2nd International Symposium on Disaster Resilience & Sustainability Development

DRSD21_25 Opportunities and Challenges Farmer’s Experiences using Indigenous Knowledge to Adapt to Climate Change in Sustainable Development In Mekong Delta, Vietnam Pham Xuan Phu [email protected] ABSTRACT This research was carried out to explore the role of the appropriateness of farmer’s local knowledge and their adaptive capacity to climate change in An Giang province. KAP (Knowledge-Attitude-Practice), PRA (KIP and focus group discussion) and household survey have been applied to collect data. The results showed that local people used several effective local knowledge’s for coping with floods and salinization. However, the valuable local knowledge has not been recorded yet, nor documented in written materials for sharing to young generation and communities; some indigenous practices are not suitable with the current requirement for flood adaptation strategies. Keywords: Climate Change, Indigenous Knowledge, Flood And Salinization, Adaptation 190 | P a g e

DRSD21_46 Post-disaster long-term livelihood issues in indigenous context- A cause study of 2009 Typhoon Morakot in Rinari settlement Sung Lun Tsai*, Chuan Zhong Deng, Min Hui Tseng, Chiho Ochiai [email protected] ABSTRACT Most post-disaster context studies mainly focus on short-term recovery issues, such as disaster damage assessment, post-disaster relief, and post-disaster housing reconstruction. Moreover, the relevant researches seldom focus on indigenous groups’ post-disaster livelihood and living issues. Nonetheless, they are the most vulnerable group which susceptible to disaster. Therefore, given a large number of Rinari settlement’s households—a post-disaster permanent housing settlement due to 2009 Typhoon Morakot, by visiting the settlement from 2017-2021, a series of semi-structured interviews were conducted to understand the long-term post-disaster livelihood and living issues according to the sustainable livelihood framework (IFAD, 2015). The research found: 1. Natural capital: The quick and reckless site selection results in inadequate arable land in the new settlement. 2. Human capital: Due to the constrain of settlement condition, households had no choice but to develop eco-tourism in the settlement to gain income for the livelihood. Nonetheless, some households fail to succeed due to the limited skill and ability. 3. Social capital: Dispute regarding the envision of livelihood development happened between the young and old generations due to disparity of indigenous identity. 4. Physical and financial capital: The housing extension for tourism had been demolished due to the infringement of the building code. However, the demolish event harmed households’ property rights. Moreover, because the residents only had ownership of the permanent house but not the land ownership, some residents claimed the lack of land ownership refrained them from investing in housing maintenance and renovation. The issues mentioned above hampered the opportunity for livelihood restoration and inter- stakeholders cooperation framework are addressed the end of the paper. Keywords: Indigenous Population, Typhoon Morakot, Livelihood Restoration, Long-Term Recovery, Post- Disaster Reconstruction 191 | P a g e

DRSD21_60 Assessment of Rural Water Security and System Sustainability in Nagpur Metropolitan Area, India Vibhas Sukhwani*, Rajib Shaw [email protected] ABSTRACT Nagpur is one of the fastest growing urban agglomerations of central India, however, the city and surrounding rural areas have lately witnessed water stress due to declining water availability, and transboundary conflicts. While the drinking water needs in Nagpur city are met through the multipurpose Pench dam on priority, recent studies have highlighted its disproportionate implications on the co-dependent rural areas in wider Nagpur Metropolitan Area (NMA), especially during the water deficit years. Building on the existing research, this study aims to assess the rural water security concerns across NMA (using a contextualized assessment framework) and understand the system sustainability (financial, institutional, and technical) aspects at grassroot level. Focusing on eight defined rural clusters in NMA (comprising 72 villages), this study adopts a qualitative approach based on focused group discussions with the local communities and questionnaire-based surveys with the village water and sanitation committee members. In terms of rural water security, the study results highlight that highly positive change is observed in water accessibility aspects, however, the indicators of water availability, water quality and water-related risks reveal negative changes in different parts of NMA. Referring to the identified system sustainability issues, this study suggests potential pathways for enhancing rural water security and stresses on the need for collective urban-rural actions in NMA. Keywords: Water Stress, Water Security, System Sustainability, Urban-Rural Linkages, Nagpur 192 | P a g e

DRSD21_74 The community-based disaster risk reduction modelling of the Anak Krakatau Volcano, South Lampung, Indonesia D.B. Prasetya*, R. Rijanta, D.R. Hizbaron, M. Kamal [email protected] ABSTRACT The eruption of the Anak Krakatau Volcano which occurred on December, 22nd, 2018 caused large waves and tsunami, leaved casualties around the area of South Lampung District. Data of Local Disaster Agency of South Lampung revealed 110 people death toll, 8 people missing, 4,885 people injured, and the number of refugees reached 7,742 people and caused 690 damaged houses. Due to large number of casualties, this research aimed to evaluate existing social capacities embedded in the research area. Theoretically, there are several models of community based disaster risk reduction, as it is an internal model initiated by locals, or semi- internal model initiated by third-party to assist the locals, and external models, as it is initiated by third party let alone. As the theoretical models priors to initiator parties, this research try to examine community based disaster risk reduction from diverse perspective such as physical aspects, social-economic aspects and ecological aspects. The research employed random sampling to collect data at the research areas. The classification model using Naïve-Beyes developed to examine the existing finding categorization. Prior to the finding, this research expected to find several models of community based disaster risk at the research area, from diverse perspective. As the finding tend to have several similarities, thus the Naïve- Beyes model compel the finding into simple conclusion. Keywords: Community, Risk, Vulnerability, Hazard, Krakatau 193 | P a g e

DRSD21_78 Vulnerability Assessment of Balikpapan (Indonesia) for Climate Change Induced Urban Flooding Ariyaningsih*, Vibhas Sukhwani, Rajib Shaw [email protected] ABSTRACT Climate change is increasingly affecting the rainfall patterns and is driving urban flood disasters in fast-growing cities around the world, including the Balikpapan city in Indonesia. While the city is witnessing rapid growth in trade and services, the changing land use has le to a reduction in water catchment areas and increased flooding occurrence. Herein, the linkage of climate change to increased flooding in Balikpapan has not been discussed widely, however, it may have consequences for any mitigation strategy to be implemented. To bring this gap, this paper examines the inter and intra-relationships between climate change and flood risk in Balikpapan city. To achieve the same, the study adopts a qualitative method by applying the DPSIR (Diver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) framework, which helped to determine the strategies for reducing flood vulnerability in response to drivers, pressures, states, and impacts. Through the study analysis, the identified drivers are population growth, land-use change, urbanization, and energy demand, and the existing responses in the study area are found to be the provision of green open space, Zero Delta Q policy, and provision of independent detention pools. It is hoped that the study results will provide feasible directions to the city government for managing the flood risks. Keywords: DPSIR, Flood Risk, Urban Flood, Vulnerability 194 | P a g e

