Mosiacque Magazine September Final Edition

Special thanks to Rishi Modi, Victor Manickam, Hari Kotian, Bharat Nijhawan and Swati Save...

Communications @ sweetspot.org

Leader Index SR. ESSAY TITLE LEADER NAME INSTITUTE N. O. 1 Preface: Going for the Gold or Goal: Editor-in-Chief Future Young Leader’s Institute A Challen ge worth playing for... Swati Save, Ph.D. 2 Making the Millennium Development Goals Chandrika Bahadur Sustainable Development Solutions Matter for India New Delhi, India 3 India's Finest Hour D. P. Prakash, Ph.D. / IBM Asha for Education, Vermont 4 Women's Leadership: The Key to Advancing Kavita Ramdas Global Fund for Women, Millennium Development Goals San Francisco, CA 5 It's Time for Africa Ashish Thakkar Mara Group, Dubai /Uganda 6 Post-2015 as the litmus test for Shannon Kindornay Carleton University, Canada Global Governance 7 Washington, D.C. is Open for Business Harold Pettigrew Business Global Solutions Washington DC 8 Cybertecture - Innovating the Fabric of James Law Cybertecture International, Mankind Hongkong 9 Health Care in India Bhaswati Bhattacharya, AAPI, New York City M.D., Ph.D. 10 My Dreams Are Not For Sale Author Swati Save, Ph.D. 11 International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) Anand Kumar Pandey ICSC, United Nations H.Q. NY 12 Building a Gender Equal Society in India Rema Venu UNICEF, Nairobi, Keniya 13 Terpenoids And Phenylpropanoids -An Vijai K. Agnihotri, Ph.D. Institute Of Himalayan Bioresource Important Group of Natural Products Technology, Himachal Pradesh, 14 Serving the Community through Sapna Gupta, Ph.D. State College, Florida, the Curriculum 15 Of Mosquitoes and Men...Combating Malaria Shoba Subramanian, Ph.D. Carnegie Mellon University, in the 21st Century Pennsylvania, PA 16 The Asian Social Issues Program (ASIP) Shyama Venkateswar, Ph.D. Asia Society, New York 17 An Indian's venture into the World of Nima Raghunathan, Ph.D. University Of Liege, Sustainability… Brussels, Belgium 18 A Few Good Men (& Women)... Milan Mantri Vastardis Fund Services LLC, San Francisco, Bay Area 19 Currents in ALS Research: Harnessing India's Jaydeep M. Bhatt, M.D. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Innate Strength Columbia, University NY 20 My Marathi Hemangi Joshi Deodhar Brihan Maharashtra Mandal (BMM) New Jersey 21 Imagining India without AIDS: The Role of Kalpana Gupta, Ph.D. REGENERON, New York the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative

Leader Index SR. ESSAY TITLE LEADER NAME INSTITUTE N. O. 22 International Council for Local Environmental Tanya Imola ICLEI - Local Governments for Initiatives (ICLEI) Sustainability World Secretariat, Canada 23 Imagining Ourselves, Sadaf Siddique Imagining Ourselves International A Project By The International Museum Of Women Museum of Women, San Francisco 24 Washington Leadership Program Nisha Jain Indian American Center for Political Awareness Washington DC 25 Pugwash Conferences on Science Lina Nayak PUGWASH, Stanford University and World Affairs San Francisco, CA 26 MAIYTRA Lakshmi Bhargave Roomations, Chicago, IL 27 Human Gene Encoding Manjot Kaur National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 28 STAND UP Against Poverty Anand Kantaria Global Media Coordinator, U.N. Stand Up For The Millennium Campaign, UNDP, NY Millennium Development Goals 29 New Strides for Global Science Nina Sen New York Academy of Sciences, NY 30 Youth Employment Summit Poonam Ahluwalia Education Development Center Newton, MA 31 Low Power Embedded Systems Prof. Rajit Manohar, Ph.D. Computer Systems Laboratory, Cornell University, Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellow, NY 32 India in The Emerging Scientific Scenario Prof. Shiladitya Sen, M.D. Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospitals, Boston, MA 33 The Public Health Foundation of India: Sheila Vishwanathan, Ph.D. Safeway, San Francisco CA Rallying the Troops 34 Towards Direct Democracy Sudha Nair Mindpool Consultants Hyderabad, India 35 Translating grassroots work into Human Arunabha Ghosh, Ph.D. Council On Energy, Environment Development - Why Human Development And Water(CEEW), New Delhi, Matters to a Nation, An Indian Analysis India 36 Implications of Fiscal Policy in India Rathin Roy Ph.D. National Institute Of Public Finance And Policy(NIPFP), New Delhi 37 Diabetes in both rural and urban India- Vikram Sheel Kumar M.D. Department of Clinical Pathology, What is going on? Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 38 Sangli Community-led Sanitation Project: Pratibha Joshi GIS Shelter, Pune A CBO Success Story 39 The Ocean Cleanup Boyan Slat The Ocean Cleanup, Netherlands

Leader Index SR. ESSAY TITLE LEADER NAME INSTITUTE NO. 40 Cognitive \"Locus Coeruleus\" Adila Elobeid, Ph.D., M.D. \"UNESCO L'Oreal Fellowship\" Sudan 41 Ambidextrous Innovation, Ananth Natarajan Infinite Biomedical Dexterous Prosthetics M.D., Ph.D. Technologies (IBT), San Marino, CA 42 The Power of Purpose in Leading Rashmir Balasubramaniam NSANSA, London, UK Transformational Change 43 Living a Life Beyond Code Rajesh Shetty Silicon Valley, California 44 Evolution of Wireless Networks and its Sanjoy Paul, Ph.D. Accenture Technology LAB, Impact on Future Internet Design New Jersey 45 Design for India's Elastic Cities Anab Jain Superflux Lab, London, UK 46 Water Losses in Asia Andre Dizikus, Ph.D. U. N. Habitat, Germany 47 Causing the Extraordinary Bea Benkova The Global Institute for Extraordinary Women Prague, Czech Republic 48 The Importance of Identity and Building a Brian Bwe Bwesigye The Centre for African Cultural Multicultural Society Excellence, Kampala, Uganda 49 Molecular Gastronomy in Harmony with Nature Chef Homaru Cantu ING & Moto Restaurant, Chicago 50 The Innovstion Defining a Culture of Sucecess Adam Rasheed, Ph.D. Data Analytics and Operations Research, General Electric, GE, Global Research, NY 51 Wetlands of Pir Panjal Range in the Harish Dutt, Ph.D. The Himalayan Ecological and Middle Himalayas Conservation Research Foundation, Jammu And Kashmir 52 Innovation in Open Networks - Creative JoichI Ito MEDIA LAB, MIT, Commons, the Next Layer of Openness Boston MA /Japan 53 CSR & Sustainability Thought Leadership Daan Elffers, Ph.D., M.B.A. EMG CSR Consultancy Amsterdam, Nederlands 54 Providing irrigation access to farmers in Aditi Mukherji, Ph.D. International Center Of Integrated West Bengal Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Nepal 55 Global Water Partnership Alex Simalabwi Global Water Policy, Stockholm, Mozambique / Sweden 56 Biodiversity as a Resource for Adapting Andrew Muir Wilderness Foundation, to Climate Change Johannesburg, SA 57 Food Security in Kenya: Kimani Munji, Ph. D. Institute is Kenya Agricultural Rice Research Agenda Research Institute, Kenya

SR. ESSAY TITLE Leader Index INSTITUTE NO. LEADER NAME 58 Policy document of the India Survey Future Young Leaders Institute Opinion Poll Future Young Leaders CampaignConducted by Prof. Pradeep Haldar, Ph. D. College of Nanoscale Science & Future Young Leader’s Initiative Engineering, Albany NY 59 Powering the Future with Nanotechnology Prof. Javier Garcia Martinez, Rive Technologies and University of 60 Rive technologies, Chemical Element Ph. D. Alicante, Spain in Millennium Development Goals Prof. Adrian Cheok, Ph. D City University London, UK,/Japan. 61 Taste and Smell Internet: A Multisensory (Media) Communication Breakthrough Daniel San Martin Fisiogames Company, Santa Catarina, Brasil 62 An Innovative Brazilian Game Company Abhinav Shashank InnovAccer, New Delhi, India Shruti Agrawal, Ph. D. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 63 Dream. Think. Innovate. Columbia University, Palisades, NY 64 Geoscience education: Learning from field Author Janet White, Ph. D. Bill And Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle observations Author Maaza Mengiste City University of NY (CUNY), 65 Daughter's Dilemma - A Book Summary New York / Ethiopia 66 Beneath the Lion's Gaze 67 Music Diplomacy Sweekar Katti & Vile Parle, Mumbai Avadhoot Phadke 68 History, Ethnography and Policy, and their Naseemah Mohamed Center For African effects on the definition, role and outcomes Ogunnaike Culture Excellence, Harvard of Education University, Boston, MA Alhaji E. A Mahama Youth In Agriculture Programme, 69 YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN GHANA - GHANA A case Study of Ghana's Youth in Agriculture Dalumuzi H. Mhlanga Programme University of Oxford,UK/Zimbabwe 70 Lead Us Today: Mme Tamoifo Nkom Marie Jeunesse Verte, Cameroon Bringing our best selves in service of Ilmas Futehally Strategic Foresight Group, OUR common good Mumbai, India Arnold A Mushongi, Ph. D. National Maize Breeder, Tanzania 71 For My Vision for Africa 72 The Blue Peace: Rethinking Middle East Water - An International Report Highlights 73 Transforming Tanzania’s Agrarian Sector through Maize Breeding

Leader Index SR. ESSAY TITLE LEADER NAME INSTITUTE NO. 74 Oslo’s Young World Leader serves Bjarte Reve Nansen Neuroscience Network, Table for Two Oslo, Norway 75 Ebola Viral Disease And Ebola Virus: Vikrant C. Sangar, Ph.D. Haffkine Institute, Mumbai 76 Counter Culture Coffee Kim Elena Lonescu Durham, North Carolina 77 Solutions for Water Melaine Giard World Water Council, Paris, France 78 BUDRUS - Just Vision Ronit Avni Just Vision 79 Re: Focus, Simple Ideas To Help You Thrive Simon Sinek Start with Why, Boston, MA 80 Miss Arizona 2014 Alexa Rogers Miss America Organization 81 Drug Discovery & Development in Bangladesh Prof. Shamsun Khan, Ph.D. University of Dhaka, Bangladesh 82 Current Research in Secondary Metabolism of Summit Gandhi Ph.D. Scientist, CSIR, Jammu Medicinal Plants in India 83 Kerosene: still a burning issue in Africa Kristine Pearson Lifeline Energy, Cape Town, South Africa 84 The China Dream Peggy Liu Joint US-China Collaboration on Clean Energy Beijing , China 85 Which future do we want ? Oswaldo Lucon, Ph.D. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 86 Climate Change and Developing Countries Ambuj Sagar, Ph.D. IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India 87 Renewable Energy Development in Rural India Aneri Patel United Nations Foundation, Washigton DC 88 Investing in Women in India Azad Oommen American India Foundation, NY 89 Global Health Forum Bidisha Sinha Department of Health Services Chicago, IL 90 Adaptive Water Resources Management Shaleen Jain, Ph.D. University of Maine, Maine in A Changing Climate 91 Prisoners and Preachers as Partners in Science Nalini M. Nadkarni, Ph.D. Professor of Environmental Studies Communication University Of Utah, Utah 92 Exploring a career in science policy at the Priya Sreedharan, Ph.D., P.E. American Association for the National Academies Advancement of Science, Washington DC 93 Ten Simple yet Powerful & Practical Solutions Prof. Javier Rivero-Diaz, Instituto de Empresa and for Economic Transformation of a Nation Ph.D. Politecnica, University of Madrid, Spain 94 Infectious Diseases & Climate Change Purvi Shah, B.D.S University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey 95 Agents of Change Shivana Naidoo SustainUS, Chicago, IL

Leader Index SR. ESSAY TITLE LEADER NAME INSTITUTE NO. 96 The Bay Islands: An Outstanding Opportunity Joseph Molina Bay Islands Trust, Honduras for Investment in Honduras 97 Secrets of Voice Over for Success Joan Baker & Rudy Gaskins Push Creative Advertising New York, NY 98 Mergers and Acquisitions in India Chirag Thakkar University of Maryland, Focus on - Pricing for Smaller Vs Mega deals Robert H. Smith School of Business, MD 99 Interlinkages between Environmental Change Prof. Haimanti Bhattacharya, Department Of Economics, and Development Ph.D. University Of Utah, Utah 100 Harnessing soil and water resources for Engr. Christopher Olukunmi, Federal University of Technology, increased rice productivity in Africa Ph.D. Nigeria 101 Igniting a Global Movement Kate Roberts Population Services International (PSI) To Improve the Health of Girls and Women Washington D.C. 102 Being Frugally Happy Manjula Dhupati Twinsburg, Ohio 103 Biodiesel As An Autofuel: Steps Towards Neha Mukhi World Bank, Washington D.C. Managing The Soaring Transportation Fuel Demand In India 104 Global environmental change and Millennium Prof. P. V. Sundareshwar, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences Development Goals in India Ph.D. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, SD 105 India and Pakistan in a Security Community Prof. Kanti Bajpai, Ph.D. The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 106 Partnering for Poverty Reduction: Sanjay Gandhi Growing Sustainable Business The Growing Sustainable Business Initiative Initiative, Bureau for Resources and Strategic Partnerships, UNDP, NY 107 Media and Development Lalit K. Jha The Indian Express. NY 108 Restaurant Noma: an exquisite experience Nordic Food Ambassador Noma Restaurant, Copenhagen, in Nordic Cuisine Rene Redzepi & Team Denmark 109 End of Famine in Africa Dr. Vincent Kitio, Ph. D. UN-Habitat, Cameroon 110 Efficient Internet Access over Sumathi Gopal, Ph. D. Ortiva Wireless Inc., San Diego, CA Wireless Networks 111 Social Entrepreneurs on Common Ground Sohini Bhattacharya, Ph. D. Ashoka Innovators, Virginia 112 Leading Science in Africa Dr. Segnet Kelemu International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) Nairobi, Kenya/Ethiopia 113 Women Scientist of Americas Adriana De la Cruz Molina Interamerican Network of Academies of Sciences (IANAS),Mexico

Going for the Gold or Goal: A Challenge worth playing for… This editorial article will highlight three successful He further says the following around accomplishing his persons, who had created strategic partnerships in the mission, “For an endeavor anywhere near this magnitude, world to produce unprecedented, and extraordinary your success depends on the capacity of other people to results. Within this context I am highlighting following carry it successfully to the end. There are no LONE people. They are 1) Thomas Edison known for RANGERS. My individual effect on the outcome didn't “ inventing the twentieth century” with his 1093 lifetime last for more than five years. As other individuals, through inventions, 2) Bill Payne known for bringing summer empowerment, took on significant responsibilities with Olympics to Atlanta in 1996 and 3) 27yr old Sabeer Bhatia zealous commitment, and at the end we all enjoyed for creating hotmail. success bringing Olympics home.” The take home message I received after reading about this partnership The first partnership I am highlighting is that of Thomas was “partnerships will sustain an effort long before Edison's - the world's greatest inventor, “the man who rationality will support it.” invented twentieth century”- had an amazing team at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Edison's The third example I am highlighting, is of the creation of partnership with Henry Ford, Harvey Firestone and other Hotmail by Sabeer Bhatia & his partner Jack Smith, that great American leaders allowed important ideas to described themselves as “Two 27 year old guys who had flourish not only for their own businesses but for the no experience with consumer products, who never advancement of American business overall. From 1876 to managed anybody, who had no experience in software – 1881, Edison and his team set the goal of cranking out Jack & I were hardware engineers. All we had was the idea one minor invention every 10 days and one major – we didn't have a prototype or even a dummied graphics invention every six months. Many of Edison's 1093 interface. I just sketched on whiteboard.” An idea inventions came from a five-year spurt of genius according to them was outright dismissed, although they originating in an upstairs room in his laboratory in New had an unquenchable sense of destiny and grew their Jersey – 100 feet long & 30 feet wide with a long bench company faster in the history of the world. They launched down the center and shelves along the walls. Edison had a the company on July 4th 1996 with $300,000 borrowed 5 member inner circle and 10 junior scientists money and sold it on December 31st 1997to Microsoft contributing towards his innovative inventions. The take for $400 Million. This again is an example of partnership home message I got after reading about Thomas Edison's that caused unprecedented results. strategic partnership is “every great partnership divvies up its talent to multiply its effectiveness and not Each partnership I have highlighted above has an element replicating efforts, thereby producing unprecedented in it to learn from. Thomas Edison's partnership caused breakthrough results”. breakthrough inventions, Bill Payne's partnership was in the area of creating a historic moment, and Hotmail's The second partnership I am highlighting is that of Bill partnership was a breakthrough in generating Payne's – the man who brought Olympics to Atlanta in unprecedented wealth in short span of time. 1996. Bill Payne says the following about partnership that helped him achieve this endeavor “the most important We Are In This Together. Sharing. For Our Common thing about establishing goals is to make sure they are Future. Causing The Miraculous. important to other people in addition to you. In other words, there's a great tendency to be self-serving –'I want Enjoy reading the Op-Ed, Editorials,Reports, and to have the biggest house', ' I want to be the head of the Interviews of the outstanding Young World Leaders from company', 'I want to make the most money'. What is most 33 Countries and diverse background. important according to Mr. Payne is what in fact brings joy in life is a goal that while it benefits and motivates you it by also benefits others.” Dr. Swati Save Editor in Chief Mosiacque-Magazine 1

