using glass table. For this, the original map is stuck on the inner surface and a blank sheet is kept on the outer surface of the glass table. When, enough light is passed from the bottom of the table with the help of tube light, the image of the original map is clearly seen and new map can be made on that blank sheet. Copy of map can also be prepared by putting tracing paper over the original map and drawing the map gently with pencil on tracing paper. d. Photocopy: A map is photocopied in order to produce more similar maps. e. Square Method: Several vertical and horizontal lines are drawn to make squares on the original map. Similar lines of the same measurements are also drawn on another blank sheet of paper and a map is drawn on it focusing on each square. f. GIS Method: This is a method of making map from computer with the help of special software. Most of the maps are produced and processed from this method in the world. g. Template: In this method, a map is cut out and converted into a frame. The frame is put over the blank sheet and marked slightly with a pencil around the frame. In this way, a map can be made. When an outline map is made, various facts should be inserted using appropriate symbols at right place. As the map is universal language, it should be made using symbols which are in international practice that all can identify and hence understand the facts. Modern Practical Map Technologies Global Positioning System (GPS) Geographical Information System (GIS) The advancement in science and technology has brought changes in map making methods too. Various modern practical technologies for map making are in use at present. Such technologies have been helping to produce clean and clear maps in easier way. Some of modern practical technologies are: GIS and GPS. a. Global Positioning System (GPS): It is a system that is used to identify an exact location on the earth’s surface. The satellites pass on information through radio signals from space to GPS receivers on the ground. It provides information like latitude, longitude, altitude, etc. This technology is used in airplane, tourism, and even mapping. The most common application of GPS is in mapping and surveying. b. Geographical Information System (GIS): It is a computer program that is used to capture, analyze, interpret and store data transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) and make the Our Earth 253

information available for use. On the basis of information received by GIS, maps are drawn and processed. GIS makes the information received from GPS more sensible. Hence, without GIS, GPS would not be used and utilized to its maximum. Besides these, Google earth and GPS software used in mobile phone and computer are also the modern sources of geographical information. A map is also a presentation of the geographical facts. Different facts are presented in a map by using symbols. Border, geographical structure, altitude, vegetation, settlement, mineral, forest, population distribution, soil, religious sites, crops and production, infrastructures of development, etc are the facts that are generally shown in maps. Freehand Map of Nepal For drawing a freehand map of Nepal, we should take an outline map of Nepal and a clean plain white paper. Then, looking at the original map we should try to copy it on the white plain paper. After practicing several times we will be able to draw without looking at the map. N 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm 3 cm 3 cm 2 cm Scale: 1 cm = 80 km Steps to Draw an Outline Map of Nepal 1. Draw a rectangle of 10 cm x 6 cm (20 cm x 12 cm for a bigger map). 2. Draw lines 2 cm away from each edge and a vertical line at the middle. These lines show the corners of our country. 3. Practice drawing the outline map of Nepal several times first looking at the map and then from without looking map. 4. Show the north direction and write scale on a side of the map. (If the map is drawn in 10 cm x 6 cm, the scale is 1 cm = 80 km and if the map is drawn in 20 cm x 12 cm, the scale is 1 cm = 40 km) 5. Insert the given facts on the map using appropriate symbols, title and legend. 254 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. Which method of map making have you used? 2. Draw a map of Nepal by using freehand method. 3. Which modern practical map technology, mentioned in the lesson do you feel reliable and why? 4. Have you used Google earth? How does it help to find a place? 5. Show the difference between GIS and GPS. Exercise Short answer questions: 1. What is a map? What are the elements of a map? Mention. 2. Give short introduction of Cartographer and Cartography. 3. Write the importance of scale and legend in map work. 4. Write the methods for making maps. 5. How is carbon method different from tracing method? 6. Why photocopy method is called the zero ability method? Present your logic. 7. What kind of information can GPS provide? 8. What are the differences between GIS and GPS maps? 9. “Internet has helped in map works.” Justify this statement. 10. What do you mean by modern practical map techniques? Why are Google earth, GIS and GPS important in the map making? Long answer questions: 1. Draw an outline map of Nepal in a rectangle 20 cm x 12 cm and show the provinces and their headquarters. 2. Draw full page maps of Nepal and insert the following facts using appropriate symbols. • Siddhartha highway, Api Himal, Cardamom Production area, Birgunj • Lake Foksundo, River Narayani, Baraha Kshetra, Jumla • Mt. Ganesh, Koshi Tappu, Muktinath, River Karnali • Manma, River Kankai, Gadhimai Temple, Banke National Park • Api, Shuklaphata Wildlife Reserve, River Narayani, Dhankuta • Shaileswori Temple, Nepalgunj, Madan Bhandari Highway, Pumori Himal • Mt. Khumbhakarna, Kusma, Chhinnamasta Temple, Khaptad National Park • Chame, River Tamor, Lake Ghodaghodi, Rajbiraj Airport • Mt. Everest, Siddharth Highway, Tea Cultivation Area, Birendranagar Project Work 255 Bring GIS and GPS maps in the class and discuss with friends. Draw a map of Nepal and show the major cities. Our Earth

Conventional Symbols Used in Maps Peak Canal Mountain Range Dam LakeQ N North of Map River International Bridge Boundary Pass State Boundary Road District Boundary Railways Ropeways/Cable Car Path Airways Capital Oil Town/City Temple Sea Church Stupa Industry Mosque Airport Settlement 256 Protected areas Waterfall SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

7UNIT OUR PAST Learning achievements Explain the major political events from 2007 BS to present and their effects in the social and economic sectors, Mention the causes and consequences of World War I and World War II, Analyse the effects of World Wars and role of Nepal and Nepalese in those wars, and Explore historical places and participate in the preservation work. Subject matters Revolution of 2007 BS and Delhi Agreement A Decade of Democratic Politics (2007-2017 BS) Abduction of Democracy and Ban on Political Parties Political Events from 2017 BS to 2046 BS Causes of the Rise and Downfall of Panchayat System Political Events from 2046 BS to 2062 BS Political Events after 2062/63 BS Economic and Social Effects after Peoples’ Movement II Causes of the First World War Consequences of the First World War Causes of the Second World War Consequences of the Second World War and Role of Nepal Exploration, Identification, Preservation and Promotion of Historical Sites and Monuments Our Past 257

1LESSON Revolution of 2007 BS and Delhi Agreement Rana Rule in Nepal After the death of King Pratap Singh Shah, Nepal went through political instability. The Kings were not capable enough to handle the rule due to their minor age. Consequently, conspiracies and intrigues started in the courts of the Royal Palace to gain power. Jung Bahadur exploited this fluid situation in his favor and founded Ranarchy. Jung Bahadur Rana became the Commander-in- Chief after the Kot Parva which took place on 2nd Aswin, 1903 BS. He became the Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief after the Bhandarkhal Parva. After this incident, he exiled Queen Rajyalaxmi. After Alau Parva, he ousted King Rajendra Bikram Shah and placed Surendra Bikram Shah on the throne. He got the title of ‘Shree 3 Maharaja’from King Surendra Bikram Shah. King Surendra Bikram Shah delegated all his powers and authorities to him. He established a roll of succession to his brothers according to which only Rana family could hold the post of Prime King Surendra Bikram Shah Minister. All the high-ranking government posts were reserved for the Ranas. Thus, Rana rule was a family rule. People were completely deprived of basic rights. There were conspiracies to gain power among the Ranas too. The whole governing system was at the discretion of the Prime Minister. The country was quite isolated from the outside world. The Rana Prime Ministers ruled over Nepal for 104 years as dictators enjoying unlimited powers and authorities. The revolution of 2007 BS ended the cruel and despotic Ranarchy and introduced democracy in the country. Causes of the Revolution of 2007 BS 1. Injustice and suppressive rule of Ranas: People were completely deprived of their basic rights but the Rana rulers and their families were enjoying unlimited power and authority. The resources were exploited by them. Common people were not getting justice. Lots of changes were taking place in the world. Dictatorial rules ended in different countries one after another. But the Rana rulers were not ready to change themselves according to the need of time. This situation compelled the people to launch revolution for their rights and justice. 258 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

2. Poverty and unemployment: Majority of population was under poverty line. Agriculture was the only sector creating employment then. Traditional agriculture was not enough to sustain life. The industries and factories were not enough to provide employment opportunity to people. Educational institutions were not enough to provide technical and vocational education. At the same time, high-ranking government posts were reserved only for Ranas, and a handful elites belonging to Rana family were enjoying luxurious life. There was no option except launching revolution against injustice and deprivation. 3. World War II and worldwide wave of democracy: After the end of World War II, the wave of democracy and independence movement spread all over the world. Several countries of Asia and Africa got independence from colonial rule. India also got independence in 1947 AD. The Nepalese soldiers who returned from World War II joined in Liberation Army of Nepali Congress. The Nepalese students who were in India for their higher study and participated in Indian War of Independence also returned to Nepal to fight against the Rana rule. It also helped to add force in the revolution. 4. Establishment of political parties and movement: When Nepalese people realized that the single effort is not enough to bring the change, they planned to move ahead with group effort. “Prachanda Gorkha” was the first organization of people which was established in 1988 BS to fight against Rana rule but it could not run its activities effectively. Afterward, “Nepal Praja Parishad”, a political party was established by Tanka Prasad Acharya (Chairperson), Dashrath Chand (Vice Chairperson), Ramhari Sharma (General Secretary), Dharmabhakta Mathema and Jeevraj Sharma (Founder Members) at Ombahal, Kathmandu on 20th Jestha, 1993 BS. It was the first political party of Nepal. As this political party added fuel to the fire in the activities against Rana rule, four brave democratic soldiers (Dharmabhakta Mathema, Shukra Raj Shastri, Ganga Lal Shrestha and Dashrath Chanda) got martyrdom in Magh, 1997 BS. King Tribhuvan was also tortured by Ranas. So, he also supported Anti-Rana activities financially and morally. “Jayatu Sanskritam Movement” was started by the students of Tindhara Pathshala in 2004 BS. The Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal were established in 2003 and 2006 BS respectively. The establishment of political parties and beginning of movement widen the Anti-Rana feeling in common people. 5. Increase in political consciousness in people: Along with the rise of political consciousness, common people also joined in different political parties and movements. Some people had witnessed the democratic movements in other countries like India. Educational awareness was also increasing gradually in people. These factors too led the people to fight for democracy. 6. Internal clash among Ranas: There was no unity among the Ranas. Chandra Shumsher divided the Ranas into ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ classes. ‘C’ class Ranas were not included in role of succession. So, they also joined in Anti-Rana movements. Our Past 259

