2nd International Symposium on Disaster Resilience & Sustainability Development

DRSD21_67 Perception Of Climate Change and Farmer’s Choice of Community-Based Adaptation Methods: A Case Study In Central Of Vietnam Nguyen Thi Dieu Linh* [email protected] ABSTRACT Community-based adaptation methods are promoted by national climate change agriculture adaptation policy in Vietnam for the last five years. This study examines the perceptions of farmers regarding climate change as well as analyses the factors that affect the choice of community-based adaption measures of farmers living in Vietnam’s Central region. The community-based adaption methods identified include cultivating new varieties of rice, vegetable planting, shrimp production or lotus-fish production. Drawing on interview of 390 small-scale farmers with cross-sectional survey, the results reveal that 77% farmers know about climate change and perceived the barriers to adaptation. Using multinomial logit model, this study indicates that family size increases the probability of applying new varieties of rice and lotus-fish production. Education of household’s head negatively impacts the option to switch to new varieties of rice but positively effects on the choice of shrimp production and lotus-fish. The older farmers are more likely to adopt new varieties of rice option but less likely to select shrimp and lotus-fish production. The more farming experiences, the higher probability of applying all adaptation methods. Regarding farm characteristics, the higher the percentage of damaged land the higher the probability of switching to shrimp and lotus-fish production. The farm size negatively impacts the option to switch to new varieties of rice but positively effects on the choice of shrimp production and lotus-fish. Information from government, taking part in training course and being a member of Woman Union all promote community-based adaption methods to climate change while access public credit only positively impacts on choice of shrimp and lotus-fish adaptation. Four policy recommendations are proposed (1) consolidating farmland (2) organizing more training courses on climate change (3) relaxing constraints on accessing public credit (4) promoting official media channels. Keywords: community-based adaptation, perception, choice, climate change 240 | P a g e

DRSD21_282 Seismic performance of RC buildings with concrete made by using different waste materials Srushti Sheth*, Rudrakshi Choudhary, Ronak Motiani, Ishan R Thakar [email protected] ABSTRACT The use of waste materials added as a replacement to a certain extent has helped to mend one of the major issues of Solid Waste Management in today’s world. Many studies have highlighted the beneficial effect of waste material on the mechanical properties of the concrete, however the effect of the modified properties on the seismic performance of the building is not being explored extensively This paper studies the seismic performance of the building made by using three waste materials namely Crumbled Foam Polystyrene Granule, Electrical Cable Waste (ECW) and Recycled Seashells either as a replacement for cement/other components of concrete or as an admixture. A comparative study between concrete comprising of waste materials and conventional concrete is also conducted which showed significant differences and results based on the seismic response. Keywords: Seismic analysis, Waste material, Foam Polystyrene, Electrical Cable Waste, Recycled Seashells 241 | P a g e

DRSD21_234 A review of climate change impact on the coastal built environment Shavindree Nissanka*, Shavindree Nissanka, Chamindi Malalgoda, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh [email protected] ABSTRACT Built environment exert considerable influence over their local climate and environment, and coastal populations are already facing a range of climate-related risks such as cyclones, sea level rise and coastal flooding. Coastal areas are known to be highly populated with urban centres being located near the coastal belts further increases the predicament. In light of this, there is a vital necessity to develop tangible climate adaptation measures in the coastal built environments. In developing suitable adaptation measures it is important to understand the climate change impact on the coastal built environment. Existing studies mostly discuss on climate change impacts on the built environment, however, what is lacking is the integration of climate change with disaster resilience and achieving thereby sustainable development. Accordingly, this study will carry out a detailed review of climate change impact and associated disaster risks on the coastal built environment. The study will be based on a systematic literature review based on Science Direct, Emerald Insight and Scopus databases. The data will be analysed using thematic analysis and the climate change impact on the coastal built environment will be presented under identified key themes. These thematic areas could be used as the basis to understand the current risks and thereby develop tangible climate adaptation measures in the coastal built environments. Keywords: Climate change impact, Coastal built environment, disaster risk 242 | P a g e

DRSD21_294 Investigating major causes of severe floods using global datasets: A case of Nepal, USA, and Thailand N. Shalinda Fernando*, Sangam Shrestha, Saurav KC, S. Mohanasundaram [email protected] ABSTRACT In recent years, the damages caused by flooding has been severe globally, and several research studies indicated extreme precipitations and changes in land-use plays a crucial role. The hydrological and climate impact studies in data-scarce regions are relatively challenging, and several global dataset products have aided in overcoming them. However, their accuracy and reliability vary from climatic regions to the topography of the land surface. Therefore, this study employed global dataset products for precipitation and land use to identify the major flood driver in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions where severe flooding had occurred in the past decade. The study evaluated the performances of the PERSIANN-CDR, PERSIANN-CCS & PERSIANN precipitation products, and ESACCI-LC land-use product to develop a statistical relationship among the land-use and extreme precipitation variables using the Multiple Linear Regression technique. The result shows that the PERSIANN-CDR estimates were more accurate than others in the selected study basins. The statistical model showed that the combined contribution of both land-use and precipitation to the flood (R2) are 67.8%, 68.7% and 37.4%, for the Mun River Basin (MRB), Thailand, the Bagmati River Basin (BRB), Nepal and the Missouri-Little Sioux (MLS) Basin, USA respectively. Moreover, it correlated with the flood (R) by 82.3%, 82.9% and 61.2% in the MRB, BRB, and MLS basin, respectively. Additionally, the results indicated that the major cause of flooding in MRB and BRB is likely to be precipitation, while land-use is likely to be the major cause in the MLS basin. The result from the study shall be useful for the researchers, practitioners, and decision- makers in determining the applicability of a suitable precipitation product in data-scarce regions, visualise the major cause of flooding and plan the flood risk management strategies accordingly by minimising the exposure and maximising the resiliency for possible future events. Keywords: Flood driver, PERSIANN, ESACCI-LC, Global datasets, Multiple linear regression 243 | P a g e

