2nd International Symposium on Disaster Resilience & Sustainability Development

DRSD21_ 184 Stability analysis of a failure slope after treatment as regard influence of rainfall Tuan-Nghia Do*, Lan Chau Nguyen, Nguyen Trung Kien [email protected] ABSTRACT This study investigates stability of a failure slope, which locates at km34 of the Halong-Vandon highway (Northeast area of Vietnam). The slope was orignially designed with 4 stages and average 40 m height. The concrete plates were employed to cover the slope surface and protect the infiltration of the rainfall herein. Failure took place from May to June 2019 after heavy rainfalls, causing the 1-m-subsidence at crown and the 40-cm-heave at the 1st stage of the slope. The concrete plates were destroyed throughout the failure surface. A 30-m-high MSE wall with 4 stages has been constructed as a retaining structure of the slope. In order to analyze the slope stability considering the influence of rainfall during May and June 2019, the c-phi reduction method coupled with flow analysis in Plaxis software was employed. Results showed that the factor of safety of the slope was closed to 1.0 before treatment, which agreed well with observations, and greater than 1.3 after treatment, which indicated that the slope was stable. Keywords: Slope Stability, Plaxis, Rainfall 140 | P a g e

DRSD21_ 302 Mapping ecosystem services across the urban-rural gradient for disaster and climate resilience: A case study of Udon-Thani, Thailand Rajarshi DusGupta*, Bijon Kumer Mitra, Wijitbusaba (Ann) Marome, Pimnara Rodkul [email protected] ABSTRACT The study narrates a case study for the implementation of the Circulating Ecological Sphere (CES) concept to better understand the ecosystem linkages at the urban-rural gradient and plan for regional resilience. With the help of spatially explicit ecosystem service models, we quantified the food production potential and water availability from the urban core to an area within the 20 km radius at a spatial resolution of 30m. The total farmland area was used as a proxy indicator of current and future food production potential. We considered the average yield of 2400 kg/ha of rice and 1500kg/ha for other vegetables. Similarly, we calculated the annual run-off for water availability based on rainfall, evapotranspiration, vegetation status and soil categories. Overall, the study illustrates that it is possible to create a self-sufficient city region under the current land use, though uncertainties exist in future land development. Keywords: CES, Regigonal resilience, ecosystem service models, rainfall, evapotranspiration 141 | P a g e

DRSD21_ 301 Application of Circulating and Ecological Sphere Approach for Translating Global Goals to Local Actions Bijon Kumer Mitra*, Rajarshi DusGupta, Yatsuka Kataoka, Pham Ngoc Bao, Junichi Fujino [email protected] ABSTRACT The ambitious goals and targets of Sustainable Development Goals, climate change, and biodiversity conservation cannot be achieved with a business-as-usual siloed approach. In order to achieve these ambitious targets simultaneously, an integrated approach is necessary for realizing transformative change, which needs to be initiated locally. Against this backdrop, the Circulating and Ecological Sphere (CES) concept has been introduced by the Government of Japan in the Fifth Basic Environmental Plan for simultaneous improvement of society, environment and economy as articulated in major global conventions and agendas. This paper attempts to present selected example of application of CES from Japan for realizing decentralized and self-reliant society in the new normal. Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals, climate change, biodiversity conservation, environment and economy 142 | P a g e

DRSD21_ 299 Potential challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic for managing hydro- meteorological disasters: Case studies from South and South-East Asia Parmeshwar Udmale*, Indrajit Pal, Sylvia Szabo, Malay Pramanik, Anirban Mukhopadhyay, Manh Nguyen The, Ganni Satya Venkata Sai Aditya Bharadwaz [email protected] ABSTRACT The world is experiencing a pandemic of unprecedented scale in recent times affecting all aspects of human lives. On the other hand, natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, floods, and droughts keep showing up and are characterized by uncertainties of prediction in terms of geographical areas where they may strike. Managing such disasters during COVID-19 has become even more challenging while following the norms of social distancing and lockdowns. Most of the government-imposed social distancing norms and lockdowns to curb the spread of the COVID-19 have restricted the people’s movement. The health and emergency response infrastructure has been badly hit by the pandemic. This is likely to affect the different phases of the disaster risk management cycle such as prevention, preparedness, response, and rehabilitation or reconstruction. In this background, the present study analyses the probabilistic nature of hydro-meteorological hazards (tropical cyclones, floods, and droughts) and socio-economic exposure to identify the most disaster-prone areas in South and Southeast Asia. The analysis is based on secondary open-source data. The study through its hazards-exposure analysis discusses potential challenges posed by the COVID-19 for managing hydro-meteorological disasters, through hazards-specific (tropical cyclones, floods, and droughts) and location-specific (India, Vietnam, and Thailand) case studies. The findings of the study are expected to highlight challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic to preparedness and response phases of the disaster risk management cycle and potential strategies. Keywords: Natural Hazards; Disaster Management; Monsoon Hazards; Pandemic; Southeast Asia 143 | P a g e

PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY & COVID-19 RISK 144 | P a g e

DRSD21_33 Impact of COVID-19 public measures on country-level trade flows: A global panel data analysis Worawat Srisawasdi*, Sylvia Zsabo, Takuji Tsusaka, Neil Burgess [email protected] ABSTRACT As of 31 December 2020, around 85 million people worldwide were infected with COVID-19 and almost 1.8 million died as a result of the disease. The COVID-19 outbreak has contributed to tremendous global decline in trade volumes. The rapid spread of COVID-19 and the measures implemented by governments to contain the pandemic have had serious consequences for the world’s economies. In May 2020, the volume of global trade in goods fell by 17.7% compared to the trade volume in May 2019. While the pandemic has affected the international movement of people, goods and services, there is still limited systematic research regarding the possible associations between the COVID-19 policies and interventions and international trade. To fill this gap, we conducted a quantitative analysis based on a pulled country level time series data from the United Nations and World Bank datasets. The results of the random effects panel regression models show that, on average, the country import and export values are positively affected by health-related policies, while there is a negative association between stringency measures and the value of imports and exports. More specifically, school closing, workplace closing, public event cancelling, domestic and international travel restrictions, and facial covering policies were found to have significant positive effects on countries’ trade values both in terms of import and export. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications and possible policy directions, as well as avenues for further research. Keywords: Trade Flows, Covid-19, UKRI GCRF Trade Hub, Panel Regression, Random Effects Model, COVID-19 Policies 145 | P a g e

DRSD21_100 A Thematic Review on Health Emergency Disaster Risk Management: Strategy for the Application of Health Emergency Disaster Risk Management in Malaysia Ainatul Fathiyah Binti Abdul Rahim*, Irina Safitri Zen [email protected] ABSTRACT The COVID19 pandemic has tested the country's public health system in coping with the multiscale and massive health impact on human lives. It requires an urgency to provide a basis for coherent action by building resilience and health security for the communities and their public health system. The health system is undertaking all organizations, people, actions that primarily intend to promote, restore and maintain health. Hence, the World Health Organization, WHO, develops the Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health- EDRM) Framework to provide global guidance to countries on putting in place the capacities and functions within and across health and other sectors. Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health-EDRM) is an umbrella term described by the WHO that captures the broad intersection of health and disaster risk management (DRM). It is derived from risk management, emergency management, epidemic preparedness, response, and health systems strengthening. It is consistent with and helps align policies and actions for health security, disaster risk reduction, humanitarian action, climate change, and sustainable development. The expected outcome of Health EDRM is that \"countries and communities have more robust capacities and systems across health and other sectors resulting in the reduction of the health risks and consequences associated with all types of emergencies and disasters. Several case studies show the success of the Health-EDRM application, such as improving the existing surveillance databases, used as a new study tool, innovation, and methodologies. It helps to identify population health risks to support Health-EDRM policy development. Therefore, this paper would like to explore the potential application of Health- EDRM by using a thematic review. The findings of code-to-document analysis using ATLAS.ti.8 found that the several applications of Health-EDRM. This paper contributes to analyzing the potential practices and responses on the adoption of Health-EDRM. At last, this paper will explore the possible recommendations on Health-EDRM practically and conceptually in Malaysia. Keywords: Health-Emergency Disaster Risk Management, Application, Practices, Response, Countries 146 | P a g e