Making the Millennium Development Goals matter for India In September 2000, over one hundred and eighty leaders MDG-based strategies from around the world gathered in New York for the first meeting of the United Nations in the 21st century. A new But the MDGs will only succeed if they move from being era was upon the world and the mood was hopeful and aspirations to being central to government decision- optimistic. Under the leadership of the UN Secretary- making. Business as usual will defeat their raison d'etre. General Kofi Annan, world leaders signed up to what How does this transition happen? The UN Millennium became known as the Millennium Declaration- an Project was tasked in 2002 by the United Nations articulation of new hopes that the world's most daunting Secretary-General, Kofi Annan to recommend challenges could be met and together, great strides could operational strategies to achieve the MDGs. The main be made to improve human wellbeing. While the recommendation of the Project was a direct response to Declaration was far-reaching in its scope, covering issues this challenge- to urge all countries to integrate the MDGs like security, human rights and UN reform, an important into their ongoing policy programs and develop what the focus of the document was on economic and social Project called MDG-based development strategies. development. If done right, these strategies would: The Millennium Declaration brought together many  Be ambitious enough to achieve the goals previous goals and commitments and organized them in  Be broad enough in scope to cover all of the relevant two important ways: first, it simplified them from a areas needed to achieve the goals bewildering array of objectives to eight easily understood  Be based on sector strategies that in turn derive from dimensions of a decent life-poverty and hunger country needs, or the full set of actions needed reduction, universal education, gender equality, reduction in each area in child and maternal deaths, stopping the spread of  Be situated in a long term context and infectious diseases, improving environmental  Be accompanied by adequate financing and linked to sustainability and doing all of this together in a annual budgets. partnership between rich and poor countries. Second, it attached quantified and time bound targets to each of the A “needs based” approach to planning goals, making it easy to track progress. Known as the An MDG-based strategy is important primarily because it Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), these goals provides a “needs based” approach to budgeting. This is a have become a central guiding framework for clear departure from traditional budgeting practice-in the development. case of many countries; for example, current year budgets are simply calculated as last year's budgets with a small The hard work began after the Summit- what did the premium to account for inflation. Development budgets MDGs mean to world leaders after the pomp and are therefore, based on historically set patterns. ceremony of the UN summit was over? How would the Development challenges on the other hand, evolve based MDGs alter national decision-making and how would on changing demographic, social and economic trends. international development work change to reflect these The result is an often-unbelievable chasm between real, commitments? Was there a way of holding governments on-the-ground needs and policy responses. For example, accountable for promises made, or where the MDGs just average public health spending in low-income African that-- high sounding promises? countries ranges between $3-7 per capita. The cost of provision of a basic, no-frills public health care package The MDGs are far from perfect. The goals are often has been estimated at approximately $34-40 per capita- an called simplistic; there are complaints that the order of magnitude higher! accompanying targets and indicators are limiting and fail to take account of important goals and targets agreed to The MDGs are important because they provide a bridge in the past decades. Many of these criticisms are real- across this chasm. They are the world's first measurement and monitoring challenges are significant internationally agreed goals, accepted by rich and poor and there will always be disagreement on the “right” set of countries, by the Bretton Woods Institutions (BWIs) and international targets. However, despite these the UN system. This means that the “needs” of a country imperfections, the MDGs have already been critical in to achieve the MDGs are defined by the MDGs. As shared bringing a sense of coherence to often confusing and objectives, therefore, they allow countries to plan around myriad processes and projects in international the MDGs, and enable the BWIs and the UN system, and development. They provide, for the first time, an entry donor countries to program their support around the point for goal-based planning, where promises and MDGs. actions are tied closely to outcomes and results. 2

In practical terms, this means that the fundamental In this context, the MDGs are both a challenge and an question policy makers ask is “what will take for my opportunity-they are a challenge because they compel the country to achieve the MDGs?” rather than the current country to mobilize and direct resources towards question which guides them, that is “how far can my problems that it has been struggling with for decades, and country make progress, based on existing resource increasingly, problems that are unfashionable to talk constraints?” At a fundamental level, this pivotal shift about. The UN Millennium Project estimates that despite assumes that an effective framework of international the rapid growth and increased domestic revenues, India cooperation exists that can support ambitious will continue to need external assistance for specific social development strategies. How reasonable is this and infrastructure investments for some years to come. assumption? Estimates made by a study conducted by the UN Millennium Project in collaboration with the Indian The work of the UN Millennium Project has calculated Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, showed that in that the MDGs are achievable within the existing the three states with the largest pockets of poverty commitments of the rich world- the OECD countries (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh), meeting have repeatedly committed to increasing development the MDGs would cost approximately between $110-$115 assistance to 0.7 percent of Gross National Income. Well- per capita annually from 2005-2015. There has been no directed assistance to all low-income countries to achieve corresponding analysis to show if these resources can be the MDGs, in addition to increased domestic resource mobilized domestically- the UN Millennium Project mobilization in these countries would amount to 0.54 aggregate estimates suggest that this is unlikely in the percent of the rich world's income by 2015, making the immediate term (though if the economy continues to MDGs entirely affordable. grow upwards of 6 percent per annum, India would graduate from needing ODA by 2015). For many people, India--an opportunity and a challenge the idea of foreign aid is increasingly unpalatable and jars with the image of India as an emerging economic super Where does India stand in such a discussion? The enviable power. Further, goal-based planning is not new for India; economic performance of the last two decades has generations of 5-year plans have set ambitious targets created a dilemma—on one hand, the economy is (often more so than the MDGs) and programmed amongst the world's largest and fastest growing, leading to government spending around them. rapid decreases in aggregate rates of income poverty, and a rise in income levels of a growing section of the So why are the MDGs an opportunity? For one, because population. On the other hand, India still has the dubious they put the international spotlight on government distinction of lagging behind on many of the MDGs- it is efforts, especially in comparison to progress being made home to 221 million undernourished people (the highest elsewhere. Second, they provide a common framework in any single country). Child mortality rates of 93 per 1000 for international cooperation around efforts to achieve live births in 2001 are not falling fast enough to meet the the Goals. They enable the government, NGOs, and MDG. Maternal mortality rates of 407 per 100,000 are development partners to direct collective effort towards also too slow to achieve the three quarters reduction improving social and economic outcomes for the necessary to achieve the MDGs. India is home to nearly underprivileged sections of the population, thereby 25 percent of the world's Tuberculosis (TB) cases, beginning an attempt to spread the fruits of India's amounting to nearly 2 million cases annually of a disease economic success. Third, they provide clear, measurable that is entirely curable. HIV/AIDS remains a serious benchmarks for progress, enable reasonable estimates of challenge and public policy responses so far have been far resources needed, thus making it easier to use “needs- from adequate. Sustainable access to safe drinking water based planning” to tie policy decisions and investments to and sanitation facilities remains a pipe dream for over 40 real, on-the-ground outcomes. percent of the rural population. So while the economic success of the country is creating new and exciting The MDGs are not ambitious objectives-they represent opportunities for progress on all of these fronts, success the very minimum set of acceptable conditions for decent is not inevitable. It will require a concerted effort to human existence. There is no technical reason for any address the health, nutrition and infrastructure challenges, country not to achieve them by 2015. For India, they offer especially for the approximately 260 million people below a real opportunity to decisively shift upwards, the the poverty line. trajectory of social development especially in those areas 3

where progress is slow. Just as India is demonstrating leadership and dynamism in its economic performance, it should systematically develop and implement a strategy for achieving the MDGs, riding on the momentum of its economic performance to ensure that all Indians, irrespective of caste, income levels, gender or region, have the opportunity to benefit from it. Chandrika Bahadur is Policy Advisor with a primary responsibility for facilitating the work of the Task Forces on Poverty and Economic Development; Hunger; and Education and Gender Equality. She is also responsible for helping to ensure gender issues are incorporated across all Task Forces of the Millennium Project. Previously Chandrika worked with the UNDP Regional Program on HIV and AIDS for South and Southwest Asia in New Delhi and also as a consultant to UNDP's Bureau for Development Policy, working on trade policy issues. She holds a Masters in Public Administration and International Development from the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, a Masters in Business Administration from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, and a Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Economics from the University of Delhi. by Chandrika Bahadur Director, For Education Initiatives, Sustainable Development Solution, New Delhi INDIA 4

India's Finest Hour On 2047, August 15, India will complete 100 years as an (Iwe must get closer to the government and participate in independent nation. The report card will be out on all the democracy. newspapers. How well did the largest democracy do with the precious state of independence the ancestors The government's development programs need to be struggled for? Is India closing in on universal quality demystified - citizens should know the plans and budgets education? Is abject poverty a thing of the past? Is the for every village and hold the govt accountable for the citizenry actively participating in shaping public policy? same (ii) Organizations should find ways to work together Whether the media reports will be celebrations of a rather than in silos. Forums like India Development nation's meticulously planned success or woeful criticisms Coalition of America (IDCA), Rejuvenate India of opportunities missed for short term gains of a few, will Movement (RIM) that are attempting to foster depend on what we each do today. cooperation to accelerate rural development should be embraced (iii) Younger volunteers especially at the grass Asha was founded in 1991 with a focus on basic education roots need to be mentored and where necessary need to in India. An action group driven by a spirit of be supported financially (iv) Information Technology volunteerism, and a decentralized organization model, needs to be leveraged as it plays to India's strength in a Asha allowed ordinary people to participate, to learn, and services driven global marketplace. to contribute to the underserved children all over India. With over 500 project covering 20 states of India, 500 The author has been an Asha volunteer since 1992. The active volunteers and thousands of donors, today Asha opinions stated here are his own and is not intended as after 14 years has reached out to over 150,000 children. Asha-wide opinion. With 180 Million children out of school in India, what this D P Prakash was born in Chennai, India on Dec 31, means in the larger picture is Asha's effort over 15 years 1967. As grandson of a farmer from a small village, has touched less than 0.1% of the children in need. Periyapanicheri, in the outskirts of Chennai, he grew up loving village life. After attending Vidya Mandir High Looking across Asha like organizations that have School, in the Chennai city, he graduated with a B Tech in followed similar trajectories, it is clear that independently Electronics & Communication Engineering from IIT functioning non-profit organizations are simply not Madras. In 1997 he finished a Ph.D in Electrical equipped to handle the immense scale of effort necessary Engineering from University of California, Los Angeles. to reach out to every child. The government of India Currently he is an Advisory Engineer at Microelectronics alone has the ability to handle the problem of scale in a division of IBM Systems & Technology sustainable manner. What Asha like NGOs can do better however is in going deeper into the issues by Group working on world leading nano technology. While segment of children, to try new approaches for at UCLA he co-founded Asha-LA, one of the early intervention, learn quickly, surface the best practices from chapters of Asha for Education, an action group to around India and the world that the government can learn provide education to underprivileged children in India. from and adopt into mainstream practice. Children with His envisions Universal Quality Education (UQE) 2047, disabilities, orphans, sex workers, marginalized tribals, Project Honor, to facilitate equal opportunity and self- rural children, slum children, children of prisoners - each reliance for all 700,000 villages of India. segment needs careful attention. One size does not fit all. So this is where Asha like NGOs have a vital role, as effective catalysts that influence public policy. On 2047, August 15, India will complete 100 years as an by independent nation and enter its finest hour. Will \"no village left behind\" become a reality? Will there be visible D. P. Prakash/ IBM change on the streets? Will India's ordinary citizens like Asha for Education you and me rise to the call of honor and deliver? I believe Vermont we can. But every dream has a price. This great Indian dream will require us to think and act in new ways. 5

Women's Leadership: the Key to Advancing Millennium Development Goals “India leads the world in…” - the Indian professionals mortality, to develop programs to organize and mobilize in Silicon Valley could fill in this opening line with all kinds women workers in some of the most underpaid sectors of of good news related to India's rate of economic growth, the economy. They are brave, they are outspoken, and its outsourcing industry, or its production of engineers. they are not afraid to face opposition. Yet, for those of us committed to Millennium Development Goal # 3, the elusive goal of gender equity, In our almost 20 year history, the Global Fund for Women without which no other goal is even remotely attainable, has provided more than $50 million in grants to women- this sentence does not end well. Rather, it ends like this . . . led organizations in 163 countries to advance a just, India leads the world in female infanticide and mortality - compassionate and democratic world where women and leading to one of the most imbalanced gender ratios in men participate equally in all aspects of society. Of that history - an estimated 927 girls to every 1000 males alive in amount, we have made 233 grants totaling more than $2 India today. This anomaly which has resulted in millions million to daring, innovative women's groups across of missing girls, according to Nobel Laureate and India. economist, Amartya Sen, is the result of India's long standing cultural preference for sons over daughters. Our first grant in India was made to a leader in the anti- . violence movement, Vimochana - Forum for Women's The statistics on missing girls in India serve as a stark Rights, based in Bangalore. In 1996, soon after I had the testimony to the long road that lies ahead for advocates of privilege of joining the Global Fund for Women as the women's rights and gender equity. India remains a new President and CEO, my review of the grants made to contradiction in so many ways. On the one hand, India Indian women's organizations made it clear that the was among the first developing nations to be led by a Global Fund was reaching out into parts of the country woman head of state, on the other, the Indian not normally reached by donor agencies, particularly government has made only limited progress in its efforts those based in the United States or Europe. A large to challenge long standing traditional practices that number of our grants went to women's groups in small discriminate against women and girls, including son and mid-sized cities and towns, rather than to those preference, early marriage, dowry, and endemic violence located in the largest metropolitan centers. Significant against women. Although the Indian constitution and attention was being paid to women who were Indian laws provide numerous protections that guarantee marginalized by virtue of their location in poor rural the equality of women, enforcement of such provisions areas, or as a result of their belonging to lower caste remains weak at best, and non-existent for the vast communities. majority of Indian women and girls. It was striking that the Global Fund's model of using Yet, remarkably, Indian women continue to defy the odds locally based advisors was key in our success in reaching against them by demonstrating extraordinary levels of such groups. Instead of sending program officers flying courage, vision, and determination in their struggle for in to Delhi or Mumbai for short 3 week visits, the Global equality and justice. Women's groups from India submit Fund developed an extensive network of local advisors, close to 500 requests a year to the Global Fund for who were grounded in the Indian women's movement Women – evidence that they are refusing to accept the and whose knowledge of and connections to women's status quo that keeps women second class citizens in the rights associations was deep and broad. These advisors world's largest democracy. These proposals come from included women like Indira Jena and Kaval Gulhati. Indira fisherwomen's associations in coastal Andhra Pradesh, went on to found the first Indian Women's Fund, Nirnaya, from Dalit women's groups in Chattisgarh, from which is based in Hyderabad and now educates middle sexworkers in Calcutta, from teachers offering Muslim class Indians to see themselves as philanthropists. girls an education in the old city of Hyderabad, from lesbian rights groups in Mumbai, and from Adivasi or Their contributions support grassroots women's tribal communities in remote parts of the Northeastern organizations in 6 Indian states. Kaval, one of the Global states. Fund's earliest Board members, had years of experience through working with international development These advocates ask for our help to open shelters that organizations, such as CEDPA (Centre for Development offer victims of violence a safe place, or support in their and Population Activities), and brought a deep work to educate women and girls about their human understanding of reproductive health and rights to our rights, to address the high rates of infant and maternal grantmaking. Her membership on the Board was aligned with the Global Fund's commitment to having our Board 6

membership reflect the diversity and richness of the Across India the pressures to modernize and privatize to global women's movement. meet the needs of the growing middle class are also putting incredible stress on natural resource systems, such Women's rights leaders in India have always demonstrated as forests and rivers. Women are often trapped by these a clear analysis of the multiple challenges that face developments, as were the hundreds of thousands of women. Poverty and women's lack of economic Gujarati villagers, who would have been displaced by the opportunities are as much a concern as traditions that massive Narmada dam. marginalize or negate women. In fact, when I look at the grant applications from Indian women's groups, it is clear These contradictions are being addressed by a new that they see how gender inequality reinforces trends that generation of women leaders in India. Often they are impoverish women. A common example: if young girls leading in areas that most people rarely associate with are denied the same educational opportunities as boys “women's rights”. They include Medha Patkar, a leader because they are not seen as being capable or because they of the Narmada Bachao Andolan, who urges us to look are simply expected to get married at an early age, they will beyond the narrow gains of increased electric power and grow into young women who are ill-equipped to to think of the price we will pay for such environmental participate in the labor force. They are more likely to be destruction. They include the young animal health clustered in the lowest paying, least skilled sectors of the workers of Yakshi, an Adivasi group based in Andhra economy and they will probably lack knowledge of or Pradesh, who combine their knowledge of herbs and access to contraceptive technology that could allow to roots with western veterinarian science to preserve them to space and plan their families. In turn, large traditional livestock and seeds. They include groups such families, particularly those with large numbers of girls, as Breakthrough for Human Rights that uses commercial place additional burdens on women, who face both media such as music videos to convey powerful messages violence at home and greater economic pressures related that reveal how married women face increased risk of to ensuring that daughters can be married. The practice HIV infection from their husbands, and so encourage of paying large sums of dowry to the families of grooms men to wear condoms or be faithful to demonstrate caring at the time of marriage reinforces the sense that girls are and reduce infection. an economic liability, therefore leading families to seek to minimize the number of girls born. This is achieved, These women are not as celebrated as Sonia Gandhi, the depending on the economic resources available to a head of the Congress Party of India. They may not be family, either by using technology such as sex-selective considered as powerful as Indira Nooyi, who as the new abortion, or simply by neglecting girl children from the CEO of Pepsi was named the 5th most powerful woman time of their birth in the world by Forbes magazine. The transformation of India's economy over the past few They may never grace the front covers of Wired decades as a result of liberalization, privatization, and magazine, Indian American or India Today. Yet, they are global competition has had a profound impact on the lives the ones making the most radical and transformative of women. For those privileged to have some degree of changes in India – they are the ones who are likely to education, it has opened new doors, provided newfound ensure that our daughters can look forward to a world in independence and is beginning to transform old patterns which they can be free of the stifling economic, social and of social submission and deference. political constraints, that have haunted generations of Indian women. As young women working in call centers and software companies gain economic independence they are also They are the ones who will make it possible for the UN demanding a greater say in the decisions that affect their Millennium development goals to be realized in India. lives, from the terms of their marriages to the choice of Those of us committed to advancing the MDGS in India, contraception. must take their lead and support their efforts. The Global Fund for Women feels honored and proud to be able to On the other hand, millions of poor rural women have support at least a few of those voices that so deserve to be been adversely affected by global competition and heard. We realize that ensuring such activism and privatization of basic services, such as water. Thousands leadership among women is perhaps the greatest single have been widowed in the recent spate of farmer suicides investment we can make to guarantee India's future ability brought on by indebtedness and inability to compete with to be a leader in a more just, more peaceful and more imported corn, cotton, and rice. The massive economic sustainable world. dislocation of rural families has forced thousands of young women to migrate in search of the most For more information, and to donate to the Global Fund backbreaking basic forms of for Women, see by manual labor - women can be found breaking stones by hand to help build India's most modern highways. Kavita N. Ramdas Women are also vulnerable to being trafficked into sexual and domestic servitude as they seek some form of President, economic security. Global Fund for Women, San Francisco CALIFORNIA 7