DRSD21_110 Climate change impacts in India - Cross sectoral case studies Shweta Sinha [email protected] ABSTRACT The clear sky and clean air during the pandemic clearly remind us about our abusive behavior towards environment and natural resources. A decade away from the global commitment of development goals 2030, India ranks 117th in 192 countries for achieving SDGs. The increasing population in India imposes various challenges in managing efficient resources at urban and rural level which is further being impacted by climate change. Various studies indicate uncertainties of climate change with increasing temperature, varied rainfall and greenhouse gases continue to affect the environment by drought, flooding, sea level rise, reduced agricultural productivity, pollution and health risks. Mitigation and adaptation strategies are complex and face challenges in implementation at national and state level leading to social and economic losses. The paper discusses critical cases as a result of climate change risks and highlights adaptation and mitigation strategies needed in maintaining sustainable productivity and functioning of systems at all levels. Interventions with interdisciplinary approach incorporating climate resilient technologies would play an important role in mitigating climate risks at regional/local levels. Keywords: Food Production, Health Risks, Pollution, Rising Temperature, Water Scarcity 195 | P a g e

DRSD21_98 Building capacity and developing community women leadership for disaster resilience in Fiji Iftekhar Ahmed*, Helen Giggins, Thayaparan Gajendran [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper presents an account of the action research experience and outcomes of engaging with a ‘Training of Trainers’ (ToT) program that focused on strengthening the capacity of rural Fijian women in disaster risk assessment, preparedness, response and recovery. Disasters around the world have a cumulative global impact, while the nature, characteristics and typology of disasters vary widely across regions and localities. Communities in Fiji, particularly in remote and rural locations, are highly vulnerable to hazards. Women in such contexts are embedded in their communities and have strong potential as community leaders to contribute to disaster resilience. The research team worked with key local stakeholders in Fiji to provide the ToT and support for empowering women leaders for disaster resilience. Beginning with a project planning workshop in Suva, a ToT on women and disaster resilience was then run in Nadi for stakeholders from key agencies in Fiji. A team of Fijian policewomen trainers who were trained at the ToT were then provided a training package and support to run a training course in Naboutini village. Assessment of the ToT indicated positive feedback from the participants involved and indication of an interest for further training to be undertaken in the community. Future research could look at mechanisms to facilitate long- term assessment of ToT outcomes, quality assurance and sustenance of the capacity building initiative through local ownership. Keywords: Capacity Building, Community Participation, Disaster Resilience, Fiji, Gender 196 | P a g e

DRSD21_79 Towards an inclusive communication management framework for flood-risk reduction in Davao City, Southern Philippines Karen Joyce Cayamanda [email protected] ABSTRACT Vulnerable communities of Davao City, Southern Philippines has experienced flooding that leads to catastrophic effects costing damage to properties and loss of lives. Communities need to build its resiliency to respond to flooding and mitigate its negative impacts, while policy makers and leaders need to consciously, regularly review and update its existing policies to address gaps and promote effective community engagement. This paper highlights the development of the framework based on the results from the convergent parallel mixed method merging the results of the quantitative and qualitative approaches which aims to enhance participatory approach towards an inclusive and sustainable risk reduction strategies. Results of the study revealed that Davao City implements a top-down communication system for risk reduction management, however, this approach has little or no room for direct transactional interaction between the source of the message and the local communities. Messages have been found to be unfiltered and interoperability mechanism has been found only at the level of the implementing agencies. In addition, vulnerability is associated with socio-demographic characteristics, experience in flooding and responses to flooding. This paper argues that since the perception of risk varies across contexts and experiences, local communities play a significant role in developing a flood-risk communication system based on their own perceptions, experiences and practices that have been developed through the years in dealing with flooding in their area of residence. Hence, the study concluded that risk reduction strategies can be further enhanced through a risk communication management using a localized and participatory approach in the proper knowledge transfer of flood risk communication among the stakeholders involved, placing the community as the central actor for amplification. The study, therefore, proposed a community-based flood-risk communication management (CBFRCM) framework for the flood-vulnerable communities. This model aims to raise awareness and preparedness towards community’s resilience to disasters. Keywords: Community-Based, Flood-Vulnerable Communities, Risk Communication Management, Risk Related Behaviors, Risk Perception 197 | P a g e

DRSD21_220 Oil spill laws: A legal perspective for oil spill disasters in Thailand Shubham Pathak*, Siwarut Laikram [email protected] ABSTRACT Thailand is the leading country in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. The surrounding seas enables the tourism, environmental and human resources to the country. Oil Spill incidents tend to devour these limited resources. The previous existing literature and oil spill disaster events recordings are limited in Thailand; with gaps among the understanding and analysis of oil spill disaster response and recovery mechanisms; absence of ground level implementations, surveillance and registration of the small size boats and sea activities which are not adequately monitored. This paper aims at analyzing the various legal perspectives towards the oil spills in the sea and ocean waters that have direct or indirect impacts upon the Thai economy and communities. The methodology for this study is qualitative method with data collection from key informant interviews among respondents selected among the concerned ministries, departments and other stakeholders involved in the oil spill disaster response, recovery and policy implementations at the local, national as well as international levels. The secondary data is collected from the international, national and local legal acts, government five-year plans, announcements from concerned ministries, published government reports and online resources. The data analysis involves content analysis based upon the legal themes which effect the social, economic and environmental set up in Thailand. The findings depicts the lack of legal framework for effective oil spillage clean up mechanisms and insufficient resources at all levels of oil spill disaster governance in Thailand. The strict top to bottom approach among three tier cleaning procedures and over- dependence upon the eye witness to report the incident; results in the delay of oil spill response and recovery mechanisms. The laws is found to be lacking in protecting the marine life and environmental flora and fauna. This in turn have adverse impact upon the environmental sustainability in Thailand. Keywords: Oil Spill, UNCLOS, ASEAN, Disaster Response And Sustainable Development 198 | P a g e

DRSD21_228 Assessing Household Vulnerability to Flooding using Livelihood Vulnerability Index in Selected Puroks of Los Baños, Laguna Ma Catriona Devanadera*, Darlene A. Tandang, Cheamson Garret K. Boongaling, Aaron Julius M. Lecciones, Arnold R. Salvacion [email protected] ABSTRACT The municipality of Los Baños, Laguna in the Philippines, had experienced destructive flash floods of up to 2 meters in depth due to frequent typhoons hitting the country. These events have caused the loss of property, livelihood, and lives. Those affected are households and communities located nearby water bodies and flood-prone areas. Many of these communities are far past the option for relocation. Thus, there is a pressing need to measure and address the vulnerability of these households. This study aims to assess the vulnerability of households to flooding in selected Puroks of the Municipality of Los Baños using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). LVI is a practical method to determine the vulnerability of households based on the five capital assets such as human, natural, financial, physical, and social. A household survey was conducted in selected villages in Los Baños to gather data on different sub-components of these capital assets. Results showed that Purok 3, Brgy. Bayog had the highest LVI (0.418) based on the capital assets, while Purok 3 (Upper Dampalit), Brgy. Lalakay has the lowest (0.324). Lastly, to reduce the vulnerability of households, strategies recommended include the diversification of income sources, promotion of health awareness, encourage community involvement, and provision for government support. Keywords: Flooding, Vulnerability Index, Household Vulnerability, Livelihood 199 | P a g e