Major events of movement Bairganiya Conference of the Nepali Congress held on 11th and 12th Aswin, 2007 BS decided to launch armed revolution against Rana rule. The movement was declared on 21st Kartik. At the same time King Tribhuvan left the palace and went to the Indian embassy along with his family members. On 23rd Kartik, 2007 BS, he went to Delhi, India by Indian Air Force helicopter. Mohan Shumsher, the then Prime Minister enthroned Gyanendra, the four years old second grandson of Tribhuvan. He was declared as the King of Nepal. But this act of Mohan Shumsher was criticized at national and international level. Mohan Shumsher At the same time, the liberation army captured eastern hilly region along with Biratnagar. Thirbam Malla and Puran Singh were leading the revolution in Birgunj. During the course of armed revolution, Thirbam Malla attained martyrdom in battle. Dr. Kunwar Indrajit (K.I.) Singh was leading the liberation army in western parts and gained a great success in Bhairahawa. Suvarna Shumsher and B.P. Koirala were handling eastern fronts and captured many places with minor battles or without any battle. The battle took place in various parts of the country between People’s Liberation Army and Ranas. The People’s Liberation Army captured Ilam, Diktel, Aathrai, Terhathum, Okhaldhunga, Parwanipur, Suvarna Shumsher Bhairahawa, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Doti, Rangeli, Malangawa, Upardanggadi, Birgunj and Parasi. Similarly, Bhojpur, Khotang, Dhankuta, Mahotari, Mahinath, Thori, Chitwan, Taulihawa. Pokhara, Gulmi, Syangja, Baglung, Koilabas, Dang-Deukhuri, Pyuthan, Dadeldhura, Surkhet, Dailekh, Baitadi, Shivaraj Khajahani, Biratnagar and Sirsiya were captured easily. People’s Government was also formed in those places. People appealed not to pay tax to Ranas. Soon Ranas were limited only within Kathmandu valley. People started to come to the street with various slogans against the Rana regime in Kathmandu and other places of Nepal. Everywhere people started to oppose the Ranas day by day. Many people were arrested but the movement spread more effectively. Mohan Shumsher could not handle the country and requested the Indian government to arbitrate for a solution. He sent his son Bijaya Shumsher for the negotiation. On the arbitration 260 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

of Indian government King Tribhuvan, Ranas and Nepali Congress started to negotiate in Delhi. Finally, a tripartite agreement was signed between Ranas, King Tribhuvan and Nepali Congress in Delhi on 1st Falgun, 2007 BS (12th February, 1951 AD). This is called the Delhi Agreement. This agreement ended the Rana rule in Nepal. After this agreement, King Tribhuvan returned to Nepal on 4th Falgun and made a declaration of the establishment of democracy and the end of the Rana rule in Nepal on 7th Falgun, 2007 BS (18th February, 1951 AD). In this way, 104 years long Rana rule came to an end and democracy was introduced in Nepal. Thus, we observe democracy day on 7th Falgun every year. Major Conditions of the Delhi Agreement King Tribhuvan a. Constitution to be formulated by the elected Constituent Assembly, b. A ten membered interim cabinet to be formed including 5 members from Nepali Congress and 5 members from Ranas, c. All the powers exercised by in “Shree 3” to be delivered to the King and the King Tribhuvan to be the legitimate King of Nepal, d. Political prisoners, except those who are charged of criminal case, to set free without any condition, and e. Agitators to handover their weapons to the government and stop the movement. Interim Cabinet formed after Delhi Agreement From Ranas 1. Mohan Shumsher : Prime Minister 2. Babar Shumsher : Defense Minister 3. Chudaraj Shumsher : Forest Minister 4. Nripjung Rana : Education Minister 5. Yagya Bahadur Basnet : Health Minister From Nepali Congress : Home Minister a. B.P. Koirala : Finance Minister b. Suvarna Shumsher : Industry and Commerce Minister c. Ganesh Man Singh : Transport Minister d. Bhadrakali Mishara : Food and Agriculture Minister e. Bharatmani Sharma After this agreement, the Nepali Congress agreed to stop the movement. But Dr. K. I. Singh, one of the commanders of Liberation Army in western front disagreed with the Our Past 261

Delhi Agreement and denied to hand over the weapons to the government. He wanted to continue the revolution because he didn’t want any presence of Ranas in the government after the introduction of democracy. Many people had sacrificed their life to end the Rana rule but after the Delhi Agreement Mohan Shumsher became the Prime Minister of Nepal again. Hence, he was not satisfied with Delhi Agreement so he did not pay any attention even to the message of King Tribhuvan and order of new government to stop the revolution. Later on, a case of treason was filed against him and his movement was suppressed. Consequences of Revolution The revolution of 2007 BS was a great achievement in the history of Nepal. The Ranarchy established by Junga Bahadur after Kot Parva came to an end because of this revolution. Major consequences of this revolution are presented below: a. Foundation of Democratic Practice: After the end of 104 years long autocratic family rule of Ranas, democratic practice introduced in the country. Various sectors of Nepalese society gradually adopted democratic practices. Democratic practice was clearly felt in judicial service, public service and political system. b. Increase in Public Awareness: Nepalese society was far behind in the education in comparison to the contemporary world during Ranarchy. Only about 2% people were literate. People were compelled to live in illiteracy and malpractices for more than a century. Development in education, culture and literature started only after the introduction of democracy in Nepal. c. Beginning of Constitutional Process: Constitution is the main law of the country. It protects the rights of people and distributes the powers to different organs of the state. Every country wants the written constitution. Before the revolution of 2007 BS, “Nepal Government’s Legal Act, 2004” was promulgated in 2004 BS but was not implemented. “Interim Government Act of Nepal, 2007”, promulgated after the introduction of democracy was the first written and implemented constitution in the country. In fact, it was the beginning of constitutional process. d. Nepal’s Exposure in International Arena: Before the introduction of democracy in the country, Nepal was far behind in international arena. Nepal had friendly relation only with few countries. The Rana government was completely devoted to British government. But after the introduction of democracy, Nepal adopted non-aligned foreign policy. Nepal became the member of UNO. The friendly relation was also extended with other countries. Nepal got exposure in international arena after the revolution of 2007 BS. e. People’s Participation: People’s participation plays an important role in the development. Before the introduction of democracy, there was Hukumi rule (dictatorship) in the country. The role of people was ignored. It was not possible to carry out all the development works only by the government. But, after the revolution of 2007 BS, people also participated in various creative and development works. 262 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. Conduct a debate program in the class on the topic “Delhi Agreement was right or wrong”. Note down the opinions of your friends and present in the class. 2. Prepare a poster reflecting democracy day to exhibit in your class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What was the Delhi Agreement and when was it signed? 2. Who opposed the Delhi Agreement and why? 3. What do you understand by “Hukumi” rule? 4. Was the act of filing case of treason against Dr. K. I. Singh right? Why? 5. How did the establishment of political parties in Nepal help in gaining democracy? Short answer questions: 1. Explain the causes of the revolution of 2007 BS. 2. “The revolution of 2007 BS had ended the family rule and introduced another dictatorial rule in the country.” Present your logic in favor or against of this statement. 3. One of the provisions of the Delhi Agreement was “Election of Constituent Assembly to be held to draft a new constitution”. But it could not be fulfilled before 2072 BS. Why? Discuss in the class and write. 4. What were the changes seen after the introduction of democracy in 2007 BS? Prepare a model of email to be sent to your friend mentioning the changes. 5. How do you evaluate the Delhi Agreement of 2007 BS? 6. What were the major provisions of the Delhi Agreement? 7. Evaluate the role of King Tribhuvan in the establishment of democracy. Long answer question: 1. Describe the causes of the revolution of 2007 BS and mention its consequences. Project Work Make a table and show the dates and events related to Anti-Rana activities and their effects. S. No. Date and Event Activity and Effect Our Past 263

2LESSON A Decade of Democratic Politics (2007-2017 BS) Promulgation of “Interim Government Act of Nepal, 2007” According to the Delhi Agreement, a coalition government of Nepali Congress and Rana was formed. This cabinet passed the “Interim Government Act of Nepal, 2007” on 17th Chaitra, 2007 BS. It was the first democratic constitution of Nepal. Some important features of this constitution were: There were the provisions to establish legislature of people’s representatives and directive principles and policies of the state. Civil rights of the citizen were also defined in this constitution. There were the provisions of Supreme Court, Public Service Commission and Advisory Council. Conflict in Interim Cabinet Chiniya Kaji The coalition government could not work smoothly as there was always conflict between Rana and Congress. After the murder of Chiniya Kaji, a student leader in 2008 BS, Nepali Congress and Ranas blamed each other. On one hand, Ranas’ intention was to re-establish their old regime and on the other hand Nepali Congress thought that they couldn’t work properly until Mohan Shumsher was in power. So, on 25th of Kartik, 2008 BS, all the cabinet members from the side of Nepali Congress resigned. Hence, Mohan Shumsher and other cabinet members from the side of Ranas were also compelled to resign. As a result, the interim cabinet was dissolved. Single-Party Government of Nepali Congress After the resignation of Mohan Shumsher, a 14 member cabinet was formed by King Tribhuvan under the Premiership of Matrika Prasad Koirala, the then president of Nepali Congress on 1st Mangir, 2008 BS. This cabinet had to fulfil the following responsibilities: To establish independent judicial department Matrika Prasad Koirala To implement the provision of Public Service Commission effectively To hold the election of Constituent Assembly within the year of 2009 BS, and To ascertain the civil rights of the people. 264 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

