2nd International Symposium on Disaster Resilience & Sustainability Development

DRSD21_272 A Flood Preparedness Model for Resilience Around Fluvial Disasters Isaac Hlekisani Dziya *, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh [email protected] ABSTRACT The researcher’s background is Flood Resilience Partnerships Manager CMBC and the challenges of community participation in flood-related issues and community resilience. The flood risk disasters lack resilience frameworks to include community resilience and vulnerability; following the United Kingdom Winter Floods of 2016 Literature review in property resilience of properties in the United Kingdom indicates several research gaps. The study aims to develop a community participation model for flood preparedness to address fluvial hazards, threats and disasters that improve the resilience of property and communities to fluvial flooding. The literature review has determined a centrist methodology. Questionnaires a method under current utilization and Interviews for follow up for data collection, followed by data analysis. The study expects to contribute to resilience in all aspects of communities and properties exposed to fluvial flooding and come up with an operational framework. The framework will contribute to the adaptation required to deal with procedures in anticipation of changes and extreme flooding events to proffer strategies, choices for policy implications towards community resilience. The anticipated results for consideration will hopefully enhance the creation of quality livelihoods that stimulate the economy without endangering the environment. Conclusions and reflections flowing from the findings presented. Keywords: Community participation, Fluvial Disasters, Partnerships, Preparedness Model, Resilience 40 | P a g e

DRSD21_226 Intensity Measures for Probabilistic Seismic Demand Models of Skewed Bridges Duy-Duan Nguyen [email protected] ABSTRACT This study aims to identify the significant earthquake intensity measures (IMs) for seismic performances and fragility assessments of the skewed reinforced concrete bridge. For that, a set of 90 ground motions are employed for numerical analyses associated with and 20 IMs. A series of nonlinear time-history analyses is performed to obtain seismic responses of the bridge. Seismic responses of the bridge are monitored in terms of the lateral displacement of bridge piers. Accordingly, probabilistic seismic demand models of the bridge are developed for each IM. Statistical properties, which are coefficient of determination, dispersion, and correlation coefficient, are calculated to identify the strongly correlated IMs with the seismic performance of the bridge. Numerical results reveal that the effective IMs are spectral acceleration, spectral velocity, spectral displacement at the fundamental period, acceleration spectrum intensity, effective peak acceleration, and peak ground acceleration (PGA). Moreover, a set of fragility curves of the bridge is generated for those strong IMs. The skewed bridge shows to be likely safe under earthquakes with PGA smaller than 0.3g. In addition, no extensive damage occurs when the PGA of earthquakes less than 1.0g. Keywords: Skewed Bridge, Earthquake Intensity Measure, Seismic Response, Probabilistic Seismic Demand Model, Efficiency 41 | P a g e

DRSD21_176 A conceptual framework for identifying the risk of infectious disease transmission during rapid-onset disaster evacuation – a literature review based on the lessons from COVID-19 and the theories of network centrality Malith Senevirathne*, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh [email protected] ABSTRACT The novel coronavirus (COVID-19 disease) is most likely to spread within the regions belonging to a single cluster where strong spatial connectivity is shared. Therefore, health and safety guidelines including physical distancing measures were introduced to the daily functions from local to international level to reduce the spread of the virus across regions. Amongst the situation, the emergency management tasks especially for rapid onset hazards are left with ambiguity or confusion when adapting to these safety guidelines. Present guidelines issued by the Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Centre (ICG/IOTWMS, 2020) exemplifies this matter as the guidelines state that a tsunami evacuation order should take priority over covid-19 stay- at-home advice when evacuations are required. However, many countries where the COVID- 19 general reproduction rate is high are found susceptible to other natural hazards. Therefore, ambiguous, and conflicting safety guidelines are causing to increase in the disaster risk specifically to develop post-disaster epidemic clusters at disaster relief centres. This problem is highlighted as pandemic preparedness is not integrated into the emergency management discipline. Therefore, emergency management plans including response, evacuation and relief center management should consist of a comprehensive understanding of the risk of both the disaster scenario and the pattern of infectious disease transmission that may develop during response activities. This research aims to address this knowledge gap by developing a conceptual framework for analyzing the risk of infectious disease transmission during a rapid- onset disaster evacuation by reviewing the related main literature theories. On both aspects, the network centrality-based analysis is considered as a potential approach for identifying the dynamics in evacuation and the associated pattern of spread of disease. Based on this notion, the framework will consist of current theories of the network centrality to provide significant inputs for planning safe evacuation routes for multi hazardous situations amongst pandemic outbreaks. Keywords: COVID-19, Emergency Management, Network Centrality, Rapid Onset Hazards, Risk Assessment 42 | P a g e

DRSD21_210 Contribution of Energy Resilience Assessment to Sustainable Operation of a Rural Microgrid Kampanart Silva*, Hathaithip Sintuya, Worajit Setthapun, Nuwong Chollacoop [email protected] ABSTRACT Renewable energy has a critical role in mitigating climate change in most countries around the world. However, renewable energy systems themselves are also being increasingly affected by natural disasters which have become more extreme because of climate change. The concept of energy resilience is introduced as one of the means to strengthen adaptation capacity of energy infrastructure to climate change. In this study, resilience of a microgrid consisting of 100 kW solar power plant, 300 kWh battery and a standalone electrical grid in a rural community in northern Thailand was assessed in order to derive resilience measures that can reinforce the climate adaptation capability of the microgrid and the community. Unlike commercial power plants where cost-benefit analysis is typical used to justify and prioritize the resilience measures, a rural microgrid in a community that has no access the national grid needs resilience measures that help ensure sustainable operation. Priority is given to measures that benefit a large group of stakeholders and have high financial ability. Various resilience measures were proposed. The microgrid governing committee should communicate with the villagers to raise their awareness and ownership. The committee should also start designing maintenance plan and assign responsible persons. Regarding disaster preparedness, the committee should get an insurance for the microgrid and also request the local government to ensure the village accessibility during a disaster. In order to ensure sufficient capital for future investment in new batteries and new solar panels, the microgrid governing committee needs to increase the income by encouraging more electricity usage or requesting the payment from local authority for the streetlight which is now supported by the microgrid. With these resilience measures in place, this microgrid can be used as a role model for introducing off-grid electricity generation to areas with no access to national grid. Keywords: Energy Resilience, Sustainability, Microgrid, Financial Ability, Stakeholder Involvement 43 | P a g e

DRSD21_211 Reinvestigation of the Landscape of Energy Resilience Research using Bibliometric Analysis Pidpong Janta*, Naraphorn Paoprasert, Pichayaluck Patumwongsakorn, Nuwong Chollacoop, Kampanart Silva [email protected] ABSTRACT Resilience studies attract increasing attention in various scientific domains, including energy. Responding to this academic interest in energy resilience, a number of past studies concerned with the concept and definition of energy resilience have been conducted. A preceding study proposed a taxonomy of energy resilience, but the results from bibliometric analysis was based on a survey of a small number of extrapolated publications which limited the apprehension of the research topography. In order to fulfill the gap, this study aims to reinvestigate the landscape of energy resilience with a larger dataset using a systematic tool and methods. Data was collected from Scopus database. Three search terms reflecting energy resilience, including [energy OR electricity AND resilien*AND field(energy)], [energy OR electricity AND resilien*], and [resilien*(field: energy)] were used to collect three sets of input data (N=2,357, N=10,376, and N=6,134, respectively). Bibliometrix, an open-source tool for bibliometric analysis, was used for the analysis. Analysis methods included: Word Cloud, Word Dynamics, Thematic Map, Three-Field Plot, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), and Topic Dendrogram. The bibliometric outputs showed a significant growth of studies related to distributed energy resources, energy storage, renewable energy, climate change, and sustainability within the arena of energy resilience. The results suggested that energy resilience research cover various disciplines including renewable energy, distributed energy resource, smart grid, climate change (both mitigation and adaptation), and sustainable development. The research envelope can also be extended to the fields of energy efficiency and approximate computing. The output of this study indicated the research areas with opportunities for further exploration and collaboration. Keywords: Energy Resilience, Bibliometric Analysis, Bibliometrix, Research Topography, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) 44 | P a g e

DRSD21_188 Seismic Fragility Assessment of Load Bearing Soft Brick Unreinforced Masonry Piers Jayaprakash Vemuri *, Tariq Anwar Aquib, KVL Subramaniam [email protected] ABSTRACT Unreinforced masonry (URM) made with soft brick comprises a large percentage of building stock in developing countries. However, the poor performance of URM piers during earthquakes has led to a renewed interest in understanding their behavior under lateral loads. Little experimental research is available on the seismic response, analysis and design of URM made with soft brick. In this paper, the micro modelling technique is used to simulate the in- plane behavior of load bearing, soft-brick URM piers. The parameters required in the constitutive models are obtained from material tests and used to develop a calibrated numerical model of the URM pier. Piers of various aspect ratios subjected to various axial stresses are numerically modelled to obtain monotonic and cyclic responses and their critical displacement limit states are identified. Changes in failure modes of masonry piers with aspect ratio and axial stress are established. Load bearing piers exhibit three distinct modes of failure associated with bed sliding, diagonal shear cracking and flexure, depending on the aspect ratio and axial stress. Seismic fragility of each pier failure type is examined using nonlinear time history analyses. Results show that bed sliding piers collapse at extremely low PGA levels. Piers failing due to diagonal shear cracking also fail at low PGA levels. Flexural piers resist seismic forces till a slightly higher PGA level and comparatively, are the last to collapse. The results also indicate that the effect of uncertainty in ground motions is more significant than the effect of variabilities in the masonry pier capacities. Keywords: Unreinforced Masonry, Soft Brick, Micro Modelling, Nonlinear Time History Analyses, Synthetic Ground Motions, Seismic Fragility 45 | P a g e