DRSD21_97 A Framework of Risk Profile in Public Healthcare System Development: A Literature Review Kodchakorn Krutphong*, Jing Tang, Natt Leelawat [email protected] ABSTRACT A risk profile is one of the vital tools in risk assessment results. Risk profile has been utilized in a variety of knowledge fields beyond disaster management or risk management. It is used mainly for the purpose of planning the operation and management. However, when applying the risk profile to different backgrounds and purposes, it possibly affects the guideline and the form on the information inside the profile. The public healthcare system is one of the most critical stakeholders during crises such as disasters and pandemics. The risk profile in the public healthcare system is complicated due to its complexity and requires experts to help developing it. Due to a limited number of reviews in the field, this review study focuses on the public healthcare system risk profile’s guideline and development from well-known research databases. The search strategy started with the data collection of the articles whose topic or keywords are related to the risk profile. Then, they were scoped more in the risk profile in the public healthcare system. This study also provides the SWOT analysis to realize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of each specific guideline for further development. The results of the basic information analysis of this literature review research found that 57% of the overall research articles related to keywords of the risk profile are in the medicine and dentistry knowledge field. The research trend found that from 2011 to 2020, the number of studies is rising. In order to develop the risk profile in such a specific area, it is necessary to use the strength part which suits with the appropriate area. Keywords: Healthcare system, Literature review, Risk profile, SWOT analysis 147 | P a g e

DRSD21_51 Pesticide Use Pattern & Health Impacts Among Farmers & Labourers in Kalahandi District of Odisha, India Nishikanta Kumar*, Shibu K Mani [email protected] ABSTRACT Internationally, health impacts of pesticides and their increased usage are considered as serious issues. The perceptions and usage of farmers on link between pesticide use and its impact in their life is crucial for appropriate policy interventions. The research has been conducted among farmers in the Kalahandi district of Odisha in India using semi-structure interview. Forty respondents who actively participated and used pesticides are selected for data collection. Health Belief Model (HBM) also used to analyze the result of this study. The study sheds light on differential impacts of pesticide use pattern among farmers and labourers. It has been found that most poisoning cases reported from the majority of farmers who used to store pesticides inside their houses. The most common ways of pesticides exposers have found among farmers such as use of low-quality spraying machines, applying pesticides in bare hands, Water source use for bathing as well washing pesticides container, and application of pesticides by untrained sprayers. The socio-economic background of the farmers plays a major role in the use of protective measures while applying pesticides in the farmland and storage-related practices. In certain instances, knowledge of farmers is not manifested into safe pesticide usage. But in general, the external and internal factors such as money, a distance of farmer's house to nearest government agriculture office, temperature, size of the house, quality back sprayer, frequencies of meeting with agricultural officers, education, size of land, and sources of pesticides information are found to be deciding factors in the safe or unsafe use practices of pesticides among farmers and labourers in an agrarian economy such as India. Keywords: Pesticide Exposure, Health Impact, Paddy Cultivation, Farmers/Agricultural Labourers, Health Belief Model 148 | P a g e

DRSD21_279 Community Perception of Flood Induced Health Risk in Sudan, a case study of Sharq El- Nile area Ahmed Abdelgadir Babiker Ahmed*, Indrajit Pal [email protected] ABSTRACT Flooding is the most frequent, the deadliest, and the costliest natural disaster in the world. In Sudan, it causes damage more than all other hazards collectively. The impact of flooding on the population’s health is very huge. It can potentially aggravate many of the existing health risks, or even may create a new one through several processes; it increases the risk of infectious diseases directly, through contamination of drinking water, and creation of disease vector breeding sites, or indirectly, through overcrowding due to the people displacement, temporary pause in disease control activities, and related power cuts that may disrupt water treatment. The purpose of this study is to assess and analyze how the community of the study area perceives the risk of health problems during flood situation, and the effect of their perception over their attitude. This could be done by examining the knowledge, awareness, and attitude of the local people, community leaders, and local government employees in the area. Through a community based descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, qualitative and quantitative primary data were involved using close-ended questionnaire, focus group discussion, and key informant’s interviews. The study has now provided to the local authorities a solid ground that can be relied upon to enhance risk communication with local people in the future, and to change their negative behaviors and attitude toward health during flood situation. Keywords: Health Risk, Flood Hazard, Sudan, Community Perception 149 | P a g e

DRSD21_167 Covid -19 as a Disaster: Indian Response towards the Public Health Emergency Satabdi Das [email protected] ABSTRACT The global corona virus pandemic has posed unimaginable and unprecedented threats to human existence today. India has faced huge life and livelihood crisis due to this infectious disease which has also been exacerbated by the high population density and fragile health infrastructure. Objectives: Against this backdrop the study will concentrate on the following issues:  An assessment of how India’s perception of the pandemic as a ‘disaster’ is shaping its response to it;  The significance of the need for investment into a more comprehensive disaster mitigation, management and resilient infrastructure;  How the repressive state machinery appeared to have overplayed its hand in many instances across the country during lockdown;  The prospect of attaining sustainable development goals in India. Methodology: The study will employ descriptive analytical methods. Findings: India has declared the pandemic as ‘notified disaster’. It also invoked the Disaster Management Act of 2005 as the overarching legal tool along with the Epidemic Act of 1897 to deal with this health pandemic; Covid-19 and the resultant economic shut down have led to massive financial slow down and loss of jobs. The exodus of migrant labours and the hardship they faced while returning back to their native places have raised several questions regarding our lopsided policy implementation, less preparedness and lack of resources to accommodate the interest of all. The pandemic has exposed ‘deep rooted vulnerabilities in the public healthcare infrastructure of the country more specifically during the second wave of the country and emphasized the need to have more holistic, comprehensive view of resilience in the health care system. The pandemic has questioned the viability of attaining sustainable development goals and setting the aim to ‘leave no one behind’ amidst such pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19, Public Health Emergency, Disaster, Resilience Building, Sustainable Development Goals 150 | P a g e

DRSD21_151 Business Continuity and Response to infectious diseases of public-listed companies in Japan：Results of Questionnaire Surveys at the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and at the COVID-19 pandemic Shohei BENIYA*, Tetsuya TORAYASHIKI, Eisuke IKUTA, Tomoaki NISHINO [email protected] ABSTRACT An infectious disease pandemic is one of the biggest risks of business continuity for profit companies. Japan has experienced two outbreaks of new infectious diseases in recent years: the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic and the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We conducted questionnaire surveys for public-listed companies of Japan in 2008, 2010 and 2020. This study aims to clarify the development of response plans, countermeasures, and business impacts of the companies for new infection diseases in 2009 and 2020. The main results are as follows; 2009 H1N1 pandemic had led to an increase in the number of companies developing response plans. However, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, only about 40% of listed companies had a plan to deal with infectious diseases. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, many companies were taking the following measures: \"stockpiling hygiene materials\"(53%), \"delegation process of authority in case decision makers are affected\" (40%), and \"setting up headquarter for infectious diseases\" (38%). After the COVID-19 pandemic, listed companies have taken measures such as \"implementing telecommuting to prevent the spread of infection,\" \"staggered commuting to avoid rush hours and adopting alternative commuting methods such as private cars,\" \"monitoring and reporting of the infection status of employees,\" and \"monitoring of and restricting access to visitors at entrances.” In the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of companies (81%) indicated \"lack of masks and disinfectants\" as a challenge in response, which was different from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. On the other hand, many companies also indicated \"lack of information on infectivity and virulence\" as the challenge, which was similar to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Keywords: Questionnaire Survey, Japanese Listed Companies, Business Continuity, Infectious Disease 151 | P a g e

DRSD21_161 A study on the need for an effective detection and early warning mechanism for resilience pandemic and epidemic response: lessons from Covid-19 pandemic Thushara Kamalrathne*, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh [email protected] ABSTRACT The need for effective early detection and surveillance for a robust pandemic and epidemic early warning and preparedness has been sparked by the current Covid-19 pandemic that violently spreading throughout every region in the globe over the previous years. Unprecedented public health emergency encountered by severe human health issues, inadequate health infrastructure, and problems raised in the non-health sector including serious erosion of the world economy caused by the Covid-19 outbreak trigger the paramount of enhancing the existing pandemic and epidemic Ealy-warning and detection mechanisms in a more effective manner, as failures of early detection have been desperately impacted on the nature and the gravity of the pandemic outbreak in many geopolitical contexts. What is significant is the early detection and surveillance of the dynamic of the outbreak and especially detecting new mutants and strains, and early warnings must be the most essential phase of any effective pandemic and epidemic response systems. Within this context, the objective of this study based on which this abstract is drafted is to analyse the main elements and key stages for an effective epidemic and pandemic early warning and response process. The study is based on a detailed desk review based on the published research in electronic databases. Findings show that primary epidemiological surveillance and the detection for infectious diseases including zoonotic pathogens are the key to early warning process in any pandemic and epidemic context. Both zoonotic and climate surveillances are significant as many pathogens emerge at either independently or frequently with the changes of the climate especially rainy and drought seasons. Early warning can be issued at two different stages and effectiveness of the primary screening and risk and vulnerability assessment, however, determine the efficacy of the EW process especially in the local transmission stage. Further, study reveals that the amplification of the epidemic or pandemic event basically is intensified by the weak alerts and early warnings that are mostly administrated by the local and international agencies and organizations based on the primary diagnosis process. Keywords: Covid-19, Pandemic, Epidemic, Public Health Emergencies, Early Warning 152 | P a g e