It's Time for Africa \"We are passionate about the continent as this is truly our continent. MOSAICQUE, asked if Africa will be able to turn. The turn for the Chinese tiger has passed, the turn achieve its millennium development goals by 2015. for the Japanese tiger has passed, and it is the turn of the African lion which is the logo of the Mara Group. Ashish’s advise for African Leaders is to take on the 21st Ashish Thakkar, Uganda century challenges and move on full throttle. He believes in strong, inclusive, ethical leadership, and providing MOSAICQUE Magazine, is privileged to feature Ashish positive impact on the communities that are part of the Thakkar, a dynamic, transformational, young prodigy, projects. entreprenuer, under forty millionaire, in its January 2014 edition, who has taken on bold steps in transforming the He lives by the motto that success should never be African continent with his company Mara Group and measured by wealth, but by how much of an impact and a Mara Foundation. The vision of Mara Group, is to difference you are making in the community. transform the continent vis-a-vis investments in land development, technology sector, agrarian transformation Profile: and youth entreprenuership. Ashish Thakkar transforms Ashish is a member of the 8000 lives in 19 countries across Africa through Mara World Economic Forum’s group and has launched many entreprenuers through Global Agenda Council on Mara Foundation. Africa and was recently awarded’Young Entrepreneur Mara Foundation is a social enterprise dedicated to of the Year’at the World fostering entrepreneurship in Africa. Ashish believes it is Entrepreneurship Forum in imperative for businesses to give back to their Singapore. Ashish advises communities. Out of the greatest lessons he has learned in several Heads of State in Sub- the business, it has helped him in creating the Mara Saharan Africa i.e. President Foundation to help early stage entrepreneurs. He is very proud of the work they do through the Foundation, Paul Kagame, President Kikawate, President Goodluck which is helping to tackle problems in education and Jonathan and President Museveni Ashish is honoured by providing much needed support to young entrepreneurs World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader and at the start of their journey. Mara Foundation provides has been invited to sit on its board of Africa Council since three different types of support for them - mentoring, 2012. Young Rwandan Achievers Award has recognized launching pad and resources. Ashish Thakkar for his exceptional accomplishments and contribution towards the betterment of society. Ashish The Mara Group is diversified and venture‟s into areas Thakkar has been honoured by Dell as the most that meet four criteria: it must be pan- African, it must influential entrepreneur and invited him to be on the impact society positively, it must be a game-changer and Board of Council of Dell Center for Entrepreneurs. must be above board. Ashish has been named as the Africas Youngest Millionaire by Forbes Magazine. MOSAICQUE, optimistically dwelled on what was Ashish‟s vision for Africa. Ashish is passionate about enabling, empowering and inspiring young entrepreneurs. Consequently, in 2009, he Ahsish believes in transforming the economic founded the Mara Foundation to foster and support opportunities in the continent by ushering in the Green emerging entrepreneurs through mentorship and venture Revolution, creating a hub for eco-tourism in Africa, and philanthropy. To know more visit http://www.mara- being a catalyst to economically empower the African foundation.org youth. He advises young African entrepreneurs to be passionate, focused and determined. Ashish has secured a place on Virgin Galactic’s inaugural Ashish believes that Africa is making strides in economic mission to space, thereby making him Africa’s second development, leap frogging in scientific discoveries, and taking every efforts towards bringing peace on the astronaut. by Ashish Thakkar CEO, Founder, MARA Group and Mara Foundation, DUBAI 8

Post-2015 as the litmus test for global governance Multilateralism is in trouble. Global governance is in around representation , has led emerging economies to trouble. And if you don't think that's the case, you haven't establish other national and multilateral mechanisms to been paying attention. We have a world plagued by achieve their goals, such national development banks, multiple crises and challenges and an ever changing bilateral South-South Cooperation and regional trade landscape of geopolitical realities – take any introduction blocks and groupings such as the BRICS and IBSA (a to G20 or UN communiques from the last five years and forum for dialogue between India, Brazil and South you will see what I mean. It reads something like this: the Africa). At the same time, though financial contributions world is facing ongoing financial and food crises, a scarcity for development in the form of aid and philanthropic of resources - particularly land and water – inequality is giving have increased significantly in the past decades, growing and economic growth and job creation is uneven, multilateral institutions, which have proliferated at an all in a context where climate change remains the elephant alarming rate, are seeing a decline in their funding. At the in the room. Global power is shifting. New and ideational level, the financial crisis of 2008 and the (re)emerging actors, such as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, ensuing aftermath, as well as the success of BRICS India, China and South Africa) and the private sector, are countries, has also led to mainstream questioning of altering the international landscape, giving rise to new dominant (western) understandings of how successful challenges and opportunities for addressing these issues. development ought to be achieved, including the agendas And civil society and citizen's movements (insert and ideas promoted by key multilateral institutions, such reference to the Arab Spring / Occupy Wall Street as the World Bank that have tended to privilege neoliberal movement here) are demanding their rights and and technocratic solutions to the inherently political accountability from governments (as well as problems of development. corporations) who themselves are increasing ill-equipped for our highly networked and technologically And now, in this context, the global community has interconnected world. turned its attention to the post-2015 agenda, which will replace the Millennium Development Goals. This process Enter global governance, and the multilateral institutions, is being informed by a UN-led consultation process, as through which it occurs. Traditionally, these institutions, well as intergovernmental discussions on the creation of like the UN, World Bank and International Monetary Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), whose Fund - institutions that promote and facilitate establishment was agreed to at the Rio+20 Summit in cooperation among countries – oversaw and delivered June of 2012. Yet, despite the great deal of attention the concerted responses to global challenges. Yet, as the post-2015 agenda has received to date, the future is still world faces new and old challenges, and governments uncertain. The establishment of the post-2015 agenda continue to be unable or unwilling to cooperate to address serves as a manifestation of the key themes and challenges global public goods challenges, such as climate change, discussed in the edited volume. It is characterized by the continued relevance and impact of these multilateral competing perspectives and ideas, and fragmented institutions has been raised. multilateral processes, some of which have faced questions regarding their legitimacy. In some respects, A new edited volume by Hany Besada and Shannon post-2015 serves as the next litmus test for the world's Kindornay, Multilateral Development Cooperation in a ability to make multilateralism work. Changing Global Order, lays out the issues clearly. The presence of old donors, emerging economies, civil society On the ideational level, no less than seventeen and the private sector is being felt by all development comprehensive and 60 sectoral and thematic proposals actors, leading to greater fragmentation of the multilateral recommending concrete post-2015 goals, targets and system and more competition at the institutional, financial indicators have been made by think tanks, governments and ideational levels. These trends have exacerbated old and UN organizations. At the institutional level, challenges related to the need for reforms to improve the numerous fora have been established within the UN legitimacy of governance and decision making processes context to address post-2015 and the creation of the in multilateral institutions, to better account for SDGs, each with varying degrees of representation. developing country priorities and reflect emerging These include a High Level Panel on the Post-2015 geopolitical realities. The inability of multilateral agencies, Development Agenda, the Sustainable Development particularly financial institutions, to address concerns Solutions Network, a UN System Task Team on the Post- 2015 Development Agenda which involves over 50 UN entities and international organizations, the 9

intergovernmental Open Working Group on the SDGs which resulted from Rio+20, and the related Expert Group on Financing for Sustainable Development. For its part, the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation, which was established following the 2011 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness and brings together government, civil society and private sector actors concerned with effective development cooperation, is also looking at how it can engage on these agendas. Where groupings such as the G20 fit into this context is unclear. While everyone agrees that the post- 2015 and SDG processes should come together, there is no denying that a myriad of multilateral actors and processes are at play, all striving to influence the future global agenda, which will ultimately be negotiated by governments that have, in the past few years, demonstrated an inability to find strong agreement on key global challenges and issues relating to development such as climate change, trade and development, and aid effectiveness. At this point, it is unclear how this plethora of multilateral fora will work together. It is not all doom and gloom however. As the edited volume makes clear, multilateral institutions and the policy frameworks that underpin them still matter and will continue to matter – they represent the system we have and in many instances, global challenges require global solutions. As the post-2015 process makes clear, the establishment of new development agendas and forums provides a context for future cooperation. Acknowledging the past and present challenges facing efforts towards coordination will necessarily mark a starting point for the way forward. The current development paradigm is in a state of flux. It is through this transition that there is opportunity to revamp and reform the multilateral system to ensure its relevance to future global agendas. The challenges and road ahead will be defined by the ability of the international community to learn from past challenges, adopt meaningful reforms, and advance coordinated efforts towards sustainable development. by Shannon Kindornay Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Canada 10

Washington, D.C. is Open for Business An interview with Harold Pettigrew, former director of client governments, with specific focus on Sub-Saharan the Washington, D.C. African countries. We've worked closely with the World Bank to advise governments such as Gabon and Mauritius Department of Small and Local Business Development on strategies and opportunities to improve their investment climate, in addition to other economic MOSAICQUE magazine privileged to feature an development projects here in the states. interview of the powerful mover & shaker, a go-getter, a result producer, dynamic Young Leader Harold Pettigrew, Now that you have completed your time as director in its January 2014 edition. Harold Pettigrew is the for Washington, D.C.'s small business development Managing Principal for Business Global Solutions (BGS), agency, give us a broad sweep of your experience, the a Washington, D.C. based, global strategic consultancy, challenges you faced, and some of the offering governments, private sector and multi-national accomplishments you achieved during your tenure. organizations with strategic intelligence and actionable guidance on a broad spectrum of focus areas specific to Throughout my career, I have found personal satisfaction economic development, corporate strategy, public sector serving in public service positions that allow me to build management, business & SME development, operations and innovate. Early on, I was instilled with a sense of management, and business regulatory reform to improve urgency, and my career in public service has followed a investment climates worldwide. Harold Pettigrew reflects path, taking on one challenge after the next. in this interview on his time in government and initiatives he led to make Washington, D.C. a more business friendly In August 2011, the Mayor of the District of Columbia environment and talks in-depth about his new business appointed me to serve on his cabinet as the Director for the Business Global Solutions. For more information the D.C. Department of Small and Local Business about BGS, please www.businessglobalsolutions.com or Development (DSLBD). Unlike most other District on twitter at @BizGlobalSol. Government agencies, DSLBD had experienced significant turnover and change to its executive leadership Harold, thank you for taking the time out to do this due to a number of factors. My appointment set the stage interview. MOSAICQUE and Future Young Leaders for my return to the agency, where I previously served as initiative congratulates you on your recent 40 under its Chief of Staff. My service would also mark the fourth 40 award. Tell us more about the award. The timing appointment of a Director during fiscal year 2011, and the seems to be perfect with you leaving the public sector sixth in five (5) years. and returning to the private sector. DSLBD's mission at the time was to foster the economic Thank you. I was recognized by Development Counselors growth, development, and retention of Washington, International during the 2013 International Economic D.C.-based small businesses. Its mission was simple, and Development Council Leadership Summit as one of the if the agency had effectively accomplished its objectives, it \"40 under 40\" rising stars in the economic development would have a notable impact on the District's tax base and industry in January 2013. It truly was an honor to be apart stimulate the local economy. The agency had fallen short, of such a great group of professionals from throughout however, of its goals. the world. Public service can be thankless, and I was pleased to pause for a moment to celebrate the successes In a two year span, DSLBD had lost nearly 55% of its I've achieved here in DC. staff. I had returned to a failing agency that had 14 people, and had lost over $500,000 in federal grants. As its Chief You left government and established Business of Staff from 2007 through 2009, I had grown the agency Global Solutions. Tell us about the BGS firm, and the to 31 employees, more than doubling the Department's services you provide. size from 13 FTEs, and rolling out new programs and services designed to assist small businesses. Business Global Solutions (BGS) provides strategic advisory services to government and private sector My return to DSLBD was timely, as the business organizations, specializing in economic development, community was in need of experienced business corporate strategy, public sector management, business & leadership and stability at the Department to ensure the SME development, and business regulatory reform to continuity and effective management of the agency's improve investment climates for World Bank programs. Time away from the agency had allowed me to conduct an external review of its positioning in the city, namely the development of a new vision for its pathway 11

forward. As its new Director, my first task was to assess missions to identify and develop market opportunities in imminent threats to the agency. Second, was to develop a Asia and Africa, with specific focus on the Singapore, new corporate strategy that communicated a vision for South Africa and China markets. The trade missions the agency that aligned with the needs of the small resulted in over 120 business-to-business meetings and business community. Nearly all of the remaining team of partnership develop opportunities with foreign 14 at the agency was all of my past employees. I met with chambers, trade associations and government officials to each of them to gather their insights into the challenges generate opportunities for district-based small businesses. faced by the agency and to understand its immediate risks. Since my departure as Chief of Staff, a replacement with Further, I launched the city's first small business budget execution, human resources, and government technology transfer program, ConnecTech, which assists operations experience had not been hired. Because my small District-based technology firms with appointment was in August, it gave me only one month to commercializing innovations, and pursuing business maximize the use of resources in the fiscal year. opportunities in technology, specifically Small Business Therefore, I quickly analyzed the agency's budget, which Innovation Research (SBIR) in the federal government. In determined my ability to hire, develop programs, and addition, I was able to re-launch the District's small stabilize its operations. business Procurement Technical Assistance Center as a result of the PTAP grant. In total, I had positioned the agency to win over $1 million in new federal funds. Within my first week, I had completed my assessment of Within 18 months, I was able to lead the agency through the agency's budget, and interviews with the staff. During its most aggressive and dynamic expansion of small my first full staff meeting, I articulated a new vision for business services since its inception, which has the agency, which incorporated the insights of each staff strengthened the District's entrepreneurial ecosystem. member. DSLBD had a new vision; to connect small The agency, which had only 14 people when I had arrived, businesses in real-time with local, federal, and global was now achieving success as a 45 person, full-service business opportunities; to assist businesses with economic development organization with programs and navigating government quickly, confidently, and services that had increased the competitiveness of DC effectively; and, that every small business with a great idea small businesses across multiple industries. DSLBD was and a great plan would have access to the capital needed able to connect small businesses to new opportunities in for its execution. The agency's mission would remain the the local, regional, federal, and global marketplace. same, but its direction had deepened, and the staff was aware of the direction that I wanted to move the agency. What are the biggest challenges to small businesses My new vision for the agency also provided the guidance in D.C. today? for the development of a strategic hiring plan. Each new hire would align with my vision, and each new program My focus was in three areas. First, my goal was to connect would add depth to the vision. small businesses to opportunities locally, federally, and internationally. The second being navigation: How Under my leadership, DSLBD had monthly mayoral quickly and effectively a small business can navigate announcements of new small business initiatives and government, so they can get through to running their accomplishments throughout calendar year 2012. In business. I want small business owners to focus on addition to new programs and services, I had developed running their business, not being a pro or a specialist in and capitalized nearly $5 million in new small business how to interact with the government or to be an expert on access to capital programs. I had aggressively targeted the city's laws. The third being capital. For a small business federal grant programs as part of my strategy for growing with a great idea, that we could ensure the small business is the agency, and successfully competed for the SBA's connected with the capital they need to grow. Federal and State Technology (FAST) and State Trade and Export Promotion (STEP) programs, in addition to the You touched on a number of topics here. Tell me U.S. Department of Defense's Procurement Technical more about the partnership with the Kauffman Assistance Program (PTAP), which the agency had lost foundation? during the two year period of my absence. During the spring of 2012, I had initiated conversations Due to the successful campaign for federal resources, I with the Kauffman Foundation and its industry-leading launched the city's first small business export promotion FastTrac program to develop an innovative partnership to service, Export DC, where I led three successful trade support small business development in the District of Columbia. As Director, my goal was to develop innovative partnerships and opportunities to support small business development. 12