DRSD21_29 An integrated and adaptable critical infrastructure resilience assessment framework for earthquakes A.M.A. Saja*, Mathavanayakam Sathurshan, Aslam Saja, Julian Thamboo, Masahiko Haraguchi [email protected] ABSTRACT Critical infrastructures such as transportation, power, telecommunication, schools, and hospitals play an important role in managing the disaster response effectively. Hence, critical infrastructure systems and their networks need to be made resilient to withstand disaster impacts. The resilience of critical infrastructures should be enhanced in the planning and designing phase based on the risk assessment in a particular geographical area. The key objective of this study is to critically analyze the existing critical infrastructure resilience assessment frameworks developed since the adoption of Sendai Framework in 2015 with the hazard focus on earthquakes. The PRISMA method was used for the selection of 43 most relevant studies, and they were analyzed in detail to delineate existing frameworks, models, and concepts. The study found that there are inconsistencies among the existing frameworks to assess the infrastructure resilience and it has become a key challenge to prioritize resilience-based investment in the infrastructure sector. Further analysis was carried out to identify indicators and variables used for assessing the infrastructure resilience based on the geographical aspects and the complexity of the earthquake risk. Subsequently, using the data gathered, an integrated infrastructure resilience assessment framework was developed, which can be used for proper critical infrastructure planning and resilience-based investment decision-making process by the stakeholders. Keywords: Critical Infrastructure, Disaster, Earthquake, Infrastructure Resilience, Indicator 46 | P a g e

DRSD21_168 WASH Systems in Developing Nations: An Evaluation Framework for Institutional Resilience Gina Acharya*, Mona Iyer [email protected] ABSTRACT Equitable and sustainable access to water and sanitation services has been a challenge at even a global scale. During a global pandemic, we are all in today, along with various aspects of healthcare, building resilient infrastructure services is critical in which governance plays an important role. Such situations make the developing nations even more vulnerable due to some existing urban challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, pollution, high population growth, poverty, congestion, among others. This calls for making the most out of available resources. In urban areas, various institutions play an important role to ensure provision of basic services by efficient use of resources. Institutions refer to the distribution of roles, responsibilities and power across agencies forming the workforce for implementation of any interventions. Disaster resilience requires proactive action rather than reactive measures, which means any sector needs to be treated in its entirety as a system and not as a stand- alone commodity. The focus of the study is to assess institutional resilience in WASH sector by formulating an evaluation framework. From a plethora of WASH assessment tools reviewed, IRC Building Block Assessment Tool was taken as a reference point to formulate an in-depth assessment methodology. This was demonstrated and contextualized for the case city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The IRC Tool was most relevant as it viewed WASH sector as a system and not just a service. While decoding WASH as a system, it was revealed that it is made up of various elements which are interrelated and interdependent of each other. The study acknowledges Institutions as one of the WASH system’s elements and scrutinizes its impact on the rest of the WASH system functioning. The assessment study forms an entry point to identify various areas of intervention for performance factors such as management, administration, finance, staffing, public engagement and the like. An improvement of this element shall have a positive impact on overall WASH system’s functioning making it a more proactive and resilient system. Keywords: WASH System, Infrastructure, Institutions, Assessment, Resilience 47 | P a g e

DRSD21_64 Re-evaluation of cyclone shelters along the coastal region of Bangladesh through a risk analysis approach Arfaa Feezanul Islam*, Md. Sirajul Islam, Salemun Bahar, Nahid Hasan Sharif, S.M. Akibur Rahman, Tahmina Hadi [email protected] ABSTRACT Being located at the apex of a funnel shaped ocean system, the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh is considered as one of the most vulnerable countries in the world due to the impact of cyclone and storm surges. Historically, Bangladesh experienced a number of super cyclones, incurring colossal damages to life and property, which contributed to a significant amount of economic losses of the country. In the changing climatic condition, it may further aggravate. As an adaptation measure to the problem, government has taken initiative to build cyclone shelters along the coastal zone. For the last three decades, a large number of cyclone shelters are built by different organizations, which significantly contributed to reduce the life losses. However, the total number of shelters are still inadequate, with criticism and scope for improvement of the facilities. Following the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - HEVR (Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability and Risk) model of risk analysis was adopted to identify the hot-spots of the disaster and compared it with the adequacy of the cyclone shelters. In a GIS platform, maps were prepared for each of the components of HEV at the Upazila (sub-district) level. Through overlay approach, the resulting risk maps (R) were then prepared. Entire coast is divided into three distinct zones as west, central and east - as well as ‘interior’ and ‘exterior’ coast, depending on the distance from the sea. Questionnaire survey and field visits are underway to conduct along these six zones to review the present location, types, structural design and condition of the cyclone shelters. Recently, government has taken some policy decision to increase the number of shelters or upgrade them. It is expected that this study can guide policy makers to build the most effective cyclone shelters in right location with the right facilities. Keywords: Bangladesh, Cyclone, Climate Change, HEVR, Cyclone shelter 48 | P a g e

DRSD21_204 A Working Strategy for Preparedness in Kerala schools: A Suggestive Study Manoj Kumar Kini*, Amrita Vinod [email protected] ABSTRACT Under the rapid changes in the living conditions due to accelerated urbanization, changes in climatic and geographic circumstances, the world experienced 7348 disaster events between 2000 and 2019, which is 75% more than the disaster events reported between 1980 and 1999— impacted 1,083 million people in India alone— as per UN Office of Disaster Risk Reduction study [1]. Children, the vital resources of a country and are one of the most vulnerable groups, especially in India— with one of the largest young population; thus, emphasis on issues affecting the safety and health of children becomes crucial. Schooling takes up about 13-15 years in a child’s life, making school preparedness an indispensable responsibility of the nation. School safety is the creation of safe environments for children starting from their homes to their schools and back— includes safety all potential threats that can adversely affect the lives of children [2]. Kerala— one of the most vulnerable states in India, witnessed an upsurge of massive catastrophes in the recent past. This study, thus, sets the focus in Kerala schools to examine the existing management steps, policies, and methods taken, at present, for preparedness, considering the disaster vulnerability of the state. The paper understands the potential hazards— such as earthquakes and other natural disasters, floods, cyclones, fire, pandemics, accidents— structural and non-structural, and analyses them with the components and current mechanisms of disaster preparedness in schools. By evaluating, the research propounds a suggestive working strategy in managerial, planning, and operational levels, which can maintain preparedness in schools with periodic audits, documentation, verification, monitoring, and revision. In substance, this research explicates critically on the preparedness of schools in Kerala in handling a disaster and working out strategies to combat any instance of disaster to suggest a working strategy for safer school environments in Kerala state. Keywords: Preparedness in schools, Safety Audits in Kerala Schools 49 | P a g e

DRSD21_44 Demarcation of liquefaction hazard zone and DRR analysis on grey infrastructure from a Geo – engineering design perspective in Vanua levu, Fiji Islands Joeli Varo*, Merewalesi Naikatini, Josivini Kaloumaira, Metuisela Suka, Lagilagi Vela, Joeli Varo, Tingneyuc Sekac, Sujoy Kumar Jana [email protected] ABSTRACT Liquefaction induced by tectonism is lethal which warrants up-front risks reduction planning. It is one of the geohazards associated with seismic ground shaking or tremor which result in collapse of road networks, destruction of buildings, loss of lives with enormous biological environment destruction. Numerous procedures have been employed to identify potential liquefaction zones. The present study aims at assessing the site-soil-geology of Viti Levu Island using the Geographic Information System and remote sensing techniques. Site-soil-geology, geomorphology, cadastral, buildings and SRTM DEM data were the main sources of layers used to conduct such analysis using the analytical hierarchical process and ArcGIS multi- attributes analysis. Collection of ground data on affected areas was employed through field work, observation, and interviews. The final result of liquefaction potential zone reveals the ‘low’, ‘moderate’ and ‘high’ zones on Vanualevu Island. Hence, these demarcated zones will determine spatial planner’s land budgeting, architecture design, engineering works and decision makers to formulate policies for sustainable grey development. Emphasizing the preventative measures as pro-active role rather than re-active role has been highlighted in this collaborative research. Keywords: Liquefaction Zones, AHP, Grey Infrastructure, Architectural Design, Remote Sensing 50 | P a g e

DRSD21_154 Developing a Framework on School Resilience for Risk-Informed Decision-Making Vipul Nakum*, Muhammed Sulfikkar Ahamed, Ranit Chatterjee, Rajib Shaw, Saki Isetani [email protected] ABSTRACT The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015-2030 pursues the goal of prevention of new risk, reducing existing risk and managing residual risk through integrated and multi-sectoral interaction and, considers educational infrastructures as pivotal, with the framework promoting resilient educational facilities as a global target for 2030. Schools, being a critical infrastructure, are crucial for building resilient cities and, form safe shelters or evacuation points at emergencies, alongside promoting disaster risk curriculum. Asian countries have experienced multiple hazards and cascading risk patterns of climate change in the last few decades, following which many countries such as India, and Japan have generated school safety policies and disaster risk reduction plans for attaining the efforts of various frameworks, including SFDRR. While effective policies prevail, inefficient interoperability, along with disaggregated platforms result in poor ground-level management such as schools in hazard-prone areas. Past Incidents such as the 2004 Kumbakonam fire incidence, 2011 East Japan Earthquake, and Tsunami affecting schools, point out the need of focusing on risk-informed school selection and planning rather than contemporary syllabus- based school selection. The study aims to develop a ‘School Safety Resilience Index’, whereby extrinsic and intrinsic factors associated with school safety such as physical, human resources, natural conditions are analyzed. The proposed methodology involves systematic revive literature and case studies on school safety and resilience indices. This further classifies significant indicators and sub-indicators of school safety, which are grouped under predefined areas. The identified indicators are iterated for significance and grading through the Delphi technique, for the generation of a score-based resilience index tool, which would be guided by the expert pool. The outcome of the study is to generate a quantitative risk index model, which can be replicated in various cities in the world. Keywords: School Safety, Disaster Risk Management, Innovation, Sendai Framework, Resilience Index 51 | P a g e