DRSD21_96 Understanding and Mapping the Spatial Variability of Social Vulnerability in the Philippines Sarah Healey*, Sophie Lloyd, Jasmine Gray, Aaron Opdyke [email protected] ABSTRACT Over 30,000 people in the Philippines died in typhoons between 1980 and 2013, with their epiphenomena accounting for nearly 60% of all deaths from natural hazards. Typhoons affect an estimated 5 million people each year in the Philippines. Studies of previous typhoons highlight spatial variability in both the frequency of events and the extent of damage, including loss of life. Despite a strong emergence of vulnerability in literature since the 1970s, there remains limited understanding of the spatial variability of vulnerability across the Philippines. While current studies have mapped social vulnerability to typhoons at a national and provincial scale, there remains a gap in extending this research at the municipal and barangay levels. This has resulted in potentially missing explanations of how localised conditions result in typhoon-related mortality. A review of literature first identified relevant indicators of social vulnerability for the Philippines. Using census data collected by the Philippines Statistics Authority, this research proposes a social vulnerability index for the Philippines, mapping these indicators at the municipal and barangay level. The development of a more granular map of social vulnerability has the potential to assist government agencies in prioritising government units for disaster risk reduction interventions. The data also has potential for researchers seeking to understanding localised conditions influencing disaster risk. Keywords: Social Vulnerability, Philippines, Typhoons, Mapping, Spatial Variability 200 | P a g e

DRSD21_75 Wind hazards on Indian power system and challenges for future: A review Sarv Priya*, Pradeep Kumar Goyal [email protected] ABSTRACT Indian subcontinent is one of the most sensitive cyclone prone regions in the world. Approximately, India consists almost 7500 km coastline and around 10 percent of the world tropical cyclones influence this coastline. Cyclones have the serious impacts on power system along coastline in India. The cyclonic risk management mainly depends on hazards, vulnerability analysis and preparedness. The generation, transmission and distribution subsystems vulnerabilities to cyclones vary significantly. Vulnerability models are the mathematical tools to evaluate the impacts of cyclone on the power system. Various researchers have developed the vulnerability models to analyze the hazards on power system due to cyclone. This paper aims to integrate and review the development of research towards power system vulnerability for cyclone catastrophe models. In addition, challenges and future investigation is also discussed in this paper. Keywords: Tropical Cyclone, Power Transmission System, Vulnerability Curve, Catastrophe Model, Electric Power Network, Hazards 201 | P a g e

DRSD21_192 Community resilience for Disaster Risk Reduction by engaging local Governance in Bihar (India) Geetanjali Kumari*, Vivek Kumar Singh, Amrita Dhiman [email protected] ABSTRACT The community is the first to face impact of major emergencies and they provide emergency assistance as a first responder at the incidence site. Over a period of time local population learnt to mitigate the prevailing/ common disasters by applying local inherited knowledge & resources. Empirical evidences shows that empowering community by networking of local resources is readily accessible and effective approach. It helps in addressing the local challenges in the right perspective. Augmenting the local time-tested indigenous skills with scientific knowledge in a systematic manner is helpful in preserving the community specific ecosystem, better utilization of available resources and ensuring sustainability. The resilient village, enshrined in the Bihar Roadmap for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-30), to address risk reduction actions (RRA) in a comprehensive and systematic way. The Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR) strategy is one of the recommendations of Bihar DRR roadmap. Engaging local governance, front line service providers and community leaders/volunteers to develop safe practices, preparedness for common emergencies and improve quality of their life. The proposed orientation strategy will enable local resources, to serve as local resource pool (LRP) to energize & empower the communities in effective and sustainable manner. According to the assessment of baseline capabilities and needs in the pilot districts, appropriate methodologies have been designed to orient the local resource pool. The orientation of LRP (ToT) through the proposed methodologies can be started after validation and field testing. The paper articulates the logical networking capacity of the community level resources and presents practical approaches to harness it to reach out the most affected population with desired impacts. Community members are the ultimate beneficiary of interventions and it is in-line with the CBDRR strategy. Keywords: Community Resilience, DRR-Roadmap Of Bihar, India, Local Governance 202 | P a g e

DRSD21_266 Living with pervasive hazards: Place-based coping strategies of an island community in Cebu, Philippines John Ceffrey L. Eligue* [email protected] ABSTRACT Extreme events such as typhoons are more prominently discussed in the field of environmental disaster risk management. However, the same climate variables, namely increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall, can also result in pervasive hazards such as drought and monsoons. This study aims to identify the perceived impacts of extreme and pervasive hazards and the coping strategies of an island municipality in Cebu, Philippines. A survey with farming and fishing households (n = 399) was conducted to gather perceptions on risk impacts and coping strategies. Interviews with local key personnel were also conducted to examine the local government’s strategies for disaster risk management. Results show that the perceived impacts of hazards differ by events and respondents cope with extreme and pervasive hazards similarly. These coping strategies included diversification of livelihood and mutual help, a common tradition among Philippine villages. It was also found out that community-based disaster risk management strategies through indigenous ways enabled the island community to bridge the shortcomings of the national government in terms of reducing risks of pervasive hazards. In conclusion, the most vulnerable sectors can adapt to the ever-changing environment by promoting a culture of disaster preparedness while mitigating the impacts of pervasive hazards. Keywords: Climate Change; Philippines; Community-based disaster risk management; Coping strategies; island. 203 | P a g e

DRSD21_18 Surviving the colossal eruption of Samalas 1257 CE, Lombok, Indonesia: lessons from the ancient civilizations' response to disaster Mukhamad N. Malawani*, Franck Lavigne , Danang Sri Hadmoko [email protected] ABSTRACT Historical and archaeological findings have revealed that many human civilizations were destroyed due to natural hazards, such as volcanic eruptions. An issue that still lacks attention is the response of the ancient population to hazards. It is influenced by many factors, e.g., minimum access to historical sources (oral and written) or archaeological evidence. Babad Lombok is an example of historical source that contains eyewitness accounts of the population's response to a massive volcanic eruption. The eruption recorded in Babad Lombok is attributed to the Samalas eruption in 1257 CE. At least five verses in the manuscript describe the inhabitants' response to the eruption, generally in the form of an immediate response: avoiding hazards and escaping to the safe zones. Geographic approach and toponymic identification are utilized to geolocate the villages and displaced places mentioned in the Babad. Two verses also indicate the coping strategies. The Babad Lombok might be the oldest manuscript containing a complete description of the societal response and coping strategies to a volcanic eruption in Southeast Asia. The results also emphasizes that Indonesia has had social capital for coping with disasters since the 13th century, or might be older: the relief and emergency response paradigm. This type of paradigm in Indonesian disaster management had continued until the late 1960s. Keywords: Coping strategy, historical source, Samalas, societal response, volcanic eruption 204 | P a g e