DRSD21_127 Sustainable Water Conservation Techniques for the Livelihood of Tribal Community of India Nikil. S*, Bharani Alagirisamy [email protected] ABSTRACT Water as we all know it, is the “ELIXIR OF LIFE”. There have been many struggles for water in human history. Only those who harnessed water in a proper manner thrived while the others who failed became a victim of their own misstep. Though water scarcity is prevalent in many parts of India, it is mainly the tribal community who have the most adverse effects. These people depend only on the naturally available water resources viz., lakes, ponds, rivers, etc. Since there aren't any alternate sources of water, in the absence of sufficient rainfall, their livelihood becomes questionable. Statistics say that, today in the urban areas of India 7 in 10 people can count on having running water in their homes. Most of the tribal communities are concentrated in isolated regions without any connectivity between them and the outer world. So, this makes it very difficult for them to address any problem they face as a community. There is no proper awareness among the tribal people on how to harness water and save it for future use. Since their population is very scarce, the government tends to redirect their most valuable asset (i.e.) water to a place with a high population and leave the tribal community with a minimal water supply. Without any proper guidance the only possible thing that they could do is protest and demand to get their water needs fulfilled. The adoption of water conservation measures marks the upliftment of the tribal community and enhances their livelihood for a better future. Keywords: Water scarcity, tribal community, alternate sources, livelihood, water conservation measures 244 | P a g e

DRSD21_257 Assessment and Comparison of Local Governance on Urban Flood Resilience in Bangkok Metropolitan Region: Through the Perspectives of SDG 11 and 13 Indrajit Pal*, Luis Arboleda, Nonthakarn Benjachat, Vilas Nitivattananon [email protected] ABSTRACT The Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) plays a major role in Thailand’s economic development. Thus, when the 2011 Thailand Flood Disaster occurred, BMR suffered major economic and social losses which impacted the rest of the country. This disaster event prompted policy makers, the academe, and other relevant stakeholders to re-evaluate and amend the current urban flood risk reduction measures and governance. This study attempts to evaluate and compare the post-2011 Thailand Flood Disaster strategy and master plans, policies, and reports that directly and indirectly reduces urban flood risks in the provinces of BMR. Basing on SDG 11 and 13 targets that impacts urban flood risk and resilience, a set of criteria were developed in order to screen, score, and asses the selected documents. A screening process of three levels will be conducted to limit the documents to be reviewed. Afterwards, a conceptual content analysis for scoring will be done. This is to qualitatively assess and measure whether the current strategy plans are geared towards reducing urban flood risks and achieving SDG 11 and 13. The results of this study showed that The Bangkok Master Plan on Climate Change 2013-2023, a more localized plan for Bangkok City, had the most comprehensive and most integrated master plan among the select strategy plans that were evaluated. Furthermore, it is found out that there is more need to integrate measures to increase adaptive capacity for BMR. Keywords: Flood risk reduction, Urban flooding, Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Governance, Local Planning 245 | P a g e

DRSD21_286 A Community-Led Approach and the Development of Community Organization Network for Emergency Management in Thailand Arunswasdi Bhuridadtpong*, Tavida Kamolvej, Indrajit Pal [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper is an attempt to study the approaches and development of community organization network for emergency management in Thailand. Empowering communities where the first respondents directly experienced the impacts to handle the crises in support of their development goals, community organizations have been learning and growing their network through the dynamic and challenging ways. Ban Namkhem community in Takuapa District of Phang Nga Province where once was the most damaged spot when the Indian Ocean Tsunami struck Thailand’s southern coastline in 2004 is selected to be the main case study to examine community-led approach in this paper. This community has been embracing various strategies and tactics in their paths to build community resilience for 16 years then shared and expanded the series of hands-on knowledge and practices to other communities. This paper will investigate how community-led mechanisms and the growth of community organization network contribute to strengthening the community’s disaster preparedness, resulting in reducing risk and enhancing resilience of the communities in Thailand. Keywords: community-led approach, community organization network, emergency management network, disaster risk governance. 246 | P a g e

DRSD21_256 Women's participation in Wetland Management: A case study in Tinh Bien district, An Giang province, Vietnam Thai Huynh Phuong Lan* [email protected] ABSTRACT People living in rural areas across the Mekong Delta in Vietnam rely highly on natural resources for their livelihood and well-being. Women are a crucial part of the agricultural labor force in Vietnam and make an essential contribution to national economic development, but this is often not fully recognized by society. However, women often don’t have an adequate or equal voice in wetlands management institutions, both formal and informal, sometimes resulting from traditional gender stereotyping about women’s roles, social prejudices and cultural practices. This paper aims to explore the participation of women in decision-making platforms in wetlands resources management and study the underlying factors for their limited representation and participation in multi-scaler wetland management institutions. This research draws upon field studies in two border and multi-ethnic communes in Tinh Bien district, An Giang province, Vietnam. The study employs focus group discussion, in-depth interviews and participation observations to gather data at household and local and higher levels of governance.The findings highlight that women in the study areas tend to face bigger barriers to participation in relevant management institutions, so their interests are overlooked at higher levels and are thus more vulnerable to external threats. Due to entrenched gender roles and social belief, women’s decision-making power over wetlands and water management at both the household and institutional levels is still limited. To minority women, language was identified as one barrier for Khmer ethnic minority communities in fully participating in decision-making. Keywords: Women, participation, wetland management 247 | P a g e

DRSD21_285 Farmer’ choices of climate-resilient practices in coping with water scarcity: Current situation and welfare impacts on rice-cultivating households in Vietnam Nguyen Duc Kien*, Hung Pham Xuan, Kin Phea [email protected] ABSTRACT Farming households have a long history of adapting to changing production environments, including unfavorable climatic conditions towards more sustainable agricultural production. This study investigates the adoption and welfare impacts of climate-resilient practices among Vietnamese rice-cultivating households using a multinomial endogenous treatment effects model. We found evidence of a clear and persistent increase in the adoption of agricultural conservation measures and canal irrigation as the main adaptation strategies to increasing water stress. Results indicate that adoption of those agricultural technologies had positive impacts on households’ welfare, and more importantly, joint adoption of multiple practices showed greater impacts on rice yields and household incomes than the adoption of individual components of the technology package. However, findings also reveal weak and uncertain spillover effects from other government policies aimed towards improving access to credit and extension services for agricultural technology adoption. These findings suggest that policies aiming at promoting climate-resilient strategies should pay attention to improving support services such as extension, market- and weather-related information and credit access to enhance farmers’ adaptive capacity to better cope with ongoing climatic uncertainty. Keywords: Agricultural production; water stress; climate-resilient practices; adoption; welfare impacts. 248 | P a g e