DRSD21_281 Role of Financial Incentives in promoting Disaster Resilience Shavindree Nissanka* Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh [email protected] ABSTRACT Damages to the housing sector are among the most intense and harmful impacts of natural hazards, which triggers significant socioeconomic deterioration in the human development agenda. Therefore, making the housing sector disaster-resilient has substantial importance in many aspects. Even though there have been continuous efforts to develop a disaster resilient, housing sector and a built environment to which it belongs to losses are replicating with increased intensity and frequency. The resilient construction methodologies, technical know- how has already been discussed in broader terms. However, motivating people to invest in resilient technologies remains challenging. Investing in resilience requires extensive funding which is identified to be one of the critical causes for the current under-investment in resilience. This derives the necessity to incentivize and reward risk-informed local and national investments in resilient practices. Incentives are rewards for actions that exceed the minimum level of compliance and will act as inducements for improved performance. Amidst the different types of incentives, financial incentives become significant as they will contribute to reducing funding constraints towards resilient investments. The study is based on an extensive literature synthesis, using the narrative literature review method and finally, qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis will summarize the findings. The need and the role of financial incentives in embedding disaster resilience is highlighted by identifying the current practices, challenges, and prerequisites. The establishment of the role of financial incentives disaster resilience practices will be instrumental in developing a resilience pathway for the future. Keywords: Financial Incentives, Resilient Investments, Housing Sector 52 | P a g e

DRSD21_249 Sustainability of Coastal Critical Infrastructure: A Case Study of Multi-Purpose Cyclone Shelters of Gujarat Ankit Jaiswal*, Anil Kumar, Indarjit Pal, B.M.Raisinghani, T.H. Bhoraniya [email protected] ABSTRACT As per the Global Climate Index, India is ranked second ‘in extreme risk’ countries in the world and vulnerable to natural hazards, especially climate change induced hydro-meteorological hazards. Out of 7516 km of vast coastline, a large extent i.e., 5700 km is prone to cyclones and that keeps its 40 percent of population vulnerable living within 100 km of the coastline. Gujarat has the largest share of Indian coastline with 1600 km and has a high diversity of terrain, self- depths and hydrology that make the state prone to cyclonic storms. Gujarat received highest number of 28 tropical cyclones during 1891 to 2006 which is the maximum for any state. To minimize the risk of coastal communities, several initiatives have been taken by different agencies in the state. The Government of India in collaboration with the World Bank and the 13 coastal State Governments initiated ‘National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) with a view to address cyclone risks in the coastal states of the country. NCRMP has both long term and short-term measures, focusing on prevention, preparedness, and mitigation with the objective to reduce the vulnerability of coastal states through the creation of appropriate infrastructure and strengthening cyclone early warning systems for the last mile connectivity during emergencies. As part of the NCRMP, a large number of coastal critical infrastructure in the form of Multi- Purpose Cyclone Shelters (MPCS) are built to provide safe shelter during emergencies. Often observed that such critical infrastructures are non-operational during the normal period, which makes them difficult to use during any disaster. To provide sustainability and community ownership of the MPCS, various service plans are adopted in different regions. This paper provides insights on various service and sustainability models available for running the MPCS around the world. It also provides the uniqueness of the service plan and sustainability model of Gujarat for maintaining their MPCS. It also provides the insight on the roles played by different institutions involved in maintaining the MPCSs. Keywords: Critical Infrastructure, Coastal States, Multi-Purpose Cyclone Shelter, Sustainability 53 | P a g e

DRSD21_56 A Nonlinear Site-Specific Ground Response Study for Soil Sites in Port Sudan Harbor Mohammed T.M. Ahmed*, Luai O. Mohamed, Ahmed M. Elsharief [email protected] ABSTRACT The influence of shallow soil conditions on modifying earthquake parameters is well renowned. A special emphasis should be given to vital infrastructures of national and global economic effects, such as ports in earthquake-prone areas. The current study quantifies local site effects in two sites located in Port-Sudan harbor -The most active earthquake zone in Sudan- which is situated in the Gulf of the Red Sea in eastern Sudan. Hence, a one- dimensional (1-D) Ground Response Analysis (GRA) has been performed using a nonlinear (Time-Domain) approach at the two sites considered with the use of the computer program (DEEPSOIL). In this study, an effort has been made to critically obtain a reliable estimation of the Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) profile. The N-Vs relationship was obtained from a global database using hierarchical Bayesian modeling to consider the aleatory uncertainty. The spatial variability of the material was handled using two soil models from each site as an input. In the absence of strong ground motion records, a scaled ground motion data to a targeted Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) corresponding to the estimated values obtained from the Seismic Hazard Analysis (SHA) for the region from established strong ground motions in the literature were used. For each location, the time-histories of acceleration, strain and stress at the ground surface, the peak ground acceleration (PGA) profile along the depth, the peak spectral acceleration response spectrum, and the Fourier amplification spectrum for 5% damping were plotted. Results are observed to be similar for shallow soil strata, while a significant difference is observed for deeper soil strata. Keywords: Nonlinear Analysis, 1-D Ground Response, Port Sudan Harbor, Local Site Effects 54 | P a g e

DRSD21_258 A Review of Risk Assessment Methodologies of Critical Infrastructure Anil Kumar*, Indrajit Pal, Joyashree Roy [email protected] ABSTRACT Critical infrastructures are vital for the society and economy. Risk arising from climate change pose greater threat to critical infrastructure especially in coastal areas. This paper examines different risk assessment methodologies available for critical infrastructure. There are a wide range of frameworks and methodologies for analyzing risk of critical infrastructure due to climate change. Some methodologies adopt exposure of facilities to hazards, some use socio- economic scenarios based on expert opinion, agent-based modelling, climate downscaling, model simulation, multi-criteria-algorithm based approach and spatial analysis. Most of the methods consider specific hazard and apply the methodology for selected case study. The most common framework for climate change risk assessment remains through climate downscaling method to regional context and subsequent projections in various emission scenarios. The risk assessment methodologies of critical infrastructure differ from other risk assessment processes. A number of risk assessment methodologies for critical infrastructure are developed that include, Better Infrastructure Risk and Resilience (BIRR), Sandia Risk Assessment Methodology, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (RVA). This paper analyses the pros and cons of these methodologies and other similar methodologies adopted for critical infrastructures. Risk assessment for critical infrastructure also depends on the type of infrastructure, the process for network-oriented infrastructure differs from object-oriented infrastructure, this paper provides how different methodologies fall under these types of infrastructure categories. Since, risk assessment methodology also differs from one hazard to another. This paper considers some of the important hazards of coastal region such as sea- level rise, storm surge, cyclone, and coastal flooding. Keywords: Risk Assessment, Critical Infrastructure, Climate Change, Coastal Region 55 | P a g e

DRSD21_287 Vulnerability Assessment for Sea Level Rise Impacts on Coastal Infrastructure in Southern Thailand: A Comparative Study of Phuket and Koh Samui Utsav Chapagain*, Indrajit Pal, Nang Ying Ei Hein Kham [email protected] ABSTRACT Southern Thailand, located on the Malay peninsula, is dominated in the east by river plains and highly steep coasts in the west. The islands of Phuket and Koh Samui are chosen specifically because they are important tourist destinations for the country, which emphasizes the importance of the infrastructure vulnerability assessment. The assessment conducted in this paper identifies vulnerabilities to the hazards of coastal inundation due to climate change-induced sea-level rise. The methodology used is IPCC AR4 Vulnerability Assessment to identify the extent of possible damages due to sea level rise. Estimation of probable sea level rise is done using sea level data from global data sets and extent of inundation is calculated using indicators of topography and wave data. The vulnerability assessment is conducted using indicators of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity for physical vulnerability. The indicators were generated using secondary data from a variety of national and international sources. The extent of probable sea level rise as well as the results of the vulnerability assessment have been visualized in maps using QGIS software. The results obtained in this paper highlight areas of vulnerability and provide recommendations for making them resilient. Keywords: Climate change, Sea level rise, Inundation, Vulnerability, Infrastructure 56 | P a g e

DRSD21_27 Policy, institutional advancements, and challenges in making critical infrastructure disaster resilient Sujit Kumar Mohanty*, Rajib Shaw [email protected] ABSTRACT Critical infrastructure such as hospitals, water supply, electricity, transportation (road, railways, airports etc), telecommunication, education facilities etc are backbone of any society and economy. Economic losses due to disasters are mainly attributed to loss in infrastructures. According to World Bank (2019), infrastructure disruptions impose costs between $391 billion and $647 billion a year in low and middle-income countries. Studies suggest that natural hazards typically are responsible for 10 to 70 percent of the disruptions. Investing in disaster risk reduction is thus a precondition for developing sustainably in a changing climate. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 puts a significant emphasis on critical infrastructure. The Target D of the framework which is about substantial reduction of disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030. Countries globally have put an enormous effort into managing disasters and reducing disaster risk. They have made progress in putting building codes and incorporating standards for safe and strong infrastructures in their traditional practices of infrastructure development. However, disaster risk being dynamic and often exacerbated by climate variability requires a more dynamic and upgraded approach in tackling risk to infrastructures due to the emerging risks. The proposed presentation will mainly highlight the policy and institutional advancements made by countries in making critical infrastructure disaster resilient and will also discuss the gaps and challenges in the same in the context of emerging risk landscape globally. Keywords: Sendai Framework, Target D, Resilient infrastructure, Critical Infrastructure, Disaster Risk Reduction 57 | P a g e