DRSD21_263 Evaluating municipal disaster risk reduction and management plan towards improving disaster management: A case study in the Philippines Sophia Mae U. Caralde*, Almira Geles B. Lumbres, Sharon Feliza Ann P. Macagba, Ma. Catriona E. Devanadera [email protected] ABSTRACT Policies for the institutionalization of disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines provided necessary structures, resources, and frameworks for disaster risk management, climate change mitigation, and adaptation. Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010, as the primary policy for DRRM, allowed the implementation of a national DRRM plan geared towards a vision of a \"Safer, Adaptive, and Disaster Resilient Filipino Communities towards Sustainable Development.\" The Municipality of Mabitac, Laguna was able to address the need for the institutionalization of DRRM in their locality and implement projects aligned with the four DRRM thematic areas: disaster prevention and mitigation, disaster preparedness, disaster response, and rehabilitation and recovery. Through the budget allocated and assistance of UN-WFP, Mabitac was able to improve the focus of their DRRM. With its proactive DRRM, Mabitac has received several awards and has been recognized as a model community to local and international stakeholder. The study highlights the strategies of Mabitac that were used in the successful implementation of DRRM projects. These strategies focused on coordinating with stakeholders and building the capacity of communities towards resiliency. The study revealed that the implementation of the DRRM plan was effective, efficient, and relevant, despite differences in the projects planned and projects implemented. It is recommended that Mabitac create its own logical framework to achieve its short, medium, and long-term goals. The logical framework aims to implement the plan and become a step closer to reaching a sustainable and disaster resilient community. Keywords: Disaster Management; Evaluation DRR Management Plan 205 | P a g e

DRSD21_268 An exploratory study on feasibility of materials for refugee relief settlements Ziya Sameer*, Shanta Pragyan Dash [email protected] ABSTRACT Humanitarian crises such as global turmoil, climate change, and natural disasters have triggered a surge in the refugee conundrum. It was noted in the United Nations' report in 2018 that the number of people forcibly displaced from their homes had increased rapidly over the last eight years, almost doubling in size from 43.3 million to 70.8 million. Refugee shelters play a significant role in aiding these displaced people because they can accept asylum seekers in conjunction with functioning as homes for them. Broader debate has involved a stronger degree of emphasis on the variety of the challenges that refugees face in refugee shelters. In relation to dwellings with unpredictable environments, the building material presents the most challenging obstacle of having to meet all requirements. Since refugees seek shelters that would be able to support themselves for several years, a variety of materials need to be investigated. This study intends to identify the materials that are best suited for shelters that have no intention of jeopardising the comfort and aspirations of the users. In order to make such conclusions, the materials were chosen on different parameters; Sefaira software was used to construct a model and then tests were conducted to investigate the efficacy of the materials mostly across areas of interest. The results aided in interpreting the optimum ranges within the dwelling for adequate thermal comfort of the users. According to this study, suitable materials for the emergency housing designs must be supported by spatial and architectural approaches, which promote sustainability, expansive architecture, with adequate privacy, and sufficient ventilation. Keywords: Refugee shelters, Refugees’ crisis, Viable shelter, Thermal comfort, Shelter design 206 | P a g e

DRSD21_99 Assessment of Residential Building using indicators of Sustainability Darshini S Shekhar*, Darshini s shekhar, Jagdish H Godihal [email protected] ABSTRACT Sustainability is a broad concept that refers to a buildings overall ability to provide a comfortable healthy and productive environment over the long-term without negatively impacting the environment. Sustainable buildings are not just about environment but take into account all three pillars of sustainability planet, people, and profit. The present study is focused on analysis of a residential building in a Silicon City Bangalore. Firstly, on analysis is done considering the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of existing building. Secondly, with reference to Green materials, green construction techniques and conservation measures, ideas are proposed for the existing building in aim of converting the conventional building into green building aspect. Finally on the Cost comparison and SWAGRIHA evaluation of existing building and proposed green building. Keywords: Green Building, Bengaluru, Indicators of Sustainability, Green Materials, SWAGRIHA 207 | P a g e

DRSD21_160 How to address the Housing Needs of the Displaced promoting Resilience and Sustainable Communities R.R.J Chathuranganee Jayakody*, Chamindi Malalgoda , Dilanthi Amaratunga , Richard Haigh [email protected] ABSTRACT Addressing the housing needs of the displaced communities is an essential part of a recovery programme that has distinct links to livelihoods, health, education, security and social and family stability. The housing factor acts as a social centre for family and friends, a source of pride and cultural identity, a resource that commands both political and economic importance. Therefore, addressing the housing needs of the displaced communities should be seen as a mode to promote resilience and sustainable communities. Instead, the lack of the ability to link livelihoods, health, education, security and social and family stability factors to the housing provision of the displaced has caused many issues including no access to livelihood, poor living condition, health problems, lack of financial independence, lack of social satisfaction and social cohesion and sometimes even recreates and worsens the existing vulnerabilities of displaced communities. Within this context, this paper investigates the factors to consider when addressing the housing needs of the displaced promoting Resilience and Sustainable Communities. With the identification of this research need, the research team of the project titled REGARD (REbuild-inG AfteR Displacement) conducted 47 in-depth interviews in four partner countries (UK, Sweden, Estonia and Sri Lanka) with officials, community representatives, social support networks, agency networks, etc. Apart from that, focus group discussions were conducted with the community members in Sri Lanka covering both conflict-induced and disaster-induced displacement. Findings revealed that the housing factor acts as a significant role in rebuilding communities and determining the long-term satisfaction of displaced communities. Further, the results present 10 essential factors to consider when addressing the housing needs of the displaced communities promoting resilience and sustainable communities. Keywords: Housing Needs; Conflict-induced displacements; Disaster-induced displacements; Resilience; Sustainable Communities 208 | P a g e

DRSD21_103 Mitigating Caste Based Exclusion in Post Disaster Relief Operations in India Satwik Patnaik* [email protected] ABSTRACT India owing to its geographical location faces multiple natural disasters every year in form of cyclones,floods,droughts,landslides,etc. However, these natural disasters do not affect every sections of society equally. A country where caste based discrimination has been institutionalized since centuries, the Dalits,i.e. untouchables who continue facing economic exclusions,social discrimination and political marginalization bear the brunt of natural hazards disproportionately as compared to their upper caste peers. As witnessed during the Super cyclone in Orissa(1999), the post Tsunami relief efforts in Tamilnadu(2004-05),Bihar Floods(2008), Feni Cyclone (2019), the Dalits(lowest castes in Indian society) face the maximum brunt of natural hazards owing to their habitations at village outskirts, lowland areas,kutcha houses,poor social capital and upper caste prejudices. Common discrimination includes non admission to cyclone shelter homes, denial of ration food and relief materials, use of their unpaid labour in removing carcasses and dead bodies post disaster among others that impede equity in post disaster relief operations. The research question to be addressed is-can International organizations, donors, NGOs, humanitarian aid groups institutionalize social equity in aid distribution. Moreover, instead of a top-down relief approach, can a regional and community based approach in post disaster relief be followed. The paper focuses on possible solutions which could take shape in form of Vulnerability mapping and Hazard zonation at local levels, formation of Village Development Committees(VDCs) involving all castes in villages, awareness generation through workshops on disaster mitigation at local levels,Self Help groups exclusively to cater to the needs of the Dalit sections and grievance redressal mechanisms to register and inquire into complaints on exclusions in relief aid among others. As a signatory to Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction(2015-30), India needs to ensure social equity in post disaster management. Keywords: Natural Disasters,Dalits, Discrimination, Post Disaster Relief, Vulnerability Mapping 209 | P a g e