This government also could not function properly and failed. Due to the following reasons, the single-party government of Nepali Congress was dissolved: Various political parties and organizations like Nepal Praja Parishad, Communist Party of Nepal, etc had formed a United Democratic Front and were demanding to form an all party government. At the same time Dr. K. I. Singh started to revolt against this government. He was imprisoned in Singh Durbar under tight security on the charges of dacoit but his supporters attacked Singha Durbar on 8th and 9th Magh, 2008 BS and freed him. Then, he fled to Tibet. Bhim Dutta Panta, one of the commanders of the Dr. K. I. Singh Liberation Army during the revolution was also very dissatisfied with the acts of this government. So he launched a movement raising voice for land ownership, welfare of the people and security. There was conflict within Nepali Congress party. B.P. Koirala was opposing Matrika Prasad Koirala as he believed a single person should not hold both the posts of Party Chairperson and Prime Minister at a time. Advisory Government King Tribhuvan again formed a five member advisory government on 30th Shrawan, 2009 BS with the intention of direct rule. A provision was made for the five members of the government to be responsible to the King and the approval of the King, to be compulsory for the decision of the meeting and its implementation. But this government was also criticised within the country and by the Government of India as well. Political parties opposed it. “Peasants Revolt” started in the eastern part of Nepal in the leadership of Nepali Congress. Government administration could not run properly. So, this government was also dissolved on 2nd Ashad, 2010 BS. Sole Government of Nepal Praja Party After the internal conflict within the party Matrika Prasad Koirala split Nepali Congress and opened a political party named Nepal Praja Party. King Tribhuvan formed another cabinet of five members under the leadership of Matrika Pd. Koirala, the chairperson of Nepal Praja Party on 2nd Ashad, 2010 BS. Multiparty Coalition Government Tanka Prasad Acharya Nepali National Congress and People’s Congress also 265 joined in the government of Nepal Praja Party and formed a multiparty coalition government under the Premiership of Matrika Prasad Koirala in Falgun, 2010 BS. Tanka Prasad Acharya and Dilliraman Regmi too joined the government. This government also could not exist for long period because Our Past

of the protest on Koshi Project Agreement, entry of Indian Army with weapons in Nepal, revolt of Bhimdutta Panta and his murder in Dadeldhura on 7th Bhadra, 2010 BS. King Tribhuvan dissolved this government on 19th Falgun, 2011 BS and started direct rule. Direct Rule of King Mahendra and Advisory Council After the death of King Tribhuvan on 30th Falgun, 2011 BS, Mahendra Shah became the king of Nepal. Immediately after enthronement, King Mahendra formed an Advisory Council of five members under the Chairpersonship of Gunja Man Singh on 1st Baishakh, 2012 BS and started direct rule in Nepal. It existed till 12th Magh, 2012 BS. Government of Praja Parishad On 13th Magh, 2012 BS, another government was formed under the Premiership of Tanka Prasad Acharya, the president of Praja Parishad. There were 7 members in the cabinet including 3 independent members. Because of the inability to hold the general election, extreme economic crisis, efforts to ban on newspapers, etc, the government was dissolved on 31st Ashadh, 2014 BS. Government of Dr. K. I. Singh Dr. K.I. Singh was living a banished life in China. King Mahendra invited him to form a government. Hence, 11 members government under his Premiership on 11th Shrawan, 2014 BS was formed. But this government also couldn’t exist for long. Due to various reasons, it was dissolved on 29th Kartik, 2014 BS through the Royal Proclamation of King Mahendra. Direct Rule of King Mahendra King Mahendra started his direct rule from 29th Kartik, 2014 BS to 2nd Jestha, 2015 BS. King Mahendra formed a Constitution Drafting Committee of five members under the Chairmanship of Bhagawati Prasad Singh including some foreigners on 3rd Chaitra, 2014 BS. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 prepared by this committee was proclaimed on 1st Falgun, 2015 BS. Interim Government of Suvarna Shumsher When the general election was announced to be held on 7th Falgun, 2015 BS, an interim cabinet was formed under the Chairpersonship of Suvarna Shumsher on 2nd Jestha, 2015 BS. First general election of Nepal was held from 7th Falgun, 2015 BS. This government was dissolved on 2nd Jestha, 2016 BS. First General Election and First Elected Government First general election of parliament was held from 7th Falgun, 2015 BS for 109 seats. There were 9 political parties participating in the election. The final result of the election was announced on 28th Baishakh, 2016 BS. According to the result, Nepali Congress won 74 seats in the election and formed the government. B.P. Koirala became the first elected Prime Minister of Nepal and Krishna Prasad Bhattarai became the first elected Speaker of the Parliament. B.P. Koirala formed a 19 membered cabinet on 13th Jestha, 2016 BS. It was the first elected government of Nepal. He extended his cabinet later on 16th Ashad, 266 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

2016 BS as a 21 membered cabinet. This government existed till 1st Poush, 2017 BS. The following members were in the first elected government: 1. B.P. Koirala (Prime Minister) 2. Suvarna Shumsher (Deputy PM) 3. Ganesh Man Singh 4. Surya Prasad Upadhyaya 5. Ram Narayan Mishra 6. Kashi Nath Gautam 7. Parashu Narayan Chaudhari 8. Shiva Raj Panta 9. Prem Raj Angdambe 12. Dwarika Devi 10. Surya Nath Yadav 11. Lalit Chand Thakurani 13. Min Bahadur Gurung 14. Jaman Singh Gurung 15. Netra Bahadur Malla 16. Dr. Tulsi Giri 17. Shiva Pratap Shah 18. Diwan Singh Rai 19. Yognarendra Man Sherchan 20. Tribeni Prasad Pradhan 21. Hira Prasad Joshi Thus, during the period of 2007 to 2017 BS many governments were formed and dismissed which created political instability and lawlessness in Nepal. Chronology from 2007 to 2017 BS Date (in BS) Events 17th Chaitra, 2007 Cabinet passed the Interim Government Act of Nepal, 2007 25th Kartik, 2008 All the cabinet members from the side of Nepali Congress resigned 1st Mangsir, 2008 Single-Party Government of Nepali Congress formed (PM: Matrika Prasad Koirala) 30th Shrawan, 2009 Advisory Government formed 2nd Ashad, 2010 Advisory Government dissolved 2nd Ashad, 2010 Sole Government of Nepal Praja Party formed (PM: Matrika Prasad Koirala) Falgun, 2010 Multiparty Coalition Government formed (PM: Matrika Prasad Koirala) 19th Falgun, 2011 Multiparty Coalition Government dissolved 1st Baishakh, 2012 Advisory Council formed (Direct Rule of King Mahendra) 12th Magh, 2012 Advisory Council dissolved 13th Magh 2012 Government of Praja Parishad formed (PM: Tanka Prasad Acharya) 31st Ashadh, 2014 Government of Praja Parishad dissolved 11th Shrawan, 2014 Government of Dr. K.I. Singh formed 29th Kartik, 2014 Government of D. K.I. Singh dissolved 29th Kartik, 2014 Direct Rule of King Mahendra started 2nd Jestha, 2015 Interim Government of Suvarna Shumsher formed 1st Falgun, 2015 The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal proclaimed 7th Falgun, 2015 First general election of parliament held in Nepal 13th Jestha, 2016 First elected government formed (PM: B.P. Koirala) 1st Poush, 2017 First elected government dissolved Our Past 267

Activities 1. King Mahendra ruled Nepal directly twice. What were his reasons to rule the country directly? Discuss in the class. 2. Why Tanka Prasad Acharya was called “A Living Martyr”? Study various materials and justify it. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. Why was Dr. K. I. Singh called from the banished life and appointed as the Prime Minister of Nepal? 2. What is general election? Why is it different than election of Constituent Assembly? 3. Who had led the government formed after the 1st general election of Nepal ? What was the numbers of ministers in the cabinet? 4. What do you mean by Advisory Government? Write the major feature of this government. Short answer questions: 1. Write any two main characteristics each of the Interim Government Act, 2007 and the Constitution of the Kingdome of Nepal 2015. 2. “During the period from 2007 to 2017 BS, there was foreign interest in the politics of Nepal.” Justify this statement. 3. Who was Bhimdutta Panta? Why did he revolt? Present his contribution. 4. You have studied the activities of government formed during the period of 2007 - 2017 BS. Which government’s functions did you like the most among them? Clarify yours views in four points. 5. Present any four major events and their respective dates between 2007 - 2017 BS in a timeline. Long answer question: 1. “A decade from 2007 BS to 2017 BS was full of political instability.” Justify the statement with a list of the names of the Prime Ministers or heads of the government during that period and reasons behind such frequent changes of government. Project Work Mention the major dates and events from 2007 BS to 2017 BS and present in a timeline. 268 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

3LESSON Abduction of Democracy and Ban on Political Parties The Coup of 2017 BS After the general election of 2015, a popular government was Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah formed on the Premiership of B.P. Koirala. People cast their vote to choose their government for the first time. But King Mahendra did not like the popularity of that government. He was a very ambitious king and wanted to rule by himself. So, using Article no. 55 of The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015, he dismissed the elected government, suspended parliament, and imprisoned the Prime Minister on 1st Poush, 2017 BS. He also arrested ministers, political activists, and leaders and took the sole power in his hand. He banned the political parties blaming that the misery, sorrow and obstacles of people remained unchanged, government was unable to solve the problems of the people and failed to maintain law and order, national unity and the sovereignty of the country were in danger, corruption increased, the leaders were more interested for party and personal matters rather than national matters and international relation destroyed. This act of King Mahendra is called the coup of 2017 BS. Through a proclamation, King Mahendra presented his justification for his 1st Poush, 2017 BS act as, “Because of B.P. Koirala the misuse of the authority, corruption has increased; there is anarchy in the nation, so that national unity is threatened. Random economic decisions have caused instability. In order to protect national unity, create peace and cooperation and to save the whole country, we are forced to act according to Article 55 of constitution and will suspend the cabinet, both houses of parliament and the party system. We will take sole responsibility as laid down in article 55, until a new system is put in place. With good wishes and support from all Nepalese good governance will prove to be possible”. After this, the multiparty democracy established by the sacrifices, blood and sweat of Nepalese people was abducted by King Mahendra. Thus, 1st Poush is regarded as “Black Day” in the history of Nepal. After 21 days of this incident, he started party-less autocratic Panchayat system in Nepal on 22nd Poush, 2017 BS. Nepalese people had to struggle for 30 years to restore democracy. Socio-economic Achievement from 2007 to 2017 BS Though the period of 2007 to 2017 BS was full of political instability and tremulous, many important changes took place in the country. Democratic system was introduced. Literacy Our Past 269