DRSD21_270 Public Investment Strategies for Reducing Risks of Accidents in Water Transport Watchara Pechdin*, Pongsun Bunditsakulchai [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper aims to suggest appropriate investment strategies for reducing risks of accidents in water transport of Thailand by adopting Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) method. An increase of investment through a capital stock is assumed to measure benefits of each investment strategy. According to an estimation, parameters used are calibrated from the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) founded from the Input-Output table year 2015. Key findings indicate that an efficiency of each investment strategy on the risk reduction of accidents significantly accords to linkage multipliers of a water transport sector and other sectors in an economy. Policymaker could apply these findings to plan on budget allocation to reduce risk of accidents in the water transport sector. Keywords: Investment Strategy, Risk of Accident, Water Transport, Computable General Equilibrium 58 | P a g e

DRSD21_292 Impact of COVID – 19 on Higher Education Institutions in Northern Mindanao and Manila City: A Pandemic Recovery and Rehabilitation Strategic Plan Tabassam Raza*, Sherlito Poyot, Indrajit Pal, Jose Peralta, Thess Khaz Raza [email protected] ABSTRACT The spread of COVID-19 has sent shockwaves across the globe. The public health crisis, unprecedented in the lifetime of the people, has caused severe human suffering and loss of life. It has drastically reshaped the method of learning globally; affecting the learning processes and how higher education institutions train the youth to face and explore the changing technological environment. It has created chaos making the traditional way of learning impossible. COVID-19 has severely impacted the Philippines’ education system. Its outbreak led to the shutdown of higher education institutions especially in Northern Mindanao and Manila due to the lack of IT infrastructure for virtual learning. Having said that, this study aims to identify the impacts of COVID-19 to higher education institutions in Northern Mindanao and Manila City with Gov. Alfonso D. Tan College and Philippine School of Business Administration (PSBA), Manila as pilot institutions. Also, the study seeks to know what their COVID-19 Pandemic Recovery and Rehabilitation (PRR) strategic plans in coping with the changes in learning mode are ensuring quality education. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used in identifying the COVID-19 impact and formulating guiding principles for developing the said strategic plans. The main activity of the plan is the utilization of MS Teams application as a platform for virtual learning adopted by Gov. Alfonso D. Tan College. In the case of PSBA, Manila, training on Google Suite for Education was conducted for its faculty. Computers were also procured and special classrooms with internet were set up for the virtual learning. The institution successfully adapted to the changes, guaranteeing quality education despite the outbreak. This study is beneficial to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), institutions, teachers, students, and the community. Certainly, this methodology can be contextualized and replicated by other institutions in developing their corresponding PRR strategic plans. Keywords: COVID-19, Virtual learning, Higher Education, Strategic Plan, Education 59 | P a g e

DRSD21_83 Solar energy systems as critical infrastructure in community resilience building: case studies from South Asia Parimita Mohanty*, Indrajit Pal, Joyashree Roy [email protected] ABSTRACT In this paper community-resilience is defined by a community's uninterrupted access to services, maintaining their individual and collective functionality despite external shocks and recover from adverse situations. Strengthening community-resilience not only helps individual but also collective wellbeing of the various stakeholders, which are critical in providing access to services to maintain functionality and wellbeing. One common disruption is extreme weather events and associated power outages due to impact on power infrastructure, which is a major community scale impact. Power outages interrupts basic functionality in a community like illumination, water supply, cooling and heating services, refrigeration, health-centers. Resilient communities need resilient power infrastructure to maintain community-resilience. Research question to be addressed here is- can resilience to critical infrastructure in community scale for power infrastructure be strengthened through distributed energy supply systems. In recent years there has been a surge in deployment of distributed solar systems as an emergency response and resilience strategy. It serves power to community’s critical facilities such as shelters, medical facilities, communications infrastructure, due to disrupted electrical grids during post disaster situations. Therefore, solar systems, which has it’s granularity have potential to enhance community’s resilience with multiple co-benefits such as carbon emissions reduction potential, local job creation to enhance adaptive capacity of a community to enhance disaster preparedness. This paper consolidates the findings from case studies from South-Asia where distributed solar system are used to provide critical community scale infrastructure facilities to have uninterrupted access to power and enhance the community-resilience. Based on these learnings, the paper will discuss the policy and financing strategies that enables such interventions successful in resilience building in the face of extreme weather events. This paper will focus exclusively on how distributed solar PVs protect critical infrastructure that keeps communities safe and protects businesses in the event of a large-scale power outage. Keywords: Resilience, Solar Energy, Vulnerability, Critical Infrastructure 60 | P a g e

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN HIGHER EDUCATION 61 | P a g e

DRSD21_31 Elementary and junior high school teachers’ intention to engage in disaster preparedness behavior: using the theory of planned behavior as the foundation Jieh Jiuh Wang [email protected] ABSTRACT Global climate change and continuous man-made development in recent years have increased the frequency of disasters, which often leads to considerable losses of life and property. The key to reducing disaster risks lies in changing human behavior, diminishing man-made impact, and enhancing people’s ability to cope with the consequences of disasters. In addition to the physical science behind disasters, research on disasters should discuss people’s understanding of psychological factors with regard to disaster preparedness and response, thereby determining the factors influencing their intention to engage in disaster preparedness behavior. Because school is a crucial location where disaster preparedness education is implemented, whether the school’s disaster management is thoroughly implemented and holistic has a profound influence on the overall disaster resilience of the school. Understanding the potential factors influencing teachers’ intention to engage in disaster behavior is vital in that they are the main executors of school disaster preparedness. According to existing studies, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is the most commonly applied behavioral theory to discuss human’s disaster preparedness behavior, particularly to understand human’s intention to prepare for pandemics, floods, and earthquakes. From the perspective of disaster psychology, this study discussed whether TPB is applicable to addressing the psychological perception variables related to teachers’ disaster preparedness behavior, thereby gaining understanding of the potential factors influencing such behavior. This study collected sample data of elementary and junior high school teachers in Taiwan through questionnaire surveys. Subsequently, structural equation modeling was employed to propose the research model and hypotheses. The results showed that perceived benefits of taking action, social influence, and perceived behavioral control all influenced the degree to which teachers engage in school disaster preparedness behavior. Specifically, perceived benefits of taking action and perceived behavioral control were the main impact factors; behavioral intention affected teachers’ ability to take action, whereas perceived control directly affected the degree to which teachers engage in disaster preparedness behavior. Said result concurs with the theoretical model of TPB. Accordingly, improving teachers’ agreement with and confidence in the implementation of school disaster preparedness can increase their intention to and action in preparing for disasters. Keywords: Teacher, Disaster Preparedness Behavior, Theory Of Planned Behavior, Structural Equation Modeling 62 | P a g e

DRSD21_219 Cooperative Education during Covid 19 pandemic: Enhancing legal rights and professional development of interns in Thailand Siwarut Laikram*, Shubham Pathak [email protected] ABSTRACT Adequate cooperative education has direct impact upon graduate’s future professional development, employability and enhanced professional skills. The cooperative education framework in Thailand is relatively a recent concept and lacks the detailed research. With the implication of Covid-19 being increasing since March 2020 in Thailand, the cooperative education has suffered a great deal in terms of providing quality assured cooperative education for all the students. The Thai Qualification Framework (TQF) has been adopted in majority of universities; however, the quality assurance does not cover the student’s perspectives, financial and social limitations towards attending the cooperative education. This research aims at understanding the perspectives from the students who graduated with cooperative education and are currently working professionals. The methodology adopted in this study is mixed method, inclusive of qualitative methodology where data is collected through key informant interviews and quantitative methodology involving survey questionnaires with a sample of 350 respondents. The secondary data has been found to be limited, however, the conceptualization, implementation and skill development among the students who attended the cooperative education has been studied under this research. The data analysis included the quantitative analysis with Chi- Square and excerpts from the key informant interview respondents. Additional Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) analysis is performed as a mechanism to provide for gaps at various levels of cooperative education and the potential opportunities available towards the graduates in Thailand. The findings depict lack of legal framework for effective skill development, uncertain moral and physical security of the interns, absence of legal rights for interns, minimal support and assistance from the government sector, reduced future employability and insufficient financial resources among poorer students. With enhanced vulnerabilities due to Covid-19 pandemic, adverse impact is observed during the distribution of cooperative education opportunities for students belonging to lesser fortunate section of Thai society. Keywords: Cooperative Education, Legal Framework, Covid-19, Thai Qualification Framework (TQF) and Sustainable Development 63 | P a g e