DRSD21_13 Measuring Capacities and Protecting Communities： Strengthen Regional Resilience in the Flooded Industrial Area in Thailand Tadashi NAKASU*, Tadashi Nakasu, Ruttiya Bula-Or, Sutee Anantsuksomsri, Sutpratana Duangkaew, Korrakot Positlimpakul [email protected] ABSTRACT After the 2011 Flood in Thailand, some flooded industrial estates/parks have built 5₋6 meter high walls to protect inside companies from water inundation. The walls, however, make the communities around the industrial estates/parks more vulnerable because water tends to run into the community. Despite the disadvantages of flood insurance, companies have not tended to leave the areas after the flood because of the high quality and quantity labor force in the surrounding areas. Therefore, the safety of the many residents, who have both faces, residents and workers, is crucial for the companies as well as communities to continue their businesses. Even though this fact, not so much attention can be found on the industrial areas' communities. Considering this situation, the purpose of this research is to measure the capacities and identify the vulnerabilities of the communities to contribute to their flood disaster risk management. Questionnaire-style surveys and interviews in the four-target communities have been employed. Findings show the capacity and vulnerability gaps among the target communities. For instance, the relatively populated urbanized communities tend to have high capacities. On the other hand, the not-so-populated farmer-based communities have low capacities, tending to focus more on droughts than floods. The research also identifies vulnerability groups and critical facility locations on the map. Their flood experience is also collected to explore the practical risk management solutions and preserve those as their local assets. These facts enable the communities to clarify their updated capacities, examine the vulnerabilities, identify the risks with possible hazard information, and guide them to cope with flood risk to protect them with self, mutual, and public help. Keywords: capacity, vulnerability, local communities, industrial area, 2011 Flood 210 | P a g e

DRSD21_116 Strengthening Disaster Governance in Japan: NGOs as Partners Geetanjali Kumari*, Vivek Kumar Singh, Amrita Dhiman [email protected] ABSTRACT In Japan inclusive and comprehensive disaster preparedness measures are particularly important to be appropriately designed and addressed across all areas of the country in preparation to large-scale disasters, expected to hit the country in future decades. Following Ansell (2007), this paper explores the theory of the collaborative governance as multi-agent arrangements among state and non-state actors, which amplify collective decision-making processes. The paper interrogates its applicability to strengthening of disaster risk reduction (DRR) planning and coordination of relief in emergencies and highlights the role of non- governmental organizations (NGOs) as important, but not yet recognized equal partners in DRR policy-and decision-making processes. Based on interviews with members of Japanese NGOs and the author’s own experience in various disaster voluntary activities in Japan, the paper reveals a lack of consistent communication among DRR stakeholders at all levels and a top-down approach to disaster management. This leads to uneven awareness and mobilization capabilities across various geographical areas and social groups, miscommunication and overlapping of activities of DRR actors in case of emergencies and a lack of connection in activities at all phases of their work. Previous studies of disasters in Japan have shown that the experience of NGOs in working at the community level combined with their familiarity with local needs have been an important asset in providing relief. By including NGOs into higher levels of disaster risk management planning and implementation, collaborative governance arrangements can be made more effective, both in terms of quality, by inviting more stakeholders from various sectors and in terms of quantity, by bringing more knowledge and experience into decision- and policy-making processes. The paper concludes that while multi-sectoral communication and partnerships are important for effective disaster governance, a leading role should be given, and attention paid, to NGOs. Keywords: Disaster Governance, NGOs, Collaborative governance, Japan, resilience 211 | P a g e

DRSD21_129 Windbreak Stonewalls in the Mountainous Village of Japan: A case study of Hongu district, Tanabe city, Wakayama Prefecture Chiho Ochiai* [email protected] ABSTRACT In Japan, 75% of the land is covered with forests, and the mountains are finely etched by valleys; the slopes are generally steep and mostly covered by forest. Due to such terrain, there are areas at the foot of the mountain that are exposed to strong winds. The village of Tsuchigaya, Hongu district, Tanabe City, Wakayama Prefecture, is located at the foot of the Hatenashi Mountain Range, with the Kumano River flowing in a wide meander to the east. Many houses in this area have fine stone walls to protect them against strong winds which is particularly strong from the north side. Abundant stones could be collected from nearby rivers. Looking at the map of the survey results showing the stone walls in the village, the windbreak stone walls were most common on the north side, where the wind is said to be strongest, and the average height of the stone walls was higher like over two to three meters. Reportedly, some of the stone walls were damaged in the earthquakes of 1944 and 1946, which suggests the magnitude of those quakes. In the mid-Showa Era (around 1940-60s), there were no masons who could create these stone walls; hence, concrete blocks were used to reinforce and repair them, or concrete block walls were built. Also, local stones are used as weights on the roofs of houses to prevent roof tiles from being blown off. In conclusion, in this area, despite suffering damage from strong winds, people have responded to and prepared for disasters by utilizing locally available materials. These measures have been developed under the influence such factors as local topography, weather conditions, resource availability, social conditions and changes. It is necessary to record the efforts and ingenuity of these people and to find in them cultural value. Keywords: windbreak stonewalls, mountainous village, local knowledge, disaster prevention 212 | P a g e

DRSD21_214 Numerical Computation of Code Compliant Beam Column Joints Made with Low Strength Concrete Muhammad Hamza Sabir*, Muhammad Hamza Sabir, Qazi Samiullah, Shahidullah [email protected] ABSTRACT Buildings require strengthening mechanism to withstand the effects of earthquakes. Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames are one of the many similar mechanisms. However, the connections of different frame members are vulnerable to the earthquakes even after following the code requirements. Because of numerical simulation, economic aspect compared with physical studies on RC joints under monotonic loading are becoming popular. Numerical analyses are typically performed using finite element codes to model deformation and progressive collapse behavior of RC joints. However, the greatest challenge to rigorously develop finite element model of RC joint is to predict the material properties of the constitutive model. Therefore, In the present study an exterior RC joint under monotonic loading is selected from published data to check the reliability of numerical prediction using damaged plasticity constitutive model, available in ABAQUS. The comparison of numerical and experimental load deflection curve reveals a reasonable agreement with each other. The finding of present study provides a reference for the future parametric studies to investigate the RC joints progressive collapse behavior. Keywords: RC Joints, Beam-Column Connections, Numerical Simulation, ABAQUS, Parametric study 213 | P a g e

DRSD21_76 Earthquake and Flood Resilience through Spatial Planning in complex urban system Sujata Kodag*, Shibu Mani , Guru Balamurugan [email protected] ABSTRACT Cities are exposed to different disaster risks. This paper aims at understanding the interrelation of spatial planning and the resilience of the communities to earthquakes and floods. This study evaluates the resilience of the community to earthquake and floods on through several spatial planning parameters. Further the study proposes 6 spatial planning indicators, to evaluate the resilience of the households in the urban community. Resilience Value is comprised of set of variables under each indicator, which are derived from participatory approaches with the communities and GIS inputs. Weights are assigned to each variable and aggregation of the variables gives weight to resilience indicator. The data was collected from 400 households from two different wards of the city having hazard exposure to earthquakes and floods. The findings suggest that resilience of urban communities have different aspects not limiting to spatial planning components alone. The vulnerability of communities to earthquakes and floods, generates from the combination of its spatial location, availability of infrastructure and their social and economic capacities. The results indicate the spatial planning has important role in disaster risk reduction, though there are other factors influencing the resilience of the communities than spatial planning alone. Keywords: Spatial Planning, DRR, Disaster Resilience, Urban Risk, Sustainable development 214 | P a g e