DRSD21_253 Herbal medicine plants from wetlands supporting livelihoods in Tinh Bien district, An Giang province, Vietnam. Duong Van Nha* [email protected] ABSTRACT Tinh Bien distrist which located in remote area is one of the poorest districts of An Giang province with ...% poor families. Agricultural area covers about 88.27% including hill areas and plain areas.This district has two main group of people, Kinh (70.23%) and Khmer group (29.44%). Most people main ly get incomes from agricultrue. However, they also earn money from others activites, one of them is herbal collection from local areas. Recent years, herbs are getting less and less. a project titled “Bringing more than food to the table: precipitating meaningful change in gender and social equity-focused participation in transboundary Mekong Delta wetlands management” funded by SUMERNET 4 All Collaborative Research for Policy and Practice with some objectives. Goal of this paper just focus on herbal issues affecting on the poor including Kinh and Khmer group. PRA tools such as KIP, group discussion were applied for data collection, results showed that there are two groups with different purposes. First one is a charity group, collecting herbs to contribute to Oriental Medicine Congress and another group collect herbs for selling with income about about 50.000-300,000 VND/per day. Common species of herbs found at communities including Mimosa pudica L., Eclipta prostrata, Marsilea quadrifolia L, Calotropis gigantea, ...at along canal banks, field banks. Unluckily herbs become less and less due to many causes, People's perception of herbal medicine conservation, Effects on changes in farming systems and Climate change. The importance of medicinal plants to the Khmer community, the poor, as a source of income for the elderly and women, and the relationship between medicinal plants and wetlands in Tinh Bien area have been recognized. It is hoped that the results of the project will bring more practical benefits to stimulate stakeholders to jointly manage and use herbal medicines in a more sustainable way. Keywords: herbs, khmer, the poor, conservation, Tinh bien 249 | P a g e

DRSD21_107 Effects of herbicides application on the sustainability of tea production in Sri Lanka EPN Udayakumara*, IDUH Piyathilake [email protected] ABSTRACT Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) has become one of the most popular beverages in the world since 18 to 20 billion cups of tea are consumed daily worldwide. Thus, managing sustainable tea cultivation practices is essential to produce good quality tea to fulfill the world's demand for tea. However, the weeds in tea plantations cause huge economic losses to the tea industry in the world. The chemical weed control (CWC) method is the most convenient and effective method among the various weeds management techniques available whereas the health concerns associated with herbicide residues on food products have extended to tea. Thus, the prime objective of this study is to assess the effects of herbicides application on the quality of tea and tea soil in terms of its toxic heavy metal contamination. The study area is located in Haputale, Sri Lanka. This consisted of two separate tea lands which exposed to the same climatic and environmental conditions whereas one tea land is treated with herbicides and the other tea land is not treated with herbicides. By applying the simple random sampling technique, soil samples (n=36) and green tea leave samples (n=36) were collected for 6 month period of time. The samples were analyzed for their Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), and Cadmium (Cd) levels using the Microwave digestion system and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The results revealed that Zn, Fe, and Pb of soils of herbicides applied tea land are significantly higher (p<0.05) than the soils of herbicides-free tea land. Further, the Pb levels of green tea are slightly higher (p<0.05) in herbicide-treated land. Overall, the present study gives insights into the heavy metal contamination levels in soils and produced tea under chemical weed management systems in Sri Lanka. Keywords: Contamination; heavy metals; herbicides; soil; tea; weed management 250 | P a g e

DRSD21_291 People's perception of disaster-induced food security and its adapatation in the vulnerable coastal communities, Bangladesh Afshana Parven*, Indrajit Pal, Apichon Witatangkurn, Malay Pramanik [email protected] ABSTRACT Bangladesh is a country with many rivers along with 600 km coastlines. The geographical location and funnel-shaped coastline make the country more vulnerable to natural disasters, like floods, cyclones, droughts, river erosion resulting frequent damage and loss, which have subsequent impact on household livelihood and food security. Therefore, to evaluate the impact of disaster on the household level food security, the present study collected semi- structured questionnaire based household survey in nine sub-districts of the Noakhali districts, located in the south-central coastal region of Bangladesh. The analysis was carried out using multiple logistic regression model to assess the role of socio-economic attributes and hazard perceptions on the food security and its adaptation strategies in Bangladesh and estimates the role of causal predictors for the adaptation of hazard. The results showed that cyclone and flood have significant level of influence to household level food security, leading them to search for alternative food options in the area. Monthly income has a significant influence on the buying capacity of the people. The woman has significant sufferings in the food crisis. However, as a household head, male family members become responsible for ensuring the food at the household level. The key findings of the study is people are vulnerable to disaster irrespective of their gender. Less educated, poor and middle class groups are in a great threat of food insecurity and consuming less amount of food. Crop production and migration influence food security issue. More cropping season and high yield crops may help to reduce their sufferings by income opportunity to the local people and ensure food security against disaster to overcome the situation. The results will also help the government to initiate policies for the coastal people to reduce the negative impacts of disaster as well as sustainable development goals of the region. Keywords: Cropping pattern; coastal disaster; food security; Noakhali; migration. 251 | P a g e