DRSD21_195 A capacity building framework to integrate MOOC on climate change education in the higher education institutions of Bangladesh, Russia, and Sri Lanka Chamila Priyankara*, Malith Senevirathne, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh, Champa Navaratne, Nandasiri Weerasinghe, Anjala Dissanayake, Arturas Kaklauskas [email protected] ABSTRACT The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction has identified capacity building for climate change education as a key enabler to enhance the resilience of communities and institutions for climate change and climate change indued disasters. Climate change education is also an avenue to improve the policy gaps in disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA). A comprehensive climate change educational program can inspire local to national actions for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) is a promising way forward for improving climate change education in higher educational programs. MOOC in climate change education can allow local to international participation in climate change education thus, educate, empower, and engage stakeholders toward a global response to climate change can be achieved. However, a capacity needs assessment survey (CAPNAM) carried out under the BECK project among the partner HEI identified 07 key areas of capacity needs to implement MOOC in climate change higher education. This research aimed to formulate the framework to address the key capacity building areas at micro levels for implementing the identified MOOC education platform. The BECK project, funded by the ERASMUS+ Program, aims to address this approach by introducing new harmonized MOOC modules to the higher education curricular of 4 European, 5 Russian and 5 Asian higher education institutions (HEI). Accordingly, the framework has identified, cross-institutional resource sharing, development of adaptive MOOC modules, development of big data interuniversity networked effective educational system, systematic monitoring, evaluation of performance, and dissemination and exploitation of MOOC modules as key work plans to be implemented under the mentioned 07 key areas of capacity needs. Each work plan is followed by short-term and long-term objectives and performance indicators for effective implementation and monitoring. The BECK project continues to implement the MOOC modules following a series of coordination and monitoring mechanisms. Keywords: Climate Change, Energy Efficiency, Higher Education, MOOC, Capacity Building Framework 64 | P a g e

DRSD21_244 Flood knowledge management by multiple stakeholders: An example from Malaysia Nurul Along*, Iftekhar Ahmed, Jamie MacKee [email protected] ABSTRACT Local knowledge has long been considered inferior to scientific knowledge. However, local knowledge has often assisted where scientific knowledge proved inadequate to solve the complexity of environmental issues. Scientific knowledge—despite being recognized as superior in various fields due to universal testing and approval—sometimes fails to accommodate what local communities manage to solve. This happens to both local and scientific knowledge if discrete views are followed. Therefore, instead of competing with each other’s knowledge capabilities, they should be viewed as complementary. Different stakeholders hold different types of knowledge in their area of interest and both knowledge streams have their intrinsic potentials and limitations. In this paper, the issue of knowledge complementarity is explored in the context of flood hazards. Hazards such as floods may appear messy, unpredictable, with unsorted and unorganized forms of data, information, and knowledge on the part of diverse stakeholders. Thus, this paper presents a research case study on multiple stakeholders in the district of Pekan, the state of Pahang, Malaysia, and how these multiple stakeholders manage flood hazards with their different types of knowledge. This case study uses Malay, Orang Asli, and humanitarian organizations in the Pekan district as the stakeholder groups. The research has led to the development of a conceptual framework based on the case study. The differences between the proposed framework and the resulting framework are also highlighted. The lessons learned from the framework is discussed, together with the barriers to their implementation. Keywords: Floods, Local Knowledge, Malaysia, Multiple Stakeholders, Flood Knowledge 65 | P a g e

DRSD21_28 Integrating Gender and Social Inclusion in the curricula of Higher Education Institutions: an approach for the Hindkush Himalaya Region Vishal Narain [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper reports preliminary insights from an on-going study on gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) in the curricula of Higher Education Institutions in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Region. The Hindukush Himalaya is an ecologically diverse region with great social and cultural diversity. The people living in the region are impacted by several stresses on their natural resources and livelihoods. These include threats from climate change, urbanization and land use change, tourism and political tensions and instability. The region has seen a growing incidence of disasters in the recent past such as earthquakes and glacial lake outburst floods. The impacts of these changes are socially differentiated and gendered. This is on account of the patriarchal nature of societal institutions, growing migration of men from the mountains to plains and cities and the gender-based division of labor around natural resource collection. In order to understand the socially differentiated nature of disaster risk in the Hindukush Himalaya, it is necessary to impart an understanding of concepts and ideas related to gender and social inclusion in higher education. In this backdrop, this paper presents a review of the literature on gender and social inclusion in the region, with a special focus on the eastern Himalaya and presents an overview of concepts that need emphasis in curricula that seek to integrate GESI in higher education. It seeks to explain the social and cultural diversity in the region in terms of the ecological diversity. It highlights the factors that make a lens of gender and social inclusion necessary in higher educational institutions and draws on a review of efforts at integrating GESI in other curricula both in the region as well as globally. It concludes with the outline of a methodology to assess GESI integration in Higher Educational Institutions in the HKH region. Keywords: Hindukush Himalaya, Higher Education, Gender, Social Inclusion, Disaster Risk 66 | P a g e

DRSD21_212 Exploring the impact of climate change induced displacements in Asia – A case study in Sri Lanka for improving climate change higher education under the BECK project Keshani Munasinghe*, Senevirathne, M., Fernando, N., Amaratunga, D., Haigh, R. [email protected] ABSTRACT Sri Lanka is a tropical island in Asia that is frequently affected by the various impacts of climate change and coastal hazards including the sea level rise and storm surges. The consequence of impact extends across various sectors mainly highlighted as degradation of coastal eco systems, decline in coastal agriculture production, and destruction of coastal human settlements. Communities largely depending on coastal eco system livelihoods are adversely affected and left with unemployment and poverty. Having studied these causes, research scholars including SLYCAN Trust (2020) have recognized that climate change induced impact on human settlements is one of the main reasons leading into human mobility in Sri Lanka. The climate change induced mobility can be caused by both rapid onset and slow onset disasters letting the inhabitants to move into temporary shelters or sometimes permanently moving out of their habitats. This problem is raised because of insufficient knowledge to coordinate human settlement planning with the availability of natural eco systems and ongoing climate change pattern. Under this purview, climate change education is identified as a significant field of study to raise awareness of climate resilient planning practices while encouraging efficient user behaviors regarding resource consumption. In specific, integrating climate change education on higher education sector has been identified to provide many opportunities for policy makers, industrial partners as well as general public. Having identified this knowledge gap this research is aimed to critically analyze the key literature theories and existing gaps to develop a framework for integrating education on the climate induced displacements in the higher education curricular. The output of the research will be disseminated via the BECK project which is funded by the ERASMUS+ program to address the above approach by introducing new harmonized MOOC modules in the identified 4 European, 5 Russian and 5 Asian higher education institutions. Keywords: Asia, Climate Change, Displacement, Higher Education, MOOC 67 | P a g e

DRSD21_58 Natural Hazards and their Impacts to the three (3) Campuses of Mindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology (MinSCAT) Wilma C. De Los Santos [email protected] ABSTRACT Education in the Philippines is one of the most vulnerable sectors that suffer from the impact of natural hazards. Having the right knowledge about the threats of natural hazards in our community will enable us to proactively respond to hazardous events (13). This study assessed the natural hazards and their impacts on the three campuses of Mindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology (MinSCAT): MinSCAT Main Campus (MMC), MinSCAT Calapan City Campus (MCC) and MinSCAT Bongabong Campus (MBC). The study used primary and secondary data collection. Descriptive qualitative research was used to identify the impacts of the hazards and cost of damage and quantitative research to calculate and rank the hazards according to its frequency of occurrence and magnitude of impact. The Results show that in 30 years, MMC has the highest cost of damages amounting to 17,085,000.00; seconded by MCC amounting to 5,400,000.00 and MBC amounting to 2,785,000.00 pesos. The major hazard in the three (3) campuses is tropical cyclones. Flooding is the most disastrous event in MMC and MCC, hence, sea level rise has a considerable impact in MBC. The occurrence of hazards to each campus differs according to geographical location and physical characteristics. Each campus has existing programs to reduce the potential catastrophic impact of natural hazards. Hence, existing programs and implementation still need further improvement. Thus, this paper recommends policies and programs to improve actions in reducing the adverse impacts of natural hazards and better able to provide a safe learning environment to the community. Keywords: Natural Hazards, Impacts, MinSCAT 68 | P a g e

DRSD21_216 Resilience of agro-ecosystems through Higher Education; identification of key thematic areas based on Sri Lankan higher education system D.M.N.A.Dissanayake*, Asitha de Silva, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Kinkini Hemachandra, I.U.Rodrigo, G.Y.Jayasinghe [email protected] ABSTRACT Agro-ecosystem resilience is one of the contributing factors for global food security and end hunger. Not only with zero hunger, but also, agro-ecosystem resilience is directly linked with the sustainable development goals of good health and wellbeing, sustainable cities and communities, climate action and life on land. However, the climate change and other anthropogenic factors like shifting of job markets, urbanization, and lack of labor in agricultural production have threaten the agro-ecosystem resilience all over the world. Apart from that lack of awareness and knowledge on resilience mechanisms is equally contributing towards the insecurities of global agro-ecosystems. As an institution of creation, dissemination and research of knowledge, higher education has the capacity and the resources of contributing towards agro-ecosystem resilience more productively. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify the key areas where higher education can successfully integrate with the process of agro-ecosystem resilience. The study was conducted as a partial requirement under the building resilience in tropical agro-ecosystems (BRITAE) funded by European Commission. The study focuses on Sri Lanka and the methodology of the study consist with two literature reviews (global and local perspectives), a questionnaire survey and an institutional report among higher educational institutions of Sri Lanka. A thematic analysis was conducted to extract the key themes from the several outputs and based on classification techniques, key information was generated. The results were illustrated as a framework which has identified five key thematic areas related to agro-ecosystems resilience and higher education. They are resilience, agro-ecosystems, higher education, environment and policy and governance. The framework illustrates three orders of concepts derived from the analysis. The second order concepts under the resilience are socio-ecological resilience, sustainability, disaster risk, and climate change. Then under the agro-ecosystems there are agro-ecosystem resilience, urban agro-ecosystems, agricultural vulnerability, crop and livestock, impact, and land use patterns are the second order concepts. Then the second order concepts under higher education are, networking, capacity building, research, and development, teaching and learning, and knowledge. Fourthly, the environment consists with environmental issues, sustainable ecosystems, and ecosystems as the second layer concepts. Finally, the policy and governance consist with international policies, national policies, and governance. The framework highlights the areas where higher education has to focus on when promoting agro-ecosystems resilience. Therefore, with the support of this framework higher education institutions will be able to develop new programs or reviews existing programs in supportive of the agro-ecosystems resilience which will be contributing towards sustainable development. Keywords: Agro-ecosystems, Higher Education, Resilience 69 | P a g e