DRSD21_173 Socioeconomic Vulnerability and Mental Health Risk During the Lockdown Periods of Covid-19 Outbreak in Bangladesh: A Perception-based Analysis of Young Adults Md. Ashik-Ur-Rahman*, Sharmin Yousuf Rikta, Muhammad Waresul Hassan Nipun, Afshana Parven, Indrajit Pal [email protected] ABSTRACT On the grounds of vulnerable socioeconomic settings, inadequate healthcare capacity, limited resources, and existing poverty, the outbreak of Covid-19 is austerely affecting the socioeconomic security of Bangladesh. Though people of all ages are being affected differently, the fear of socioeconomic insecurity of young adults took by storm, and the mental crisis has become paramount. Prolonged and repeated lockdown periods have worsened the situation. Therefore, this article aims to understand the socioeconomic vulnerability and risk of mental health in young adults of Bangladesh during the Covid-19 outbreak, especially in lockdown periods. Two separate questionnaire surveys were developed to collect the socioeconomic condition and mental status data from young adult citizens (18-35 years) of Bangladesh. Datasets were analyzed through Multiple Response Dichotomy Analysis, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, one-way ANOVA/ F-test, and Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test. The results show that 45% of young adults are apprehensive about their socioeconomic security due to the pandemic effects, and 51% believe they face hypertension, anxiety, and depression-like symptoms. Loss/uncertainty of livelihood, unavailability of proper health care services, family crisis (domestic violence and divorce), educational uncertainty, absence of family members/friends, drug abuses are major issues triggering the socioeconomic vulnerability and mental health risk during this time. Keywords: Covid- 19, Socioeconomic Vulnerability, Mental Health, Lockdown Period, Young Adults’ Perception 153 | P a g e

DRSD21_241 Refugees, Humanitarian Agencies and Sexual and Reproductive Health Intervention: An Investigation using Culture Centered Approach in Rohingya Refugee Settlements of Bangladesh Marjan Akhter*, Joyee Shairee Chatterjee, Kyoko Kusakabe, Indrajit Pal, Joyashree Roy [email protected] ABSTRACT Prior research indicates that health vulnerabilities of women and girls in refugee camps depend not only on complex social determinants but is also related to how humanitarian agencies understand and respond to their needs (2016). Here gender lens provides foundational insight to understand the complexity and challenges that shape the design and delivery of holistic Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) services among refugee populations. ‘Reproductive Rights and Health’ is an intersectoral development issue reflected in twin Sustainable Development Goal targets (SDG 3.7 & 5.6) aimed at achieving universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services/rights. Existing research indicates that in Rohingya refugee settlement of Bangladesh, women and adolescent girls experience negative health outcomes due to inconsistencies in the service delivery quality. The objective of this study was to understand how and to what extent a gender perspective is integrated and mainstreamed into the working of humanitarian organizations delivering SRH. The Culture Centered Approach (CCA) theory is applied to understand the organizational structure, culture, and agency of the health workers and how these together shape the organizations’ SRH work. Using qualitative method this study compares and analyzes data from 24 in-depth interviews with managers and frontline workers in three different organizations with diverse focus and organizational structures. Findings show how the structure of the organization and gender stereotypical norm within and outside the organization influence the program design, staffing, gender relations among workers, and the service delivery. Our analysis concludes that a lack of gender mainstreaming and related holistic gender approach within the organization lead to emergent gaps including lack of programs addressing men’s SRH needs, and a women-centric but not gender transformative approach to health care. Implications for designing Gender-Transformative interventions to address sexual and reproductive needs in emergency and disaster relief settings are also discussed. Keywords: Health, Refugee, Humanitarian Gender Mainstreaming, Sexual & Reproductive Organizations, Culture Centered Approach 154 | P a g e

DRSD21_190 Review the initiatives to mitigate health emergencies caused by COVID-19 pandemic in Rohingya refugee camps of Bangladesh Abir Ahammad Talukdar [email protected] ABSTRACT When COVID-19 pandemic hit the world, the already complex humanitarian response in the world largest refugee camps for Rohingyas in Cox’s Bazar Bangladesh became really challenging one for the working agencies along with the challenge to ensure safety of their large humanitarian workforce in the field. Until now, the agencies can claim a major success comparing the affects and impacts despite the density and inadequacy of proper health facilities there. This paper will try to focus on the initiatives taken by the agencies in this regard and will also try to review health emergency and pandemic relevant strategies for refugee camps developed worldwide. Keywords: Rohingya, Refugee Camp, Health Emergency, Pandemic, Covid-19 155 | P a g e

DRSD21_102 COVID-19 and Regional Disaster Governance in Southeast Asia Lina Gong*, Nanthini D/O T Sambanthan [email protected] ABSTRACT As the world’s most disaster-prone region, Southeast Asia has made significant progress in disaster governance since the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, which is evident in a dense network of regional mechanisms, institutions and infrastructure for dealing with different types of hazards. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has set the goal to become a global leader in disaster management in 2025. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the weaknesses in ASEAN’s disaster governance, as the regional organization’s COVID-19 response has largely been limited to information-sharing and coordination but failed to provide substantive support for its member states. While public health mechanisms do exist at the regional level, there is a low level of institutionalisation and a lack of resources for regional pandemic response in Southeast Asia. This article finds that the region’s high vulnerability to natural hazards has culminated in a governance structure that leans towards a particular type of disaster. This tendency has resulted in a lack of cohesion in ASEAN’s COVID- 19 response. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic thus serves as a reminder for an multisectoral approach to disaster governance, which appreciates the linkages between different types of disasters and integrates diverse response mechanisms. We argue that ASEAN needs a holistic approach to disaster governance which integrates regional mechanisms for managing different disasters, to cope with the region’s changing disaster landscape. Keywords: COVID-19, Disaster Governance, Southeast Asia, ASEAN, Natural Hazards 156 | P a g e

DRSD21_288 Multi-Level Spatial Analysis and Mapping of Child Malnutrition Outcome and its Determinants in India Ranadheer Reddy*, N.K. Tripathi, Indrajit Pal, Chitrini Mozumder [email protected] ABSTRACT India is facing a serious threat of under-five year child malnutrition despite the increase of GDP by 50% since 1991. Using the National Family Health Survey 3 and 4 (2006–16), this study examined the spatial variation in malnutrition and the influencing determinants across India’s districts and states. The spatial dependency and spatial clustering of child malnutrition and its determinants were determined using spatial autocorrelation and regression analysis. The result showed that there was a reduction in underweight prevalence in children over the past decade but at a very slow rate while wasting increased by 10% in the states. Out of the 640 districts in India, a very high prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight are occurring in 236, 472, and 370 districts, respectively. The result of univariate Moran’s I statistics was 0.62, 0.46, and 0.71 for stunting, wasting, and underweight respectively implies that there is the heterogeneity of malnutrition prevalence in India. The highlight of this study is the spatial error regression model result showing that maternal health such as low mother BMI, anaemia during pregnancy, absence of antenatal care, early marriage and pregnancy and lack of improved sanitation facilities in the household was the most significant influencing factors on the occurrence and prevalence of malnutrition in India. Furthermore, the Bivariate LISA analysis revealed that in the geographical pockets where the maternal care is low the malnutrition prevalence was higher and mainly clustered in the western, central and eastern districts of the country. Keywords: Spatial Autocorrelation, Stunting, Wasting, Underweight, Spatial Regression 157 | P a g e

DRSD21_07 The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Engagement Strategies for Disaster Preparedness. Case of Foreign Residents in Japan Bismark Adu-Gyamfi*, Rajib Shaw [email protected] ABSTRACT Foreign residents in Japan are classified as one vulnerable group at risk to disasters in the country. Therefore, various measures are in place to engage, educate and offer first-hand experience to some disaster countermeasures required to overcome systematic disaster preparedness problems. However, the prevention of infection and spread of COVID-19 has necessitated the need to keep social distancing, and refrain from certain public encounters. This study then looks at how these arrangements coincide with public engagement strategies of empowerment, collaboration, involvement, consultation and education for disaster preparedness of foreign residents in two metropolitan cities of Japan. The results are envisaged to draw the attention of potential impact and challenges of current arrangements, as well as offer alternatives to meeting similar goals in the future. Keywords: Covid-19, Foreign Migrants, Disaster Preparedness, Public Engagement 158 | P a g e