DRSD21_284 Hazard Stress and Increasing Socio-Economic Vulnerability in Indian Sundarban Region Papia Guha*, Pritam Aitch, Gupinath Bhandari [email protected] ABSTRACT Vibrant and UNESCO’s heritage “Sundarban” is an adobe of flora and fauna. With 25,500 square kilometer the region encompasses both India and Bangladesh. Formed by the confluence of Ganga ,Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers – Sundarban ranges from India’s Hooghly to Bangladesh’s Baleswar river. Present research focuses on the Indian part of Sundarban being designated as the largest monsoonal estuarine system with an area of 9,630 sq km. With its huge mangrove front and enriched natural resources the area actually is the protective shield to the entire state of West Bengal, India from all sort of natural calamities. Scenario though changed with time. Along with the threatening climatic changes the region also started to become stressed with the hazard frequencies. Continuous degradation of the natural front and pacing of settlements laid the region under peer pressure of saving the West Bengal .Here quantitatively it has been tried to identify the major hazard stress. Along with that the Vulnerability assessment have been made under an harmonized temporal window and represented spatially so as to identify the major vulnerable areas. Integrating the hazard stress and vulnerability finally an output with risk regions of Indian Sundarbans is made visualized. Concerned vulnerability analyzing index , mathematical set theory along with Geoinformatics application have been used to scop out the necessitate output . This in turn will help to pave the way for the sustainable management of the most fragile ecosystem – Indian Sundarban. Keywords: Indian Sundarban, Hazard stress, Socio-economic vulnerability, Set theory, Geoinformatics 252 | P a g e

DRSD21_295 Target E of the Sendai Framework: Current Status and how to complete by 2022 end Aloysius (LOY) Rego* [email protected] ABSTRACT Target E of Sendai Framework (SFDRR) was only target set for completion before 2030, with two components, national strategies (E1) and ‘local’ (E2), agreed by end 2020, implemented during this ‘decade of implementation -2021-2030’, a foundation to deliver other targets and achieve risk reducing development/resilience by 2030. By end 2020, only 101 countries had national DRR strategies, compliant with Target E; 18 each in Africa and Americas, 13 Arab States, 23 in Asia-Pacific and 29 in Europe. UNDRR’s ‘Status report on Target E implementation’ towards end-2020, covering progress from 2015 to 2019, using self- assessment by countries using Sendai Framework Monitor in August 2020. Progress was slower than expected. 96 countries had national/local/both DRR strategies; 93 only national, with 72 reporting local DRR strategies. It is inaccurate to see 2015 as base-year, since countries established authorities/developed strategies since HFA’s adoption in 2005, some even earlier, periodically enhancing them. 92 more countries need to prepare/finalise strategies/plans, a to do by end 2022, with 8 years for implementation. The paper reports region-wise, with assessment in 39 countries of Asia Pacific. UNDRR proposed 150 countries to finish Target E strategies by 2021 end. Clear planning/action to have strategies in remaining 45 countries by end 2022, in 195 countries to focus on implementing in next 8 years, , whilst building coherence and synergised outcomes with SDGs and climate change. Keywords: Target E Sendai strategies SDGs 253 | P a g e

DRSD21_255 Factorial Analysis Of Soil Organic Carbon: Draws Attention As Climate Change Mitigation In Coastal Area Of Bangladesh Farzana Sharmin*, Jayanta Kumar Basak, Afshana Parven [email protected] ABSTRACT Soil organic carbon (SOC) enhances climate change mitigation. Soil has become the net sink of soil organic carbon sequestration now at this time. Land use pattern restrains soil organic carbon and salinity has greater influence on it. The study was held in particularly coastal region, Noakhali. The aim of this study was to foster effective management of land in coastal area for mitigating rapid climate change effect. Different land use pattern such as agro- forestry, cropland, grassland, fallow land and saline prone area are taken into consideration for determining soil organic carbon dynamic and their relationship. It had significant differences between the upper horizons and the underlying horizons. Highest organic carbon was found for 0-10 cm depth and lowest organic carbon was found for 20-30 cm depth. Compare with different cropping pattern, double cropping contained the highest organic carbon than single cropping. Salinity has negative consequence on soil organic carbon in this region. The highest amount (5.44 dS/m) of salinity was observed at Bhuiyarhat and there soil organic carbon was the lowest (1.23%). The output of this study shows that agroforestry contained highest soil organic carbon. Actually the region was not saline and soil salinity is in reducing condition and there is a possibility of increasing soil organic carbon. It will help us to select the suitable land use pattern, tends to protect the coastline area from extreme disaster impacts as well as climate change effects. In fact it will be one of the mainstay in future for combatting climate change effects in coastal area. Keywords: soil organic carbon; land use pattern; salinity; climate change mitigation; coastal region 254 | P a g e

DRSD21_233 Risk and Climate Sensitive Sustainable Development in Asia: Need for Policy Coherence in the Post Covid Development Phase Madurapperuma, S.J.K*, Amaratunga, D., Haigh, R. [email protected] ABSTRACT 2030 Development Agendas, the Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030), and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) have passed two-third of their fifteen-year timeframe, while the Paris Agreement on Climate Change has completed its first five-year planning cycle by 2020. The key global frameworks need a coherent approach to realize the development aspirations of the countries and their people. The decade of actions (2020-2030) earmarked for accelerating the progress of 2030 agendas has faced unprecedented challenges due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The decades of development gains achieved in the region ended up with long-lasting setbacks, while economies are struggling to cope with and reallocate resources to emergency response needs. The region is also highly vulnerable to other natural hazards and climate change impacts. Developed, developing, and least developed countries are no exception to this reality. Policies, strategies, and programmes to achieve sustainable growth need to consider underlying risk factors from natural hazards and climate change impacts. Coherence is necessary to ensure the development is long-lasting, sustainable, and resilient to future shocks. This paper discusses the progress, challenges imposed by the covid pandemic, the lessons learned, and the possible way forward towards sustainable development through the coherence of the global frameworks and their implementation synergies at the regional level. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Climate Change, Disaster Risks, Coherence 255 | P a g e