DRSD21_15 Game-based pedagogical framework for teaching systems approach and disaster resilience Navarun Varma*, Naviyn Prabhu Balakrishnan [email protected] ABSTRACT Systems thinking and System Dynamics (ST/SD) offer skills to holistically understand hazards and manage resilience of society and ecosystems. Teaching of ST/SD skills require problem- based learning pedagogy which can be facilitated through experimentation and collaboration. However, students also need opportunities to engage with any problem, not only as modelers outside a system but also as part of the systemic problem. They need to experience the existence of plurality of goals of varied actors, dilemmas and trade-offs of decision making and uncertainties associated with 21st century problems. Active learning tools like serious games can provide quasi-real yet safe environments where students can engage with surprises, conflict, negotiations-all of which can result in quantifiable outcome. Such games have an edge over normal quizzes or case studies as they can connect students socially and emotionally to the problem situation and offer an enriched understanding of real- world problem solving. There is a growing literature on the conceptual frameworks influencing design and use of such games for social learning, empathy, systems thinking and better decision making. But there is still dearth of pedagogical knowledge i.e., knowledge that can help university teachers and capacity development trainers to design lessons with games to target learning outcomes related to attributes of ST/SD, resilience and policy and means to scaffold and evaluate student learning from use of such games. In this paper, we present a pedagogical framework designed with 2 games, one with freely available online game and the other designed with students, in Residential College 4 of National University of Singapore. The research illustrates how the framework can be implemented to use and customize games for specific educational contexts, create environments for experiential learning of disaster situations and evaluate impact on students’ learning of ST/SD skills and capacities to reflect on relationships across resilience and policy. Keywords: Systems Thinking and System Dynamics, Disaster Resilience, Serious Games, Pedagogy, Policy Studies 70 | P a g e

DRSD21_199 A common framework for MOOC curricular development in climate change education - findings and adaptations under the BECK project for higher education institutions in Europe and Asia Malith Senevirathne*, Malith Senevirathne, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh, Arturas Kaklauskas, Dhiman Roy [email protected] ABSTRACT Climate change is one of the underlying risks factors which shapes the future planning and development. Failing to understand the impact of climate change in the present urbanization trend is likely to reflect devastating effects on future humanity and development. In this context climate change education can improve the link between climate change implications and adaptation measures. Raising wider awareness and pro-active initiatives for climate change adaptation, mitigation, and prevention are major advantages of effective climate change education. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) in higher education is identified as an effective method for wider community engagement, scientific networking, and knowledge sharing for climate change education. However, the cross-institutional capacity needs assessment survey (CAPNAM) carried out by the BECK project identified seven key areas of capacity needs for implementing MOOC in higher education programs of the Asian partner institutions. Integrating curricular on climate change education with MOOC platform was identified as a major capacity need amongst the seven key areas. Specifically, adhering to the educational objectives, quality assurance and assessment, and pedagogical practices in online education were highlighted as key knowledge gaps in the findings of the CAPNAM survey. The BECK project funded by the ERASMUS+ Program is aimed to address this capacity need by introducing new harmonized MOOC modules to the higher education curricular of 4 European, 5 Russian and 5 Asian higher education institutions (HEI). This research aims to formulate a framework to ensure the curricular development is followed by common understanding of pedagogical principles while adhering to the quality benchmarks in its implementation. The framework will set common grounds for MOOC development while assisting the institutions with necessary teaching and learning methods. The BECK project continues to disseminate the MOOC modules via the virtual interuniversity while supporting the effective implementation of the adapted framework. Keywords: Climate change, curricular development framework, energy efficiency, higher education, MOOC 71 | P a g e

DRSD21_262 Impact of COVID in Education: Perceptual Analysis Ganesh Dhungana*, Indrajit Pal, Neshma Tuladhar [email protected] ABSTRACT The COVID -19 onset forced academic institutions to adopt virtual learning. Therefore, it is important to understand how virtual learnings contribute to or impact education in a diverse socio-economic context as education supplements in developing essential skills required for a quality life. Adequate support from families and academic institutions is important for the development of these skills. The classroom settings, teacher-student relationships, environment of academic institutions were the basic foundation of learning in the pre-COVID context. The restrictions on physical movements during COVID, the learning culture shifted to virtual. This perceptual study has shown that technologies, devices, and access are required to support students in acquiring skills and increase their knowledge about the subject taught. This study found that virtual practices, even though there are variations in teaching and learning systems, are inadequate for academic degrees as learning adaptation lacks to ensure comprehensive education principles. The study shows that students from middle-income countries were more confident and expressive and have access and command over technologies and reveals that the virtual learning system has helped students from the extra burden of their residential expenses. The study concludes by stressing the essence of student hood, the classroom bond between students, and the peer learnings approach as the academic institutions cannot be just degree-awarding but should continue being a hub for innovation and the producer of humans. Keywords: Education, Impact, COVID 19, Virtual Learning, Technologies 72 | P a g e

DRSD21_273 Influence of Parental Involvement on Disaster Risk Reduction's Learning Outcomes of Preschool Children, Bangkok, Thailand Kullanan Sukwanchai*, Indrajit Pal, Takashi Oda, Takuji W. Tsusaka [email protected] ABSTRACT \"During times of disasters, children are one of highly vulnerable groups of people to be physically affected from the events due to their underdeveloped capabilities, especially young children below 5 years of age. Besides the physical injuries during the events, the children were traumatized by exposure to the stressful situations which caused academic difficulties, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and other behavioral problems. Consequently, disaster risk reduction education (DRRE) becomes one of significant tools for mitigating children’s vulnerabilities to disasters and likewise strengthening their competency to cope with traumatic events through disseminating knowledge, shaping attitudes, and improving essential skills. However, the fact is that a main target group of DRRE is school- aged children (6 years of age and above); while the most vulnerable children aged below 5 receive less attention due to their weak cognitive skills, and educational structure and system constraints. Nevertheless, with proper educational interventions and parental involvement in their children’s learning as one of the major variables of children’s learning and accomplishment, it is likely that the young children will be capable of understanding disaster risk reduction. In order to examine how parents’ involvement in DRRE can affect DRR-related knowledge and attitude, quasi-experimental research was conducted with thirty-nine sampled children studying in Kindergarten 2 – 3 at the ages of four to five. The children were assigned into two groups: T1 group and T2 group. T1 group was taught about DRR lessons at kindergarten and practiced exercises with their parents at home, while T2 group was taught about the DRR lessons and did the exercises at school with the teachers. Data for this research were gathered from pretest and posttest scores. The paired t-test was used to testify the learning competence in disaster risk reduction, while the independent sample t-test was used in the difference-in-difference (DID) framework to testify the influence of parental involvement on disaster risk reduction learning outcomes in the children. The paired t test results show that their knowledge and attitude changed towards DRR. In addition, the independent sample t test results demonstrate that parents’ involvement in exercises has significant positive impacts on the DRR learning achievement of their children. Therefore, specific disaster risk reduction curriculum development for early childhood children is recommended with collaboration among educational and DRR specialists in disseminating knowledge, cultivating mindset, and improving essential skills regarding DRR. Consequently, the goal of building disaster resilient generation and societies is potentially ensued. \" Keywords: Disaster Risk Reduction Education, Early Childhood Children, Parental Involvement, DRR Knowledge, Attitude 73 | P a g e

DRSD21_261 Assessment of River Erosion’s Situation on the basis of Influence Area: A Case Study on Gaibandha, Jamalpur and Sherpur District of Bangladesh Jenifar Selim*, Tanmoy Dev, Sharmin Akter [email protected] ABSTRACT As Bangladesh is a land of river so she cannot but accept the river erosion. But due to many reasons the rate of river erosion is increasing day by day, so it has become a threat to many people. Riverbank erosion causes enormous and long-term socio-economic consequences. All upazila are not well capable to serve their population. People of these upazila depend on the surrounding upazila to fulfill their need. Generally, the population is high in the areas which offers more facilities to the people. This research evaluated the influence area of the individual upazila of three districts Gaibandha, Jamalpur and Sherpur. The influence area shows the upazila’s capability of serving the population. The objective of study is to define the influence areas of the regional centers and analyze the reasons behind the changes in ranking and find out the functional gap. The study analyzed education institution, medical facility, flood camp / shelter and river flow as the factors contributing to the Upazila’s serving capabilities. In this context, 19 upazilas of Gaibandha, Jamalpur and Sherpur Districts have been brought under consideration based on population. The data are collected from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and the study is based on the Retail Gravitation Analysis Method following Reilly’s Gravitational Theory for determining the influenced area which finally has been presented with a map prepared with Geographic Information System (GIS). The influence area delineation of the regional centers finds out the regional gap in between the polygons. Again, the analysis of the change in ranking according to the influence area find out the factors that create an impact on influence area. This study indicate that the unserved areas cannot serve the people or residents during river erosion rather it creates burden to the served areas. So, the local authority and government should take necessary steps to solve this issue. Keywords: River erosion situation, Functional gap, Influence area, Retail Gravitation Analysis Method, Reilly’s Gravitational Theory 74 | P a g e

DRSD21_166 Disaster Risk Reduction in Colleges Alinawaz Nanjee [email protected] ABSTRACT Disasters are frequent in India as it is multi hazard country, Disaster Risk reduction begins from education In India very few universities/ education boards are having DRR in their curriculum DRR helps the students in building their capacity and they can become agent of change like tilly smith the paper will highlight on various preparedness intervention on DRR at university level which can help in capacity building of students. Keywords: Capacity Building, Awareness, Preparedness, Risk Education, Behavioral Change 75 | P a g e