DRSD21_175 Factors affecting the outbreak resilience of local healthcare systems: investigating the Philippine Covid-19 pandemic experience Diocel Harold M. Aquino*, Maria Susan T. Yanga-Mabunga, Maxine Y. Chan, Genarro Rafael Pascual [email protected] ABSTRACT Among the strategies pertinent in the COVID-19 pandemic response is ensuring that the healthcare system is not overwhelmed by the case incidences. This is to ensure that those who are affected receive adequate care and treatment. There are two prongs to this approach: (1) flattening the curve, that is, minimizing the peak number of cases, and (2) enhancing the healthcare system capacity. In the Philippines’ case, the local healthcare systems are primarily responsible for the COVID-19 response in their localities, with support from the national government. This paper investigates the factors contributing to the capacity of local healthcare systems against an outbreak. This is carried out by means of key informant interviews with local healthcare administrators and those who have had significant involvement in the national response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Thematic analysis was performed on the KII responses. Essential healthcare capacity determinants include human resource, infrastructure, supplies, and financing. Strong leadership and governance enables an efficient and effective use of these resources for healthcare service delivery in the prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19 cases. Keywords: Healthcare Capacity, Assessment, COVID-19, Pandemic, Resilience 159 | P a g e

DRSD21_19 Yoga and Disaster Prevention in Japan: Addressing physical and mental well-being through individual, community and corporate preparedness Akiko Kato*, Shaw Rajib [email protected] ABSTRACT Climatic risks in the form of disasters are increasing in Japan, as well in most of Asia. For last several years, we have witnessed severe flooding and typhoon, which has affected both urban and rural areas in Japan. Post disaster life in evacuation center and temporary housing has been a key challenge with severe physical and mental health issues. Yoga has become popular in urban life, and subjective evaluations and studies have shown various effects, and it has spread to the region in various ways, mainly among busy working women. At the same time, yoga has become established in evacuation shelters and salons in temporary housing in the event of a disaster because of the need for physical and mental recovery from disasters and well-being. Focusing on this, yoga is regarded as \"a place where individuals can calmly deal with their skills and skills, and secure time and networks with people who can help each other.\" In order to deal with the \"(health) crisis\", we aim to break away from \"time poverty\" as well as \"income poverty\", and explore and clarify the relationship between the concept of yoga functions in urban life through developing human networks and community yoga platforms. Studies are conducted in Kurashiki and Kochi City, which have experienced rapid social and environmental changes due to recent flood disasters. With specific lessons from the 2018 West Japan flood in Kurashiki city, and analyzing the potential role of Yoga through women’s disaster prevention activities in Kochi city, we aim to develop system of “bosai Yoga” (disaster prevention Yoga system), which enhances community ties in normal time, and can be practiced for post disaster situation to enhance physical and mental well being. In addition, we also analyzes the effectiveness of yoga in workplace in Okayama City and try to develop a holistic yoga lifestyle model, which can be effective in addressing health related issues as well as community ties in neighborhood as well in corporate sectors. Keywords: COVID-19, Bosai Yoga, Well Being, Disaster Prevention, Stress Management 160 | P a g e

DRSD21_278 COVID-19 response by municipal authority with the help of community-led organizations during lockdown: evidence from Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Md Bayezid Islam*, Tahmina Sultana, Indrajit Pal, Syed Mahbubur Rahman, Marzia Marium [email protected] ABSTRACT The state declared lockdown to control COVID-19 transmission not only affected the daily life of people but also disrupted the pandemic response activities. This study aims to discuss about the community participation in the fight against COVID-19 that helped municipal authority to ensure adequate aid support at the household level timely during the lockdown in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Combined effort of the local authority and community has been found to be crucial for an effective response to COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19; Lockdown, Community Organization, Relief Operation, Municipal Authority 161 | P a g e

DRSD21_237 Barriers in Accessing Maternal Health Care during Covid-19: Understanding the Perspectives of Rural Garo Women in Bangladesh Joyee Shairee Chatterjee*, Suban Kumar Chowdhury [email protected] ABSTRACT Maternal health is a global health issue highlighted under Goal 3 of the Sustainable Development Goals. The mitigation of maternal health risks is closely related to the accessibility and availability of health services from trained health practitioners for women through prenatal, delivery and post-partum period. The Bangladesh government is working to improve the maternal health of indigenous women under the ‘Framework for Tribal Peoples Plan’, however maternal health risks continue to be disproportionally experienced by indigenous women in the country (Uddin et al., 2019). This qualitative study examines the multi-faceted challenges and barriers faced by the Garo, indigenous women in accessing maternal health care in the context of the Covid-19 using data from in-depth, semi structured interview with 24 Garo rural women who were pregnant or delivered a child during 2020. We use an intersectional conceptual approach to understand how gender and indigeneity work together as social determinants of health to marginalize and disproportionately impact these women. Our analysis identifies issues related to impact on household gender relations such as spouses’ loss of employment; role of public health communication and misinformation; and use of social media in accessing social support and knowledge in exacerbating or overcoming the encountered challenges in availing healthcare. Lastly, we argue that the barriers in accessing maternal healthcare services during the Covid-19 reinforce indigenous women's comparative structural vulnerability to maternal health risks. Implications for developing intersectional, gender-responsive pandemic plan for addressing maternal health are discussed. Keywords: Maternal Health Services, Barriers, Gender Responsive, Intersectionality, Covid 19 162 | P a g e

DRSD21_308 Health Resilience Status of COVID-19 for Malaysia and its Urban Planning Implication Irina Safitri Ze, Ainatul Fathiyah Abdul Rahim [email protected] ABSTRACT The Malaysia COVID-19 is the biggest test for health sector that require multisectoral collaboration. Amid the various initiative performed by various sector as an ad-hoc basis, in the context of disaster risk management, it needs a shift from reactive to proactive approach. Besides, there is urgency to integrate heath disaster in the current focus of physical disaster of Malaysia’s Policy Directive No. 20. Therefore, developing multi sectoral resilience capacity of public health emergency according to world health organisation, WHO health emergency disaster risk management, health-EDRM framework is crucial to be conducted for future better preparedness. The paper use health-EDRM framework as a basis to deploy the situational analysis to evaluate the resilience level of multisectoral emergency and disaster management, capacities for implementing the international health regulation, IHR 2005, health system building blocks, and good practices for Malaysia. The health-EDRM consists of ten unit of analysis are i. policies, strategies and legislation, ii. planning and coordination, iii. human resources, iv. financial resources, v. information & knowledge management, vi. risk communications, vii. health infrastructure & logistics, viii. health & related services, ix. community capacities for health EDRM and x. monitoring and evaluation. The sudy will make substantial contributions to reducing health risks and consequences for the relevant sectors to support public health emergency performance. Furthermore, the study will make recommendations to mediate Policy Directive No. 20, bridging the physical and health disaster for better resilience of health-EDRM in Malaysia. Keywords: resilience, health disaster, urban planning, disaster risk management, policy 163 | P a g e

TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 164 | P a g e

DRSD21_40 Why Farmers in India are not Adopting Crop-Insurance? Insights from Behavioural Economics Literature Dinamani Biswal*, Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati [email protected] ABSTRACT Empirical studies across the developing nations, particularly in India, asserted the positive benefits of the adoption of crop insurance, especially in reducing variability in farm income. Despite persistent efforts by the national government in India over the decades, a low adoption is observed among the farmers. For instance, based on the national representative survey conducted in 2013, Mukherjee and Pal (2019) find around 7 percent of the total farmers insured their crops, and after launching Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) in 2016, 29 percent of the gross cropped area were under this scheme. Under this backdrop, several studies emerged over the years to enquire determinants of the adoption of crop insurance in India. These studies have mostly emphasized on factors related to social and demographic, economic, education and structural; it demonstrates a lack of research on behavioural anomalies which could possibly influence farmers’ adoption behaviour. Hence, this study aims to understand the research conducted so far in this domain in India, and further, to provide research gaps by bringing insights from behavioural economics studies conducted both in India and other developing nations. Keywords: Crop-insurance; Adoption; Risk Mitigation; Behavioural Biases; India 165 | P a g e

DRSD21_165 Contribution of Disaster Learning Tools to Earthquake Disaster Risk Reduction in Japan: Applying a Framework Classified by the Real and Virtual of Social Network and Community Space Yusuke Toyoda*, Akio Muranaka, Dowon Kim, Hidehiko Kanegae [email protected] ABSTRACT Disaster learning which essentially takes place in activities of disaster risk reduction (DRR) in local communities and disaster education programs at schools, adopted a variety of technologies and techniques. However, it has not been reviewed how these different kinds of disaster learning tools contribute to DRR as a whole. Most of their ultimate goals aim at reducing human loss in local communities. For this end, social networks among community members for cooperation and community space where disaster response is conducted are two of the important components for reducing the loss. Against this backdrop, referring to Activity Theory founded based on the constructivism, this study classifies disaster learning tools by disaster management phases (preparedness, evacuation, evacuation shelter management, etc.) and quadrants of environments which are divided by the real and virtual of the social networks and the community space, demonstrating “a Framework of Environments for Utilizing Disaster Learning Tools.” Through this framework, the study reviews academic achievements on disaster learning in local communities and at schools for earthquake disaster management in Japan published in Japanese, finding out contribution of each quadrant to DRR. This framework with further sophistication is expected to be utilized by researchers and practitioners to choose appropriate disaster learning tools for their objectives based on their environments where the disaster learning takes place. Keywords: Disaster Learning, Social Network, Community Space, Real, Virtual 166 | P a g e