was about 2% before the establishment of democracy but increased during this period. The major socio-economic achievements of this period are as follows: Social achievements All the forests were nationalized. Civil Service Act was implemented in 2013 BS. Common people also got opportunity to go to schools and colleges. English Medium Schools were opened throughout the country. Construction of highways started for the development of transportation. Domestic and International air service began. Election of Kathmandu Municipality was held. Friendly relationship with the neighboring countries and various other countries of the world was established. Hetauda-Kathmandu ropeway was extended. Koshi Agreement was signed on 12th Baishakh, 2011 BS and Gandak Agreement was signed on 19th Mangsir, 2016 BS. Nepal became the member of United Nations Organization in 2012 BS (14th December, 1955 AD). Nepal Cultural Council was established for the strengthening of culture. Nepal got the membership of Universal Postal Union on 26th Aswin, 2013 BS. Radio Nepal was established on 20th Chaitra, 2007 BS. Supreme Court was established. Independent and impartial judicial system was started. Telephone and Telegram services started in the country. Tribhuwan University was established in 2016 BS. Similarly, Law College was also established in Kathmandu. Economic achievements A declaration regarding the land was made on 17th Bhadra, 2013 BS that made the provision of tenants’ right. Annual budget was presented and published for the first time in Nepal from Shrawan 2008 BS. Birta Abolition Act was enforced on Poush, 2016 BS. Five years plan was declared on 22nd Aswin, 2012 BS and implemented from 2013 BS. It started planned development in Nepal. Modernization in agriculture and trade diversification began in the country. Nepal Rastra Bank was established on 14th Baishakh, 2013 BS. New tax system was implemented. Uniformity was brought in the use of money. Though such socio-economic development activities have taken place, the political achievement couldn’t take place due to continuous political instability and as a result the pace of development got slow. 270 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. Read the given text and answer the following questions: The Constitution of the Kingdom of NEPAL, 2015 Article: 55. Emergency Powers (1) If His Majesty in His discretion is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security or economic life of Nepal, or any part thereof, is threatened by war or external aggression, or by internal disturbance, He may by Proclamation in His discretion: (a) declare that His functions shall to such extent as may be specified in the Proclamation, be exercised by Him in His discretion; (b) assume to Himself all or any of the powers vested in or exercisable by Parliament or any other governmental body or authority; and any such Proclamation may contain such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to Him to be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the objects of the Proclamation, including provisions for suspending in whole or in part the operation of any provision of this Constitution: a. Mention your opinion and evaluation on the above provision on Article 55 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015. b. Was it appropriate to formulate and accept this kind of constitution in the democratic system obtained from the sacrifices of people and in parliamentary politics? Write. 2. What were the problems raised by the King in the following subjects while banning political parties? Subject Problems Political parties Being power and party oriented Economic status International relation Nationality Lifestyle of people Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. When was the first general election of parliament held in Nepal? Write full date. 2. What were the reasons mentioned by King Mahendra in his royal proclamation when he banned the political parties? 3. Why is Poush 1st regarded as ‘Black Day’ in the history of Nepal? Give reason. 4. If you were there on 1st Poush, 2017 BS, how would you react as a citizen on the prohibition of political parties? What steps would you have taken against that act of the King? Our Past 271

Short answer questions: 1. “King Mahendra was an ambitious king.” Present your logics in favour of this statement. 2. Prepare an article for a newspaper on the changes seen in the field of education, health and employment after the implementation of five years planning since 2013 BS till the present. 3. What were the objectives of the prohibition on political parties made by the King? 4. The pace of development was slow between 2007 to 2017 BS. Why? Give reasons. 5. Prepare a dialogue between two friends on the achievement obtained in education field during 2007 to 2017 BS. 6. What is Birta abolition? Why was it felt necessary at that time? Long answer question: 1. Mention the socio-economic achievements made from 2007 to 2017 BS and their effects in Nepalese society. Community Work Meet some senior politicians in your community. Prepare questionnaires and ask what activities were made during 2007 to 2017 BS. On the basis of answers you noted down, prepare a report and present in the class. 272 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

4LESSON Political Events from 2017 BS to 2046 BS After the incident of 1st Paush, 2017 BS, King Mahendra formed a Council of Ministers under his Chairmanship. On 22nd Paush, 2017 BS, he declared the Panchayat system. He formed the Panchayat Ministry. Under this ministry, Panchayat Direction Department and Panchayat Development Department were established to strengthen the Panchayat system. The country was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts on 1st Baishakh, 2018 BS. Some Important Events a. Janakpur Incident: King Mahendra visited Janaki Durgananda Jha Temple after finishing his trip to eastern part on 9th Magh, 2018 BS. When King Mahendra was proceeding to Rangabhumi from Janaki Temple, Durgananda Jha hurled a bomb at the vehicle in which King Mahendra was travelling. This incident is called the Janakpur Incident. For the involvement in this incident, Durgananda Jha, Arbinda Kumar Thakur and Dalsingh Thapa were announced capital punishment. On 25th Magh, 2020 BS, Durgananda Jha was executed whereas Arbinda Kumar Thakur and Dalsingh Thapa were sentenced to life imprisonment. b. Promulgation of New Constitution: To legalize the party-less Panchayat system and ban on political parties, The Constitution of Nepal 2019 based on Panchayat system was promulgated by King Mahendra on 1st Paush, 2019 BS. In order to strengthen the Panchayat system, this constitution was amended three times in 2023 BS, 2032 BS and 2037 BS. c. Back to Village National Campaign: The first amendment in the Constitution of Nepal, 2019 was made in 2023 BS and a new program was implemented by King Mahendra called “Back to Village National Campaign” on 1st Poush, 2024 BS to motivate the students, civil servants and others who were in cities to return to their own villages. A ten point program was set to raise the living standard of the villagers in this campaign. d. Jhapa Revolt: Then Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist and Leninist) launched a revolt for the freedom of poor people and against feudalism in Jhapa in 2028 BS. This incident is called Jhapa revolt. King Mahendra passed away in the same year on 17th Magh, 2028 BS. Our Past 273

e. Sukhani Assassination: Ramnath Dahal, Narayan Shrestha, Krishna Kuinkel, Netra Prasad Ghimire and Biren Rajbansi who were involved in Jhapa revolt were arrested on the charge of Dharma Prasad Upadhyaya’s murder, the then member of National Panchayat (parliament of Panchayat System) and shot dead by the then government at the place called Sukhani, Ilam on 21st Falgun, 2029 BS. This incident is called Sukhani Assassination. Martyrs of Sukhani Assassination f. Plane Hijack and Fire at Singha Durbar: A plane taken off for Kathmandu from Biratnagar was hijacked on 25th Jestha, 2030 BS and landed at Forbesgunj, Bihar. There was an amount of 30 lakhs IC in the plane which was nabbed by the hijackers and then plane was released. It was the first incident of plane hijack in Nepal. This incident badly affected the rulers of Panchayat system. Moreover, a fire broke out in Singha Durbar on 25th Asadh, 2030 BS and many important documents got destroyed. Because of this, Kirtinidhi Bista was forced to resign from the post of the Prime Minister. g. Timburbote Incident: The youths were rapidly being organized to launch the revolution in order to end party-less Panchayat system and restore multiparty democracy. In 2031 BS, Nepali congress made a secret plan to capture Okhaldhunga. For this, they established their camp at cave of Timburbote but the secrecy was revealed and Panchayat government mobilized army force to suppress them. Nepal army attacked the Timburbote camp and brutally killed Ram, Laxman and other youths. Capt. Yagya Bahadur Thapa and Bhim Narayan Shrestha were arrested and hanged in 2033 BS. This incident is called Timburbote Incident. h. Politics for Development: On 26th Mangsir, 2032 BS, the Constitution of Nepal 2019 was amended for the second time and a new slogan was brought called “Politics for Development”. This amendment made ‘Back to Village National Campaign’ as the constitutional organ. 274 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

i. National Reconciliation Policy of B.P. Koirala: B.P. Koirala returned to Nepal from exile in India with the new policy “National Reconciliation Policy” on 16th Poush, 2033 BS. It was the policy of finding the middle ground with monarch and regressive force. j. Murder of Ratna Kumar Bantawa: Panchayat government was continuing the series of murder. On 27th Chaitra, 2035 BS, Ratna Kumar Bantawa, a potential communist leader was shot dead at Imang (near Deumai River) of Ilam. Similarly, Rishiraj Devkota (Ajaad), and Jay Govinda Shah were also killed by the Panchayat government. k. Referendum: Referendum is a democratic way of taking public opinion in which every adult citizen of a country is asked a straight forward question or has to choose between two alternatives about any important national issue. On 22nd Chaitra, 2035 BS (April, 1979 AD), TU students organised a huge procession against the death sentence to former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and tried to deliver the letter of condemnation to the Embassy of Pakistan in Kathmandu. But the police stopped them on the way and Lathi charged them. Many students were injured. After this incident, student organizations started Zulfikar Ali Bhutto united movement against the Panchayat government. Initially their demands were related to education but the government did not pay attention. Later on, movement was continued against the political system and political parties also joined them. Huge demonstrations were organized throughout the country. The Panchayat government tried to suppress it but agitation increased day by day. So, on 10th Jestha, 2036 BS, King Birendra declared a referendum. In the referendum of 2036 BS, people were asked to choose one out of two options. They were: a. Reformed Panchayat system b. Multiparty Democratic System The poll for the referendum was held on 20th Baishakh, 2037 BS. Party-less Panchayat system won the referendum with 10% more votes. The result of the referendum gave a mandate to the King to continue the Panchayat system with some reforms. After that referendum, the election of National Panchayat (parliament of that time) was held in 2038 BS and Surya Bahadur Thapa became the Prime Minister. a. Piskar Assasination: On 1st Magh, 2040 BS, while a cultural program was running at Piskar Mahadev in Sindhupalchok district, the police surrounded the site and shot dead Ile Thami, Bir Bahadur Thami and other many innocent children. Dozens of people were arrested and tortured. This incident is called Piskar Assassination. After this incident, vote of no confidence was launched in National Panchayat by the then members of parliament. Our Past 275