The Kauffman Foundation is among the largest private There is certain still room for improvement, and foundations in the United States focused on the significant opportunities to further streamline promotion and innovation in education and transactions and eliminate draconian policies that create a entrepreneurship. The Foundation established the burden for businesses in the city. There are many public FastTrac program, which serves a global audience of servants who put a lot of work into improving the city's entrepreneurs and provides the framework, resources and business environment, and the progress made should be networks necessary for an entrepreneur to take an idea acknowledged. I am glad to have led those efforts. and turn it into a successful, sustainable business. Prior to your appointment as Director for the I entered into negotiations with Kauffman FastTrac, and Department of Small and Local Business finalized details of the partnership to launch FastTrac DC. Development, you served as the Administrator for I established a goal of graduating over 250 District-based the city's Business and Professional Licensing entrepreneurs from FastTrac offerings, and entered into Administration. agreements with other business-serving organizations to recruit, train and graduate DC entrepreneurs. My goal was In late 2009, I was recruited by the Director of the D.C. for the program to service all parts of the city, so I Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs developed a strategic partnership network with the (DCRA) to lead efforts to reform the city's business Anacostia Economic Development Corporation; the DC regulatory environment. Washington, D.C. had earned a Chamber of Commerce Foundation; the DC Women's reputation of being one of worst jurisdictions to do Business Center; the DC Small Business Development business in the metropolitan region, and I had developed a Center network; the Washington, DC Economic track record of success in government reform, managing Partnership; and the Washington Area Community and streamlining operations, and had an in-depth Investment Fund. knowledge of the landscape of the Washington, DC business environment. I worked with the Director before, In July 2012, I announced the initiative through a press and she had recruited me to serve as the agency's Deputy event, where the initiative was applauded as a signature Director and Administrator for the city's Business and effort to build a new economy in the District with strong, Professional Licensing Administration (BPLA). BPLA resilient small businesses. Also, the Kauffman FastTrac was at the center of the city's regulatory framework, and president, Alana Muller, declared the initiative as one of responsible for the issuance of over 70,000 business, Kauffman FastTrac's first large municipal partnerships, professional, special events, and vending licenses; and added to the District of Columbia being \"one of the registering and maintaining over 75,000 corporate best cities in America for business.\" entities; investigating unfair trade practices and unlicensed business activities; and inspecting over 10,000 There are some people out there that challenge the weighing and measuring devices used by businesses in the notion that the District is a terrible place to do District. The division included over 60 staffers, and business. What do you say to people and small generated over $25 million in revenue for the city each businesses that express that sentiment? year. BPLA serviced approximately 45,000 customers a year Part of it is the perception gap between improvements through its walk-in center services, and over 85,000 phone that have been made, some of the buzz that we do see and calls a year through its call center operations. In addition, conditions that may have been the case many years ago. the operation processed over 100,000 transactions in a You see it with transactional parts of government — given year. When I arrived, BPLA had a reputation for oftentimes, at forums, we may have people who said, it receiving constant complaints from customers resulting took me this long to get a license or to get certified, and my from burdensome transactions, poor customer service, first question is, when was the last time you were certified? and the inefficient use of technology. I launched an And very often it's been years, if not a decade or so, since aggressive strategy to re-engineer the agency's processes their last engagement with the agency. The city is and adopt innovative technology to streamline our processing business transactions faster than ever, and the operations. I successfully led the team through the experience is a lot more streamlined with the introduction development and launch of new online systems which of innovative technology usage and policy changes that automated the city's business licensing and corporate have been made. It's a totally different experience from registration processes, and handled in upwards of 150,000 what small businesses may have experienced years ago. transactions a year. 13

I found that the more we reduced barriers for regulatory based, and do business in, the District of Columbia. The transactions, and utilized technology to streamline partnership would expand the partner's ability to access interactions, more businesses came into compliance. The small businesses, who serve as their clients. This is critical process and technology reforms also resulted in revenue for non-profit service providers; specifically with increases, which boosted to approximately $30 million (an achieving one-on-one counseling and workshop goals as increase in 20% over the previous five years average), cost determined by their grantors. reductions, and increases in productivity. The launch of the new systems has been widely recognized by the Throughout the country, I found that small business business community as great initiatives to make not only service providers offered very little technical assistance on the agency more business friendly, but the District of topics focused on navigating a jurisdictions regulatory Columbia. environment. I developed a \"train the trainer\" model of seminars on DCRA operations, which included topics Some small businesses continue to be challenged related to business, professional, special events, and with the use of new technology, even social media. vending licensing, registering and maintaining a corporate What services are available to help small businesses entity, how to remain compliant and the identification of successfully maneuver through D.C.'s complex unfair trade practices and/or unlicensed business regulatory environment? activities, federal and state tax compliance, and the inspection process for weighing and measuring devices. I While I was able to successfully reform the city's led seminars with partners to ensure that they are up-to- regulatory processes, the navigation of the complex date with policies and processes, and partners would take regulatory environment continually burdened small the lead in providing services at the SBRC. For federal and businesses. To remedy the issue, I developed and launched District government partners, it would provide an avenue the Small Business Regulatory Resource Center (SBRC), for the agencies to achieve outreach goals, and alleviate which would assist small businesses operational pressures similar to DCRA. with navigating the District of Columbia's regulatory To launch the SBRC, I developed strategic partnerships environment through direct technical assistance and with key organizations in the District, which included the training services. I developed the SBRC to serve multiple U.S. Small Business Administration, U.S. Internal Revenue purposes. First, the SBRC would play a critical role with Service, D.C. Building Industry Association, D.C. demystifying the regulatory process, and provide small Women's Business Center, D.C. Chamber of Commerce, businesses with the understanding needed to reduce World Bank-International Monetary Fund, Washington repeat visits and calls to DCRA. Second, it would establish Area Community Invest Fund, and the D.C. Small a direct channel for customers to communicate feedback Business Development Center Network. so DCRA could identify greater operational changes and opportunities to improve customer transactions. The location of the SBRC is strategic to the success of the initiative. In March 2010, DCRA relocated to the The SBRC provides one-on-one technical assistance, pro Southwest section of Washington DC, which is metro bono legal services, and workshops designed to assist accessible, making it easy for customers to travel to and small businesses with navigating regulatory issues such as from DCRA for its services. I led the design and build out corporate registrations, licensure, tax compliance, and of the space and located the SBRC on the same floor as other business compliance related topics. Small business the Business Licensing Center (BLC). Its location has owners are able to come to DCRA and get the right allowed customers to receive assistance in the SBRC, and guidance so that they can operate their business legally then venture over to the BLC to get licensed. The design and in compliance with the laws and regulations set forth of the SBRC's services would allow customers the in the District. opportunity to become \"transaction ready\" so that when they enter the BLC and/or apply for a license online, they To execute services, I pursued the establishment of a would be better informed and equipped to execute the partnership network with non-profit, federal and other transaction of acquiring a license or corporate District government agencies. By inviting partners to registration. provide one-on-one assistance and workshops at the SBRC, the partnership model would allow for a \"win-win\" The early success of the SBRC has been due to the situation. DCRA interacts with all businesses that are development of partnerships with non-profits and 14

other government agencies, the engagement of After the press event, I jumped into action. That technology, and the rethinking of the role that customer afternoon, I developed my strategy, which involved service and business assistance can play with a regulatory assessing and organizing stakeholders, gauging available agency. In April 2011, I formally launched the SBRC was government resources, and evaluating the impact of the formally launched as a signature small business initiative fire on each merchant's ability to operate at a reduced as part of my vision for making the District of Columbia level. To work successfully between each function, I an easier place to do business. developed a plan to split hours between DSLBD, which also had critical needs, and Eastern Market, which was a Looking at your experience, you also had a very mayoral priority. unique experience in 2007 with Eastern Market. Walk us through your experience? I organized a meeting of members of the community the next day, and it was immediately clear there were During my career I've learned that on any given day, public numerous factions representing different interests related service can bring an unexpected set of challenges. On the to the Market. Because I was new to the Markets politics, I morning of April 30, 2007, the Washington, D.C. region quickly assessed each representative's point of view, and had awaken to news and alarming footage of a 3-alarm worked behind the scene to bring the community fire ravaging Eastern Market. That morning, I prepared together. Conflict in the community had been cultivated for work as normal, and while watching the news coverage over the years, but I was able to successfully rally the of the fire, I received a call from my boss, the City leadership around the cause of saving and supporting the Administrator, who is the highest serving non-elected Market. I was able to bring together leaders who weeks public official for the District Government. earlier had openly argued at public meetings, and spoke disparagingly about each other. I was able to effectively That morning was to mark the beginning of my last week communicate a vision that the community could support, serving in the Office of the City Administrator (OCA) as and outlined specific tasks from fundraising, to research a program manager for the economic development on employee displacement opportunities with other local cluster of District Government agencies. The OCA was a small businesses. It was important for me to immediately central division of the Executive Office of the Mayor diffuse long standing community conflict, and capture the (EOM), and my appointment had been approved the small window of opportunity to rally the community for week prior to serve as DSLBD's Chief of Staff. Because our common cause. The efforts were successful, and that of my experience in small business development, and was all in the first week! government operations, the appointment would allow me to fill a leadership void at the agency. As I arrived to City Hall that morning, I met with the The Mayor was clear that he wanted the market to resume Mayor and the City Administrator. The Mayor planned on operations by that Saturday, so I had less than five days to holding a press event that morning, and he requested that assist merchants with continuity of operations plans. I manage the city's response and activities to assist Because the District Government had no organized effort merchants displaced by the fire. At the press conference, to handle emergency response of this kind, I had the Mayor announced that I was charged with ensuring assembled a cross section of District Government the successful continuation of the market. The City employees to assist with evaluating the 14 merchants Administrator informed me that the Mayor had displaced by the fire. I developed a protocol for the team appointed me as the lead because I was uniquely to conduct its assessment, and by that Saturday, each of positioned between EOM and DSLBD. I understood the the 14 merchants were able to operate outside the market. challenges faced by small business, and knew how to navigate the complexities of the District government. I For four months, I served in both capacities, leading two would dually serve as Eastern Market lead and Chief of different teams. As a result of the success of the plan I Staff for a government agency developed to ensure the continuity of operations at Eastern Market, no jobs were lost, and though at a Built in 1873, Eastern Market is Washington, D.C.'s oldest reduced level, each merchant was able to continue continually operated public market, and the last of eight operating. Good will continued within the community, historic public markets remaining in the nation's capital. and new initiatives to support Eastern Market grew from Eastern Market is blocks away from the U.S. Capital, and the original plans I developed to organize the community has served as an anchor for the Capital Hill neighborhood and diffuse some long-standing tensions. for over 100 years. 15

The Eastern market fire was a significant event for aluable insights which shaped the development of the the Capital Hill community. How does that fund. Also, by working with the community, I wanted to experience translate into the city's initiation of ensure that DSLBD had buy-in from a broad base of streetscape projects on popular corridors like H leadership within government, small business, and the Street NE, and in the Adams Morgan neighborhood? community. Every time a streetscape construction project starts, I hear yelling and screaming about how the District's I directed my staff to develop a communication strategy not doing enough to help the impacted businesses. inclusive of print materials and community meetings where we could promote the fund to corridors most When I rejoined DSLBD as Director at the end of August immediately impacted by streetscape projects. The 2011, I began immediately engaging in issues related to success of the fund was immediate. To date, nearly $2 publicly financed streetscape projects managed by the million in loans has been awarded to nearly 25 small D.C. Department of Transportation (DDOT). The D.C. businesses for working capital, renovation and acquisition City Council established the Streetscape Loan Relief expenses, tax liabilities, and other allowable options. As a Fund (Streetscape Fund) with a goal to provide interest- result of its success, nearly 150 jobs were retained and free loans to retail businesses inside or adjoining a over 32 new jobs were created. streetscape construction or rehabilitation project in the District. Though it was established by law, the funding for In 2010, President Obama announced the launch of the Streetscape Fund was woefully inadequate. the National Export Initiative to promote U.S. exports. You mentioned earlier that you launched the DDOT had initiated nearly ten multi-year capital projects, city's first small business export promotion program. which totaled nearly $50 million, along major commercial Was this apart of your strategy for growing the corridors throughout the city. Each corridor had agency? significant numbers of small businesses, and the streetscape projects had documented impacts on small Ninety-five percent of the world's consumers are outside businesses. Washington, D.C.'s \"H Street NE\" had of the United States, so exporting represents a frontier of provided an excellent example of a project that could have business opportunities that can generate economic disastrous effects on small businesses. In total, over $76 growth and stimulate job creation here in the District. To million was invested in infrastructure upgrades, but the align the District with the efforts of the federal capital projects lasted over four years, and many small government, I launched the city's first small business businesses were not able to survive the interruption H export promotion service, Export DC, in January 2012. Street. Customer inconvenience, parking space reductions, signage impediments, and traffic detours are The District of Columbia is an international city, and some of the major factors that translated into losses of ExportDC provides an opportunity to expose our small business income. and local businesses to international markets for their products and services. ExportDC is designed to assist Because the fiscal year ended in a month, I worked District-based small businesses with increasing exports, feverishly to assess the status of the funding for the grow the dollar value of exports from District businesses, program, and the steps needed for its launch. The original and coordinate trade missions for qualified District-based capitalization was woefully inadequate to operate the businesses. Through training, targeted service provision, Streetscape Fund. As a result of my expertise in managing trade mission support, and business opportunity government budgets, I found opportunities to increase identification, ExportDC has assisted D.C. firms with the capitalization of the fund from $723,000 to over $2.7 building the capacity needed to successfully export their million. In addition, I successfully negotiated with a fund products and services. manager to administer the loan program, and met with DDOT leadership to understand the timing of projects From 2000 to 2010, the District's professional and coming online in the near future. technical services industry grew nearly 8% annually. In comparison to the states, the District of Columbia had the I recognized early that developing the program would highest percentage of professional and technical services need to involve working with leadership from stakeholder GDP. Washington, D.C.'s economic output from groups from the Main Streets program, Business professional and technical services was $21 billion in Improvement Districts, and other small business stakeholder groups. The community leadership had v 16

2008, which was 21.6% of Washington, DC's economy. government agencies, community groups, non-profits, The local economy is diversifying and growing, with universities, and trade associations. Pettigrew has also significant strengths in professional, managerial, scientific hosted and advised foreign delegations of business and technical services. Over the last several decades, the owners, government officials and legislators on issues industrial economy based on manufacturing has shifted to involving trade, small business development, a services economy driven by information, knowledge entrepreneurship and supplier development. and innovation. Washington, DC, has demonstrated its resilience and relevance as a home to successful To know more about opportunities visit professional service providers at the beginning of the 21st http://www.businessglobalsolutions.com or contact century. ExportDC was part of my vision to transform Harold@businessglobalsolutions.com the business environment in the District. In 2012, I led three successful small business trade missions to identify and develop market opportunities in Asia and Africa, with specific focus on the Singapore, South Africa and China markets, which resulted in over 120 business-to-business meetings, and partnership develop opportunities with foreign chambers, trade associations and government officials to generate opportunities for District-based small businesses. The trade mission also served as an invaluable opportunity for us meet with our government counterparts, trade associations, and other small business support organizations to plant the seeds for valuable long-term relationships, and we thank the SBA for their support of the District in promoting global partnerships. In addition, I executed a partnership agreement with the U.S. Export- Import (Ex-Im) Bank to promote and provide seminars on the bank's financing programs which assist small businesses with loans, guarantees and insurance. Profile: Harold Pettigrew, was the former director of the by Washington, D.C. Department of Small and local Harold Pettigrew, Business Development. Managing Principal, Pettigrew has been featured Business Global Solutions (BGS) in the Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, Global Washington DC Trade magazine, Washington Business Journal, and was recipient of the 2013 \"40 Under 40\" Award in the Economic Development Industry, presented at the 2013 International Economic Development Council Leadership Summit by Development Councillors International. Pettigrew has provided expert testimony to District Government officials, served on expert panels, and has been a featured speaker for local and federal 17