DRSD21_147 Disasters Early warning through Electronic Media: Impact of next generation of early warning dissemination on vulnerable communities K.A.D.P.K. Kodippili*, Dilanthi Amarathunga, Richard Haugh [email protected] ABSTRACT The Media has a direct link between the public and emergency organizations. Plays a very important role in disseminating vital information to the public before, during and after disasters. The media assists in the management of disasters by educating the public about disasters; warning of hazards; gathering and transmitting information about affected areas; alerting government officials, relief organizations and the public to specific needs; and facilitating discussions about disaster preparedness and response for continuous improvement. Electronic Media is the fastest way to communicate vulnerable communities. Community Preparedness is one of most important thing at the ground level. Most of the communities are always connected with Electronic Media. As aims and the objectives, need to understand the current context of media and disaster risk communication in Sri Lanka (organizational capacities, info flow and the content through the electronic media)The following research gaps will be addressed in the research based on the principle which is how the community was not totally empowered for the reception of the multi-hazard early warning through the Electronic Media in relation with the community preparedness and response, current warning system for the response activities in the local and national level having more gaps for the dissemination, possible strategies to change the reception rate and the pattern of the warning through the electronic media has not been totally adapted. The intensity and frequency of natural hazards have increased unprecedentedly, resulting in devastating impacts on lives and economies. Present challenge is to save lives with timely early warning through believed Multi-Hazard Warning system. Keywords: Electronic Media, Early Warning 76 | P a g e

DRSD21_289 Mainstreaming Capacity Development Short Courses and Training Programs on Disaster Risk Management in Higher Education Institutions: A Hybrid Ladderized Learning Model Tabassam Raza*, Jose Peralta, Indrajit Pal, Khaz Raza, Carmelita Liwag, Erick Oinde, and William Obcemea [email protected] ABSTRACT Disasters are increasingly becoming more destructive in their impacts. Lives have been lost and properties damaged due to the lack of institutional and personnel coping and adaptive capacities. Several policies in the Philippines have noted the importance of capacity development in implementing Disaster Risk Management (DRM). To meet the above necessity, in 2017, Philippine School of Business Administration (PSBA), Manila, one of the higher education institutions pioneered a specialization of DRM in its existing Master’s in Business Administration program. However, the School is still facing significant challenges in sustaining the program. The main drivers of these challenges include, but not limited to the following: time constraints on the part of participants to complete 2 years’ master program, lack of institutions offering short DRM courses that can be credited towards higher education, and inadequate availability of DRM trainers. The researchers collected pertinent primary data; substantive, thorough, sophisticated literature review; and mandates on existing ladderized models. The data analysis and final output allowed researchers to develop a Hybrid Ladderized Learning Model (HLLM). It comprises of interrelated activities including offering of well- designed DRM short courses, workshops, and trainings for the trainers. The Model is aligned with the Executive Order 358, promulgated in 2004. It provides the mandate and legal framework for wider-scale and accelerated implementation of Ladderized Education (LE) nationwide. Further, the LE system introduced through Commission on Higher Education Memorandum Order No. 43, 2008 Series, was also considered. The implementation of HLLM will provide a unique opportunity to develop the skills required to be a professional in the DRM and business continuity field, improving the quality of life. Raising awareness on the importance of preventing and mitigating disasters will reduce the loss incurred by countries in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Keywords: Coping Capacity, Adaptive Capacity, DRM, Hybrid, Ladderized Learning 77 | P a g e

DRSD21_148 Science Diplomacy for Disaster Risk Reduction: Experience in a New Elective Course at Sichuan University Glenn Fernandez [email protected] ABSTRACT Science has been increasingly used as a tool for diplomacy, leading to the emerging field of Science Diplomacy. This is in recognition of the fact that many of the challenges that countries are facing today are regional or global in nature, such as climate change, geological and hydrometeorological disasters (e.g., typhoons and tsunamis affecting several countries), pandemics (COVID-19, SARS, MERS, HIV-AIDS), etc. These challenges cannot be tackled and solved by any single country. Therefore, collective efforts by various state and non-state actors are needed to address these shared or common challenges. In order to expose its graduate students to Science Diplomacy as a tool for disaster risk reduction (DRR), the Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction (IDMR) of Sichuan University and Hong Kong Polytechnic University started offering an elective course titled “Science Diplomacy for Disaster Risk Reduction” in the autumn semester of academic year 2020-2021. The new elective course aimed to: (1) introduce to students the theory and practice of Science Diplomacy; (2) expose the students to different Science Diplomacy for DRR examples from the perspectives and experiences of the international faculty members of IDMR from Germany, Iran, Nepal, the Philippines, Uganda, and the USA, as well as of the invited guest lecturers from India and the Philippines; (3) enhance the awareness of students on the role of China in addressing international issues, such as DRR, with the use of science and diplomacy. At the end of the semester, the students submitted examples of China’s DRR-related Science Diplomacy as their final course output. The course is being refined and will be offered again in the next autumn semester. Keywords: International Cooperation, Disaster Diplomacy, Track II Diplomacy 78 | P a g e

DRSD21_298 Primary and Secondary Data Collection for Thesis or Dissertation Writing in the Advent of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Guidepost Antonio S. Valdez*, Tabassam Raza, Jose Peralta, Richelle Valencia [email protected] ABSTRACT Research has always been regarded by many as boring. This is primarily because of the difficulties and challenges that are associated with doing a research such as having to forego certain habits like social life. Doing research became even more difficult especially with regards to limitation on collecting applicable primary and secondary data due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. It is to be noted that the substantive, thorough, sophisticated literature review, and intensive primary pertinent data availability is a precondition for doing a good quality research relevant to the status quo. Various novel approaches have been adopted by scholars through their diverse academic spheres in conducting internationally acceptable research amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This research aims to come up with a guidepost to facilitate researchers and other stakeholders with fundamental knowledge and skills in conducting substantive, thorough, sophisticated research that are of international standards. A comparative and diagnostic analysis method is used for analyzing existing literature and policies developed by higher education institutions and schools for doing research with the advent of COVID-19 pandemic. The output allowed authors to develop a guidepost with rules on using limited primary and extensive secondary data in doing research. The guidepost consists of various sections explaining on how to do research and write theses and dissertations. These sections include research title; statement of the problem; research objectives: theoretical and conceptual frameworks; review of related literature; research methodology; analysis and interpretation of data; and conclusion and recommendations. The guidepost is very significant in doing research and aids researchers in conducting internationally accepted research with limited primary data and extensive secondary data in the advent of COVID-19 Pandemic. The guidepost flexible and can easily be used by local and international institutions’ researchers by little modification in context of their research fields. Keywords: COVID-19, Dissertation Writing, Thesis Writing, Primary Data, Secondary Data 79 | P a g e

DRSD21_222 Challenges and Practices in Addressing Sustainability in the Japanese Disaster Education Takashi Oda*, Tomonori Ichinose [email protected] ABSTRACT It is globally recognized that natural disaster is consequences of vulnerability to hazards and human interactions with nature, and thus it has much to do with issues related to sustainability. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) both adopted in 2015 targeting 2030 recognize the linkage and aim to reduce disaster risks by addressing sustainability challenges directly contributing to it. However, as a nation of advanced engineering, science, and technology for disaster prevention in Japan, disaster risk reduction is often perceived by the public and policymakers as physical infrastructure and emergency drills for countermeasures. The idea is often shared among educators regarding disaster education as simulations and preventive engineering. It is also the case in Sendai, where SFDRR was drafted: many teachers in Sendai have not necessarily seen disaster education in the context of sustainability. In recent years, however, increasing number of flooding and climate related disasters that hit their regions, some educators began to discuss natural disasters as part of global challenges. This study presents some practices made by local teachers and pre-service and in-service training that assist the practices of educators in Sendai, Miyagi. It discusses the roles of the framework and network of practitioners of ESD (Education for Sustainable Development) in Greater Sendai regions contribute to filling the gap between the traditional disaster education and education for SDGs in the local school system. Keywords: Sendai Framework, SDGs, ESD, Curriculum 80 | P a g e

DRSD21_113 Knowledge, Attitude, And Behavior Related to Prevention of Covid-19 Among University Students Hema Malini*, Dally Rahman, Wildayati Musfira, Devia Putri Lenggogeni [email protected] ABSTRACT To prevent the transmission of COVID-19 requires knowledge, attitudes, and behavior precaution from the public. As part of society and a generation with a good level of education, students are pioneers in implementing health protocols. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of university students about spreading the prevention of COVID-19. This research is a descriptive survey research using quantitative data collection techniques. The sample of this study was 393 University students who were selected using the cluster sampling technique. The data collection tool used a questionnaire distributed to respondents online using Google Forms. The results showed that 51.7% of students had high knowledge, most students (85.8%) had a positive attitude, and 72.8% of students had positive behavior towards preventing COVID-19. However, some misperceptions on knowledge and behavior in preventing infection by COVID-19 still existed. This study suggests that some alternative efforts to improve knowledge and positive behavior are needed. Keywords: Prevention, Knowledge, Behavior, COVID-19, University Students 81 | P a g e

DRSD21_137 Need Assessment Study to Develop an Integrated Framework for Disaster Resilience Capacity Building Rudi Febriamansyah*, Vonny Indah Mutiara, Benny Hidayat, Cindy Paloma [email protected] ABSTRACT In the event of a disaster, the provincial BPBD will coordinate disaster management activities, assisted by many voluntary parties, such as higher education institutions, NGOs, or other disaster organizations. Keywords: Capacity Building, Disaster Resilience, Center Of Excellence, FGD, University Network 82 | P a g e