DRSD21_111 The Role of Facebook in the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: Case Study of the Municipality of Cainta Shekinah Noa Shelomi C. Wenceslao*, Maria Aileen Leah Guzman, Noralene Uy, Daniel Mallin Martin, Andrew Barkwith [email protected] ABSTRACT In the recent decades, technology such as mobile devices and the internet have become more efficient and cost-effective. It has enabled access to information faster and made it available at the tips of people’s fingers. The Philippines, in particular, has consistently been included in the top list of internet (and social media) users globally. With technology becoming more of a necessity, leveraging and maximizing its use can become a powerful tool in disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM). Through the years, Facebook has grown to be a relevant communication tool in people’s everyday lives. It has been a gamechanger – from the way people interact and dialogue with one another to the way people conduct businesses. This study argues that Facebook enables community members to access real-time disaster risk information, as well as actively participate and engage with the government on DRRM matters. This study explores Facebook’s viability as a source of disaster risk information at the local level and determines whether there is subsequent increase in the level of awareness and participation by the community members in the Municipality of Cainta as a case study. A municipal-wide survey was conducted; and key officials from the local government of Cainta were interviewed. Desk review of the related literature and policies were undertaken to support the research findings. Key findings confirmed the critical role of Facebook in disaster risk communication at the local level. The incumbent local chief executive of Cainta has played an active role in utilizing Facebook to disseminate disaster-related news and information, as well as receiving critical disaster-related information from the ground. Although existing evidence points to the benefits of utilizing Facebook during emergency and crisis response, this study also highlights the essential role of Facebook during non-emergency scenarios, in ensuring that wider network is reached during disasters. Keywords: DRRM, Facebook, technology and innovation, disaster risk communication, social media 167 | P a g e

DRSD21_20 ANN application in predicting residual strength of CFST column after fire Aishwarya Narang*, Ravi Kumar, Amit Dhiman [email protected] ABSTRACT In recent times, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been applied to many structural components to figure out the strength behavior, damage detection, and design predictions. The paper's main objective is to determine the effect of fire on concrete-filled steel tubular (CSFT) columns and predict the residual strength after the fire using ANN. Existing literature data has been used for ANN modeling, i.e., training, testing, and validating data. The model with the highest correlation coefficient (R) and the lowest mean square error (MSE) is used to predict the formulae. The ANN model is compared with the existing models, and the data is validated against the literature. The ANN model has shown a higher accuracy for the residual strength after the effect of fire Keywords: ANN, CFST, Fire, Residual strength 168 | P a g e

DRSD21_250 Progress in the debate on knowledge integration for disaster risk reduction: Towards introducing foundational aspects in disaster risk studies Bosco Bwambale*, Matthieu Kervyn [email protected],Matthieu Kervyn ABSTRACT Since several years ago, scholars and related institutions have emphasized the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge into the understanding and tackling disaster risk. This study critically reviews case studies and select literature to provide a coincide overview of the progress made and on the next steps. In the first place, indigenous knowledge is noted to be considered at the content level. Here, indigenous knowledge was observed to play a commenting role, i.e., indigenous people were involved to give comments on how best to implement measures that were developed by scientists. In the second place, a wave is noticed on incorporating indigenous knowledge at the level of processes. Here, scholars are increasingly arguing that involving indigenous knowledge at the content scale means that salient aspects of the socio-epistemic processes of indigenous knowledge are sidelined. Several case studies are thus noted to demonstrate frameworks and methodologies related to the socio-epistemic process through which indigenous knowledge is produced. In the third place, another wave is noted towards an independent epistemic process of knowledge integration. Here, both the epistemic processes of indigenous and scientific knowledge are weaved to have a hybrid epistemology of knowledge integration. This however is still in initial stages. Yet, it does introduce foundational (or philosophical) aspects that are crucial in solving fundamental issues related to knowledge integration and substantial disaster risk reduction. Keywords: Knowledge, Disaster Risk Reduction Philosophy, Knowledge Integration, Disaster Risk Studies, Interdisciplinary Studies 169 | P a g e

DRSD21_150 Numerical simulation of spherical source blast-induced stress wave amplification Jawad Ur Rehman*, Jawad Ur Rehman, Van-Quang Nguyen, Tuan- Anh Nguyen, Trong-Cuong Nguyen [email protected] ABSTRACT A typical blast wave attenuation curve presents a relationship between peak particle velocity (PPV) at the surface of a geologic profile and the distance. As stress wave is amplified at the free-field boundary, the attenuation curve at the surface is always larger than the within media profile curve. Measurements are always carried at the surface of rock, the difference between surface and within media profile is quantified. The amplification factor depends upon source depth, incidence angle, and Poisson’s ratio of the media. And is calculated as a function of the ratio of the magnitude of PPV at the surface of the media to the within media profile. In this paper, particle velocity amplification was studied by using numerical simulation in FLAC 2D. The parametric study shows that the amplification factor at low source depths is high, and with increasing depth, the amplification factor decreases. With increasing Poisson’s ratio amplification factor increases, low incident angles have higher amplification factor. However, the amplification factor shows quick decay at higher incident angles. Keywords: Numerical simulation, Wave amplification, Free surface, Wave attenuation, Blasting 170 | P a g e

DRSD21_88 Study on the influence of site seismic dynamic response under different geological conditions Xiao Meng* [email protected] ABSTRACT Site seismic response analysis is an important part of site seismic safety evaluation. It is of great reference value to the design of seismic sensitive dynamic parameters of sites and structures, which will affect the subsequent design and construction. In order to study the seismic dynamic response of the site under different geological conditions, seismic waves of different intensities were input to a project site with good geological conditions in Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China and a soft soil site in the coastal area of Guangdong Province, China, respectively. In this paper, the dynamic responses of these two types of free site were calculated and analyzed using DEEPSOIL. The dynamic responses of different types of sites under Kobe and Chi-Chi earthquake motions are discussed under the equivalent linear and nonlinear conditions, and the related dynamic parameters are studied. The aim is to provide a basis for the analysis of site-structure dynamic response in the future, and also provide references for engineering construction design. Keywords: Seismic dynamic response; numerical analysis; deformation; acceleration 171 | P a g e

DRSD21_123 Feasibility study of Locally Accessible Cloud System (LACS) conducted in a remote island in Cebu, Philippines to meet the real demand for ICT under the COVID-19 pandemic Toshikazu Sakano*, Babatunde Ojetunde, Yoshinori Suzuki, Jeffrey Llanto, and Chandraprakash Sharma [email protected] ABSTRACT With the worldwide popularization of the Internet, the ICT is becoming indispensable in the disasters like the earthquake, typhoon and pandemic to efficiently save people’s lives and early restore from the damage. In most Asian countries, however, broadband connectivity to the Internet still remains a challenge especially in rural areas. Besides, once a large disaster occurs, the Internet and mobile communication services are often disrupted, and that prevents the government and responders from doing their activities. To resolve this issue, ATR proposes a system architecture to urgently meet the ICT demand in the disaster affected areas, which is called Locally Accessible Cloud System or LACS. LACS has a form of a portable case and is comprised of a small server, a Wi-Fi access point, battery and peripheral devices. In the LACS, the software is installed to host multiple services for delivering, sharing, and exchanging information among local people. The deployment of LACS to the disaster affected areas immediately after its occurrence must fulfil the explosive demand for ICT even in the absence of mobile or broadband internet. LACS conforms ITU standard: movable and deployable ICT resource unit. To confirm the LACS’s feasibility, we developed a LACS and conducted its feasibility study in Cebu, Philippines. LACS server was deployed to a local government facility and was connected to the Wi-Fi access point in a remote island from the facility using a fixed wireless access equipment to provide e-education and other services. We demonstrated and applied the system to the real issues under the pandemic with the participation of teachers, students, local government officials and local residents. Most participants evaluated the system very useful for e-education and as communication tool in the disaster situations. In the paper, developed LACS system and the results of the feasibility study are reported Keywords: ICT, Wi-Fi, Local cloud, disaster countermeasure, e-education 172 | P a g e