DRSD21_174 Hydrogel application in Paddy Cultivation to Mitigate Drought Impact in Semi-Arid regions of India Boreddy Surya Prakash Reddy*, Sriram Vasudevan, Shibu K Mani , Sirisha Uppaluri [email protected] ABSTRACT Sustainability in irrigation is an essential step towards responsible water consumption. In recent years, several studies have been done, sketching climate resilient agricultural practices to fight drought, and uncertain rainfall patterns. Major rain-fed crops require aid when there are abnormal dry spells. To mitigate the loss of crops from such events, superabsorbent polymers can be used. Soil amended with hydrogel or Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) retains moisture which in non-amended soils would be lost through evaporation and percolation. This allows the crop to grow with less shock from drought. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety NDLR07 and BPT5204 were chosen for this study, considering their high water requirement. The comparative study was carried out in KVK yagantipalli, Andhra Pradesh, India, during Rabi Season. Randomized controlled trials performed for each variety on a control group and 3 treatment groups with 20%, 40%, and 60% deficit respectively. The control groups (NC and BC) were irrigated regularly with 100% water supply. The treatment groups (NT20, BT20, NT40, BT40, NT60, and BT60) were treated with hydrogel and were supplied with deficit amounts of water. Water retention capacity of the sandy loam soil during Rabi season, with an average temperature around 40 oC, was better with the addition of hydrogel. Preliminary results indicate that the growth of plants with the hydrogel is better when compared to that of the control group. The results of this study indicate that hydrogel can be a persistent course of action for sustainable agricultural production. Keywords: Drought, Mitigation, Hydrogel, Sustainability, Soil Conditioning 215 | P a g e

DRSD21_157 Life Cycle Assessment of Natural Aggregate Concrete and Recycled Aggregate Concrete Anurita Selvarajoo*, Aan Mohammad Nusrat Aman, Faye Siew Hui Chong, Teo Fang Yen [email protected] ABSTRACT Current common practices by the construction industry for concrete production is the use of raw materials and disposing of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) for landfill. These practices have caused environmental impacts (EI) that could lead to serious environmental health issues. To counter these impacts, the use of sustainable materials are encouraged for concrete production. In this research, both the concrete mixes and the distances are obtained from research conducted in Malaysia. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology has been adopted, for comparative analysis on common practices and a sustainable approach towards pervious concrete production in Malaysia. The LCA is conducted using the Gabi software, and the chosen life cycle assessment impact assessment (LCIA) for this study is the CML 2001 method focusing on Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Acidification Potential (AP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP) and Photochemical Ozone Creation potential (POCP). The study concludes that although the differences between the scenarios is not highly significant, by the highest difference of impact by conventional scenario with the sustainable scenarios is EP by 3.8%. The sustainable approach is the most favorable scenario by having a lesser EI for all impacts except AP. These results have been validated by other LCA studies conducted in other regions. Keywords: Life cycle assessment, LCA, natural aggregate, recycled aggregate, concrete production 216 | P a g e

DRSD21_158 Are all the adaptive interventions sustainable? A case study of Gabura Union, Bangladesh Tahmida Sarker Muna*, Tahmida Sarker Muna, Mahir Tazwar, Srity Pal, Saima Bintay Sultan, Jannate Mehjabin Jhinuk, Assistant Professor Irtifa Alam Nabila, Lecturer Nilfua Akter [email protected] ABSTRACT Addressing the existing freshwater scarcity of one of the most vulnerable coastal communities, Gabura Union in Bangladesh, this study is conducted to assess the sustainability of the water adaptation sources. Investigating if Disaster Risk Reduction is mainstreamed in the water adaptation interventions while constructing is another promising objective of this study. Furthermore, this paper develops a sustainability ranking scale based on some parameters adopted from the SWOT analysis of the existing adaptive sources. The parameter includes cost, quality of water, gender participation, availability around the year, longevity, maintenance requirements and user friendliness. Based on the research objectives, both primary and secondary data have been collected to conduct this study. Several PRA tools were used to focus attention on community people, their livelihoods, and their interrelationships with water. Key findings indicate the challenges of Community-Based Adaptation due to the lack of public ownership. Besides, rain water harvesting is considering as the most sustainable method for water collection and preservation. Based on such findings, the study concludes providing some suggestions that might be helpful to the policy makers in formulating development policies for sustainable water resource management in southwest Bangladesh. Keywords: Water adaptation, Fresh water scarcity, Sustainability, Mainstreaming DRR, Development Challenges. 217 | P a g e

DRSD21_21 How Embankment influences Coastal Livelihood in the context of Climate Adaptation?: A case study of Indian Sundarban Delta Somnath Hazra*, Senjuti Saha, Tuhin Ghosh [email protected] ABSTRACT The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 considers the vulnerability of delta systems across the globe, and concludes that the large populated Asian mega deltas are especially vulnerable to climate change. A World Bank report stated that the water level in the Sundarban, the World’s largest mangrove forest, is raising at an alarming rate of 2 to 8 mm per year endangering the habitation as inundation and loss of land is the immediate consequence. Subsidence and inundation also led to routine flooding which contributes to salinization of the soil and fresh water resources. Vulnerability of livelihood has been ascertained from secondary data and supported by primary data. For Sagar and Patharpratima blocks the effect of ‘aila’ has been ascertained by classification of ‘pre-aila’ and ‘post-aila’ images. The study uses the multinomial logit (MNL) model to investigate the factors guiding household choices of different occupational adaptation methods and cultivation is found to be the automatic choice for the inhabitants of Sundarban. Cultivation is impossible without embankment. Thus the hypothesis that embankment in Sundarban is considered as ‘lifeline’ is established. So it can be said that livelihood in this region depends on the stability of embankment. This age old structure is susceptible to vulnerability because of its unscientific construction and improper maintenance. The main objective of this work is to find out whether the inhabitants of Sundarban really consider embankment as their ‘lifeline’, what they think about its sustainability and what the outer world think about embankment. Keywords: Resilience, Adaptation, Multinomial Logit Model, Indian Sundarban Delta, Vulnerability, Embankment. 218 | P a g e