Cybertecture ~ Innovating the Fabric of Mankind Mosaicque magazine is privileged to feature Cybertecture The concept was inspired, according to the designers, by a world class designer architecture firm based in Honk considering the world as an ecosystem allowing life to Kong, which has an outrageously bold vision of James evolve. This intelligent world egg is self-contained, Law, a decorated Young Global Leader of World nestled in the heart of an organism Elements of the Economic Forum. The underlying principle of design and intelligence systems will work together to give Cybertecture is to innovate the very fabric of mankind the building
“s inhabitants the” best space to work in. through their designs that focus on a spirit of forward “And this includes monitoring their health. Within the looking innovations. Cybertecture integrates technology, building, there will be a series of innovative systems such multimedia, intelligent systems and user interactivity to as” cybertecture health “in the washroom which is create customizable living and working spaces that focus designed to keep track of the inhabitant”s health on experience of residents including blood pressure and weight. The data collected may be retrieved and sent to a doctor if deemed necessary. \"In the 21st Century, buildings will be different from 20th Century\", say James Law Cybertecture International, Cybertecture Egg building has used dia-grid, thanks to the \"They are no longer about concrete, steel and glass, but external skeletal structure generated strong structural also the new intangible materials of technology, system, the ground plate and has used wide range of multimedia, intelligence and interactivity. Only column less flexibility - a mastery of the traditional recognizing this will bring a new form of architecture to vertical buildings. The developers have used building light, namely a Cybertecture.\" materials that has given 15 active savings. James has designed several award winning iconic The oblong office building incorporates passive solar architectural projects of Cybertecture, including THE design to decrease heat gain and lower energy loads. An PAD building in Dubai - an intelligent residential building elevated garden also moderates temperatures by using that is inspired by modern lifestyle technologies; THE natural vegetation to assist with cooling the building CYBERTECTURE EGG in Mumbai - a parametrically envelope. The Cybertecture Egg will use solar designed office building that is entirely column-less and photovoltaic panels and rooftop wind turbines to has strong green characteristics; THE generate onsite electricity. Water conservation will be TECHNOSPHERE building in Abu Dhabi - a 10 million managed with a greywater recycling system that will square foot spherical building that mimic the ecology of harvest water for irrigation and landscaping. the Planet Earth as a sustainable mega structure. This project was recognized with the World Architecture The Cybertecture Egg consists of the following state of Award 2009 by CNBC and HSBC. art technology: MOSAICQUE magazine is privileged to feature the 1. Orientation of the building: The building is ideally internationally renowned designer-architect James Law positioned; sunlight and heat are gained most to and the 21st century outrageously bold, visionary, eco- minimize the sun. friendly structure the Cybertecture Egg, based in Mumbai. Cybertecture Egg, working theme is a step 2. Sky Gardens: Building has green areas of shade against further with „cybertecture health‟ – interactive features the sun to provide oxygen to refresh, and for the people that monitor occupant‟s vital health statistics, like blood to rest. These gardens cool the back of the building and pressure and weight. In keeping with the focus on health act as water conversion filters for wet areas beds. and wellness, users can customize their views with real time virtual scenery. This smart and egg-shaped building, 3. PV Solar Panel Farms: Building has solar photovoltaic design features include the sky gardens, PV solar panel cells integrated in the facade, thus solar energy farms, intelligent glass facades and water recycling system. alternative electrical supply is provided. James Law has been commissioned by Vijay Associate (Wadhwa Developers) to create an office unlike any other 4. Smart Glass Facade: The building's glass solar facade is in Mumbai, India. The 32,000 sq m egg-shaped build will state of art, blending various shades and glass. accommodate 13 floors of offices and 400 parking spaces, bringing together iconic architecture, environmental 5. Water Recycling System: Building encompasses design, intelligent systems, and new engineering to create drinking water recycling, rainwater recovery system, an awe-inspiring landmark in the city. waste water purification systems, filtration and wetland cell system as a combination. With these systems in place the building achieves 20 percent effective recycling rate. 6. Groundwater Cooling: Building has deep underground reservoir placing underground cooling system, providing natural underground cooling system 18

7. Intelligent Building Management System: The Building Management System is made in such as way that it uses less energy or more residents in place reduce energy use targets. It is hoped this building will act like a \"jewel\" for the new Central Business District of Mumbai, and will be a worthy neighbour to other esteemed buildings in the district. James Law also mentor’s Young Architects Program, which is for Young Students who inspire to be architects. James Law Profile: James is the founder of design firm James Law Cybertecture. He is a Young Global Leader of the World Economic Forum; a Council Member of World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Design & Innovation; Board Member of the Hong Kong Design Center and twice nominee for the Asian Innovation Award. James is a qualified architect who graduated from the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London. He practiced in Japan and UK before founding his own company in 2001 in Hong Kong to develop designs of Cybertecture encompassing future city planning, architecture, interiors and products all focused with a spirit of forward looking innovation. James has also designs and manufactures his own product line including THE CYBERTECTURE MIRROR, a bathroom mirror that uses a combination of screen and glass technology to augment your reflection with useful applications including exercise, health monitoring and information. This product won the Thomas Edison Award 2012 and a Design for Asia Award 2011 and is shortlisted for the Asian Innovation Award 2012. Aside from running his company, James teaches as a visiting Adjunct Professor at KAIST, Korea; and is an occasional TED Talk speaker. by James Law The founder Cybertecture International, Hongkong 19

Health Care in India The American Association of Physicians of Indian AAPI was invited to sign a Memorandum of Origin (AAPI), an organization representing 41,250 Understanding (MOU) with the Government of India., Indian doctors in practice along with 10,000 medical during the 4th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas held in Hyderabad, students and residents in training in the United States. India on Jan 7-9, 2006. The MOU calls for AAPI to AAPI strives to promote advocacy for their members, provide know how in health care management and conducts continuous medical education programs and expertise to develop Primary health care module in rural through its AAPI Charitable Foundation conducts many setting. The two states will be chosen; one with a good philanthropic activities. infra structure and the other without. The projects will be in place for next four years. AAPI is committed to help improve Healthcare in India. Recently AAPI conducted major studies affecting AAPI also works through its 130 member the health of Indians in the United States and India. They organizations.. Each alumni organization has contributed have acquired experience in conducting health to welfare of its own medical college and for the educational programs in the villages. AAPI members are communities from where they came from. AAPI offers eager and willing to participate in the various health care round the year educational programs for physicians issues and offer their expertise. AAPI also has held multiple Continuing Education Courses in India over the Emphasis to have effective vaccines and drugs for past many years. curing and eliminating twenty diseases, which include HIV/AIDS, TB, Malaria, Japanese enchaphalitis, It maintains a very active web site for activities of the Hepatitis, Polio etc. A new initiative for finding more organization including health information for all Indians; effective cure for TB was the need of the hour. it publishes a journal for its members and a newsletter. Politically, it has acquired a huge capital of respectability. Health care in India is a complex issue muddled with AAPI is also involved in the various health care issues in inadequate funding, lack of political will, scarcity of the United States. medical personnel, equipment, supplies, lack of preventive measures, and sanitary conditions; but above Health care activities in India are carried out though all lack of awareness and education of public. Therefore it committees on India health Initiatives. The committees will need Universal, Comprehensive and Effective Health are working on AIDS, Blindness Prevention, Burns Care, care measures which are affordable and achievable Cancer Care and Research, Coronary artery disease, through implementation of evidence-based, proven, Diabetes Prevention and control, ACLS Courses, EMS, imaginative and innovative strategies to solve health care Trauma and Disaster Preparedness, Medical Education, problems. Mental Health, Pediatric and Perinatal Care, Prevention of Chronic Diseases and Health Education and Rural health care. The AAPI sponsored clinics are located in Jammu, by Andhra Pradesh, Harayana, Karnataka, Punjab, Gujarat, Mumbai, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Himachal Dr. Bhaswati Bhattacharya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Our goal is to have a clinic in AAPI, each state. Thanks to on-site and outreach programs conducted by these clinics we served close to one million NEW YORK CITY patients. In addition AAPI built five hospitals – 4 in Gujarat and one in Maharashtra. We are in a process to start much-needed mental health clinic in Nagapattanam, where Tsunami hit the hardest. In Sambalpur, Orissa, a zero infant mortality rate has been maintained for six consecutive years in a 20 village area. 20

My Dreams Are Not For Sale From Breakdowns to Breakthroughs Within our reach lies every path we ever dream of taking. ladled the coffee out and placed it in a bowl. Turning to her daughter, she asked, \"Tell me, what do you see?\" Within our power lies every step we ever dream of \"Carrots, eggs, and coffee,\" she replied. Her mother making. brought her closer and asked her to feel the carrots. She did and noted that they were soft. The mother then asked Within our range lies every joy we ever dream of seeing. the daughter to take an egg and break it. After pulling off the shell, she observed the hard-boiled egg. Finally, the Within ourselves lies everything we ever dream of being. mother asked the daughter to sip the coffee. The daughter smiled, as she tasted its rich aroma. The daughter then What would it take to see India be a developed nation? asked, \"What does it mean, mother?\" What would it entail? Who will be partners to make it happen? What will it take of us to achieve this mission – Her mother explained that each of these objects had faced yes it's a mission of graduating out of poverty into the same adversity... boiling water. Each reacted prosperity!! differently. The carrot went in strong, hard, and unrelenting. However, after being subjected to the boiling Some say its possible, some say it's an impossible task – water, it softened and became weak. The egg had been being developed nation by 2015, forget it. What do you fragile. Its thin outer shell had protected its liquid interior, think? Such a rich country; rich with intelligence, rich with but after sitting through the boiling water, its inside heritage, rich with culture, rich with human capital, rich became hardened. with flora and fauna, rich with minerals, richness that one could envy about. Then what's missing the presence of The ground coffee beans were unique, however. After which will make a difference. they were in the boiling water, they had changed the water. \"Which are you?\" she asked her daughter. \"When One wonders why we don't see the socio-economic- adversity knocks on your door, how do you respond? Are environmental breakdowns as opportunities for you a carrot, an egg or a coffee bean?\" transforming a situation. I see this through what Mark Twain eyes, “Twenty years from now you will be more Think of it this way: Are you going to give in to the hurdles disappointed by the things you didn't do than by the ones that impede the growth of India? OR are you going to you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the alter those hurdles and help you win any ways. safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover”. Ten years from India will be I believe the above story narrates how your choices do developed prosperous nation, twenty years from now it matter and how you get value added by the experiences in will be a leader causing other developing countries fulfill life & most importantly the meanings you add to them. their dreams. I am clear that a nations unemployed youth is its GDP sitting idle. Investing in youth & young professionals is not an option – it's a smart investment, which will reap return of investment. I can reiterate this through a parable: A young woman went to her mother and told her about by her life and how things were so hard for her. She did not know how she was going to make it and wanted to give up. Dr. Swati Save She was tired of fighting and struggling. It seemed as one Author problem was solved, a new one arose. Her mother took her to the kitchen. She filled three pots with water and placed each on a high fire. Soon the pots came to boil. In the first she placed carrots, in the second she placed eggs, and in the last she placed ground coffee beans. She let them sit and boil, without saying a word. In about twenty minutes she turned off the burners. She fished the carrots out and placed them in a bowl. She pulled the eggs out and placed them in a bowl. Then she 21

International Civil Service Commission (icsc) A Perspective In other areas, it makes recommendations to the General Assembly which then acts as the legislator for the rest of By its resolution 3042 (XXVII) of 19 December 1972, the common system. Such matters include Professional the General Assembly decided in principle to establish salary scales, the level of dependency allowances and an international civil service commission and requested education grant. the Secretary-General, together with his colleagues on the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination, to On still other matters, the Commission makes submit detailed proposals, including a draft statute. By recommendations to the executive heads of the its resolution 3357 (XXIX) of 18 December 1974, the organizations; these include, in particular, human Assembly decided: resources policy issues. (a) To approve the present statute of the International The aim of Commission is to ensure common system, Civil which was intended to prevent competition among the Service Commission; organizations in staff recruitment and to facilitate exchange of staff. Other rationales for a common system (b) To endorse the administrative and budgetary include: arrangements proposed for 1975 by the Secretary-General, subject to the recommendations •Efficiency/economy of scale: central maintenance of of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and salary scales and allowance schedules means far fewer Budgetary Questions; resources have to be deployed for these purposes in each organization; © To request the International Civil Service Commission • Equity/fairness: morale can be jeopardized when staff to review, as a matter of priority, the United Nations working side by side have different conditions of salary system in accordance with the decision service - in paragraph 5 of General Assembly resolution - a uniform approach lessens such dissatisfaction; 3042 • Cost-efficiency/control: for the Member States, a (XXVII) and to submit a progress report to common set of employment conditions permits an the Assembly at its thirtieth session; overview of staff costs. (d) To invite the organizations members of the United The Commission consists of three divisions, Nations common system to participate in and contribute to the work of the International 1. Cost of Living Civil Service Commission and request the 2. Personal Policies Secretary-General, as Chairman of the 3. Salaries and Adjustment. Administrative Briefly there duties are as follows, Committee on Co-ordination, to report on relevant developments to the General Assembly at its thirtieth session. The Commission adopted its rules of procedure at its first session in May 1975 and amended these rules at its twenty-fifth session in March 1987. About the Commission and my work: 1. Cost of Living In carrying out this function, the Division is responsible The Commission's mandate covers all facets of staff for: employment conditions, but the type of action it is Carrying out periodic cost-of-living surveys; collecting empowered to take in a specific area is regulated under data on expenditure patterns of staff, prices for a basket its statute. of goods and services, and data on housing costs; On some matters (e.g. establishment of daily Calculating post adjustment indexes which express cost- subsistence allowance; schedules of post adjustment, of-living relativities between each duty station of the i.e. cost-of-living element; hardship entitlements), the United Nations common system and New York; Commission itself may take decisions. 22

· Updating of post adjustment indexes on a · Carrying out annual comparisons between the monthly basis; remunerations levels of officials in comparable positions of the United States federal civil service and those of · Maintaining the rental subsidy scheme, which is officials of the United Nations common system. linked to the post adjustment system; · The operation of the Daily Subsistence Allowance · Publishing post adjustment reports on a monthly (DSA) system of the United Nations common system. basis; · Publishing DSA reports on monthly basis. · Calculating and publishing retail price indexes. · Carrying out periodic surveys of conditions of 2. Personal Policies service of General Service and other locally recruited In carrying out this function, the Division is staff at the eight headquarters duty stations, i.e., responsible for: Geneva, London, Madrid, Montreal, New York, Paris, Leading and preparing studies on specific aspects Rome, Vienna. of human resources management and providing policy guidance to the organizations on the · Conducting periodic studies of the appropriate conditions of service of staff as approved by the levels of allowances and benefits including dependency Commission and the General allowances, education grant and pensionable remuneration. · Assembly. Anand Kumar Pandey is presently working in International Civil Service Commission, United Nations, · Establishing, reviewing and updating related tools N.Y. Graduated from Govt Engg College, Jabalpur such as job evaluation manuals and handbooks and advising and training organizations in their   application. in Electrical Engg (1998), He always had a dream of pursuing my career in Civil Services. · Classifying duty stations according to conditions of As a Computer Systems Programmer, my role in the life and work under the mobility and hardship organization is to participate in the development; scheme and recommending the granting of hazard programming, testing, debugging and implementation of pay. new application systems releases, modules and functionalities using UN established standards for IT · Preparing studies for the establishment of policies technologies, programming languages and statistical governing a work/life agenda for staff in the tools. I have to maintain functional specifications for common system. computer application systems, programmes and procedures developed and/or modified and perform · Monitoring and reporting on the implementation by proactive and corrective maintenance to optimize the organizations of all recommendations and decisions developed solutions. Professionalism, Hard Work, of the ICSC including the improvement of the status Vision, ability to work in multi-ethnic and multi-cultural of women in the common system. environment, and above all, to make a difference in someone life's through whatever means you have, are the · Issuing a compendium of decisions and driving force behind the success of this organisation. recommendations of the ICSC for the information of organizations of the common system. · Providing guidance, advice and training to by organizations of the common system in any relevant area of work. Anand Kumar Pandey ICSC, United Nations H.Q. 3. Salaries and Allowances Division Its duties include: NEW YORK 23

Building a Gender Equal Society in India Today's woman is no longer viewed by society as an object The major causes of neonatal death in India resemble the of charity or welfare, but as an equal partner, who global picture with infections, prematurity and asphyxia as contributes to her home, community, society and country the leading causes. About a third of all neonatal deaths intellectually, socially, politically and economically. occur on the first day of life. Approximately an additional Recognition of this shift in perception of women's role in one third of deaths occur between the first and seventh society is also leading to changes in the way media, civil day of life. The plateau in IMR observed since 1990 can society, the private sector and Governments portray only be removed by addressing malnutrition in mother- women and do business. child dyad. As per NFHS-2 (1998-99) 47% of children under three years are underweight, 45.5% stunted and Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment: the link to 15.5% wasted. India fares poorly even among the South sustainable development The State of the World's East Asian countries, occupying the third place from the Children 2007, UNICEF's flagship publication, examines bottom with only Nepal and Bangladesh faring worse the discrimination and disempowerment that women face than India. The prevalence of low birth weight continues throughout their lives and underscores the need for a to be about 30% for last three decades. Low birth weight gender-equal society. Gender equality will not only babies are more likely to die because of neonatal empower women to overcome poverty, but also their infections and under nutrition. children, families, communities and countries. When seen in this light, gender equality is not only morally right – it is The maternal mortality ratio of 540 per 100,000 live pivotal to human progress and sustainable development. births is a continuing concern. Maternal mortality rates Moreover, gender equality produces a double dividend: are the highest in Uttar Pradesh -707 deaths per 100,000 advancing the rights of both women and children. live births. Only 5 countries in the world - all in Sub Healthy, educated and empowered women have healthy, Saharan Africa - report a higher rate of maternal mortality educated and confident daughters and sons. than Uttar Pradesh. High rates of anaemia and lack of access to skilled birth attendants are major constraints to The goals of human development are deeply intertwined reducing maternal mortality in India. However, only 42.3 with the development and empowerment of women and percent of deliveries are attended by a health professional. children, as they together comprise significant proportion [Report of the Working Group on Integrating Nutrition of the total population of the country. As per the 2001 with Health for the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-2012), Census, women as an independent group accounted for Ministr y of Women and Child Development, 495.74 million or 48.3%. Yet, progress is slow in ensuring Government of India, November 2006] The same care access to resources and services for a major share of the and services that can improve women's health and country's human resource. nutrition and reduce maternal mortality can also help save children's lives and reduce under nutrition. Female Literacy While the literacy rates have shown an improvement from HIV/AIDS 39.3% to 54.3% of the total female population between 1991 and 2001, yet much more needs to be done especially The growing female face of HIV/AIDS in India is for socially and economically backward regions and reflected in the fact that account for 2 million of 5.2 groups. Only 67.7 percent of females between the ages million estimated cases of people living with HIV/AIDS of 15 to 24 are literate in India, compared to 84.2 percent – constituting 39 % of all HIV infections. A significant of males, and against 98.5 percent of women of the same portion of the new infections occurs in women who are in age group in China. monogamous marriage. The recent study (2006) on the “Gender impact of HIV/AIDS in India commissioned Infant, Child and Maternal Mortality by the National AIDS Control Organization, UNDP and NCAER gives evidence to this trend. The study The rates of infant mortality, under five mortality and highlights the low levels of knowledge and awareness maternal mortality continue to be high in spite of the fact among women about HIV testing and access to health that a large portion of these deaths are preventable. Of care as well as the heavy burden of care that women carry. the 26 million infants born in India every year, about 2.3 More than 70% of the caregivers in the HIV affected million die before reaching the age of five years, and about households are women. More alarmingly, 20% of these 1.2 million of these die before the age of one month. caregivers are HIV positive themselves. 24