DRSD21_254 Waterlogging Mitigation and Safe Water Supply: Lessons Leant from Peri-Urban Areas of Bashirhat Municipality, India Sheikh Tawhidul Islam*, Aniruddha Dey, Biplab Paul, Swarnabha Bandyopadhyay, Sheikh Tawhidul Islam [email protected] ABSTRACT Water related challenges in peri-urban areas located specially in low lying deltaic plains received less attention and therefore problems remained generally unaddressed. These areas are becoming occupied by people and cause breakdown of physical/environmental integrity by bringing abrupt change in the pattern of land use. As a result the vital drainage services that the areas had been providing become jeopardized and water congestions take place leading to long term waterlogging crisis in the area. In this backdrop, an initiative was taken in peri-urban areas of Bashirhat Municipality of West Bengal, India to address water related challenges at three scales such as household level, community level and relatively broader water catchment levels. Household level solutions include supply of low cost, easy operable, sustainable water purifiers, community level solution focused on securing water related challenges at social/public gathering places and wider catchment area level solutions include the engagement of local communities to drain out stagnant waters by clearing drains, creating/digging small canals through collective actions. Scientific methods such as geo- spatial techniques (topographical mapping, spatial survey, water quality tests) along with social methods such as participatory appraisals for gathering information on human health, public awareness campaigns, and partnership development with local government agencies were the major activities performed as part of the implementation of interventions. It is imperative to mention that water related challenges in the peri-urban areas of Bashirhat Municipality have effectively been addressed by relying on necessary theoretical underpinnings (DRR/humanitarian principles) transmitted through application of scientific techniques and mediated through local people and their agencies. The findings will show how the interventions helped to attain a number of DRR and SDG targets related to water security and how that can be replicated in other similar areas. Keywords: Waterlogging, Safe Water Supply, DRR in Peri-Urban Areas, Waterlogging Mitigating by Integrated Approach 256 | P a g e

DRSD21_274 Developing a regional-specific set of indicators related SDGs of BMR and baseline assessment for enhancing its database system and achievement of sustainability Vilas Nitivattananon*, Sirinapha Srinonil, Indrajit Pal, Chutiporn Anutariya [email protected] ABSTRACT Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are established as mutual global goals to overcome the world’s challenges. Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) are facing serious sustainability issues; therefore, adopting SDGs into their urban management need well introduced. However, adopting SDGs and its indicators cannot be fully applied into local and regional levels due to different contexts and circumstances. This study aims to develop a regional- specific set of indicators related SDGs for BMR and assess baseline for enhancing database system and sustainability achievement. SDGs 2, 6, 9, 11, 13 and 15 with five urban thematic areas were focused. The study conducted both primary and secondary data collection. Primary data were collected through multi-stakeholder involvements through meetings and group discussion. Secondary data collection is based on literature reviews on official and reliable sources. Data was analyzed using mixed approaches which are both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Results revealed that there are 33 main indicators related to selected SDGs suitable for BMR’s contexts. These indicators were regrouped by urban thematic areas and this study focused on “urbanization and infrastructure services” thematic area for baseline assessment. It showed that BMR presently was completely urbanized with increasing trend. Major changes of landscape are due to conversion of agriculture areas and bare land to urban built-up areas which put pressures on urban infrastructure and services’ capacity of the region. Sanitation and waste management as well as transportation and affordable housing provision were insufficient and over capacity. Despite impacts of climate change have been noticed, urban climate resilience was not enough. Key issues and knowledge gaps include gaps in data and unclear indicators’ benchmarks. Database management system is needed to support SDGs monitoring. The study produced theoretical knowledge on integrated framework linking SDGs and its indicators to socio-ecological areas, and stakeholder engagement that improve knowledge on sustainable metropolitan governance. Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals, Metropolitan, Database management system, Integrated management 257 | P a g e

DRSD21_90 Disaster Management Practices During the Emergency Response Eruption of Merapi Volcano Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic Dyah Rahmawati Hizbaron*, Ariqonitahanif Putri Rahim, Agung Laksono, Amelia Naurah Syahda, and Dyah Rahmawati Hizbaron [email protected] ABSTRACT Jakarta reported its first Covid-19 case in early March 2020. Meanwhile, the spread of Covid-19 in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (SRY) occurred almost a week after that and the cases continued to increase until February 2021. At the same time, SRY is also facing the threat of natural disasters, the eruption of Merapi Volcano. Currently, Merapi Volcano is undergoing an effusive eruption with the growth of lava domes in the southwest flank and inside the crater accompanied by several pyroclastic flows and rockfalls. The research purpose is to evaluate how disaster management practices were carried out during emergency responses to Merapi Volcano eruptions amidst the Covid-19 pandemic in the SRY. The research using primary and secondary data. Primary data conducted from in-depth interviews with key person from the Local Disaster Management Agency (BPBD of the SRY Province & Sleman Regency) and also Disaster Risk Reduction Forum (FPRB of the SRY Province). While the secondary data conducted from documents and official websites such as from the National Disaster Management Agency which contains related topics. Several practices have been implemented during the emergency response of the eruption of Merapi Volcano amidst the Covid-19 pandemic, including modification of the evacuation barracks that are adjusted to health protocols and planning of the \"sister village\" and \"sister school\" system. Apart from the government and stakeholders, the community is also actively involved in the process of drafting and implementing new rules and regulations mandated by the central and provincial governments. Keywords: Covid-19, Disaster management, Emergency response, Merapi volcano, Health protocols 258 | P a g e

DRSD21_293 Business Continuity Level of Quezon City in the Advent of Environmental Catastrophe towards Business Sustainability Development Tabassam Raza*, Indrajit Pal, Jose Peralta, Thess Khaz Raza, Erick Oinde [email protected] ABSTRACT With the increasing impact of natural and manmade disasters, the disruption of the normal course of the economy is inevitable. These disasters usually impact businesses, interrupting their normal functioning, rendering them unsustainable. The research sought to determine the level of business sustainability in the advent of environmental catastrophe in the selected locality, Quezon City, Philippines. The special concern of the study is the neutralizing of the effect of disasters in the industry through business continuity plans and strategies. This study used descriptive research method to determine the readiness of companies and entities towards business continuity in the event of a disaster. The study is limited to the most disaster- prone areas of the Quezon City which includes Aurora Boulevard Cubao, Ma. Clara Corner Araneta, Biak na Bato, Roxas District, and Commonwealth Avenue Corner Tandang Sora. These areas have establishments ranging from private schools, construction supplies shops, foundations, recruitment offices, drug stores and groceries. A survey was conducted with two target groups of respondents from each of the abovementioned establishments. Answers of the respondents were measured in terms of weighted means. The source variable under in- house and financial capabilities and support showed significant differences in perception from the supervisory and regular staff of the selected establishments. Environmental awareness showed similar perception for both respondents indicating their full knowledge and preparedness to ensure business sustainability. The study recommends employee briefings for environmental awareness and planning. Businesses should have in-house capability through acquiring best skills in counter-balancing difficulties caused by environmental adversities. Further, establishments should strengthen their resolve on counteracting all forms of possibilities during and after calamities. More intensive empirical studies should be done to cover pandemic impact on the business continuity strategy. Keywords: Business Sustainability, Business Continuity, Environmental Awareness, Preparedness, Financial Capabilities 259 | P a g e