Surya Bahadur Thapa was removed from the post of Prime Minister and Lokendra Bahadur Chand was appointed the new Prime Minister. b. Satyagraha and Bomb Blast: On 10th Jestha, 2042 BS, Ramraja Prasad Singh Nepali Congress launched a civil disobedience movement (Satyagraha), a non-violent movement throughout the country. But at the same time, a political party called Janabadi Morcha led by Ramraja Prasad Singh exploded bombs in various important cities of the country including the royal palace of Kathmandu on 6th Asadh, 2042 BS demanding republicanism in the country. The Panchayat government passed a new law and Ramraja Prasad Singh, Laxman Prasad Singh, Prem Bahadur Bishwakarma and others were announced death penalty. It obstructed the movement and Nepali Congress withdrew the Satyagraha. c. People’s Movement of 2046 BS: The Movement launched to restore multi-party democracy from 7th Falgun, 2046 BS to 26th Chaitra, 2046 BS for 49 days in the leadership of Ganeshman Singh was People’s Movement of 2046 BS. It is popularly known as People’s Movement I nowadays. Causes of People’s Movement Panchayat government had an undemocratic nature. People were deprived of human rights and fundamental rights. Corruption, smuggling and other activities increased Ganeshman Singh in the country. Panchayat system was failed to bring reforms in the country. So, in order to release the people from such condition, Nepali Congress and the United Left Front (Samyukta Bammorcha) took a historical decision to launch a united people’s movement. A national conference of Nepali Congress was held from 5th to 7th Magh of 2046 BS at the residence of Ganesh Man Singh. The leaders of the United Left Front and various political parties of India participated in that conference. The Indian leaders promised to give full support to the mass movement for the restoration of democracy and human rights in Nepal. The Nepali Congress and United Left Front started united mass movement from 7th Falgun, 2046 BS. Ganesh Man Singh was declared the commander of the movement. Students 276 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

played a vital role in that movement. Similarly lawyers, doctors, professors, teachers, businessmen, etc involved in the movement and held a huge demonstration in various parts of the country. Civil servants also joined this movement. Strikes, demonstrations, disobedience of laws and rules, stopping tax payment, etc were observed throughout the country. The students and police clashed in Patan, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Pokhara, Hetaunda, Janakpur, Biratnagar, etc. Many people got martyrdom. Lots of people were injured in clash with the police. Media like newspapers also played a vital role by publishing news in favour of the movement. Many people and political activists were imprisoned. The autocratic Panchayat government tried to suppress the people. To stop the movement, King Birendra, dissolved the government of Marich Man Singh and Lokendra Bahadur Chand was appointed as the Prime Minister. But the movement continued in full swing. At last, seeing no way out to that grim situation, King Birendra invited the leaders of the movement like Ganesh Man Singh, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Girija Prasad Koirala, Sahana Pradhan and Radha Krishna Mainali for negotiation on 26th of Chaitra, 2046 BS. The leaders reached an agreement to lift the ban on political parties. At 11:00 PM on 26th Chaitra, 2046 BS, a message was broadcasted in Radio Nepal and Nepal Television. It read that a ban Sahana Pradhan on political parties had been removed from the Constitution of Nepal 2019 BS. The leaders declared the end of mass movement and it marked the restoration of democracy in Nepal. Consequences of the People’s Movement of 2046 BS End of autocratic Panchayat system and restoration of democracy, Interim government was formed from among the leaders of the various political parties, Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 BS was promulgated, Absolute monarchy was changed into constitutional monarchy, Election of parliament was held and People’s Movement-I people got opportunity to choose their government by themselves. Our Past 277

Chronology from 2017 to 2046 BS Date (in BS) Events 22nd Poush, 2017 Declaration of Panchayat System 1st Baishakh, 2018 Country was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts 9th Magh, 2018 Janakpur Incident 1st Poush, 2019 Promulgation of the Constitution of Nepal - 2019 BS 1st Bhadra, 2020 New Muluki Ain was announced Durgananda Jha was executed for the involvement in Janakpur 25th Magh, 2020 Incident First amendment of the Constitution of Nepal-2019 BS 4th Magh, 2023 Jhapa Revolt 2028 King Mahendra passed away. 17th Magh, 2028 Sukhani Assassination 21st Falgun, 2029 Division of Nepal into four development regions 2029 Plane hijacked in Nepal 25th Jestha, 2030 Fire took place in the Singha Durbar 25th Ashad, 2030 Timburbote incident 2031 Second amendment of the Constitution of Nepal-2019 BS 26th Mangsir, 2032 Declaration of Referendum by King Birendra 10th Jestha, 2036 Poll of the referendum held 20th Baishakh, 2037 Third amendment of the Panchayati constitution adopting the proposed reformations 1st Poush, 2037 Election of National Panchayat held and Surya Bahadur Thapa became Prime Minister 2038 Piskar Assassination Election of National Panchayat held and Marich Man Singh 1st Magh, 2040 Shrestha became Prime Minister Satyagraha movement launched by Nepali Congress 2042 National conference of Nepali Congress was held People’s Movement was started 10th Jestha, 2042 End of People’s Movement, restoration of multi-party democracy 5th-7th Magh, 2046 7th Falgun, 2046 26th Chaitra, 2046 Activities 1. Along with the beginning of Panchayat system, many incidents of murder took place. Why? Give reasons. 2. Mention the important political events happened in Panchayat system along with their respective dates. 278 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. When was Panchayat system declared by King Mahendra? 2. What was Janakpur Incident? When did it take place? 3. Which district is related with the Timmurbote massacre? 4. What is referendum? When was it declared in Nepal for the first time? 5. What were the people asked in the referendum of 2036 BS and what was its result? 6. Who was Ratna Kumar Bantawa? Why do the Nepalese politicians remember him even today? 7. What kind of movement is Satyagraha movement? Why was it withdrawn? 8. Who was Ramraja Prasad Singh? 9. When did the People’s Movement of 2046 BS begin and end? Short answer questions: 1. Prepare a timeline including any four dates and events happened from 2017 BS to 2046 BS. 2. Why weren’t Nepalese people satisfied with Panchayat system? Write any four reasons. 3. Why was referendum held in Nepal? Explain. 4. Prepare a pie chart based on the following result of referendum: a. Reformed Panchayat System 24,33,452 votes b. Multi-party system 20,07,965 votes c. Invalid 3,72,069 votes 5. Discrimination on the basis of caste was made illegal by the Muluki Ain which was enforced on 1st Bhadra 2020 BS. But it still exists in our society. How can you involve yourself to end racial discrimination completely? Prepare a plan. Long answer questions: 1. Introduce the following incidents in short: a. Jhapa Revolt b. Sukhani Assassination c. Timburbote Incident d. Piskar Assassination 2. Describe the causes, major events and consequences of the People’s Movement 2046 BS. Community Work Meet a senior citizen of your community and ask about the important events happened from 2017 BS to 2046 BS and their effects in the community. On the basis of his/her answer, prepare a model of news. Our Past 279

5LESSON Causes of the Rise and Downfall of Panchayat System Panchayat system was a party-less autocratic political system. King Mahendra abducted the democracy on 1st Poush, 2017 BS and started Panchayat system on 22nd Poush, 2017 BS. It lasted for about 30 years and ended by People’s Movement of 2046 BS on 26th Chaitra, 2046 BS. There were many causes of its rise and downfall. Some major causes are presented below: Causes of the Rise of Panchayat System Although democracy was introduced in Nepal by ending the Ranarchy in 2007 BS, people could not get full rights. Instead, it legitimated another family rule in the form of Monarchy. Formulation of constitution from elected constituent assembly and implementation of Delhi Agreement were not made. Kings concentrated only in acquiring power and confusing people. Political parties were lacking enough experience and maturity. King Mahendra did not have faith on democracy and was ambitious to be a powerful King. The parliamentary system was new for Nepal. There was illiteracy, lack of political consciousness, breakage in political parties, foreign interest and interference, corruption and slowness in the administration, etc. Causes of the Downfall of Panchayat System Panchayat System was fully centralized unitary system run from the center. It was an autocratic rule and the lower bodies had to obey everything ordered from the higher bodies. Freedom, fundamental rights and human rights were hindered. There was dissatisfaction in people against the Panchayat system because the literacy and awareness was increasing in people. Those who oppose the bad works of the government used to be suppressed. Corruption increased, the executers of this system were more active to get power rather than public and national issues. Political parties got united against Panchayat system and agreed to launch movement from 7th Falgun, 2046 BS against it. People also supported the political parties. They involved in the movement. There was strike everywhere. Ultimately, King Birendra made a proclamation on radio at 11:00pm on 26th Chaitra, 2046 BS and declared the end of Panchayat system and restoration of democracy. 280 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. Make a table and show the causes of the rise and downfall of Panchayat system. 2. Although the Panchayat system was an autocratic system, there were some noteworthy works. Search such works from different sources and present in the class. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What was Panchayat system? 2. When did Panchayat system start and end? Short answer questions: 1. Write a letter to your friend highlighting the causes of the rise of Panchayat system. 2. What were the development activities of Panchayat system? Write in points. 3. What should be done so that we don’t need to lose democracy and can move ahead towards economic progress? Write in points. 4. What did Panchayat Rulers do to sustain the rule? Long answer questions: 1. The democracy obtained by Nepalese people in 2007 BS suffered from various crises and was weakened time and again. Why it happened? Explain. 2. Explain the causes of the rise and downfall of Panchayat system. Community Work Invite some intellectual personalities as speaker and conduct an interaction program about the physical and education reform of your school. Present the conclusion of the interaction program in the class. Our Past 281

6LESSON Political Events from 2046 BS to 2062 BS As a result of 49 days long People’s Movement (7th Falgun, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai 2046 BS to 26th Chaitra, 2046 BS), the party-less autocratic Panchayat system ended and democracy was restored. After the success of the mass movement, all the Panchayat related organizations were dissolved. An interim government was formed under the chairmanship of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (leader of Nepali Congress) involving the representatives of political parties who participated in People’s Movement, the persons nominated from the King and independent personalities. This interim government was entrusted two major tasks. They were: a. To make new constitution based on multiparty democracy b. To conduct the election of parliament A Commission for the Constitution Reform Suggestion was Bishwanath Prasad formed to draft a new constitution under the chairmanship Upadhyaya of Bishwanath Prasad Upadhyaya, the then chief justice of Supreme Court. Accordingly, the commission prepared the draft of the constitution and submitted to the King. King Birendra promulgated and enforced The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal-2047 on 23rd Kartik, 2047 BS. This constitution clearly mentioned that the sovereignty of Nepal is vested in the Nepalese people. Besides this, the provisions of parliamentary system of government, constitutional monarchy, adult franchise, human rights and multiparty democratic system were guaranteed by this constitution. According to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal-2047, Girija Prasad Koirala election of parliament was held on 29th Baishakh, 2048 BS and Nepali Congress won with majority. Under the Premiership of Girija Prasad Koirala, Nepali Congress formed a government. But it could not work for full term due to internal conflict in the party. So, the parliament (Pratinidhi Sabha) was dissolved and Mid-term Election (Madhyavadhi Nirbachan) was held on 29th Kartik, 2051 BS. No political parties got clear majority in the Mid-term Election. So CPN (UML) formed the minority government on the Premiership of Manmohan Adhikari as it was the largest 282 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