DRSD21_235 Assessing Public Value of Government-led DRRM Interventions: The Case of DOST's Hydromet and EWS Marie Antoinette F. Bangabang* [email protected] ABSTRACT Philippines ranked as third with the highest exposure against natural disasters with 52.46% percentage in the 2017 World Risk Report. Most of these disasters were hydrometeorological in nature. To mitigate the damages caused by the flooding events from these disasters, hydrometeorological devices (hydromets) and early warning systems (EWS) were deployed nationwide to assist its recipients in decision-making. Despite benefits and interests from these devices, no sustainability plans were developed. This study generally aimed how communities in areas with different levels of risks against flooding value these innovations, considering its benefits, investments in placed, and contribution to securing and ensuring the communities. This study used a framework from merging the Technology Adoption Model and Values-Beliefs-Norm Theory, which argued that communities on High-Risk areas put higher values towards the deployed innovations based on the gained benefits, investments, and exposure to hazard. The study conducted interviews and gathered secondary data from selected sites in Misamis Oriental, Zamboanga del Norte and Pangasinan. The initial results showed the following factors that affected how the LGUs of the communities put value to the innovations: (1) present during installation; (2) perceived usefulness; (3) perceived ease of use; (4) existing investments in the forms of policies and initiatives; and (5) support from the governing bodies within the area. These factors were also influenced by the experiences of the recipients to the flooding in their area. Hence, according to most of the Local Government Units (LGUs), these innovations were viewed as important if not critical equipment in disaster mitigation. This study recommended to also include the perspective of the other actors of the communities for a deeper understanding of the values of these devices to the communities. Keywords: Early Warning Systems, Sustainability, Public Value, Technology Adoption Model, Values- Belief-Norm Theory 173 | P a g e

DRSD21_112 Blast Performance Enhancement of RC Square Column Jacketed with Steel Angle Sections and Battens Mohd Shariq*, Mehtab Alam, Asif Husain [email protected] ABSTRACT Occurrence of extreme loadings on the structure caused by man-made or accidental explosions is not uncommon. Such loadings jeopardize the safety/stability of the structure if the key load-carrying member(s) are damaged. Strengthening of compression members of the buildings which are more vulnerable to blast loading may be required, and therefore, is of considerable interest to the structural designers. The blast performance of the RC column may be improved by enlarging its size using additional concrete and steel, which may not be the choice of the owner of the building, or may not be allowed as it might affect the functionality of the building. In this study, a different approach to enhance the blast performance of the seismically designed axially loaded square RC column is used, wherein four angle sections made of structural steel throughout the length of the column are taken. The angle sections are connected on the four faces of the columns over the regions of confining reinforcement as well as mid-height region using battens/plates. Analyses have been carried employing a high-fidelity program, ABAQUS/CAE with concrete-damaged plasticity (CDP) model. Different combinations of angle sections and battens/plates are considered in the study and responses such as maximum displacement, stresses, damage, and crack patterns are evaluated. This study is useful to lessen the vulnerability of the compression member(s) failure of which intends to contribute to local hazard amounting to severe damage to the buildings and loss of lives. Keywords: Blast loading, RC column, Steel angles, Battens, Explicit analysis, CDP model, stresses, damage 174 | P a g e

DRSD21_59 Time-dependent reliability system of the continuous steel beam I-shapes with corrosion damage Trong-Ha Nguyen*, Ngoc-Long Tran, Duy-Duan Nguyen [email protected] ABSTRACT The safety, serviceability, and durability of steel structures may decline at a faster rate than expected considering the environment around, especially in the changing climate. Corrosion- induced deterioration of the continuous steel beam I-shapes with corrosion damage constructed in Vietnam under a changing climate is investigated in this paper. The time- dependent reliability analysis includes time-dependent climate scenarios and deterioration processes, as well as random variables, material properties, and dimensions. The extent of corrosion damage is calculated by tracking the evolution of the corrosion process using Monte Carlo simulations. The findings in this study may be used to assess climate adaptation measures in the design stage, as well as a cost-technical analysis of climate adaptation measures. Keywords: Time-dependent reliability, continuous steel beam I-shapes, steel structures, corrosion damage, Monte Carlo simulations 175 | P a g e

DRSD21_145 Improving flood flow prediction and early-warning systems using radar-based precipitation data and the HEC-HMS hydrological model: a case study in the Kelani River basin Eranda Perera*, Thanuka Samarasinghe, Eranda Perera, Fang Yenn Teo , Andy Chan [email protected] ABSTRACT Reliable flood forecasting tools and early-warning systems are important to minimize the social and economic impacts of river flooding. Due to the limitations involved with collecting accurate ground-based rain gauge data in developing countries, accurate flood predictions using numerical models can be a challenge. As an alternative solution, we are focussing on improving flood flow prediction using radar-based precipitation data of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). This would be useful for flood modellers as radar-based precipitation data can be easily collected and less expensive compared to ground-based rainfall data. In the present study, we use the TRMM precipitation radar data with the open- source HEC-HMS model to simulate an event-based flood flow in a major river in Sri Lanka. Then we run the same model using ground-based precipitation data to analyze the accuracy of the flood prediction using the TRMM data. After the simulation, we observed that the TRMM rainfall data generally underpredicted the rainfall measured using rainfall gauges on the ground which consequently resulted in the underprediction of flood flow. From the HEC-HMS model, the streamflow results using TRMM data managed to capture the temporal variations with time to the peak of observed streamflow records at the Hanwella gauge. The results of this research will be useful for flood modellers to predict accurately flood flows and inundation extents for event-based floods. Further, the radar-based precipitation data would also assist with developing better early-warning systems for flood inundation. Keywords: Flood flow modelling, Radar-based Precipitation, HEC – HMS, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, Early-warning of floods 176 | P a g e

DRSD21_39 Assessment of the numerical methods for seismic resilience of built structures in India Bhushan Raisinghani*, Tushar Bhoraniya [email protected] ABSTRACT Earthquakes are a major threat in India owing to the large stock of vulnerable structures combined with high seismicity across the country. The damage survey of Bhuj earthquake (2001) gave impetus for analyzing the correct hazard level for design of buildings in Gujarat state. The buildings in Ahmedabad city suffered severe damages to around 70 midrise buildings. The seismic actions on the structure are dynamic in nature and cause low-cyclic fatigue in the structural components leading to the loss of strength and stiffness in each loading cycle. The structural engineers require strong numerical techniques to simulate the behavior of the structures to ascertain their safety. The step-by-step time integration method gives the design engineers a platform to find numerical solution for high rise buildings for the complex time history inputs. However, each earthquake does not follow the same pattern and have different characteristics in terms of the PGA, time-period, natural frequency and the amplitude. Hence, the consideration of local seismic hazard is important for the design and evaluation of the buildings for predictable performance and generate resilience in them. In this paper, the performance of a 15 storey RC building is evaluated using the seismic design codes i.e., US, TEC, CEN and IS, using the principles of dynamics to understand and highlight the significance of the current state of knowledge beneficial in Indian context. The genesis of dynamics and its important developments will help to redefine the seismic hazards and the response of the buildings to base excitations which is the need of high-rise buildings in seismic prone areas with different exposure conditions. This study shall give justice to the technically involved procedure for seismic analysis and give important observations for improvement in its use for the set of excitations available in India. Keywords: Seismic resilience, time history analysis, computational methods, PBD, seismic risk reduction 177 | P a g e

DRSD21_87 Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Build Back Better to Post Disaster Recovery Practices: Insights from Bangladesh Sakib Rahman Siddique Shuvo*, Md. Nurul Islam, Sheikh Tawhidul Islam [email protected] ABSTRACT Acknowledged by the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) on its fourth priority, the Build Back Better (BBB) practice has shown its relevance in disaster recovery at the community level. Bangladesh is a disaster-prone country with a globally well-recognized disaster management structure that has been showing effectiveness during the last two decades. However, there are still some lackings caused by complex, centralized bureaucratic inefficiency and being technologically behindhand on coordination, transparency, and fast response in terms of implementation, i.e., the inappropriate methods, overdoing, and duplication of some practices. ICT-based technologies are going through rapid advancement globally and brought a drastic change and making our day-to-day communication fast, ceaseless, transparent - the Bangladesh government has introduced Access to Information (a2i) in their policy agenda for building a digital Bangladesh. This study aimed to examine the role of ICT-based communication technologies to create a sustainable recovery strategy through BBB practice in our existing policy framework by reviewing relevant articles. It is evident from the literature review that in Bangladesh, the post-Sidr recovery process was slow and there were some lackings (the lengthy risk assessment using traditional data generation processes, lack of accessibility, and report-based data product) which was a cause behind the massive destruction done by cyclone Aila. The ICT-based methods (proper database, many to many communication, GIS) can make this response faster, transparent, and easy to access. Along with these advantages, the recovery framework can work more effectively. However, the limitation towards access to information and technological inefficiency also addressed in the argument which demands the necessity to focus more on capacity building and infrastructural development. In conclusion, some possible adjustments had been drawn in the article for the existing policy infrastructure and scope of communication technology to bridge the theory and practice. Keywords: Disaster Recovery, Build Back Better, ICT in Post-disaster Recovery, Access to Information, Sustainable Recovery Strategy 178 | P a g e