DRSD21_115 Capacity needs for mainstreaming disaster and climate risk into Comprehensive Land Use Planning process: Observations from Itogon Municipality, the Philippines Saswata Sanyal*, Serena Amatya [email protected] ABSTRACT The debate that development and disasters are two sides of the same coin is ongoing even after global efforts in terms of frameworks have helped pave the way and encouraged member countries to have national level policies, framework, guidelines to strive towards integrating risk-informed development in the last two decades. Most countries are at a better position towards risk-informed development with policies, frameworks, and guidelines, however, it is prudent to note that development does not happen at such a macro level. Development and disasters affect people, communities, and settlements at the local level, which may or may not have implications at the national level. Therefore, localization of policies, frameworks and guidelines are the key aspects towards its implementation at the local level. Additionally, even after efforts are taken to localize policies and follow the comprehensive guidelines developed to implement at the local level, it is imprudent not to discuss, understand and design programs and project without understanding the current capacity of the local level stakeholders and the capacity needs for implementing policies and frameworks which conceptually would lead to risk-informed development. In this study, under the Building Resilience through Inclusive and Climate-adaptive Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia-Pacific (BRDR) Program, an effort has been made to look at the capacity needs to mainstream disaster and climate risk into the Comprehensive Land-Use Planning process in the Itogon Municipality of the Philippines. Assessment involved review of the CLUP process along with key informant interviews with stakeholders involved in the process, group discussions and observations from field to better understand capacity needs at the municipality. The discussion in the study would involve available capacity of the diverse stakeholders, capacity needs and recommendations towards mainstreaming disaster and climate risks into land-use planning in the municipality, all the while, trying to integrate a rights-based approach. Keywords: Mainstreaming DRR, Risk-Informed Development, Disaster and Development, Capacity Needs, Localization of policies. 219 | P a g e

DRSD21_118 Resilient WASH Development for Urban Poor: A Case of Ahmedabad Akshat Thakore*, Mona Iyer, Gargi Mishra [email protected] ABSTRACT Climate variability accompanied by rapid urbanization tends to disproportionately impact the urban poor settlements threatening the developmental and poverty reduction goals. The research analyzes the selected urban poor settlements in Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India), using a theoretical approach that integrates resilience, vulnerability, and adaptation capacities of stakeholders for strengthening water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. Total seven slums were selected based on an overlay assessment of three criteria - heat vulnerability, urban flooding and access to WASH services. These slums were evaluated using both secondary information and primary data collected through site visits and expert elicitation surveys, taking into consideration the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Various aspects including basic WASH status, tenure, adaptation, disaster management plans execution, and mobilization and partnership were assessed for each of these slums. Finally, the findings were synthesized by placing each slum using a novel matrix of vulnerability, to indicate the overall resilience and vulnerability status of all the slums. The evaluation matrix, iteratively developed through literature review and stakeholder consultation, has helped in identifying aspects that require suitable interventions for improving and imparting resilience among urban poor settlements. Its parameters were derived from various frameworks of resilience measurement and vulnerability reduction toolkits that can conceptually contribute to the poverty reduction goals. Further, it could be a significant tool for planners and decision-makers in identifying and prioritizing future projects. Keywords: Vulnerability Reduction, WASH, Community Development, Slums 220 | P a g e

DRSD21_85 The integration of urban planning in disaster risk reduction: Strategy to reduce urban vulnerability Lilian Smart*, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh [email protected] ABSTRACT The increased occurrences of highly impactful disasters in rapidly urbanising developing countries have led to the widespread recognition of the consequences of unplanned rapid urbanisation and the resultant disaster risks. Current disasters in these countries have emphasized the vulnerability of their urban centres to natural and man-made disasters with disaster risk reduction identified as a vital element for reducing this vulnerability. The vulnerability is a consequent of such factors as the unprecedented urban population growth, urban expansion without adequate resilient infrastructural facilities and importantly, the lack of strategic urban planning. It is argued that urban planning can play a crucial role in the decision of the overall spatial construction of the urban centres by deciding for instance, what need to be built, where, why and how. Meaning that rapid urbanisation without proper urban planning can aggravate urban vulnerability. No wonder the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 recommends addressing disaster risks in urban planning, that is to systematically build urban planning into disaster risk reduction measures to reduce urban vulnerability. Indeed, the overwhelming vulnerability of urban centres has highlighted the need for an urgent integration of urban planning in disaster risk reduction to effectively cut down disaster induced economic losses, destructions and fatalities that takes place in cities. Notwithstanding this need, the importance of integrating urban planning in disaster risk reduction has not been widely researched. Accordingly, the paper aims to explore the conceptual meaning of urban planning and the importance of its integration in disaster risk reduction to reduce urban vulnerability. Paper adopts an extensive review of the relevant literature as well as qualitative research design with the use of expert interviews as its research techniques. The intent is to provide the urban stakeholders with detailed understanding of the importance of integrating urban planning in disaster risk reduction as a strategy to reduce urban vulnerability. The paper also set out to explain that though disaster risk reduction measures can help to reduce urban vulnerability, integrating urban planning to it is of paramount importance in making these measures more effective. Keywords: Integration, urban planning, disaster risk reduction, urban vulnerability. 221 | P a g e

DRSD21_132 A systematic review of strategies for urban planning in tsunami prone areas U.T.G Perera*, Richard Haigh, Dilanthi Amarathunga [email protected] ABSTRACT Tsunamis are one of the most serious hazards in coastal regions, threatening the lives and livelihoods of people in coastal belts and lowland areas. Tsunamis can also destroy or have a direct impact on the serviceability of coastal urban structures and infrastructure. Urban planning is widely recognised as a strategy for reducing disaster risk and is an important tool for mitigating the potentially overwhelming effects of tsunamis. For these reasons, urban planners have been urged to focus on methods for reducing the threat posed by tsunami to urbanised systems. Despite this, approaches appear to vary and there is a lack of clear consensus on what approaches are most effective in reducing tsunami risk. This study presents a meta-analysis and review of existing literature on urban planning in tsunami-prone areas. The review aims to identify and better understand the type of urban planning strategies that can be used to mitigate disaster risk in tsunami prone regions. This study is based on a systematic review and synthesis of peer-reviewed, English-language scientific publications (n = 209). The findings show that tsunamis can have a significant impact in coastal areas but that these threats can be partially addressed through proper urban planning. A majority of studies have focused on land use planning or infrastructure planning. Among them, evacuation planning and digital technology based planning feature prominently, while there is a lack of research on the role of urban planning in population growth and resilience. Many studies address the physical and social aspects of urban planning. However, despite the growing awareness and interest in nature based solutions and green infrastructure, there are very few studies that consider environmental perspectives in urban planning and how these can contribute to risk reduction efforts. The conclusions set out recommendations for future urban planning research and provide a generic framework for structuring urban planning and progressing toward sustainable urban development in tsunami-prone areas. Keywords: tsunamis, Urban planning, coastal regions, systematic review, nature based solutions 222 | P a g e