party in the parliament. After nine months, this government also failed as vote of no confidence (Abiswasko Prastab) was passed against this government. Now, a coalition government was formed under the Premiership of Sher Bahadur Deuba including Nepali Congress, Rastriya Prajatantra Party and Sadbhabana party. On 1st Falgun, 2052 BS, Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) Manmohan Adhikari started armed revolution from Rolpa with the demand of the end of monarchy and oppose of the constitution. Slowly it started to affect every nook and corner of the nation which ultimately spread throughout the country. At the same time, the Royal Massacre took place on 19th Jestha, 2058 BS which liquidated King Birendra and his family. Gyanendra Shah ascended the throne as the new King. Direct Rule of King Gyanendra Birendra Bir Bikram Shah On 18th Asoj, 2059 BS, King Gyanendra dismissed Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and seized all power in his hand using article 127 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal-2047. He appointed Lokendra Bahadur Chand and Surya Bahadur Thapa as the Prime Minister respectively. This act of king was criticised by the people throughout the country. Due to extreme pressure from the people, the king appointed Sher Bahadur Deuba as the Prime Minister. But on 19th Magh, 2061 BS, the king detained all political leaders including Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba and formed the government under his own chairmanship. Peoples’ Movement II (2062/63 BS) The political parties were angry with King Gyanendra for his 19th Magh’s act. It was strongly criticised and opposed by the then CPN (Maoist) which was in armed revolution. Seven parties’ alliance and CPN (Maoist) signed a 12 point understanding in Delhi on 7th Mangsir, 2062 BS and agreed to launch People’s Movement against the existing government peacefully. Accordingly, the people’s movement started on 24th Chaitra, 2062 BS. The government made attempts to suppress the revolution by imposing ban on all political Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah activities, demarcating sensitive places as ‘prohibited areas’ and imposed curfew. However people poured into the street, shouted slogans, clashed with the police and violated the ban of the government. Government could not maintain peace and security. King could not continue his direct rule any more. So, after 19 days movement, he made a proclamation on 11th Baishakh, 2063 BS and declared the returning of sovereignty and the royal power to the people. This movement is called People’s Movement-II. Our Past 283

Causes of the People’s Movement-II People’s Movement-II King Gyanedra’s high ambition, 12 point understanding between Seven Parties’ Alliance and then CPN (Maoist) to launch People’s Movement against the King’s rule, Consciousness developed in people about their rights, and Anti-democratic nature and activities of the then government, etc. After the royal proclamation of 11th Baishakh, the movement was stopped. Parliament (Pratinidhi Sabha) was reinstated and a coalition government of seven parties was formed under the premiership of Girija Prasad Koirala. Chronology from 2046 to 2062 BS Date (in BS) Events 6th Baishakh, 2047 Formation of eleven members interim government under the premiership of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai 16th Jestha, 2047 Formation of a Commission for the Constitution Reform Suggestion to draft a new constitution under the chairmanship of Bishwanath Prasad Upadhyaya, the Chief Justice of Supreme Court 23rd Kartik, 2047 Promulgation of The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 by the King Birendra 29th Baishakh, 2048 General Election held and new government was formed under the premiership of Girija Prasad Koirala 29th Kartik, 2051 Mid-term election held 13th Mangsir, 2051 Formation of minority government under the premiership of Manmohan Adhikari, the Chairperson of CPN (UML) 25th Bhadra, 2052 Formation coalition government under the premiership of Sher Bahadur Deuba 1st Falgun, 2052 CPN(Maoist) started armed revolution 20th Baishakh and Parliamentary election held in the country 3rd Jestha, 2056 19th Jestha, 2058 Royal massacre in Narayanhiti palace which liquidated the King Birendra and his family. 19th Magh, 2061 King Gyanendra took power in his hand 7th Mangsir, 2062 Signing on 12 points understanding by Seven parties’ alliance and CPN (Maoist) in Delhi to restore the democratic system 24th Chaitra, 2062 People’s Movement was launched 11th Baishakh, 2063 House of Representatives was reinstated, People’s Movement ended and democracy (Loktantra) was restored 284 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Activities 1. Prepare a chart including the major incidents of 19 Days People’s Movement and present in the class. 2. Present the major political and historical events from 2046 BS to 2062/63 BS in a timeline. 3. Discuss about the changes brought in the country by the people’s war of Maoist launched from 2052 BS? Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by interim government? 2. Write any one difference between armed revolution and mass movement. 3. When did the People’s Movement of 2062/63 BS begin and end? 4. What was the main objective of People’s Mass Movement-II? 5. What were the major tasks entrusted to the interim government formed after the people’s movement of 2046 BS. Short answer questions: 1. Mention any four strong aspects of the political changes happened from 2046 BS to 2062/63 BS. 2. List the causes of the People’s Movement 2062/63 BS. 3. Mention the similarities and differences between the achievements of the people’s movement of 2046 and 2062/63 BS. Long answer questions: 1. Four great movements and two armed struggles took place from 2007 to 2062 BS. What should be done to protect the achievements of the movements and let economic development progress? 2. Compare between the People’s Movement of 2046 BS and People’s Movement of 2062/63 BS in terms of objectives, achievements, leadership and duration. Community Work Meet a politician and ask about his/her contribution and involvement in the establishment of Loktantra in the country in 2062/63 BS. Then, prepare a report and present in the class. Our Past 285

7LESSON Political Events After 2062/63 BS After the royal proclamation of 11th Baishakh, 2063 BS, dissolved parliament (House of Representatives) was reinstated and democracy was restored. On 15th Baishakh, 2063 BS, the meeting of reinstated House of Representative was held and after that new government under the premiership of Girija Prasad Koirala was formed. On 4th Jestha, 2063 BS, the meeting of House of Representative made a Historical Declaration of House of Representatives. The major points of the declarations were: 1. All the Powers regarding legislature of Nepal shall be exercised by the House of Representatives. 2. The House of Representatives shall, as per necessity, specify the procedures for moving to the path of Constituent Assembly. 3. All the executive powers of Nepal shall be vested on the Council of Ministers. “His Majesty’s Government” shall be referred as “Government of Nepal” from now onwards. 4. The title “Royal Nepal Army” shall be changed to “Nepal Army”. 5. Chief of the Army Staff of the Nepalese Army shall be appointed by the Council of Ministers. 6. The power to make, amend and repeal laws regarding the succession to the throne shall be vested on the House of Representatives. 7. The private property and income of His Majesty the King shall be taxable pursuant the law. 8. A question over the acts performed by His Majesty may be raised in the House of Representatives and in court. 9. The existing “national anthem” shall be changed by making alternative arrangement. 10. Nepal shall be a secular state. 11. The legal arrangements of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal-1990 and other prevailing laws, with this declaration, shall be void to the extent of inconsistency. 12. Any difficulty that may arise while implementing this declaration shall be removed by a decision of the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives made Comprehensive Peace Agreement unanimous decision to hold the election of Constituent Assembly, to negotiate with the CPN (Maoist), to make interim constitution, etc. Eight Points Agreement was reached between (CPN) Maiost and Seven Political Parties on 2nd Ashad, 2063 BS. Comprehensive 286 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Peace Agreement was signed between Declaration of Republic of Nepal (CPN) Maoist and the Government of Nepal on 5th Mangsir, 2063 BS and 10 years long people’s war launched from 2052 BS was ended. On the consent of (CPN) Maoist and Seven Political Parties, the Interim Constitution of Nepal-2063 was promulgated on 1st Magh, 2063 BS as a document of political consensus. The election for Constitution Assembly was held on 28th Chaitra, 2064 BS and the first meeting of Constituent Assembly declared Nepal as Republican State on 15th Jestha, 2065 BS and ended centuries-long monarchy. After this declaration, the then King Gyanendra made a public address and left the throne voluntarily. Then, Dr. Ram Baran Yadav, the leader of Nepali Congress was elected as the first President of Nepal on 6th Shrawan, 2065 BS. Similarly, Puspa Kamal Dahal Declaration of Constitution of Nepal (Prachanda), the leader of the largest party (CPN, Maoist) in Constituent Assembly became the first Prime Minister of Republic of Nepal on 31st Shrawan, 2065 BS. But, the country’s political situation started to deteriorate and political turmoil continued. After Puspa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda), Madhav Kumar Nepal (on 11th Jestha, 2066 BS), Jhalanath Khanal (on 23rd Magh, 2067 BS) and Dr. Baburam Bhattarai (on 12th Bhadra, 2068 BS) became the Prime Ministers of Nepal. The Constituent Assembly was dissolved on 14th Jestha, 2069 BS without completing its major task i.e., writing constitution in the country during the premiership of Dr. Baburam Bhattarai. The four years long effort of political parties to maintain consensus, collaboration and unity was not effective enough for the formulation of constitution from the Constituent Assembly. Constitution could not be formulated from the Constituent Assembly-I due to the following reasons: Disagreement of political parties on several issues, Crisis of understanding, beliefs, maturity, experience, feeling of responsibility, etc in political parties, Interest of political parties on forming and dissolving the government rather than drafting constitution, Negligence of political parties to the mandate and spirit of people’s movement and power game. Our Past 287