DRSD21_106 Social and Economic Issues in Sustainability of Green Energy Development in Indonesia Yonariza*, Bernadette P. Resurrección [email protected] ABSTRACT Indonesia’s long term energy development is directed toward green energy. By 2050, Indonesia energy mix, green energy would contribute up to 31 % from 12% in its current contribution. Main sources of green energy include hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. Indonesia has a high potential for these sources of energy. Nevertheless, sustaining interest is a main concern in developing this potential because the energy sector is a sector of multiple actors with different and sometimes competing interests. Based on literature reviews and some fieldwork data in West Sumatra Province, this paper presents some social economic issues threatening green energy development in Indonesia. The three case studies include geothermal energy development, oil palm production, and hydropower plant development. Misunderstandings among different groups around land tenurial issues, perceived threats to livelihoods, local political interests exacerbated by communication and dialogue problems do not provide a conducive climate for green and clean energy development to move forward. In addition, economic instruments such as payments for ecosystem services are yet to be in place. The paper proposes an institutional economic approach to solve some problems related to renewable energy development in Indonesia, especially those that are weakening its benefits and heightening its costs among actors. Keywords: renewable energy, SDGs, tenurial, conflict, natural resources 260 | P a g e

DRSD21_196 Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Extremely Soft Soil using Engineered Super Light Foundation Abdul Hakam*, Susy Srihandayani [email protected] ABSTRACT The main problems of infrastructure development in soft and very soft soils are the relatively low bearing capacity and the very large settlement of the soil-foundation system. The solutions often used to face such that problems are by taking the soil improvement and/or soil reinforcement. However, those actions on land prior to development of infrastructure are often very expensive. Beside taking additional costs the soil engineering may also damages the natural condition of the soil. These soil engineering with the environmental change conditions can cause new problems in the development site as well as surrounding areas. In this study, a super lightweight structure was developed to be used as super light foundations for infrastructure buildings on soft and very soft soils. The foundation are made of polyvinyl chloride cylinders which do not react to soil and water so that it does not change the environmental conditions. This foundations have a relatively reliable bearing capacity to support light structures and applied loads on them. These foundations are place in the soft soil with the open bottom end. In order to increase resistance with buoyancy, the upper end of the foundations can be sealed so that water and air in the soil do not come out and generate the up-lift resistant to handle the gravity loads. The results of the research show that the foundations can be developed and analyzed for engineering purposes to be used in the infrastructure development on soft and very soft soil. Since the is no changing the soil conditions so that it is environmentally friendly to support future sustainable development. Keywords: light foundations, infrastructure, development 261 | P a g e

DRSD21_68 Forest Engineer or Crop Raider? Understanding the local farmer's action against the Tapanuli Orangutan in Agroforest Landscape of Batang Toru Ecosystem Yonariza*, Hamid Arrum Harahap [email protected] ABSTRACT Crop raiding by great apes presents a challenge to conservation due to enhancing human and wildlife conflict, and it is one of the main threat to the Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo Tapanuliensis). The purpose of this study is to understand communities' socio-economics, farmer's knowledge, perception, attitude, and action against Tapanuli Orangutan. We surveyed 150 local farmers was in the Batang Toru ecosystem in 2020. Almost one-third of our respondents showed negative action against Tapanuli Orangutan. Farmers claimed that they drive the orangutans out of their agroforests using tools such as air rifles, sharp tools as well as stones and sticks. Farmer's knowledge of Tapanuli Orangutan as a forest engineer is very low. Forest engineers are where organisms participate in changing or supporting the forest ecosystem's physical. Eighty per cent of our respondents did not understand the services provided by the Orangutan as a forest engineer. We found out that cultural services are the most understandable services by a local farmer (21/150), followed by regulation services (15/150) and provisioning services as they consume the bushmeat of Orangutan (4/150). Orangutan is one of the most hated crop raiders by the local farmer compared to other crop raiders because they protected by the government. A resentment arises because they think the government cares much more about and protects orangutans than the community's livelihoods itself. Simultaneously, we found out that knowledge, perceptions and attitude affect farmer actions by 62.2%. Understanding the farmer's action against the Tapanuli Orangutan will provide vital information for the stakeholders. Finally, we suggested further research to determine farmers' willingness to accept compensation for their crop-raided by Orangutan and the resolution scheme of Human-Orangutan conflict in the Batang Toru ecosystem. Keywords: Forest Engineer, Ecosystem Services, Tapanuli Orangutan, Crop Raiders, Seed Dispersal 262 | P a g e

DRSD21_57 Molecular Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Potentially as Starter to Accelerate the Process of Biogas Formation that Isolated from Cow Manure Sludge and Its Application into Elpiji Tube Endang Purwati*, Yuherman, Yulia Yellita, Yudha Endra Pratama, Novita Sari [email protected] ABSTRACT This article presents the identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from biogas sludge made by cow manure as raw material, that taken from two different locations by using the molecular technique of 16S rRNA. In addition, also aimed to applied the biogas into the Elpiji tube. Based on the result of molecular identification showed the similarity of species on three selected isolates despite in different locations. Analysis of DNA sequence and phylogenetic showed that the isolates are identified as Lactobacillus fermentum was recommended as starter microorganism to accelerate the process of biogas formation. The application of biogas into the Elpiji tube also successfully carried out with the addition of liquid nitrogen 150 milliliters as the best addition and has a maximum pressure of 94 Psi and a maximum weight of 0.55 kilograms. Biogas in the Elpiji tube ability using for the household fuel with the maximal duration of turning on for 26 minutes. It has good fire quality with blue colored and could be directly connected to the gas stove. Keywords: identification; lactic acid bacteria; cow manure; biogas; Elpiji 263 | P a g e