A Lancet study by Indian and Canadian researchers 2004 and increased by 8.2 per cent over 2001. A total of analysed prevalence of HIV among pregnant women ages 1,55,553 incidents of crime against women were reported 15 to 24 in four southern Indian states. The study found in the country during 2005 as compared to 1,54,333 in that the rate of infection within this group fell by 35 2004. As compared to 2001, these crimes had reported percent between 2000 and 2004 from 1.7 to 1.1 per cent. It decline during 2002 and 2003 followed by an increase attributes this finding to the rising condom use by men during 2004 and 2005. The majority of these crimes (92 and female sex workers in south India which further per cent) relate to rape, molestation, homicide, torture, reduced transmission to wives. The study underscores the kidnapping for exploitation, trafficking need for raising awareness among women about HIV/AIDS, condom use and the rights to protection. and dowry deaths. Against the national average of 14.1, Delhi leads with a rate of 27.6 followed by Andhra A skewed sex ratio - an indicator for son preference Pradesh (26.1) and Tripura (24.8). Children under the age of 18 constitute 40 percent of A total of 14,975 cases of crimes against Children were India's population. They represent not just India's future, reported in the country during 2005 as compared to but are integral to securing India's present Yet, 14,423 cases during 2004, suggesting an increase of 3.8%. development indicators continue to show slow progress The number of foeticide cases remained the same during towards securing their welfare and delivering their basic 2004 and 2005 (86 each year). Cases under Child Marriage rights. The very survival of the child continues to be at Restraint Act reported a decline of 31.2 per cent. A total risk for over a million newborns in the country every year. of 108 Infanticide cases were reported in the country The survival prospects for girls in particular are getting during 2005, a decline of one per cent from the previous grimmer, with successive Census figures revealing decline year. The crime rate has marginally increased from 1.3 in in the sex ratio. Despite a booming economy, investments 2004 to 1.4 in 2005. The rate was highest in Delhi (6.5) in social development are insufficient and are also not followed by Chandigarh (5.7) and Madhya Pradesh (5.6) yielding changes rapidly enough. as compared to the national average of 1.4. The sex ratio among children (0-6 years) as per Census India is a source, destination, and transit country for men, 2001 is 927 i.e. 927 females per 1000 males. The skewed women, and children trafficked for the purposes of sex ratio of India tells a tale of millions of girls forced or bonded labour and commercial sexual disappearing year after year - some never born and others exploitation.The country has been placed on a Tier 2 not having the chance to survive. Seven thousand fewer Watch List for the 3rd consecutive year based on girls are born in India each day than the global average inadequate compliance with the minimum standards set would suggest, largely because female foetuses are by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000. aborted after sex determination tests. Female foeticide, though prevalent in many parts of the country remain Child Marriage largely invisible. Sex pre-selection is prevalent in states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Rajasthan and The State of the World's Children 2007 finds that in India, Punjab. 45% of women are still being forced into marriage before the age of 18 in violation of the law. The practice of child In January 2006, the medical journal The Lancet marriage is rampant in many parts of the country and the published research indicating that over the last 20 years as incidence of it is highest in the States of Rajasthan, Bihar, many as 10 million female foetuses have been aborted in Uttar Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. India. The gravity of the situation has forced even the National Family Health Survey (II) data suggests that the Supreme Court of India on August 18, 2006, to issue median age for the marriage of girls in India is 16.4 years. notice to the Centre, States and Union Territories on a The survey also found that 65% of the girls are married by petition seeking a direction for strict implementation of the time they are 18 years old. Despite high female the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic literacy in Kerala, close to one-tenth of women are Techniques (Prohibition on Sex Selection) Act, 1994 to married before attaining the legal age of 18 years. Child prevent female foeticide. marriage not only cuts short the period of childhood and adolescence, it prevents children from developing to their Crimes against Women and Children Crimes against women has increased by 0.8 per cent over 25

full potential. Among girls, child marriage can also result A Ministry for Women and Child Development in poor reproductive and sexual health, early and difficult of fatal childbirth, and reduced opportunities for In January 2006, the Department of Women and Child education and employment. Adolescent girls between the Development was upgraded to a Ministry with a broad ages of 15 and 19 are twice as likely to die during mandate for the holistic development of women and pregnancy or childbirth as women in their twenties. For children. As a nodal Ministry for the advancement of those under 15, the risks are five times higher. women and children, the Ministry formulates plans, policies and programmes; enacts /amends legislation, There are over 397 million workers in India, out of which guides and coordinates the efforts of both governmental 123 million are women workers. Only a small proportion, and non-governmental organisations working in the field 18 million, are in the urban areas while 106 million are in of Women and Child Development. rural areas. While 31% of all workers are women, the share of women workers amongst poor workers (those A Plan of Action for Children below the poverty line) is 36%. The majority of women (96%) workers are in the unorganized sector with The National Plan of Action for Children 2005 was agriculture accounting for 75% of the female work force. launched in August 2005. The Plan aims to reduce infant Home-based workers account for 57% of the female and maternal mortality rates, reduce malnutrition among work force. Discriminations against women in the labour children, ensure 100% civil birth registration, Universalise force include lack of early childhood care and development and quality education for all children; achieve 100% access and recognition of women's economic contribution to the retention in schools; abolish female foeticide/infanticide household, lower wages, longer working hours, and difficulties in getting superior positions and promotions. Investing in women and children India compares poorly to other countries in allocation of child marriage; ensure the survival, development and resources for health, development, protection and protection of all children -- particularly the girl child and education for children. As a proportion of Gross children in difficult circumstances; improve coverage for Domestic Product, these investments are particularly low Water and Sanitation; monitor, review and reform and increases are not commensurate with the overall policies, programmes and laws to ensure protection of increase in national productivity and income. Under- children's interests and rights; and ensure child investment in health, development, protection and participation and choice in matters and decisions that education will only serve to widen income gaps and affect their lives. perpetuate inequality, both of which will impede national efforts to meet important development targets. Child Budgeting In families where women have a say in decision-making, a The Child Budgeting exercise conducted by the Ministry far greater proportion of household resources is devoted of Women and Child Development revealed the to child health, nutrition and education than in families persisting low level of fund allocation for any measures where women do not have a voice. In only 10 of the 30 affecting children, with resources for child protection the countries surveyed did 50 per cent or more of women lowest of all. The share of child protection in the Union participate in all household decisions, including those Budget has remained stagnant at 0.03 percent. While there taken in regard to their own health care, major household is no denying that education is, and has to be, the most purchases, daily household spending and visits with important sector, if children's right to protection is not family or relatives outside of the household. met every other right is at stake. In order to bridge this gap the Ministry of Women and Child Development, Research indicates that economic participation of Government of India has proposed the centrally women-their presence in the workforce in quantitative sponsored scheme “Integrated Child Protection Scheme terms-is important not only for lowering the (ICPS)”, which not only brings all existing child disproportionate levels of poverty among women, but protection schemes of the Ministry under one window also as an important step toward raising household but also proposes an increased allocation for child income and encouraging economic development in protection programmes in the Union Budget. countries as a whole. The Government of India's response 26

The Integrated Child Development Scheme better monitoring of hostels, and including day care centres in hostels to facilitate women with children. ICDS is the foremost symbol of India's commitment to her children-India's response to the challenge of Gender Budgeting providing pre-school education on one hand and breaking the vicious cycle of malnutrition, morbidity, reduced Gender-responsive budget analysis refers to the analysis learning capacity and mortality, on the other.It provides a of actual government expenditure and revenue on package of six basic services: a health check-up, women and girls as compared to men and boys. It is a immunization, referral services, supplementary feeding, useful tool that allows governments to modify policy, pre school education and health and nutrition education enables the best use of available resources and/or re- for children up to 6 years and expectant and nursing allocation of resources. In 2005, India introduced gender mothers. Starting with a modest 33 Blocks (projects) it has sensitivities for the first time into its budget allocations gradually expanded to 5671 projects of which 5635 and mandated that in the future all Departments would be projects with 7.44 lakh Anganwadi Centres have become required to present gender budgets as well as make operational. The Government has sanctioned expansion benefit-incidence analyses. The 2006-07 budget includes of the ICDS Scheme to cover 467 additional ICDS schemes where 100 per cent of the allocation is for the Projects and 1,88,168 Anganwadi Centres. It also benefit of women as well as schemes where at least 30 per proposes to share 50% of the expenditures on cent of the allocation is targeted towards women. Several supplementary nutrition with the States. Ministries and Departments have initiated an exercise to prepare a public expenditure profile of their budgets from Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls a gender perspective. 32 Ministries and Departments have set up Gender Budgeting Cells. The Government approved the implementation of NPAG, through the Department of Women and Child Women's Participation in Decision Making Development, in 51 backward districts identified by the Planning Commission in the year 2005-06 to provide 6 kg The 73rd and 74th amendments (1993) to the of free food-grains to undernourished adolescent girls Constitution of India provided for 33 per cent of seats in only (pregnant women & lactating mothers are not the Panchayat (local legislatures) to be reserved for covered as these are targeted under ICDS). The scheme is women. Recent findings from a background paper on the being continued for the Annual Plan 2006-07 on pilot role of women politicians in rural India \"suggest that project basis. The Kishori Shakti Yojana has been politically empowering women may have important identified as a viable scheme for providing iron and folic benefits for children\". The paper provides encouraging acid supplements to adolescent girls. evidence that women's participation in local-level decision can lead to increased resources for and Schemes for Working Women and Mothers improvements in health, water and sanitation, and immunization and reduce the gender gap in schooling. Recognizing the contribution of women to the labour Although there is a clear correlation between women's force and the need for day care, in January 2006, the participation in decision making and resource allocation Government of India approved the Rajiv Gandhi and prioritisation on matters related to both her own National Crèche Scheme for children of working/ailing welfare and that of her family and mothers. The scheme will include 14719 crèches by the end of 2007. The main objective of the scheme of community, a bill intended to allocate 33% of seats in crèches is to promote a healthy all round development of Parliament and state legislatures to women continues to children of the working/ailing mothers, particularly those hang. Currently, women members account for only 10% employed in the unorganised sector. Important elements in the Parliament. of the scheme include increased finances, development of guidelines for implementing agencies, training of crèche workers, and monitoring of crèches by independent agencies. Under a scheme for NGOs and cooperative bodies to Empowering Women construct working women's hostels, only 873 hostels have been constructed due to cumbersome procedures in the Swa-Shakti, Swayamsidha, STEP and Swawlamban are NGOs getting financial assistance for construction. some of the schemes being implemented by the Ministry Changes proposed by the Ministry include revising the of Women and Child Development to enable economic norms and procedures to make it more viable for NGOs empowerment for women. The Swa-Shakti Project to construct hostels in both urban and rural areas, 27

started in 1999 with the partnership of the World Bank Monitoring Report 2007 of the United Nations and IFAD has by 2005 established 17,647 SHGs covering Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization about 2,44,000 women. Under the Swayamsidha scheme (UNESCO) itself mentions this contradiction. While launched in 2001, 67971 women SHGs have been formed stating that India, with 4.6 million children out of school benefiting 9,89,485 beneficiaries and provided a forum as of 2004, is one of the four countries (the others being for women's empowerment, collective reflection and Nigeria, united action. In 2007, the Ministry, with assistance from IFAD, proposes to merge these two under the Pakistan and Ethiopia) with the largest number of out-of- Swayamsidhha Phase II project to benefit four districts of school children, it notes that the figure - derived from the Uttar Pradesh and two districts of Bihar with assistance UNESCO Institute of Statistics data - is at variance with from IFAD. the results of an Indian government-commissioned household survey done by the Social and Rural Research The Support to Training and Employment Program Institute in 2005. (STEP) launched in 1987 seeks to provide skills and new knowledge to poor and asset less women in the traditional The Government of India has launched two focussed sectors. A comprehensive package of services such as interventions for girls – the National Programme for health care, elementary education, crèche facility, market Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL) and linkages, etc. is provided besides access to credit. The the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) to reach program is being evaluated and may be revamped based out to girls from marginalised social groups in over 3,000 on findings. educationally backward blocks in the country where the female rural literacy is below the national average and the The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh provides micro-credit in a gender gap in literacy is above the national average. The quasi-formal manner to the poor women for income KGBV, launched in July 2004, is designed to encourage generating, production, skill development and housing greater participation of girls in education at the upper activities in order to make them economically primary level. The impact of these integrated strategies is independent. The Government proses to expand the beginning is evident in the form of increased enrolment credit program from the present level of Rs.20 crore to levels and learning levels with reduced drop out rates. Rs.100 crore per annum by 2010-11 and also to expand its operations in all States and Union Territories through Protecting Women and Children nodal agencies and franchisees. The Government has made a number of significant Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan changes in the legal frameworks towards ensuring full equality to women and the recent amendments and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, launched in 2001, aims at additions to existing legislation are encouraging. achieving universal primary education by 2007 and Amendments have been carried out in the Hindu universal elementary education by 2010. SSA is being Succession Act, 1956 to give equal inheritance rights to implemented in partnership with State Governments to women in property. Government is also contemplating cover the entire country and address the needs of 192 amendments to the Guardians and Wards Act 1890, the million children in 1.1 million habitations. Online report Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956 and the cards are now available for more than 1.04 million Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956 to remove Primary and Upper Primary schools at state and district discriminatory provisions contained in them. A Bill for levels. In addition to quantitative information, the Report the compulsory registration of marriages is also under Cards also provide qualitative information and a active consideration. descriptive report about individual schools. The report cards provide a useful reference for improving the quality The Criminal Procedure Code has been amended to of education in primary schools. ensure greater protection to women. These include the prohibition of arrest of women after sunset and before Although SSA has reported increase in enrolment figures, sunrise except in unavoidable circumstances, a provision there is concern about the large number of out-of-school to ensure immediate medical examination of rape victims children and the reliability of enrolment figures as a within 24 hours, DNA profiling, and investigation by a measure of success. The Education for All Global judicial or Metropolitan Magistrate of incidents of rape in custody. 28

In February 2006, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Government is the Sexual Harassment of Women at all marriages, existing and future, would have to be Work Place (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Bill, registered. The Prohibition of Child Marriage Bill 2006 2006. The Bill is premised on (1) the rights guaranteed by passed on December 19, 2006 gives protection to tens of the Constitution of India to gender equality and a safe thousands of children forced into marriage every year. environment free from sexual harassment and (2) the Under the new bill, adult males marrying children and right to protection from sexual harassment and to live people involved in performing, abetting or attending a with dignity recognized by international conventions such child marriage can face up to two years in prison and a as the CEDAW. There is more the Government can do -- fine of 100,000 rupees. take steps to reduce corruption within the law enforcing bodies, raise awareness among general public, The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, employment agencies about the consequences of human 2005 which came into effect in 25 October 2006. trafficking, provide training to children (boys and girls) According to the amended law, any act that \"harms or and women to protect themselves from being exploited, injures or endangers the health, safety, life, health or well- improve systems to monitor and prevent cross-border being, whether mental or physical\" constitutes domestic trafficking; make penalties stiffer for offences such as violence. It includes \"causing physical abuse, sexual bride trafficking, forced or bonded labour, and nation- abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse\". wide systems for data collection, monitoring and In dissemination. addition to punishing her offenders, the new law allows a In order to deal with the incidence of abuse, exploitation woman to stay on in her matrimonial home, demand and neglect of children in the country, the Ministry of maintenance if thrown out, or seek protection orders Women and Child Development, Government of India from the abusive partner. The effectiveness of this law has prepared a draft Bill, which aims at identifying will require not only additional resources, political will, incidence of offences against children and protecting but also advocacy and sensitisation of women, of them from offences; punishing persons who have families, civil society as well as the legal and police committed offences against children; and setting up rules personnel. to fulfil its objectives. The Ministry in collaboration with UNICEF developed On 20 January 2006, the Government notified the three manuals for combating trafficking and commercial Commission for Protection of Children Act, 2005 as Act sexual exploitation: a judicial handbook, a manual for No. 4 of 2006. The Act provides for the constitution of a medical officers for dealing with child victims and a National Commission and State Commissions for manual on counselling services for child survivors of Protection of Child Rights and Children's Courts for trafficking. The Ministry also formulated a protocol for providing speedy trial of Pre-rescue, Rescue and Post-rescue operations of child victims of trafficking for the purpose of Commercial offences against children. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Sexual Exploitation. In partnership with the UN Office Protection of Children) Amendment Act, 2006 was for Drugs and Crime, the MWCD is developing a training approved in August 2006. It calls for adoption of a child- manual for police and prosecutors and plans to set up anti friendly approach in the adjudication and disposition of human trafficking units in selected states. matters in the best interest of children and for their ultimate rehabilitation through various institutions The proposed amendment to the Immoral Traffic established under the enactment. (Prevention) Act, 1956 has five features. First, it deletes the provisions related to prosecution of prostitutes Conclusion soliciting for customers. Second, it provides for prosecution of clients. Third it defines the term Building a society that protects the rights of boys and girls \"trafficking in persons\" and provides for penalties. equally and enables them to grow in a safe, healthy and Fourth, it increases penalties for some offences. Fifth, it secure environment. Policy and legislative changes are constitutes authorities at the central and state level to required, but strict enforcement, monitoring and review combat trafficking. Under consideration for approval by of such laws, allocation of required resources and 29

capacity building, involvement of boys and men in changing harmful traditional practices, raising public awareness, and increasing opportunities for children and women to participate in decisions that affect their lives are equally necessary. TEXT BOX UNICEF - A strong and stable partner UNICEF's largest country programme is in India. UNICEF programmes and projects in India are implemented through a Master Plan of Operations, which is prepared based on consultation and mutual consensus. The Ministry of Women Child Development (MWCD) is the nodal Ministry for coordinating the implementation of the Master Plan of Operations for 2003-2007. The programme contributes towards (a) reduction in infant and maternal mortality (b) improvements in levels of child nutrition (c) ensuring universal elementary education (d) enhancing child protection (e) protection of children and adolescents from HIV/AIDS. An amount of US $400 million has been allocated by UNICEF for the India Country Programme for the period from 2003-07. An additional funds of US $100 million has also been approved by UNICEF for utilization in the current MPO period. What makes UNICEF unique in India is its network of ten state offices. These enable the organisation to focus attention on the poorest and most disadvantaged communities, alongside its work at the national level. by Rema Venu UNICEF, Nairobi KENYA 30