After the resignation of Dr. Baburam Bhattarai, an Interim Election Council of 10 ex- government officials was formed under the chairmanship of the then Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi on 1st Chaitra, 2069 BS. It became successful to hold the election of Constituent Assembly-II. Finally, after the election of Constituent Assembly-II held on 4th Mangsir, 2070 BS, Nepali Congress and CPN-UML emerged as the 1st and 2nd largest parties respectively in the Constituent Assembly-II. Sushil Koirala, the leader of Nepali congress was elected as the Prime Minister of the country right after the formation of Constituent Assembly-II on 27th Magh, 2070 BS. After many serious dialogues, the political parties agreed Dr. Ram Baran Yadav to promulgate the new constitution. The great earthquake (The first President of Nepal) of 12th and 29th Baishakh, 2072 BS caused the loss of lives and properties in 14 districts. In such disastrous Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli situation, the political parties got united for the rescue (The Prime Minister of Nepal) and reconstruction forgetting their self-contradiction. It also created an environment to realize the need of unity for the formulation of constitution and nation building. Hence the constitution drafting process speeded up. Some of the agendas were kept undecided as it is to decide in future by agreement. According to the commitment made between political parties, the date to promulgate constitution was fixed. In the meeting of the CA held on 3rd Ashwin, 2072 BS, the Constitution of Nepal was promulgated by the then president Dr. Ram Baran Yadhav. The government requested the Nepali citizen to welcome constitution with great celebration and enthusiasm all over the country. Along with the promulgation of the Constitution, Nepal entered into new era and the dream of Nepali people for 65 years was materialized. Right after the promulgation of the constitution, the country had to suffer from unofficial blockade. After that new cabinet was formed under the premiership of the Chairperson of CPN (UML) Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli (K.P. Oli) on 24th Ashwin, 2072 BS. Still there are some constitutional issues to be addressed for the practical implementation of federalism in Nepal. According to the constitutional provision, the election Bidhya Devi Bhandari of President and Vice-President was held. Bidhya Devi (The President of Nepal) Bhandari was elected as the first woman President in the history of Nepal on 11th Kartik, 2072 BS. It is a 288 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

great achievement for Nepalese women in regards of empowerment. Similarly, Nanda Bahadur Pun was elected as Vice-President on Kartik 14th, 2072 BS. The Constituent Assembly-II was converted into Legislative Parliament as it completed its job of writing constitution. A new cabinet was formed under the premiership of the Chairperson of CPN (Maoist Centre) Pushpakamal Dahal on 19th Shrawan, 2073 BS. The first phase of local election was held on 31st Baisakh, 2074 BS. Then Sher Bahadur Deuba was appointed as 40th Prime Minister of Nepal on 23rd Jestha, 2074 BS. During his Primership, the Nanda Bahadur Pun second and third phase of local election was held on 14th (The Vice-President of Nepal) of Ashad and 2nd of Ashwin, 2074 BS respectively. The historical election of Federal and Provincial level was conducted in two phases. The first phase was held on 10th of Mangsir 2074 BS in 35 districts of hills and mountains and the second phase of election was held on 21st Mangsir, 2074 BS in remaining 42 districts. Similarly, the election of National Assembly was held on 24th of Magh, 2074 BS. Immediately after the completion of all level of election, K.P. Oli was appointed 41st Prime Minister of Federal Government of Nepal on 3rd of Falgun, 2074 BS. Krishna Bahadur Mahara was elected as the Speaker of House of Representatives on 26th Falgun, 2074 BS, Ganesh Timilshina was elected as the Chairperson of the National Assembly on 30th Falgun, 2074 BS and the President of Nepal Bidhya Devi Bhandari was re-elected as the President of Nepal on 29th Falgun, 2074 BS. The Vice-President Nanda Bahadur Pun was also re-elected as the new Vice-President of Nepal on 4th Chaitra, 2074 BS. Chronology after 2062/63 BS Date (in BS) Events 4th Jestha, 2063 Historical Declaration of House of Representatives 5th Mangsir, 2063 Signing on Comprehensive Peace Agreement 1st Magh, 2063 Promulgation of the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 28th Chaitra, 2064 Election of the Constituent Assembly I 15th Jestha, 2065 Nepal was declared as Republican State 6th Shrawan, 2065 Dr. Ram Baran Yadav elected as the First President of Nepal Pushpakamal Dahal elected as the First Prime Minister of 31st Shrawan, 2065 Republic of Nepal New cabinet formed under the premiership of Madhav Kumar 11th Jestha, 2066 Nepal Formation of Jhalanath Khanal led government 23rd Magh, 2067 Formation of Dr. Baburam Bhattarai led government 12th Bhadra, 2068 Constituent Assembly I dissolved 14th Jestha, 2069 Our Past 289

1st Chaitra, 2069 Formation of Interim Election Council under the Chairmanship of the Chief Justice-Khil Raj Regmi 4th Mangsir, 2070 Election of Constituent Assembly II held 27th Magh, 2070 Formation of Sushil Koirala led government 12th and 29th Baishakh, Great earthquake hit, huge loss of lives and properties 2072 3rd Ashwin, 2072 Constitution of Nepal promulgated 24th Ashwin, 2072 New government formed under the premiership of K.P. Oli 11th Kartik, 2072 Bidhya Devi Bhandari elected as President of Nepal 19th Shrawan, 2073 New cabinet formed under the premiership of the Chairperson of CPN (Maoist Centre) Pushpa Kamal Dahal 31st Baishakh, 2074 First phase local election 23rd Jestha, 2074 Sher Bahadur Deuba became Prime Minister 14th Ashad, 2074 Second phase of local election 2nd Ashwin, 2074 Third phase of local election 10th Mangsir, 2074 First phase of general election of Central and Provincial Parliament in 35 districts 21st Mangsir, 2074 Second phase of general election of Central and Provincial Parliament in 42 districts 24th Magh, 2074 Election of National Assembly 3rd Falgun, 2074 K.P. Oli appointed as 41st Prime Minister of Nepal 29th Falgun, 2074 The President Bidhya Devi Bhandari was re-elected as the new President of Nepal. 4th Chaitra, 2074 The Vice-President Nanda Bahadur Pun was re-elected as the new Vice-President of Nepal. 9th Magh, 2076 Election of National Assembly for one-third members. 12th Magh, 2076 Agni Prasad Sapkota elected on new Speaker of House of Representatives. Activities 1. “The political condition after the People’s Movement 2062/63 was unstable.” Discuss about its causes and consequences in the class. 2. Why was the government formed under the Chairmanship of Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi? Mention the achievements of that government. 290 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What was the Historical Declaration of House of Representatives? 2. When was the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed between the CPN (Maoist) and the Government of Nepal? 3. What is Constituent Assembly? 4. When was the Constitution of Nepal promulgated through Constituent Assembly? Short answer questions: 1. Constitution could not be formulated from the Constituent Assembly-I? Why? Mention the reasons. 2. “The present constitution of Nepal is a document of consensus.” Justify this statement. 3. Show the major political events occurred after 2062/63 BS in a timeline using appropriate scale. 4. Mention the reasons behind the establishment of republicanism in Nepal. 5. Present the list of major similarities and differences between the Panchayat period and 2059-2062 BS period in Nepal. 6. Differentiate between republicanism and monarchism in four points. Long answer questions: 1. Were the wills and aspirations of people fulfilled after the People’s Movement-II? Present your logics. 2. General elections, referendum and election of Constituent Assembly have been conducted in the history of Nepal. Now, mention the years in which they were held and show them in a timeline. 3. List out any four changes seen in the country after People’s Movement 2062/63 BS. Project Work Consult any political personality or use internet or read books to find out the facts about the People’s Movement-II and achievements obtained from it. Include the obtained opinion and your conclusion and then prepare a report on the basis of following sub- titles. a. Title b. Introduction c. Objectives d. Methodology e. Findings f. Conclusion and suggestion Our Past 291

8LESSON Social and Economic Achievements After People’s Movement-II With the aim to restore people’s right over the state authority, People’s Movement-II was launched for 19 days from 24th Chaitra, 2062 BS to 11th Baishakh, 2063 BS. This movement restored democratic system in the country. Many political incidents occurred after this movement. Lots of social and economic changes were made. Social Achievements Proportional Affirmative Inclusiveness Action End of Social Evils Social End of Increase in Achievements Discrimination Awareness Improved lifestyle M Proportional inclusiveness: Principle of proportional inclusiveness was adopted. It brought all the citizens of backward class, region, caste, language, gender, etc into the mainstream of development. It also ensured the participation of such citizens in the state affairs by ending all kinds of discrimination and oppression. M Affirmative Action: A provision of special privileges and opportunities has been made for the women, indigenous nationalities, Madhesi, Dalit, persons with disability and people from backward region on the basis of percentage. They are also provided with reservation in services and facilities to be provided by the state. It is to compensate them for past injustices. M End of discrimination: The custom of discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, language, region, gender, etc has been eliminated. The discrimination in the name of so-called upper caste and lower caste is now almost ended. Women have now reached at the highest positions of the state affairs. Madhesi people, who were backward regionally, have now reached in the level of ruling and access. M Improved lifestyle:After the success of People’s Movement-II, development activities have been operated smoothly because the existing conflict came to the end and peace has been restored. Rapid development of education, employment, communication, transportation, etc has made the lifestyle of people easier and comfortable. 292 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

M Increase in awareness: The level of people’s awareness has increased all of a sudden. Literacy has increased more than 65%. People have become conscious about their health. They are capable enough to identify the corruption and complain against it. M End of social evils: People have now started to be united for the development and prosperity of the community and nation rising above their political thought, caste, religion or any other matter. Cooperation, teamwork and friendship are rapidly increasing among the people which ultimately contributed in eradicating the evil practices from the society. Economic Achievements Economic Achievements Reduction in Increase in Increase Increase in Poverty Economic in Foreign Employment Growth Rate Investment Opportunity M Reduction in poverty: Poverty alleviation projects are running in various parts of the country by different donor countries and agencies. Remittance is increasing day by day. Foreign employment is gradually being managed. Periodic plans are in operation in the country. Consequently, the rate of poverty is decreasing and economic condition of the country is improving than before. M Increase in economic growth rate: After the People’s Movement-II, the country has made economic progress. Top priority has been given for the rapid economic growth by the government. Economic growth rate is gradually increasing. Big development projects are running in various parts of the country. M Increase in foreign investment: The end of conflict and restoration of peace opened the door to foreign investment. Many multinational companies are interested to invest in Nepal. Non-resident Nepalese are also investing in many sectors in the country. BIPPA and other agreements on transportation, cooperation, grant, etc have been made with various countries. M Increase in employment opportunity: New destinations for the foreign employment have been identified. Increasing service sectors like private schools, colleges, banks, etc are providing job opportunities to people. The government has brought various schemes related to self-employment. Our Past 293

Activities 1. What economic changes have been made in your family within last 5 years? Make a note and present in the class. 2. Discuss in the class about the social and economic achievements observed after the People’s Movement-II. Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What do you mean by political change? 2. What was the main achievement of People’s Movement-II? Write in a sentence. Short answer questions: 1. Present the social and economic achievements after the People’s Movement-II in a table. 2. Make a list of the positive changes occurred in your community after People’s Movement-II. 3. “Political change according to the will and aspiration of people brings social and economic changes in the country”. Present your logics in the form of an article for a newspaper. Long answer question: 1. Compare the social and economic achievements of the political changes occurred from 2007 to 2017 BS and after 2062/63 BS. Project Work What social and economic changes were made in your community after 2046 BS? On the basis of your observation and the consultation with a local senior citizen, prepare a report. 294 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