DRSD21_138 Sustainability of ecosystem services in the Batang Toru landscape: local farmers’ perspective Endrizal Ridwan* [email protected] ABSTRACT Farmers and the sustainability of ecosystem services are inextricably linked, where farmers can be a means to strengthen or be an obstacle to the sustainability of ecosystem services. The relationship between farmers and the sustainability of ecosystem services has not been studied much, especially in Indonesia. We conducted an assessment of 150 local farmers in six different villages in the Batang Toru Ecosystem. We found that local farmers generally recognize the importance of ecosystem services. The nature of farmers to ecosystem services is utilitarian—the greater the satisfaction obtained from ecosystem services, the more valued by farmers. The ecosystem services farmers appreciate at most were those with a direct use value, such as the provision of food, water supply, and water regulatory services for agriculture—followed by cultural ecosystem services such as a sense of place, recreation, local knowledge, and cultural heritage. Meanwhile, the services least valued by farmers were those with non-direct use from ecosystems, such as their role for disaster mitigation, climate regulation, pollination services and seed dispersal by the wildlife. Our results also showed that farmers understood that the supply of environmental services were decreasing. The services that were reducing most, according to farmers, were the services they valued less. Farmer's perceptions on this anomaly were due to land-use change, unsustainable use of ecosystems, and the impact of extractive industry development in the Batang Toru Ecosystem. To address the potential for reduced ecosystem services, we propose implementing market-based instruments for ecosystem services in Batang Toru, such as payment schemes for ecosystem services by both local farmers and multi-stakeholders. Market instruments can be applied to avoid the negative impacts of the loss of ecosystem services. Keywords: Sustainability, Ecosystem Services, Environmental Value, Sustainable Development, Batang Toru 264 | P a g e

DRSD21_114 Capturing mutual benefits through urban-rural partnership: A city regional perspective for collective security of food, energy, and water in the post COVID-19 era Bijon Kumer Mitra,*, Vibhas Sukhwani, Abiar Rahman, Sameer Deshkar, Devesh Sharma, Rajib Shaw, Priyanka Mitra [email protected] ABSTRACT Conventionally the rate of urbanization is put at the center as one of the measuring indicators of development of a country or a region. As a result, rapid and unplanned rapid urbanization leads to various economic, social, and environmental challenges that bring around increasing vulnerabilities of the urban population. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic raises questions about the conventional urban development and resilient concept, particularly in developing countries. When the COVID-19 era will over shortly, we will have opportunity to shift from conventional urban centric approach to city region centric development planning, which acknowledge importance of urban rural linkage for decentralized and self-resilient society to enhance local economy, locally managed food energy and water security through living in harmony with nature. Integrated territorial approach through the lens of urban rural linkage has been universally recognized in global agreements, net zero society, biodiversity conservation, natural disaster reduction and greater resilience. Territorial partnership has been in practice in different parts of the world such as in European Union countries, Japan which covers wide range of challenges and issues. Taking the analysis from on ground urban- rural partnership cases and in-depth analysis of food energy and water security in South Asian context, this paper attempts to make arguments the urgent needs of recognizing urban-rural linkage for FEW security in the context of South Asia in the post COVID-19 era. The paper will also propose a framework for redesigning urban-rural nexus toward the green recovery and greater resilient city regions in the South Asian context. Keywords: Urban-rural partnership, FEW security, Collective resilience, South Asia, COVID-19 265 | P a g e

DRSD21_09 Climate change risk mitigation through local climate zoning: A case study of Lahore and Islamabad, Pakistan Irfan Ahmad Rana*, Ayman Aslam [email protected] ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization leads to unplanned growth and development in the cities and puts immense pressure on local administrations. It is also leading to increasing resources and energy demands. More energy consumption is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions; these gases act as a catalyst for the changing climate. Hence, it is affecting the built environment of the cities as well. As a consequence of rapid urbanization and climate change, many urban regions become hotspots for extreme weather events. From all of these, the most deadly are heatwaves, which are responsible for the death of millions of people worldwide. This study examines the urbanization trends across the years and observes the temporal land surface conditions as well. Apart from this, to study the urban temperatures in more detail and at a micro-scale, the concept of local climate zones has been used for mapping the cities and assessing the thermal conditions accordingly. This study advocate using the local climate zone maps for future urban development planning. This can help in shaping efficient urban forms and reduce thermal stresses. This study suggests working towards integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation philosophies. It can be helpful for urban planners, climatologists, architects, policymakers, public and relevant stakeholders to promote sustainable and climate-resilient development Keywords: Urbanization, Urban Heat Island, LCZs, sustainable, resilience 266 | P a g e

DRSD21_57 Molecular Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Potentially as Starter to Accelerate the Process of Biogas Formation that Isolated from Cow Manure Sludge and Its Application into Elpiji Tube Endang Purwati*, Yuherman, Yulia Yellita, Yudha Endra Pratama, Novita Sari [email protected] ABSTRACT This article presents the identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from biogas sludge made by cow manure as raw material, that taken from two different locations by using the molecular technique of 16S rRNA. In addition, also aimed to applied the biogas into the Elpiji tube. Based on the result of molecular identification showed the similarity of species on three selected isolates despite in different locations. Analysis of DNA sequence and phylogenetic showed that the isolates are identified as Lactobacillus fermentum was recommended as starter microorganism to accelerate the process of biogas formation. The application of biogas into the Elpiji tube also successfully carried out with the addition of liquid nitrogen 150 milliliters as the best addition and has a maximum pressure of 94 Psi and a maximum weight of 0.55 kilograms. Biogas in the Elpiji tube ability using for the household fuel with the maximal duration of turning on for 26 minutes. It has good fire quality with blue colored and could be directly connected to the gas stove. Keywords: identification; lactic acid bacteria; cow manure; biogas; Elpiji 267 | P a g e