DRSD21_227 Towards Resilient Municipal Wastewater Sewerage Systems in Khartoum: A Surcharged Flow Measurement Device Mohammed T.M. Ahmed*, Moayad Dawoud, Razan Elnour, Tarig Mohamed, Efadil Azrag, [email protected] ABSTRACT Sewerage and sanitation-related disasters are becoming more common, especially in developing countries. The aftermath of natural disasters is no less devastating than the immediate destruction they cause. In this way, one of the most pressing needs in rapidly urbanizing cities, especially African capitals, is the efficient sanitary facilities in which the flow measurement is an essential element to evaluate the sewerage systems' performance. The traditional devices of measurements are not appropriate due to the enormous discharge of sewage networks, and many solid particles in wastewater might cause a blockage in sewers. Consequently, the accuracy of measurement hugely decreases. This research developed a flow-measuring device for full pipe flow, also known as Sanitary Sewer Overflow. This particular case is an existing phenomenon that faces Sewerage Authorities worldwide and impacts the whole society. Flow measurement in such a situation is a formidable challenge and needs cutting-edge research to find fitting flowmeters. The device is a modified fiberglass-built venturi that was manufactured locally without the diverging part (cutthroat venturi). The manufacturing was both simple and achieved at a relatively low cost. Two sensors were used to measure the surcharged flow, one in the inlet section and the other in the throat. The modified venturi connects to an Arduino board that is programmed to output the differential pressure. In order to calibrate the device, a closed pipe submerged into a hydraulic flume channel is adopted to simulate the overflow sewers. To calculate the actual flow, a stopwatch was used together with the known volume of the channel to compute the actual flow, which was compared with the discharge measured by the device. The results showed an acceptable discharge coefficient \"Cd\" of about 0.9, which meets the standard discharge coefficient of the venturi meter Keywords: Resilient Sewerage Systems, Flow-measuring Device, Cutthroat venturi, Full pipe flow, Systems performance. 179 | P a g e

DRSD21_264 Inland Waterways Accidents, Root cause analysis, Implementation difficulties of governance: a case study of Bangladesh Md. Shahidul Hasan*, Indrajit Pal, Afshana Parven [email protected] ABSTRACT Bangladesh is a riverine country, and the river channel of Bangladesh is an easy and cheapest way for public and goods transportation. The study was conducted based on the secondary data available in different journals, magazine, reports, and publications. PAR model has been used to understand the root causes of accidents that led to disaster. Due to the huge demand and profit, rich businessman and political leaders has a lot of investment and involvement in this sector. The risk associated in this sector is the frequent accidents due to faulty design of the vessels, lack of efficient and trained people, no accountability, involvement of political leaders as a businessman, involvement of labor organization makes this sector vulnerable to manmade disaster like accidents. Collison, overloading, overcrowding, faulty design, lack of awareness, and adverse weather is the main causes for the accidents that results loss of life, properties, and environmental damage. Corruption and lack of empowerment of maritime, transport and port authorities bound the working environment in high bureaucracy that exaggerate the decision-making process in water transport sector. As this sector creates lots of job opportunities, socio-economic development, it is obvious for development of Shipping, maritime facilities for feeder services, port development, inland waterway transport and ferry services facilities for sustainable use of resources. Implementation of maritime surveillances, rules, and regulations, huge investments from government and private sector, improvement of training, modernization of river ports and terminals, ship building industry, regular dredging, proper early warning system implementation, establishment of river information system, and river police can hugely reduce the accident. Keywords: PAR model, Root cause, accidents, faulty design, bureaucracy, maritime surveillances etc. 180 | P a g e

DRSD21_143 Disaster Early Warning systems for vulnerable, agriculture dependent communities: From Upstream to Downstream J.M.A.R.Jayarathne*, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh [email protected] ABSTRACT Agriculture is deeply interconnected with weather and climate. Changes in temperature and hydro-meteorological patterns due to climate change are impacting farming communities in different ways. There is no proper Agri - early warning system in Sri Lanka to promote agricultural productivity. In order to minimize the disaster impact to the agriculture sector, there should be a relationship with the sectoral agencies, warning providers and farmers. Agriculture sectoral agencies responsible for detail interpretation of weather and climate changers and providing remedial measures to overcome such issues in agriculture sector. Therefore it is essential to customize and translate the warning messages in to understandable way or user friendly mechanism. Effectiveness and efficiency of the message dissemination and the reception of the early warning messages depend on coordination with upstream to downstream and dissemination of messages to the farmers and their knowledge.Assessment of risk and vulnerability of agricultural systems to different climate change scenarios and Establish the nexus between Early Warning Systems and its role in Promoting Agricultural Productivity in the Face of Climate Change, Explore the current status of the Agri- Early warning system in Sri Lanka as an important means of promoting agricultural productivity in light of the challenges posed by climate change. Critically evaluate the current dissemination channel, including the identification of the related stakeholders who can intensify efforts to enhance early warning system, establish an effective and efficient early warning mechanism, including critical components of a EWS to trigger early action. Develop a policy to stream line the early warning dissemination mechanism to smooth operation are the objectives of this research study. Keywords: Safe Communities through Integrated Warning 181 | P a g e

DRSD21_197 Evaluating the network of stakeholders in Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEW) for multiple simultaneous hazards amidst COVID-19, Sri Lanka as a case in point Chandana Siriwardana*, Ravindu Jayasekara, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh [email protected] ABSTRACT Climate-related hazards have become unpredictable and extreme rendering severe disruptions all over the world because of climate change. Furthermore, manmade hazards have also become more frequent with the complex lifestyles of humans. Currently, natural hazards have concurred and interacted with impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak, thus synergized the impacts of multiple simultaneous hazards. Not only that, man-made hazards such as fires also have disrupted response measures for COVID-19 and vice versa. The occurrence of these multi-hazard crises has called for the need for emulating strong and highly compromised multi-sectoral approaches to address the impacts on disaster response and recovery mechanisms. In such a context, this study has aimed at evaluating the network of stakeholders in the National Early Warning System of Sri Lanka (NEWS-SL) for simultaneous hazards amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. An extended literature review including existing legal and policy frameworks pertaining to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), national and international reports and scholarly articles on multiple hazards and DRR, and internet sources have been drawn by this study to identify the stakeholders of (NEWS-SL). Further, this study has been provided by primary data gathered through in-depth interviews conducted with key informants in disaster management and related sectors in Sri Lanka. Social Network Analysis (SNA) was used to visualise the network of stakeholders for six hazards: epidemics, floods, landslides, droughts, cyclones, and tsunami. Followings have been identified from the findings; high complexity in stakeholder coordination; inadequate engagement of governing structures in a multi-hazard context; poor implementation of multi-sectoral approaches; and lack of relief services’ participation in early warning mechanisms. The study highlights the dire need for a national framework to guide the country’s early warning system in simultaneous multiple hazards amidst COVID-19 through emulating a multi-sectoral approach considering the systemic nature of risk. Keywords: Multi-Hazard Early Warning, Simultaneous Hazards, COVID-19, Multi-Sectoral Approach, Systemic Risk 182 | P a g e

DRSD21_109 Development of Dynamic Flood Risk Model (DFRM): A New Generation Risk-Based Warning Tool for Rural Flood Management Shampa*, Md. Manjurul Hussain, Marin Akter, Juwel Islam, MD Rayhanur Rahman, A K Azad, Hamima Huma, MD Shibbir Ahmed, Kamrun Nahar, Sabrina Akther, Anisul Haque, Md. Munsur Rahman [email protected] ABSTRACT The global trend of flood damages has been increasing sharply over the past decades due to high population growth and economic activities in floodplain and Bangladesh is experiencing the same. Though Bangladesh has been able to reduce the loss of life due to floods significantly, but the economic loss and damage have increased manifolds over the decades even at a similar level of hazards. One of the major reasons for this is limited or sometimes no information of flood risk and vulnerability at the community level along with the absence of a timely flood warning system. We present a new tool named “Dynamic Flood Risk Model (DFRM)” for community-level flood warnings which integrates the existing flood prediction (5~10 days) of Flood Forecasting and Warning center (FFWC) of Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and the results of the 2D hydrodynamic simulation and community-driven flood vulnerability and exposure data. Ultimately, the DFRM model produces a risk-based flood warning which combines the information of flood hazard (flood depth, duration, and velocity) and vulnerability of a system. The tool is developed on a Python platform, where Graphical User Interface (GUI) is designed using the Qt framework. The hazard information is generated through the 2D hydrodynamic simulation of the last three decades flood hydrographs using the Delft3D modelling platform and the vulnerability is estimated from the linear combination of the physical, financial, natural, social, and human capital of the region using secondary and primary data. The model was applied at the village level in two flood-prone districts which were severely flooded by the Brahmaputra-Jamuna, Teesta, and Dharla rivers during the monsoon of 2020. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images and local field survey data were used to validate the model-generated hazard and vulnerability information. Comparing of the inundated area from the model and SAR at the union level shows that the accuracy of the model is 96% during the monsoon season. The error margins in pre and post-monsoon seasons are around 4% to 5.6%, respectively. The model generated vulnerability was nearly 46% to 50% during the 2020 flood which is also validated by field survey. It is hoped that the successful application of this tool at the community level will enhance the community's resilience and their capability to respond and recover. Keywords: DFRM, Flood Warning, Hazard, Vulnerability, Risk 183 | P a g e