Terpenoids And Phenylpropanoids An Important Group of Natural Products Nutritious foods contain trace constituents such as sesquiterpenoids. Thousands of naturally occurring minerals, vitamins and flavors. The role of flavors is terpenoids are known today, the sesquiterpenes represent critical; they are partially responsible for the digestion of the largest single class. food and control food recognition, selection and acceptance. Flavor can be the neuro-physiological answer The history of essential oils dates back to the use of to the question simultaneously asked of the chemical perfumes and herbal drugs in the early stages of human senses of taste and odor by the stimulus food. Flavor has culture. But the rapid development of chemistry unfolded been defined by Hall (1968) as: the mysterious and complex nature of odorant substances derived from plant and animal origin. It was found out “The sum of those characteristics of any material taken in that these perfumery materials are derived from volatile the mouth, perceived principally by the senses of taste and portion distilled from plants. These essential oils are smell and also by the general pain and tactile receptors in composed of a group of compounds of extra ordinary the mouth, as received and interpreted by the brain\". diverse structures called terpenes. Goodwin has suggested that the number of different terpenes present Flavors are never attributed to a single aroma compound. in plants may be greater than that of any other group of Combination of (E)-2-hexenal, hexanal and ethyl 2- natural products. The essential oil today widely used in methylbutyrate is of critical importance for the medicine-Aromatherapy, several essential oils were characteristic flavoring note of the delicious apple and reported for their antimicrobial activity. It has been shown differences in varieties of apples are due to the by Banthorpe's group that it is not the isoprene but the quantitative variations in the formation of (E)-2-hexenal biochemically active isopentyl pyrophosphate, which and (Z)-3-hexenal as well as of the corresponding condenses to form this varied group of terpenoid alcohols. While some cases are known where a natural compounds ranging from hemiterpene to tetraterpenes. flavor impression is dominated by one single substance. Terpenoids and phenyl propanoids cover the largest part The advent of 1970 has witnessed a quantum jump in the of aroma components. Aroma components can be field of terpenoids. Isoprene, which is considered as the considered to be direct metabolites produced in vegetable building block of terpenoids in plants, has been used for or animal organisms by intracellular biogenetic pathways the syntheses of many important terpenoids. One must and their quality and quantity therefore depend on genetic telomerise isoprene in a head to tail fashion to obtain factors and are influenced by ripening and storage. skeletal compound related to monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Thus several industrially important Food flavors, however, are mainly produced by extra terpenes like geraniol; linalool; citral; farnesol etc. have cellular events, e.g. by enzymatic or chemical been synthesized from isoprene. In spite of the great transformations of the foodstuff upon processing, by strides which organic synthetic chemistry has made in degradation of high molecular weight precursors like terpenoid field, agriculture still holds its own place and protein, carbohydrates and lipids, although some less remains the producer of a great part of organic chemicals frequently occurring precursors, such as polyphenols used in perfumes and flavor. The annual production of nucleotides, pigments, vitamins or polyterpenes, also (+)-limonene has been estimated as 50000 tones. It is contribute to a certain extent to the overall flavor. produced largely from Citrus peel oil having insecticidal Fermentation, curing, dehydration, boiling, baking, frying properties that can be demonstrated by simple school and roasting are the most common post-harvest experiment. The global annual turnover of these procedures. The pathway for the formation of flavoring compounds from nature is around four-lakh substances is characterized by normal chemical reactions tones/annum valued at about US$ 1.5 billion. such as oxidations, rearrangements, fragmentation and recombination reactions. The burning topic in the terpenoid field today is the riddle of olfaction, which still awaits a solution. Chemists and Terpenoids flavor experts have joined hands to find a relationship Terpenoids form the largest and one of the most complex between the olfactive properties of a compound and its part of natural products widely distributed in the plants chemical structure. All the seven isomeric hexenols were and to some extent in animal kingdom. The essential oil synthesized by Bedoukian group and were found to have of the plants is the complex mixture of mono and different odors. It is suspected that odor differences are 31

observed due to difference in absorption by the olfactive widest ranges of biological activity like forskolin and its membranes. derivatives possesses interesting blood pressure lowering activity while on the other hand diterpenes from roots of Researches have shown that monoterpenes are a source Salvia eriophora are cardioactive. The costliest spice in the of attraction for man as well as insects. Most of the world is saffron because of its diterpenoid constituents pheromones are monoterpenes. Several monocyclic (crocetin and its glycosides), they are biologically active monoterpenes have been isolated from the urine of and will be discussed further in saffron chapter. Rabdosia species humans. There are several reports on the terpenes those have interactions with insects. Other advancement, which (Lamiaceae) are used in China as folk medicine in tumor deserves mention, is related with the discoveries of some and inflammation. In Rabdosia species the diterpenes antibiotic monoterpenoids (eg. Nectriapyrone). were found to be the cytotoxic principles. The number of articles on new diterpenes are increasing day by day. Reports on an oxygen containing camphene have come from Aplysia californica. Novel monoterpenes filifolone Panax ginseng a traditional Chinese medicine containing cyclic pentane and butane system were isolated recommended for increasing mental efficiency, from the Australian plant Zieria smithii and bakuchiol recovering physical balance and stimulating metabolic from the seed of the Indian plant Psoralea carylifolia. function in man. With these claims it is not surprising that There are several reports of polyhalogenated the constituents of ginseng have been well studied. monoterpenes in the literature particularly from marine Another example is tetranortriterpenoids, a large group algae. The first crystalline compound of the series having of modified triterpenoids. The insect repellent properties both chlorine and bromine is a tribromo trichloro of the neem tree are well known the property is because monoterpene from red algae Plocamium coccineum and of tetranortriterpenoids including azadirachtin. There are second is an alcohol, 7-chloro-3,7-dimethyl-1,4,6- several triterpenes whose stereochemistry is stil not tribromo-1-octen-3-ol. Fungi also produce so many confirmed and efforts to establish the stereochemistry of interesting terpenoids and several monoterpenoid triterpenes is still going on. The number of new glycosides have been reported in literature. triterpenes still going on day by day as is evident from current literature appearing in various journals. Several Nepetalactone and the dihydro derivative nepetalactol of triterpene degraded quassinoids are also reported in the different stereochemistry are constituents of the active literature and recently quassinoids were also isolated from pheromones of Aphids. Today these are commercially Ailanthus excelsa. manufactured from reduction of nepetalactone with the help of different reagents. Nepetalactone is commercially Phenylpropanoids obtained from the essential oil of Nepeta cataria. Phenylpropanoids form one of the most complex group of natural products widely distributed in the plants and The diastereo isomeric rose oxides of the (4R)-series, first are the chief constituent of many essential oils and discovered in rose oil were also isolated with same flavours. In plant kingdom these are derived from stereochemical series in the animal kingdom, notably in cinnamic acid and coumaric acid via the shikimic acid the secretion of the thoracic glands of Aromia moschata pathway. Flavonoids may have existed in nature for over L. (Cerambycidae, Coleoptera). Some oxygenated one billion years and thus may have interacted with degradation products of carotenoids like evolving organisms over the aeons. Today over 4000 dihydroactinidiolide were reported in volatiles of various chemically unique flavonoid structures are divided into tobacco varieties, black tea, tomato, oil of cassia, as a twelve classes on the basis of the oxidation level of the physiologically active component in Actinidia polygama central pyran ring and have been identified one of the which exerts an attracting effect on Felidae and also as largest group of naturally occurring phenols. component of the volatiles from the anal gland secretion The flavonoids taste are ranged from bitter to sweeter of the red fox, the compound is a oxygenated degradation than sucrose for example bitter dihydrochalcone product of β-carotene and can be formed by dye- phloridzin (phloretin 2'-β-D-glucoside) was isolated from sensitized photooxygenation in an alkaline medium. apple trees in 1835 and the bittersweet dihydrochalcone Similarly safranal, crocetin and picrocrocin are also glycyphyllin (phloretin 2'-α-L-rhamnoside) from the degradation product of zeaxanthine and are the main Australian shrub Smilax glycyphylla in 1881 while the component of saffron. The diterpenoid class has 32

medicinally important bitter flavanone naringin metabolites formed from the quercetin in their diet. (naringenin 7-α-L-rhamnosyl-β-D-glucoside) was However, it is not known how these are metabolised isolated from grapefruit in 1857. On the other hand the within the larvae. phyllodulcin isolated from Hydrangea thumbergii and H. macrophylla is 600 to 800 fold sweeter than sucrose. Flavonoids also works as an attractant as well as repellants and it is observed that there is very narrow line between Flavonoids have been shown to act as scavengers of attraction and repellence and the same flavonoid may act various oxidizing species ie. superoxide anion, hydroxyl as an attractant to one insect and a repellant to a second. radical or peroxy radicals and also act as quenchers of For instance, the dihydrochalcone glucoside phloridzin, singlet oxygen. Commonly flavonoids are present in which occurs in apple leaves, is a probing stimulant to the sufficient quantity in normal foods like in fruits, aphids Aphis pomi and Rhapalosiphum insertum, which feed from apple phloem, whereas the compound is a vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, flowers as well as in tea. Kuhnau has written an average daily western diet contains repellant to the pea aphid Acyrthosiphum pisum, which approximately 1 g. of mixed flavonoids, a quantity that feeds on other host plants. Recent review on plant could provide pharmacologically significant flavonoids dedicated to the memory of Professor Jeffrey concentrations in body fluids and tissues (assuming good B. Harborne FRS written by Monique S.J. Simmonds absorption from the gastrointestinal tract) but this figure compiled the all flavonoids data that have insect has been questioned by recent investigations of the interaction properties. The anthocyanins are responsible flavonoid content of commonly consumed vegetables for the majority of flower colours present in nature and and fruits. Flavonoids are prominent components of hence provide attraction to pollinating insects. citrus fruits and other food sources. Interestingly, each class of pollinator exhibits particular The flavonoids like quercetin, morin, rutin, color preferences, so that bee-pollinated flowers tend to dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), dihydrofisetin, be blue in color and the butterfly-pollinated flowers pink leucocyanidin, pelargonidin chloride, apigenin, catechin, or mauve, recently Harborne and Williams collected data hesperitin and naringin have been reported to possess on the different pigments in blue flowers which includes antiviral activity against some of 11 types of viruses. many examples of delphinidin-derivatives. So there is Flavonoids have long been recognized to possess evidence of natural selection for flower color based on antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anthocyanins among the many thousands of plants in the anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and vitamin like activities angiosperms. In most of the families of Caryophyllales and also affect some aspects of mammalian metabolism. and in higher fungi betalains (water soluble nitrogen Biflavonoids are also reported to possess biological containing pigments) replaces anthocyanins. Hamamura activity. Leake has reviewed the role of dietary antioxidant et al. were among the first scientists to explore that flavonoids in protecting against coronary heart disease. flavonoids have a role in allowing phytophagous insects to Among the recent reports found that the major surface recognize their host plants. Using artificial diets, they flavonoid of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) possess investigated the mechanism of food selection by the anti-inflammatory effect, the compound was first monophagous silkworm Bombyx mori, the larvae of identified as 6-hydroxy-3, 7,4'-trimethoxy kaempferol and which feed exclusively from leaves of mulberry tree, named as tanetin but later on the structure was revised to Morus alba. There are so many evidence suggesting that santin, the known 3,6,4' trimethyl ether isomer. the fitness of insects can be influenced by the plants they feed on. The only report of flavonoids in mammals appears to be Some plant flavonoids possess activities like baicalin and the isolation of 4'-methoxyflavan from scent glands of baicalein possess anti HIV, antiinflamatory, antioxidative the Canadian beaver, Caster fiber, while it is confirmed and lipid peroxidation preventive effects. Silymarin that flavonoids are commonly present in wings and bodies (silybin, silydianin and silychristin enriched fraction of butterflies in the Satyridae, Lycaenidae, and isolated from Silybum marianum) is used for liver Papilionidae families. Recent research has shown that protection. Deflon tablet manufactured by Serdia three of the flavonoid 5-glucosides, quercetin 5-O- pharmaceutical, Mumbai, India (under licence from Les glucoside, quercetin 5,4'-di-O-glucoside and quercetin laboratories Servier, France.) contain flavonoid extract 5,7,4'-tri-O-glucoside found in Bombyx mori cocoon shell were not present in mulberry leaves. These flavonoids occuring in B. mori are thought to be 33

(500 mg) from the leaves of Disoma crenulata (Rutaceae) and one day we will find cure for all challenged diseases equivalent to 450 mg of diosmin and 50 mg of hesperidin from nature. Nature has so many unexplored products and is a potent protective agent against inflammatory and scientists are trying to dig them. disorders. Luteolin-7-(2”-sulphatoglucoside) is an antifungal constituent of the marine angiosperm Profile: Thalassia testudinum, the plant suffers by zoosporic fungi Dr. Vijai K. Agnihotri is working as a Research Associate like Schizochytrium aggregatum. in the field of Natural Product Chemistry at University of Mississippi. His interest is to search new dietary Picman et al. have suggested that the increasing the supplements and medicinally important plant sources. Dr. number of hydroxyl, methoxyl or glycosyl substituents Agnihotri earlier worked for Indian Institute of resulted in the steady loss of antifungal activity. Luteolin Integrative Medicine (RRL, Jammu), India. In India his from Gentiana arisanensis reported as potent antiplatelet most work was on post harvest handling of industrially activity another example luteolin and two other flavonoid important crops. He studied several Indian crops and also constituents of the aerial parts of Satureja obovata were developed several farmer friendly equipments for tested for vasodilatory activity. Rutin (quercetin-3- improving crops quality. He received his PhD from Kanpur University, India. rutinoside) first isolated from Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae) and widely found in higher plants e.g., in Polygonum spp. (Polygonaceae) is a radical scavenger, medicinally it is used against capillary fragility and vericosis. Two plants Eucalyptus youmanii and E. macrorhyncha has been developed by our lab (RRL, Jammu) for commercial cultivation (5% rutin). The main groups of flavonoids that are well known to possess oestrogenic activities are the isoflavones, such as genistein. Recently Kitaoka et al. have isolated a new phytooestrogen 8-iso-pentenylnaringenin from a Thai crude drug, derived from the heartwood of Anaxagorea lutzonensis (Annonaceae). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate occurs as the major phenolic (10% dry weight) of tea leaves [Camellia sinensis, (Theaceae)] undergoes oxidation during the processing of fresh tea leaves yielding product (theaflavins and thearubingins) which provides the color, taste and flavor of the tea. The presence of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in tealeaves is a cancer suppressant because of tea is a useful against the growth of many human cancers. Advances in our knowledge about the health benefits of by flavonoids, not only in both crop medicinal plants, have prompted plant breeders to use traditional and genetic Dr. Vijai K. Agnihotri engineering methods to increase the levels of these Institute Of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, compounds in crops. Recent research on the European silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) showed that increased Palampur, production of anti-oxidant phenolics, such as quercetin Himachal Pradesh, and chlorogenic acid, increased resistance of trees to ozone damage by scavenging free oxygen, hydroxyl INDIA radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Chemistry of Natural Products will never stop at any point the above discussion is just only giving a flavor of importance of Natural Products in the human life. Day by day we are progressing 34