MULTI-HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT AND GOVERNANCE 83 | P a g e

DRSD21_50 Vulnerability mapping of residential buildings with respect to cyclonic wind in Mauritius using Remote Sensing and QGIS Hisaindee Muhammad Nadiim*, Abdel Isker Mudhawo, E.S.M Suresh [email protected] ABSTRACT The Indian Ocean is intensely exposed to high wind speeds and to the formation of tropical cyclones. Climate change and extreme weather conditions are gradually, yet certainly affecting the island of Mauritius. According to the Mauritius Meteorological Services, the frequency of extreme weather events, heavy rains and tropical cyclones with wind speeds exceeding 165 km/h has substantially increased throughout decades. The worst cyclone which hit the island in 1975 was Gervaise with gust attaining a peak of 280 km/h at Mon Desert. Since the 1940’s the British Standard (BS) developed a code of Practice for the design of buildings. BS 6399 is commonly used to calculate wind loadings in Mauritius considering a critical wind speed of 280km/hr. This study is intended to bring forth a pivotal contribution for professionals working in the construction and public infrastructure industry by providing relevant information pertaining to areas of high risks by cyclonic winds. This project highlights the most vulnerable zones across the island on vulnerability maps generated by QGIS software. The methodology includes digitalization of the map of Mauritius in the QGIS software, showing the delimitation of buffer zones. Using a conceptual design of a three-storey residential building, eighty locations were mapped with the maximum wind load values attributed accordingly. BS 6399 parameters and wind tunnel effect by mountains and hills have been combined by IDW Interpolation to map the most vulnerable zones due to wind load. Keywords: Wind Loading, Cyclones, Vulnerability, Wind Tunnel Effect; QGIS Mapping 84 | P a g e

DRSD21_34 Effect of Additional Transverse Reinforcements on the Performance of Axially Loaded RC Column under Close-in Air-blast Loading S M Anas*, Mehtab Alam [email protected] ABSTRACT Compression members in a building structural system called columns are the most important elements as they support other structural elements. Columns of many building structures with stilt floors for parking are exposed and therefore vulnerable to blast loading. Damage in the columns may be of disaster consequences due to such loadings as it may destabilize the entire building leading to catastrophic collapse causing an enormous economic loss of property and human lives. Therefore, the response of the column under short-duration/high- magnitude blast loads is of concern in the prevailing subversive environment of extremism. In this study, an experimentally tested 300mm x 300mm reinforced concrete (RC) square column provided with ductile reinforcement and carrying an axial load of 950kN under the explosive load of 100kg ANFO at a scaled distance of 1.00 m/kg1/3 has been investigated using the ABAQUS/CAE software equipped with concrete-damaged plasticity (CDP) model. Analytical results have been validated with the available test results. To enhance the blast performance of the column, analysis has been extended to investigate the effect of additional transverse reinforcements at key locations of the column and their role has been highlighted in the study. Dynamic response including maximum displacement, stresses, damage dissipation energy, and crack/damage patterns have been evaluated. Keywords: Air-Blast, Explosion, Explosive-Induced Disaster, RC Column, Peak Overpressure, CDP Model, Stresses, Damage Dissipation Energy, Damage, Cracks 85 | P a g e

DRSD21_48 GIS-Based Runoff Estimation and Identification of Potential Runoff sites in Maroodijeex Catchment, Somaliland Mohamed Omar*, Raju Sarkar [email protected] ABSTRACT Somaliland is a pastoral community with minimal water resources relying on rainwater and groundwater. The recurrent drought effects on Somaliland, specifically on the Maroodijeex region, are rising due to climate change. Thus, surface water management's necessity becomes essential to resolve the frequent food crisis, increase the required production, and contribute to food and nutrition security and build local communities’ resilience. This study's main objective is to estimate surface runoff and find proper regions for runoff collection based on the physical properties like watershed through practicing GIS besides Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) as the mechanism for result support. The curve number (CN) procedure of soil conservation service (SCS) was employed. GIS was applied to generate a hydrologic soil map and the land use/land cover map, which were then intersected to create the CN value map. Runoff was then evaluated for the whole area using rainfall data according to the SCS-CN method.Different layers used for the multi-criteria evaluation are land use/cover, soil, slope, rainfall data, and drainage network. The soil conservation service model evaluates the study area's runoff depth. Analytical Hierarchy Processes (AHP) applied to determine proper runoff harvesting sites based on rainfall. The weighted linear combination (WLC) method integrates these physical models in this paper. Implementing the WLC covers the following of the propriety maps: - Setting - Selecting the weights of relative significance - Combining the importance and standardization. The results show that suitable sites with maximum runoff depth values are encountered in the upstream catchment. From the comparison study result, most surveyed points described as suitable (53.8%) were followed by highly suitable (38.4%), and only 7.7 % are in unsuitable areas. The area results explain that the database and methodology worked for improving the suitability model, including the propriety levels of the models and the models' relevant importance weights, provided good results. Keywords: Maroodijeeh, Somaliland, Runoff, GIS, Curve 86 | P a g e

DRSD21_101 Regional scale groundwater vulnerability assessment to pesticides leaching from Paddy fields in the Northeast region of Thailand Doungpond Ponggumnerd*, S. Mohanasundaram, Sangam Shrestha, Mukand S Babel, Sarawut Ninsawat [email protected] ABSTRACT Use of agrochemicals and pesticides to protect crops from pests and disease and to produce high yields pose risk for both the environment and human health. Specifically, the excess use of agrochemicals and pesticides in crop production system could potentially cause pollution in the surface water and groundwater systems through surface runoff and leaching processes, respectively. Under this circumstance, understanding the fate and transport of chemicals in the soils and its leaching potential to groundwater systems is vital to manage and regulate the agrochemical application rates and timings in any specific region. Many index-based models are available to screen or rank the chemicals based on their leaching potential under given soil, chemical and recharge characteristics. However, these index-based models utterly fail to screen or rank the chemicals under layered heterogeneous soil systems. Therefore, we developed a mass fraction model that account the intermediate vadose zone or heterogeneous soil layers while assessing leaching potential of the agrochemicals in the present study. We also evaluated the developed mass fraction model accuracy under heterogenous layered soil systems in the Northeast region of Thailand against simple index- based model with reference to physical based HYDRUS-1D model results. The comparison results show that the developed mass fraction models were more consistent and robust in screening the agrochemicals than simple index-based models. Furthermore, the mass fraction models were applied to assess the leaching potential of top five extensively used pesticides in the paddy fields in the study region. The pesticides in the order Paraquat>Chloripyrifos>Glyphosate>2,4, D>Propineb were identified as higher risk of leaching to lower risk of leaching in the northeastern Thailand. Keywords: Mass Fraction Models, Index Models, Leaching Potential, Pesticides, Groundwater Vulnerability 87 | P a g e

DRSD21_131 Comprehensive Flood Risk Analysis at Your Fingertips Matthijs Bos*, Ric Huting, Dirk Voesenek [email protected] ABSTRACT Royal Haskoning DHV has been developing the Global Flood Risk Tool (GFRT). GFRT is Royal Haskoning DHV’s cloud-based platform that delivers accurate and comprehensible flood risk analysis and recommends investment proposals to reduce risk on losing lives and economic damages. The tool combines supercomputer power and parallel computing performance with visually attractive user interface for non-experts to visualize the impact that is continuously posed by floods worldwide. It forms a basis to build more resilience through targeted adaptation strategies for regions, cities, (air)ports and industrial sites. The GFRT conducts a thorough flood risk assessment and delivers a set of customized solutions if the identified flood risk is considered significant. The output is generated instantly and provides a set of tailor-made flood risk reduction strategies formulated in close contact with the stakeholder. A comparison between the costs of the flood risk reduction measures and the monetized flood risk reduction benefits builds a strong business case for public and private decision-making. It has been extensively tested and successfully applied in many international projects. and is set up in such a way that it can easily connect to, integrate or exchange with other services, tools and models. The tool combines expert knowledge in climate change and adaptation, flood risk, civil engineering, environmental economics, software development, data science and machine learning. THE BENEFITS: Interactive, visually attractive, geospatially distributed flood risk, and understandable user interface for non-experts. Enables informed decision-making for increasing flood resilience and business case modelling. A cloud-based platform with supercomputer power and parallel computing performance to enable fast calculation times within a minute. Output is generated instantly: has been used to stimulate stakeholder dialogue during real-life sessions. Keywords: Risk Mapping, Visualization, Cloud-Computing, Decision-Making, Business Cases 88 | P a g e

DRSD21_144 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shell Footing on Hill Slopes Sukanta Das [email protected] ABSTRACT In flat ground, the shell foundations are progressively adopted around the world as an economic alternative to traditional foundations. Many researchers reported that the increased bearing capacity and reduction in settlement behavior exhibited by shell footings, coupled with their high potential resistance to seismic loading and sustained lateral earth pressure is valuable in terms of their geotechnical response. Nevertheless, practical use of shell footings is trailing behind conventional foundation structures due to lagging research on the performance and application of these foundations. The shell footing might be useful for hilly areas where bearing pressure reduce due to slope angle. The objective of this paper is to present the results of numerical modelling (FELA) on bearing capacity and settlement of shell foundations. The present results are verified with other experimental study on flat ground. The study focused on the effect of the parameters govern the performance of this foundations. Contact pressure was measured at several loading conditions namely, working load and ultimate state. Moreover, shell footing and flat models were considered as rigid plate with rough base. Numerical investigation shows on average 40–45% higher load–carrying capacity than its flat counterparts. Keywords: Shell Footings, Numerical Study, Bearing Capacity, Hill Slopes 89 | P a g e