9LESSON Causes of the First World War Introduction The most expensive and bloody war till now which broke out from 28th July, 1914 AD to 28th June, 1919 AD is known as the First World War. It was fought for 1,565 days. It was a terrifying war in which almost all countries of the world were involved directly or indirectly against their rival groups and destroyed huge amount of lives and properties worldwide. In the First World War, military alliances were formed. France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Belgium, China, Japan, USA, etc were in an alliance called Allies Power whereas Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, etc were in another alliance called Axis Power. The Major Causes of the First World War 1. Groupism of European Countries: After the unification of Germany, Otto Von Bismarck became the Chancellor of Germany in 1870 AD. He adopted a policy of imperialism and annexed two important provinces of France called Alsace and Lorraine in 1871 AD. It sowed the seed of rivalry between these two countries. Frence felt much humiliated for losing those territories to Germany. At the same time, Bismarck thought that France could attack on Germany any time to take back Alsace and Lorraine. So, to protect Germany from French attack and isolate France, Bismarck signed a secret agreement with Austria-Hungary in 1879 AD and Italy in 1882 AD. This is called Triple Alliance. After the downfall of Otto Von Bismarck Bismarck in 1890 AD France also got chance to go against Germany. As a result, France also signed a secret treaty with Russia in 1894 AD and Britain in 1904 AD which is known as Triple Entente. Thus, European powers were divided into two strong hostile groups. There was suspicion, fear and political tension among the members of these rival alliances. Their activities spread jealousy and hatred against each other, which led to the outbreak of the First World War. 2. Extreme Nationalism: Nationalism is very important for the progress and prosperity of the nation. It reflects pride, loyalty and devotion of citizens to their nation. But, if nationalism is used for self-interest, it can be a curse to nation and humanity. Loving the nation more than enough and underestimating other is known as extreme nationalism or ultra nationalism. In this, people always think that their country, whether right or wrong, Our Past 295

is greatest of all. They even don’t accept the existence of others. After the unification of Germany and Italy, an extreme nationalism developed in European countries. Germans used to think that they were superior to others. The British thought of themselves as someone born to rule. French wanted to take revenge upon Germany. This feeling of extreme nationalism spread to other nations as well. It also caused the outbreak of the First World War. 3. Militarism: After the formation of two hostile alliances, both the groups felt insecure and increased the military strength. Powerful countries of Europe like England, France, Germany, Italy, etc spent a huge national income in military expenses. Compulsory military services were imposed on people. War materials were produced in the factories. Scientists were engaged to develop new weapons. There was competition between Germany and England to increase naval forces. For every ship Germany built, England would build two ships. Such a race could end only in a war. 4. Imperialism and Colonialism: Imperialism is domination and colonialism is rule by one country over other. After industrial revolutions, the industrial countries of Europe needed markets to sell their products and to acquire raw materials for their industries. They started to search for new places in different parts of the world. Many countries of Asia and Africa were colonized by England and France. Spain and Portugal colonized South America. Similarly, Netherlands, Denmark, etc also had their colonies in different parts of the world. After the unification of Germany and Italy, they also became imperialist countries and joined in the race of making colonies. Every country wanted to extend its empire which created tensions and rivalries among European nations. 5. Character of William II: German emperor William II was very arrogant and proud. He wanted Germany to be almighty in the world. He believed in the policy of “World power or Downfall”. He was not ready to make any compromise in international affairs. He wanted to have his own way in every case. He wanted to dominate England anyhow. His view was to accept all his demands by Englishmen rather than fight against him. It created tension between England and Germany. 6. Role of Newspapers: The newspapers published from Europe during that time used to inflame nationalistic feeling by publishing fake news. Instigating, imaginary and misleading news awakened the feeling of revenge. German William II newspapers used to publish news against British. They used to provoke the unnecessary propaganda and misinterpret the situation. The newspapers of Austria and Serbia were also having ill-intention and prejudice with each 296 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

other. They often created conflicts and poisoned the public thoughts against each other. ItNorway increased the war sentiment in people.Sweden 7. Balkan Crisis: Before the First World War many countries of Balkan region like Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, etc were under the rule of Turkey which was called the Ottoman Empire. Turkey had imposed suppressive rule over the Christian people of this region. They wanted independence from Ottoman Empire. So, the four Balkan countries: Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro formed an alliance called Balkan League and made an agreement to launch war against Turkey, get independence and divide the land obtained from Turkey equally. Thus, Balkan League attacked Turkey in 1912 AD and was defeated easily because it was too weak to protect its territory. Hence Turkey was called the “Sick Man of Europe” in those days. In course of the war, Balkan League and Turkey signed a treaty in London that made the countries of Balkan League independent from Turkey. Albania was declared a new Balkan country, and remaining land was divided among the countries of Balkan League. It is called the First Balkan War. But, Bulgaria was dissatisfied with Serbia while dividing the obtained land. Germany and Austria agitated Bulgaria. Hence, Bulgaria attacked Serbia in 1913 AD. This is called the Second Balkan War. In this war, Serbia was supported by other countries of Balkan League and Bulgaria was defeated. Serbia became a big country. Such crisis in Balkan region increased the war sentiment and became one of the causes of the First World War. 8. Rebellious Feeling of Bosnia and Herzegovina: The two provinces of Turkey located at Balkan region: Bosnia and Herzegovina were given to Austria-Hungary by the Congress of Berlin in 1878 AD. However, Austria-Hungary was given the right merely to occupy and govern over them and not to annex them. The sovereignty of the Sultan of Turkey was Denmark N Netherland Our Past Central Powers Allied Power Neutral Nations Minority groups in Austria-Hungary 297

maintained over them. But Austria-Hungary annexed them in 1908 AD. This brought forth bitter protests from Serbia. A strong agitation started in Serbia to separate these provinces from Austria-Hungary and unite them with Serbia. The people of Bosnia and Herzegovina were more anxious for their independence from Austria-Hungary than for their union with Serbia because they were Serbia origin and their culture, language and lifestyle were same as Serbian. However, they were willing to accept help from Serbia in its efforts to become independent. Thus, the youths of Bosnia and Herzegovina formed a spy organization called “Black Hand Society” or “Unity or Death” to revolt against the seize of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. As Serbia was supporting them, the rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Serbia became very strong and by 1914 AD it resulted into a war. 9. Immediate Cause: The assassination of Austrian heir Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Chotek was the immediate cause of the First World War. On 28th June, 1914 AD when the Austrian crown prince Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Chotek visited Bosnian capital Sarajevo, a nineteen years old Bosnian student named Gavrilo Princep assassinated this couple, shooting from nearby. He was the member of Black Hand Society, a secret organization formed by Serbian youths to Assassination of Austrian heir take revenge with Austria-Hungary for their occupation over Bosnia-Herzegovina. The relation of Austria and Serbia was already bad, this event made their relation even worse. Austria blamed Serbia for this murder. On the instigation of Germany, the emperor of Austria Francis Joseph sent an ultimatum letter containing twelve points demand to King Peter of Serbia on 23rd July, 1914 AD whose answers had to be replied within 48 hours. There were two major demands: to suppress the Black Hand and to permit Austrian official to supervise the suppression. On 25th July, 1914 AD, Serbian King Peter replied it stating that they could fulfil eleven demands. He stated for the last one demand that they could suppress the Black Hand but would not permit the Austrian officials to supervise it. Austria-Hungary outraged by the reply of Serbia, made a military attack against Serbia on 28th July, 1914 AD. Russia sent troops to support Serbia while Germany declared war against Russia. France and England declared war against Germany and Austria. Thus, the First World War began. Chronology of the First World War Date (in AD) Events 28th July, 1914 The emperor of Austria-Hungary Franz Joseph declared war against Serbia and Austria-Hungarian army bombarded on Serbian capital city Belgrade. 298 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10

29th July, 1914 Russian government ordered its army to protect Serbia. Russia also entered into war. 30th July, 1914 Germany pressured Russian Emperor Tsar Nicolas-II to get back its 1st Aug, 1914 force. 3rd Aug, 1914 Germany declared war against Russia as Russia did not bring its force back and France ordered its force to support Russia. 4th Aug, 1914 12th Aug, 1914 Germany declared war against France. German troops entered 20th Oct, 1914 Belgium to attack France. Britain pressurized Germany to bring its 24th May, 1915 force back. 15th Oct, 1915 27th Aug, 1916 Britain declared war against Germany as it did not bring its force 28th Aug, 1916 back from Belgium. 6th April, 1917 7th Aug, 1918 Britain and France declared war against Austria-Hungary. 9th Nov, 1918 28th June, 1919 First Battle of Ypres began and many soldiers died in the war of Belgium city, Ypres. Italy declared war against Austria-Hungary Britain declared war against Bulgaria. Romania declared war against Austria-Hungary. Italy declared war against Germany. USA declared war against Germany. Black Day of German force as it was loss-oriented. German Emperor Kaiser William II fled to Holland to take asylum. Paris Peace Conference, Versailles Treaty and end of the war. Activities 1. Unhealthy competition, jealousy, revengeful and negative thought, etc are the clearly seen as the causes of the First World War. These are also the obstacles in the personal development. Such elements should be removed from our mentality. Discuss with the friends and list the measures to remove such elements. 2. How can the conflict and tension be prevented? Discuss and write the measures. Our Past 299

Exercise Very short answer questions: 1. What were Triple Alliance and Triple Entente? 2. What was Ottoman Empire? 3. Which country was called the “Sick man of Europe” before the First World War and why? 4. What was Balkan League? Why was it formed? 5. What was the immediate cause of the First World War? 6. When did the First World War break out and end? Short answer questions: 1. How did groupism invite the First World War? 2. Differentiate between Nationalism and extreme nationalism. 3. Write the basic difference between Imperialism and colonialism. 4. How was the character of Kaiser William responsible for the outbreak of the First World War? 5. How did the First World War break out? Explain. 6. If you were the Serbian King Peter, what and how would you reply to the threatening of Austro-Hungarian King and why? 7. Show the major events of the First World War in a time line. Long answer question: 1. What was the First World War? Describe any six causes of the First World War. Project Work Make a table as given below and mention the persons, their posts and places mentioned in the lesson. Person Post Place/Country Otto Von Bismarck Chancellor Germany William II Tsar Nicolas-II Francis Joseph Sophie Chotek 300 SOCIAL STUDIES - GRADE 10