DRSD21_138 Sustainability of ecosystem services in the Batang Toru landscape: local farmers’ perspective Endrizal Ridwan* [email protected] ABSTRACT Farmers and the sustainability of ecosystem services are inextricably linked, where farmers can be a means to strengthen or be an obstacle to the sustainability of ecosystem services. The relationship between farmers and the sustainability of ecosystem services has not been studied much, especially in Indonesia. We conducted an assessment of 150 local farmers in six different villages in the Batang Toru Ecosystem. We found that local farmers generally recognize the importance of ecosystem services. The nature of farmers to ecosystem services is utilitarian—the greater the satisfaction obtained from ecosystem services, the more valued by farmers. The ecosystem services farmers appreciate at most were those with a direct use value, such as the provision of food, water supply, and water regulatory services for agriculture—followed by cultural ecosystem services such as a sense of place, recreation, local knowledge, and cultural heritage. Meanwhile, the services least valued by farmers were those with non-direct use from ecosystems, such as their role for disaster mitigation, climate regulation, pollination services and seed dispersal by the wildlife. Our results also showed that farmers understood that the supply of environmental services were decreasing. The services that were reducing most, according to farmers, were the services they valued less. Farmer's perceptions on this anomaly were due to land-use change, unsustainable use of ecosystems, and the impact of extractive industry development in the Batang Toru Ecosystem. To address the potential for reduced ecosystem services, we propose implementing market-based instruments for ecosystem services in Batang Toru, such as payment schemes for ecosystem services by both local farmers and multi-stakeholders. Market instruments can be applied to avoid the negative impacts of the loss of ecosystem services. Keywords: Sustainability, Ecosystem Services, Environmental Value, Sustainable Development, Batang Toru 268 | P a g e

DRSD21_114 Capturing mutual benefits through urban-rural partnership: A city regional perspective for collective security of food, energy, and water in the post COVID-19 era Bijon Kumer Mitra,*, Vibhas Sukhwani, Abiar Rahman, Sameer Deshkar, Devesh Sharma, Rajib Shaw, Priyanka Mitra [email protected] ABSTRACT Conventionally the rate of urbanization is put at the center as one of the measuring indicators of development of a country or a region. As a result, rapid and unplanned rapid urbanization leads to various economic, social, and environmental challenges that bring around increasing vulnerabilities of the urban population. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic raises questions about the conventional urban development and resilient concept, particularly in developing countries. When the COVID-19 era will over shortly, we will have opportunity to shift from conventional urban centric approach to city region centric development planning, which acknowledge importance of urban rural linkage for decentralized and self-resilient society to enhance local economy, locally managed food energy and water security through living in harmony with nature. Integrated territorial approach through the lens of urban rural linkage has been universally recognized in global agreements, net zero society, biodiversity conservation, natural disaster reduction and greater resilience. Territorial partnership has been in practice in different parts of the world such as in European Union countries, Japan which covers wide range of challenges and issues. Taking the analysis from on ground urban- rural partnership cases and in-depth analysis of food energy and water security in South Asian context, this paper attempts to make arguments the urgent needs of recognizing urban-rural linkage for FEW security in the context of South Asia in the post COVID-19 era. The paper will also propose a framework for redesigning urban-rural nexus toward the green recovery and greater resilient city regions in the South Asian context. Keywords: Urban-rural partnership, FEW security, Collective resilience, South Asia, COVID-19 269 | P a g e

DRSD21_277 Adaptation measures on hydrological risks and climate change impacts in urbanized sub- region, Thailand: A case study in lower Chao Phraya river basin Sutinee Chao-amonphat, Vilas Nitivattananon, Sirinapha Srinornil [email protected] ABSTRACT Due to changing climate and urbanization, hydrological risks are wreaking havoc on social, economic, and environmental elements, particularly river flood, flash flood, and drought in Asia-Pacific region. Exploring adaptation and mitigation measures provides an overview of water-related risks and strategies of coping and recovery understanding the context of current practices for mitigating hydrological hazards. This paper investigated existing practices in multi-scales and dimensions and explain the current situations on adaptation measures in urbanized sub-region, Thailand, focusing on area of lower Chao Phraya River basin. Twenty-two existing adaptation options were evaluated with evaluation criteria such as scales of risks/ impacts reduction, benefits of environment and socio-economic, and institutional capacity. The findings offer highlight of the current situation of existing practices, key challenges and opportunities, which emphasized on natural-based solutions, as good practices, and raising knowledge of adaptation measures and lesson learned on hydrological risks. To contribute the findings, the existing adaptation measures will be suggested as supporting guidelines and master plans to minimize the hydrological risks, as well as to introduce further adaptation measures required for increase resilience in the area. Keywords: Adaptation measures, Climate change impacts, Hydrological risks, Key challenges and opportunities, Natural-based Solutions 270 | P a g e

DRSD21_09 Climate change risk mitigation through local climate zoning: A case study of Lahore and Islamabad, Pakistan Irfan Ahmad Rana*, Ayman Aslam [email protected] ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization leads to unplanned growth and development in the cities and puts immense pressure on local administrations. It is also leading to increasing resources and energy demands. More energy consumption is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions; these gases act as a catalyst for the changing climate. Hence, it is affecting the built environment of the cities as well. As a consequence of rapid urbanization and climate change, many urban regions become hotspots for extreme weather events. From all of these, the most deadly are heatwaves, which are responsible for the death of millions of people worldwide. This study examines the urbanization trends across the years and observes the temporal land surface conditions as well. Apart from this, to study the urban temperatures in more detail and at a micro-scale, the concept of local climate zones has been used for mapping the cities and assessing the thermal conditions accordingly. This study advocate using the local climate zone maps for future urban development planning. This can help in shaping efficient urban forms and reduce thermal stresses. This study suggests working towards integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation philosophies. It can be helpful for urban planners, climatologists, architects, policymakers, public and relevant stakeholders to promote sustainable and climate-resilient development Keywords: Urbanization, Urban Heat Island, LCZs, sustainable, resilience 271 | P a g e