VULNERABILITY, RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 184 | P a g e

DRSD21_16 Evaluating Urban Resilience in Planning: The Case of Chengdu, China Yang Wei*, Tetsuo Kidokoro, Fumihiko Seta [email protected] ABSTRACT As our society grows more complex and the environments become less certain, it is increasingly difficult to make our social, economic, and ecological systems sustainable. Especially, our living cities and urban areas as a complex social-ecological system, they are vulnerable to disasters, climate changes, and other disturbances. The general concept of resilience, and more specifically, urban resilience, is becoming increasingly prevalent in academic and policy discourses. As a result, it is the right time to discuss urban resilience within the context of planning practice. This paper applies a methodology to evaluate resilience thinking in planning (RTP) of Chengdu, which is a megacity but very prone to disasters in west China, most of them are floods, geological hazards, and earthquakes. The method of analysis is based on different planning documents, such as policies, programs, plans, and projects (PPPP), combining with the background of the planning system and resilience-related national policies in China. The results show that while the notion of “resilience” is not explicitly expressed in local planning documents, some attributes of resilience, such as efficiency, adaptation, and robustness are evident to varying degrees. However, some other urban resilience aspects, especially those related to the social capital building, are still insufficient and remain alarming questions for local sustainable development. This finding reflects the dominance of a top-down planning approach, which needs to be complemented with bottom-up wisdom and local fixable actions in China’s planning context. Keywords: Urban Resilience, Planning, Policy, China, Sustainable Development 185 | P a g e

DRSD21_04 Does Indigenous Tourism Contribute to Indigenous Resilience to Disasters? A case study on Taiwan's Highlands Mucahid Mustafa Bayrak [email protected] ABSTRACT Global climate change poses a real threat to Taiwan’s rural communities, and its Indigenous peoples in particular. Climate related risk and extremes are dealt with in various ways, but many disaster risk reduction or post disaster reconstruction interventions are implemented in a top down and technocratic way. These disaster management activities are not culturally appropriate and often increase the vulnerability of Indigenous communities. At the same time, more and more Indigenous communities in Taiwan engage in Indigenous tourism. This type of tourism could lead to livelihood improvement, environmental conservation and community empowerment. However, it is not clear to what extent Indigenous tourism increases the climate resilience of households and local communities. Hence, the central question of this project is: to what extent does Indigenous tourism build the climate resilience of Taiwan’s Indigenous communities? The research was conducted using a mixed methods approach comprised of semi-structured interviews, household surveys, desk research and observation. Three Indigenous Tsou villages were researched, namely: Shanmei, Chashan and Xinmei in Southern Alishan. All three villages were severely impacted by typhoon Morakot in 2009. The self-perceived impact of the typhoon was researched as well as the vulnerability and coping capacity of the communities in the villages. A positive relationship between community-based tourism and disaster risk management was found. Governmental interest in tourism development surged after typhoon Morakot which enabled villagers to have more access to funding and to participate in tourism in order to recover from the typhoon and other (climate-related) disasters. However, discrepancies between the villages and even among households within the villages were observed. This study critically examines whether Indigenous tourism can be a sustainable strategy to cope with climate change, and climate- related disasters more particularly. Keywords: Indigenous Resilience, Indigenous Tourism, Taiwan, Disasters, Typhoon Morakot 186 | P a g e

DRSD21_22 Building Resilience against Floods in India: Human Development, Income, Inequality and Forest Cover Chandra Sekhar Bahinipati*, Unmesh Patnaik, Asis Senapati [email protected] ABSTRACT In this paper, we examine the factors that improve resilience capacity of Indian states to floods, and particularly focusing on elements like human development, income, inequality and forest cover. The resilience capacity is measured in terms of number of people affected, human casualties and houses damaged. The empirical analysis is carried out based on information collected for the period of 1980 to 2011, and Poisson fixed effect with cluster standard error method is employed to do the analysis. In doing so, the major findings are: (i) human development reduces human casualties, but no significant effect on people affected and houses damaged, (ii) in similar with previous studies, forest cover enhances resilience capacity of the states, and (iii) while income has no significant effect, inequality matters for reducing number of houses damaged. Earlier studies are strongly emphasized integration of climate risk in the development activities, and this paper again reiterate it. This study has larger policy implications when we are observing lack of coordination between climate policies and development based activities in India. Keywords: Resilience, Floods, India, Human Development, Income, Inequality, Forest Cover 187 | P a g e

DRSD21_17 Addressing Challenges Towards Achieving Green Growth in Malaysian Cities Vishanthini Kanasan*, Sayuti Hassan [email protected] ABSTRACT Over the years, there has been an increasing focus on actions that can facilitate green growth in cities as a mean for catalyzing renewed economic growth and balancing environmental sustainability. Green growth is a part of economic development strategy as environmental degradation can undermine human well-being globally. Malaysia’s continuous economic growth since independence has demonstrated a strong urban shift and by 2030 it is anticipated urbanization will additionally outpace populace development whereby it is estimated 82% of the population will live in cities. Nonetheless, the dynamic economic growth of cities in Malaysia has also negatively affected the environment. Thus, the study explores ways to achieve green growth in cities in Malaysia to improve environmental performance in addition to urban quality of life and to increase the institutional capacity of the city government. This qualitative study evaluates and analyses the capacity of cities by addressing challenges in steering towards green economy. The primary data was collected from four Focus Group Discussion (FGD) sessions with representatives from government bodies at the national, state and local government levels (involving lower and middle management level), civil societies, field experts, professional bodies and business representatives and the findings were validated through semi-structured interviews with government officials and experts from higher management and policy makers. Keywords: Green Growth, Sustainable Development, Cities 188 | P a g e

DRSD21_296 Occupational health and safety of garments and textile industry workers in Chittagong, Bangladesh Edris Alam*, Rukya Zaman Juthi, Carlos Samuel, Yamuna Kaluarachchi [email protected] ABSTRACT Ready-made garments (RMG) and textile sectors are the main foreign currency earning sectors employing over 3.8 million poor workers in Bangladesh, and have recently drawn international attention due to concerns related to the occupational health and safety (OHS) of the employees. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of current occupational health and safety of garments and textile industry workers in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Twenty garments and textile industries were selected purposely having granted permission from their owners to consult workers. The sample size of the research was 200 undertaking 10 respondents randomly selected for interviews from each garment industry. Secondary data were used to examine the OHS policies, practices, and action plans in industries. A variety of statistical techniques (weightage analysis, frequency distribution etc.) were applied to analyze the data. Data suggest that average age of the workers and respondents in control group were 25 years and 33 respectively. The only six percent workers had graduate level education. The research suggests that that the total number of female workers was higher than males. The work environment in the RMG and textile industry affected worker’s health and psychosocial well-being. The types of diseases exposed by severity order include: back pain, aches, asthma, skin allergies, and loss of feeling in limbs. The reasons for diseases include heavy workload with prolonging work in a congested and hot humid environment, and not having meals at the appropriate time. Data suggest that 34 percent of the respondents in control group were affected by aches. Knowledge about workplace policies and procedures, occupational health, and safety awareness and participation in occupational health and safety has been assessed by the Likert scale method. Apart from experiencing physical health problem, the workers suffer from mental stress, job and social insecurity. It has been noted that the workers have been dismissed from jobs after any accident or diseases without awarding any compensation. Finally, the research identified what to do in order to improve the OHS status of the RMG and textile industry workers such as worker-friendly environment, improved OHS care facilities, post-accident rehabilitation, and compensation for work injury. Keywords: Health And Safety, Health Hazards, Musculoskeletal Disorder, Injuries And Diseases, Risk Perception And Preparedness 189 | P a g e