Serving the Community through The Curriculum “About 65.4 million people volunteered through or for an Using the above goals and objectives I have developed a organization at least once between September 2004 and number of service projects for my students during the September 2005, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the past several years. I am a Chemistry professor at a small U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The liberal arts university and I faced the challenge of proportion of the population who volunteered was 28.8 incorporating service learning in my chemistry courses as percent, the same as in each of the prior 2 years. well. After two workshops and some setbacks I developed some projects. Some of these projects are still The median number of hours per year is 50”. dependant on the proactive nature of the student. I have (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/volun.nr0.htm) This, learned that service learning is a personal choice and and more available statistics indicates that volunteering in cannot be forced on anyone. USA is currently on the rise. More citizens are becoming 1) In the freshman chemistry course: Every year I provide involved in their communities and want to give something back to the society. the opportunity for a community outreach activity for my students. After the activity they have to write a To encourage community involvement from an early age reflection paper on their personal growth, relevance of and make this experience a meaningful one, more the project and how they thought their work made an teaching institutions, of all levels, are incorporating impact on the audience.One example of the “Service Learning” in their curriculum. Although service community outreach my students do is National learning and volunteering may seem the same, but the Chemistry Week, which is part of the American former is part of the curriculum and hence is a graded Chemical Society's chemistry awareness week in activity and involves reflection of the service performed. October. The students are responsible for: a. Designing their activity around the theme of the One of the biggest problems with implementing service learning in institutions of higher learning is that most year. instructors don't know how to incorporate it in their field. b. Choosing an experiment that can be done with In some fields, service learning is part of the curriculum by default, for example Social Work, Psychology and readily available materials. Criminal Justice. It is harder to think of how to c. Writing up his or her experiment so it can be incorporate service learning in the physical sciences: Chemistry, Physics, Math or even some Social Sciences: performed by anyone, anywhere. Business, Political Sciences. d. Performing their experiment at the designated time Thus, when designing the curriculum to integrate service and location. learning, the instructor must first understand the concept e. Writing up a reflection paper as indicated above. and principles of service learning. 2) Another option in the chemistry curriculum: Students sign up to work with a local elementary school class in providing them with science related activities for one semester. This usually turns out to be about four visits to the classroom during the semester. Students independently: • It is imperative to understand that service learning is a. Identify the need of the specific science literacy in not simply volunteering in a community. It should have the class they are visiting. the academic learning as an ongoing aspect. b. Design the experiments they want to demonstrate • To promote the learning in the service, the activity or and want the kids to participate in. project should be relevant to the students and the community. c. Collect all the materials they need, from lab or elsewhere. • Students and instructor should get time to reflect on the learning that occurred during the service. d. Prepare any handouts they want to give to the kids and teachers. • It should foster personal growth of the student. • Is developed by partnering with a teaching institution e. Choose the day they want to go for their activity. All during this time I meet with them regularly to help or and a community based organization or non- guide them. They keep a journal of all their activities government organization (NGO). before and after the visit to the school and experiences after the visit. 35

3) A general option in any course: I work with the local Examples of some discipline specific projects Synergy Services agency, which provides a safe place Chemistry and Environment: for runaway or abused children and women, in 1) Gain an understanding of how individuals in a providing them with students who can be mentors to teenage kids for at least one semester. Students typically community can conserve energy/water, thus providing keep a journal of their visits and experience as part of an energy/water audit for a low income housing the grading criteria. This partnership is very successful community. when students can commit 8-10 hours per month for 2) Understand hygiene conditions of a community and such mentoring. It is a rewarding experience for both provide them with solutions. the mentor and the protégé. 3) Monitor water and air quality through chemical testing and provide reports for taking any action if needed. 4) Internationalizing the service experience: In the recent Technology/Bridging the Digital Divide: years Park University has been trying to provide diverse 1) Provide computer training in a community. international experiences for its students. As part of 2) Develop web sites for small businesses. that global education initiative I helped develop a Business: service project in Recife, Brazil. I visited a low income 1) Write business plans for organizations. community in Recife and on speaking to the women 2) Fill out tax forms for the elderly or needy. there on health issues, I found that there was a need for 3) Develop a training manual or procedure handbook for information on some very general health topics: an agency. personal hygiene, blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, first aid treatments. The following year Park Our role as professors should be to provide students visited the community again and we came with seven with the basic skills of the subject matter and allow nursing students who prepared handouts and them to think outside the box and apply their presentations on the topics the women had needed knowledge in a real world setting. information on. • This provides an arena for ethical and civic discussion, and opportunity for teamwork. At the end of the 5) Collaborative international service experience: This project the student can take ownership of their work project was carried out in Hawaii. Even though Hawaii is and say, “I did this – I can make a difference”. This one of the states of USA, its diversity of ethnicities make eventually leads to increased self-esteem and self- it almost international. We, from Park University, confidence. collaborated with four universities including two in • Students learn about larger social issues in the society, Hawaii to develop this project. Ten students from the five e.g. immigration patterns, role of government and institutions were selected, and went to work in Palolo non-government organizations in a community, Valley, a low income housing community in Honolulu. discrimination and psychological factors leading to The students tutored kids in the elementary school and human behavior. talked to community members about their health needs. Increase in academic understanding. This is based on the Based on the information obtained from these members, area of specialization the student has. Since most service the students designed a brochure/handout to give to the learning is based on the specific discipline, there is an kids on certain issues (e.g. head lice, bed bugs, meth-ice, increased learning of the subject as applied to the society. tuberculosis and personal hygiene) and developed a web There is also an increased learning of communication site to further disseminate the information. skills, both written and oral. In all the projects mentioned above the students were self- In conclusion, service learning benefits everyone: the motivated and volunteered to be part of something other student, the teacher and the community. It fosters a than the regular curriculum of chemistry or business partnership, which if maintained properly, can have major. They were all determined to make a difference and lasting positive effects on everyone. ended up learning about themselves, the community, some issues in a global aspect and in the international For more information and web resources visit: projects, experience a different culture. http://captain.park.edu/chemistry/servicelearning.htm 36

About the author: Dr. Sapna Gupta is an Associate Professor at Park University. She obtained her Bachelors and Masters from Meerut University, India and then Ph.D. in Chemistry from University of Toledo, Ohio, USA. She joined Park University in 1996, after one year of post- doctoral work at Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY and one year at University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Dr. Gupta has been actively involved in professional organizations: American Chemical Society (Chair of National Chemistry Week in the Kansas City section and currently the Chair-elect of the Kansas City section), American Association of University Women (Members VP of the Parkville branch) and Association of Women in Science. She has received awards for teaching, internationalizing curriculum and community work from Park University and American Chemical Society. Dr. Gupta has presented several papers and organized symposia at professional conferences during the last ten years. She has been innovative in her teaching and incorporated new pedagogies, e.g. diversity, technology, service learning, active learning etc, in her teaching and developing new courses. She received a number of grants to organize camps to promote science education and leadership for girls. by Prof. Sapna Gupta, Ph.D., Department Of Chemistry Palm Beach, State College, Florida, U.S. 37

Of Mosquitoes and Men...Combating Malaria in the 21st Century Infectious diseases that have been eliminated in available for malaria. Efforts are underway in several developed nations are still highly prevalent in under- laboratories to develop a safe and effective malaria developed nations, and combating them is a big challenge vaccine. Unlike many other diseases, however, facing these countries. These diseases result in death of developing a vaccine for malaria is a particularly tough millions of individuals, both young and old. Though task, as the parasite has the ability to change its parts that modern medicine in the past few decades has worked vaccines are generally targeted against. Though scientists miracles in alleviating and/or curing a variety of diseases are optimistic about getting a vaccine out soon, their that were previously thought of as impossible to fight, efforts might take a while to bear fruit. Therefore, doctors even basic interventions for diseases that affect mostly are relying on drugs to treat the disease. poverty-stricken nations have been hard to come by. This disparity may be attributed to myriad factors that are a Chloroquine is a cheap and effective anti-malarial drug result of uneven distribution of wealth and resources that has been used for decades to treat malaria. However, across the globe, and of government policies and local most of the parasites, across the world, have developed politics. resistance to this drug, which means that the parasites continue to thrive successfully even in the presence of the Malaria is a disease that infects 500 million people and kills drug. This phenomenon of resistance is rapidly more than a million each year, mostly in the countries of spreading to other commonly used drugs like sulfadoxine- Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in Asia and Latin America. pyrimethamine. A family of compounds called Children under the age of five, pregnant women and their artemisinin is gaining popularity due to its effectiveness, unborn children are most vulnerable to malaria related but is unaffordable by patients due to high costs owing to deaths. A tiny organism, the malarial parasite, which has a complicated drug manufacturing procedures. The highly complex life cycle, causes the disease. Infection aforementioned reasons beg the scientific community to starts when a female mosquito of the Anopheles type, develop new, cheap and effective anti-malarials as fast as which carries the parasites, bites us. The parasites injected reasonably achievable. However, this is challenging due by the mosquito, called sporozoites, enter the to the complicated nature of the parasite life cycle and our bloodstream and eventually invade our liver. In the liver lack of understanding of the biology of the parasite. these parasites change into a new form termed Therefore, it is imperative to dissect out the molecular merozoites, which rapidly invade and multiply in our red pathways responsible for parasite growth and blood cells (RBCs). The resulting daughter merozoites development, in the hope of identifying newer and better emerge out, rupturing and destroying our RBCs as a drug targets. At the same time, basic research will also aid result, and immediately invade more red blood cells. in better understanding the mechanism of actions of Multiple rounds of this process cause the fever and other existing drugs, and hence guide us toward the cellular symptoms typically associated with malaria, and processes that are more vulnerable to be attacked by eventually lead to death from loss of blood cells. Some drugs. merozoites, however, instead of invading RBCs, develop into a special reproductive form called gametocytes, Of the four species of the malarial parasite that can infect which are ingested by mosquitoes that drink the blood of humans, Plasmodium falciparum is the most potent and an infected person. Gametocytes in the mosquito causes the most malarial deaths. My research focuses on eventually develop into sporozoites, which accumulate in the stages of Plasmodium falciparum that occur in our the mosquito's salivary gland, ready to be injected into red blood cells, as that is when they multiply rapidly and another person. The malaria cycle thus continues with cause clinical problems in humans. While in the RBC, the constant shuttling between humans and mosquitoes. The parasite depends on the red blood pigment-protein main problem that we face in dealing with the disease is hemoglobin as a major source for its nutrition and that we understand very little about the molecular nature survival. Similar to how we need to get food into our of the processes that occur at these different stages of the stomachs to digest it, the digestion of hemoglobin takes disease. place only in a specialized region of the parasite called the food vacuole, which contains a specific set of digestive The best way to combat epidemiologically challenging enzymes that are required for breaking down hemoglobin. diseases, as has been proven by our success against small These enzymes are produced in a different location, pox and polio, is to use preventive measures like where most proteins and enzymes are synthesized in the vaccination. Currently, however, there is no vaccine cell, and have to be transported to their site of action - the 38

food vacuole. I am trying to understand the transport This is a global health conundrum, as none of the mechanism of these enzymes, because if we can block countries that bear the brunt of malaria have money for this transport process, we can cut off nutrition to the this kind of research and development, and, sadly, most parasite and kill it. During the course of this research, I of the big pharmaceuticals do not see an incentive in have already identified signals on these enzymes that mark developing drugs for malaria as this will not bring in big them as residents of the food vacuole. In the next phase bucks at the end of the day. of my research, I will be studying the exact step-by-step path taken by these enzymes inside the cell to reach the Though the situation seemed quite bleak a few years food vacuole. Once I decipher this route, it will be easier ago, now there is a beacon of light in the area of global to investigate what molecules chaperone and/or guide health research. In the past decade the funding for and these enzymes along the path, so that they don't go astray interest in this kind of research is increasing at a steady and reach the food vacuole safely. This will potentially rate. Philanthropic organizations like the Bill and Melinda give us a lot of candidate drug targets, attacking which will Gates foundation are giving money to be utilized toward a result in a transport block to the food vacuole. As variety of highly focused drug discovery and vaccine mentioned above, interfering with the transport pathway development projects. At the same time, some big will keep the enzymes from chewing up hemoglobin, and pharmaceutical companies like Glaxo-Smithkline and hence will lead to parasite death. However, the Novartis are dedicating specialized departments for complexity of the parasite's life cycle makes it a difficult developing anti-malarials. Public-private partnership subject to be studied under laboratory conditions. Unlike agencies, like the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), studying other common cell types where there are a are aiding in bringing together drug discovery research variety of cool techniques at the scientist's disposal, done at universities and pharmaceutical companies to malarialogists have to rely on a limited set of available expedite the process, and are also channeling funds from tools. For example, it is extremely hard to genetically philanthropies toward projects that have a higher manipulate the parasite, as can be done with a lot of other potential toward drug discovery. An alternate approach is cell types, like yeast and bacteria. Parasites grow inside being taken by the Institute for One World Health, a non- RBCs and therefore it is not feasible to cultivate them in profit pharmaceutical company. Here researchers are bulk quantity. Yeast and bacteria grow, most commonly, attempting to mass produce pre-existing drugs like in cheap synthetic food, where as malaria parasites have artemisinin using alternate technologies in collaboration specialized food requirements. Plasmodium falciparum with academic institutions and biotech companies, so that cells, from the time of invasion, take forty-eight hours to it will be made available at an affordable rate in the market multiply and emerge out of RBCs. On the contrary, most very soon. The combined efforts of all these bacteria double every few minutes. Despite these organizations will, hopefully, soon result in drugs and limitations, progress is being made in the area of basic vaccines that can be administered easily to the millions of malaria research both in our laboratory and others, and people who have no choice but to wait. scientists are constantly striving to develop newer and easier methods to manipulate and study cellular pathways  Shoba Subramanian is a postdoctoral scholar in the in the parasite. laboratory of Dr. Philip Rosenthal at the University of This describes only one facet of one infectious disease that affects the unfortunate. Not only are there other California, San Francisco where she performs the above- diseases to combat, but even in malaria, there are several other factors to consider besides basic research. Basic mentioned research on malaria. She holds a Bachelors research can help identify potential candidates for intervention, but it will be the combined and diligent degree in Microbiology from the University of Mumbai, a efforts of professionals from a variety of other areas in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical science, field work, Masters degree in Molecular Biology from the University and epidemiology, that will finally allow the drug to get to the patient. Learning from our past lessons, in addition to of Chennai, India, and a PhD in Biological Sciences from making the drug cheap and easily available, it will be imperative to get some knowledge of the capacity of the Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. She has been parasite to develop resistance to the drug. Therefore, it will require both skilled professionals and adequate an active volunteer of Association for India's funding to do a thorough job in combating this disease. Development (AID) from 1999-2005, and has coordinated a variety of sustainable projects in the areas of watershed development, tribal healthcare, employment generation, and alternative media, and has helped organize a number of fund-raisers in Pittsburgh for AID. by Prof. Shoba Subramanian Ph. D., Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania 39

The Asian Social Issues Program (ASIP) Initiative at the Asia Society About the Initiative social challenges and their solutions, and to facilitate the American public perceptions of Asia over the past two formation of new networks with Asia and the U.S. decades have been largely shaped by two phenomena Features include reports from the field; commissioned affecting the region—economic expansion and economic articles from experts and academics; a database of NGOs, crisis. These developments have obscured a number of activists and scholars; transcripts of on-going events; and global challenges of increasing significance, such as those daily updated news, among others. concerning poverty, civil and ethnic conflict, religious extremism, environmental degradation, and violation of Along with Asia Society staff, the ASIP initiative is guided human rights, among many others. The Asia Society by a Program Advisory Committee that includes recognizes that these issues are fundamental to human specialists on Asia and representatives of ASIP's target security; the strategies used to address them will play a audiences: Asia Society members and non-member vital role in international relations in the twenty-first audiences; U.S. media; NGOs and community-based century. organizations in Asia and the United States; business; Asian and non-Asian minority communities in the United The Asian Social Issues Program (ASIP) initiative focuses States. on the following kinds of issues: communities and conflict resolution, transitional justice in post-conflict The Asian Social Issues Program is made possible by a societies, women's issues, environmental governance, significant grant from the Ford Foundation to the Asia HIV/AIDS and public health, human and sex trafficking, Society that forms the basis of a $6 million endowment, migrations across and within national boundaries, enabling the Asia Society to address Asian social issues in globalization and its impact, and human rights. Looking a sustained and systematic fashion in perpetuity. beneath the more visible economic and political events, According to the terms of the 2-for-1 matching grant, the the ASIP initiative examines the underlying causes and Asia Society received $2 million from the Ford consequences of these core human security issues. The Foundation while raising an additional $4 million to form program aims to deepen American awareness and educate the total program endowment. The resulting income multiple constituencies about these issues, and draw helps to support the annual activities of the Asian Social attention to the innovative work and solutions Issues Program. The Asia Society has recently completed implemented from the grassroots to government levels, as the terms of the match. well as the necessary global partnership and leadership to meet these challenges. Other support for the ASIP initiative has come from Citigroup, the Nicholas Platt Endowment for Public Over the last six years, ASIP has organized a series of Policy, the Open Society Institute, United States Institute creative multidisciplinary public education programs - of Peace, Sasakawa Foundation, Himalaya Foundation, lectures, symposia, panel discussions, films, photo Rockefeller Foundation, and private individuals. displays. The initiative has brought together human rights activists, representatives from US and international About the Asia Society NGOs, leading policymakers, members of the UN, The Asia Society is an international organization business leaders, experts and scholars, members of the dedicated to strengthening relationships and deepening media, and the Asian-American community. The Asia understanding among the peoples of Asia and the United Society's aim is to convey how Asia's efforts to solve its States. Founded in 1956 by John D. Rockefeller 3rd, the social problems offer Americans new perspectives on Society reaches audiences around the world through its pressing social issues in the United States. headquarters in New York and regional centers in Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, DC, To complement public programs at Asia Society, the Hong Kong, Manila, Melbourne, Mumbai and Shanghai. initiative has dedicated a social issues component to the institution's website Asia Source A nonprofit, nonpartisan educational organization, the (www.asiasource.org/asip/). The resource has been Society provides a forum for building awareness of the developed to serve as a gateway for information on Asian more than thirty countries broadly defined as the Asia- 40