DRSD21_53 Spatio-temporal vegetation cover analysis to determine climate change in Papua New Guinea Sujoy Kumar Jana*, Tingneyuc Sekac, Indrajit Pal [email protected] ABSTRACT The present study assesses Spatio-Temporal vegetation cover variability and trend within Papua New Guinea and then determine its relationship to climatic factors like rainfall and temperature. The investigation was probed for 34 years’ time period starting from the year 1981 to 2015. After testing and checking for serial autocorrelation in the vegetation data series, Mann-Kendal non-parametric statistical evaluation was carried out to investigate vegetation cover trends. Sen’s method was deployed to investigate the magnitude of vegetation cover change NDVI unit per year. Furthermore, the ArcGIS spatial analysis tools were used to calculate mean NDVI distribution and carry out the spatial investigation of trends at each specific location within the study region. The standard data used in the present study were CRU TS 4.03 for climatic variable data sets and GIMMS NDVI for vegetation datasets (NDVI). The assessments were carried out on an annual basis. NASA GIMMS NDVI data was used as an input to investigate the trend and variability of vegetation cover within the study region. Rainfall and temperature dataset was retrieved from CRU TS 4.03 datasets and were further updated with few ground station datasets. The overall annual mean was calculated for all variables. From the assessments, it is found out that, most vulnerable zones of higher rainfall are Morobe, Madang and Southern Highland province and zones vulnerable for low rainfall are mostly Eastern Highland, Chimbu, Enga and Western Highlands Province. Furthermore, the higher temperature zones are along the coastal regions, and low temperature is towards higher regions of the study region. In the vegetation trend analysis, it was found out that the vegetation has decreased over time. There is a typical relationship detected between NDVI-Rainfall and NDVI-Temperature; that is, especially towards higher regions, the lower rainfall results from poor vegetation growth in the long term scale, however looking at short term scale, the lack of good vegetation covers also attributes poor rainfall distribution. However, the temperature factor is the primary determinant, especially in the higher regions. Mainly in the areas where there is enough rainfall, good vegetation cover is observed. The lower temperature in the highlands regions also is a sequel to less rain and poor vegetation growth. Especially in the coastal areas, the good healthy vegetation cover acts as an environmental cooling system. Keywords: NDVI, Climate Change, Spatial, GIS, Correlation Co-efficient 223 | P a g e

DRSD21_89 A comparative study of climate change vulnerability of farm households in Cambodia, Vietnam and Myanmar Minh Dao Duy*, Ky Sovanndara, Aung Tun Oo [email protected] ABSTRACT Southeast Asia is considered one of the climate hotspot regions in the world. the countries, especially in the Mekong region would be the hardest hit by the impacts of climate change if the global temperature continues to rise. This study aims to assess the climate change- induced vulnerability of farm’ households in CVM (Cambodia, Vietnam, and Myanmar). The total sample size was 999 farm respondents where 304 respondents from Myanmar, 350 respondents from Vietnam and 345 respondents from Cambodia were considered. The vulnerability of the farm households was measured by using an indicator approach or indexing method with balanced or equal weighting system. A total of 36 indicators were selected based on intensive literature reviews and expert judgment and then included in the model. This study, develops an advance approach of vulnerability that allows to indicate in detailed the partly contribution of specific principal element is negative or positive impact into the overall score of the index. The findings explain that Myanmar was high in all components of climate change vulnerability, whereas Vietnam was found as the second most vulnerable country which was followed by Cambodia. There was a significant different about the role of each indicator and major components into the overall index of vulnerability amongst CMV. Based on the findings, it is suggested to conduct specific policies following the role of major components of vulnerability index of CVM that aim to reduce the sensitivity dimension of farm households such as improving early warning systems, increased investment of public funding in the development of infrastructures. embankment to prevent saltwater instruction. Furthermore, it is also recommended to establish the necessary health-care facilities and strengthen the public-private partnership, increased extension services, and health-care services, and access to the formal credit system. Keywords: vulnerability, indexing approach; climate change; sensitivity, livelihood 224 | P a g e

DRSD21_152 Resilience Master Plan As The Pathway To Actualize Sustainable Development Goals – A Case Of Kozhikode, Kerala, India Kiran Kumar S*, Bindu C A [email protected] ABSTRACT Humans, always, have tamed nature to meets their needs and demands. The contemporary cities are a consequence of that. The agglomeratic nature of these cities have enabled them to thrive over the surrounding rural areas. This process of urbanization has always come at a price. As cities have progressed to be larger and more complex growth engines, they have become vulnerable and susceptible to disasters, with climate change further exacerbating the status quo. Resilience is a system’s innate ability to resist a drastic change in its surrounding, and to bounce back after experiencing a period of stress. Studying the resilience helps to understand the vulnerability of these urban centers and enable them to increase their capacity to bounce back. While sustainability is seen as the goal to achieve, resilience is the capability to strengthen the pathway to sustainability. Masterplans for cities have helped streamline the process of development by understanding the convoluted interrelationship between the various aspects of the cities and provide balanced solutions to meet the goals of development. A Resilience Masterplan affirms to improve the Resilience of the City while also ensuring the city meets the targets of sustainable development, in a systematic manner. Genesis of modern civilization in India began when Vasco da Gama landed on the shores near Kozhikode City, Kerala. Kozhikode plays a significant role in the development of the entire region. In the recent times, the city has been vulnerable to disasters of various kinds, including Floods and Epidemics. The study delves into the concept of Resilience and Resilience Master Plan, appraise the existing Master Plan of Kozhikode, study the Resilience of Kozhikode City, and suggest methods to help increase of the Resilience of the city, while achieving the goals of development in a sustainable manner. Keywords: Urban Resilience; Resilience Master Plan; Disaster Risk Reduction; Disaster Preparedness & Mitigation; Sustainable Development. 225 | P a g e

DRSD21_259 An Evaluation of Disaster Risk of Bursa: Estimation of Potential Damage and Loss Didem gunes yilmaz* [email protected] ABSTRACT With over 3 million population, Bursa is a growing city in the south of the Marmara Region in Turkey. The half of this population live and work at the heart of the city. The districts of Osmangazi ve Yıldırım are the most populated districts in Bursa, respectively. However, the density of population, the quality of the building stock and the urban layout of these districts make them the most vulnerable among the other districts. The lack of green areas, the limited road nets and dead-end streets in the urban quarters only increase higher the risk of a possible earthquake hazard. For a promising disaster mitigation, risk management is the key. Turkey has a background with numerous earthquake disaster, and the records of these unfortunate events provide us with some preliminary numbers and ratios, that could be applied to the locations with similar urban layouts. Bursa is no different than İstanbul and İzmir, as both are highly seismic urban spots. Therefore, the paper highlights the level of the risk through several observations and partial layout analyses across two districts and develops possible disaster scenarios. The scenario-based analyses focus on the possible damage to the building stock, to roads and bridges, to public buildings and schools, and aim to draw an overall estimation of possible losses. The road net and its capacity (the width of roads, number of lanes, dead-end streets etc.) as well as the potential capacity of the green infrastructures are the issues taken under examination. In the end, some recommendations are brough in line with the outcomes to better mitigate and take actions for earthquake disaster prevention. Keywords: disaster management, disaster mitigation, risk mitigation, disaster scenario, urban vulnerability. 226 | P a g e

DRSD21_180 Policy Paradigm in Social Entrepreneurship for Sustainable and Resilient Development Apoorva Patel*, Ambati Nageswara Rao, Vipul Nakum, Sriram Divi [email protected] ABSTRACT Growing as a global movement, social entrepreneurship has acclaimed attention from policymakers, development practitioners, researchers, communities, and academia. Integrating sustainability across models, initiatives, and strategies; social entrepreneurship is considered to be having a potential solution for the economy and even for addressing risks emerging out of climate change and humanitarian crisis. It has been also considered important for achieving progress towards global agenda 2030, by providing innovative social development responses to persisting as well as evolving social issues. India has also witnessed a surge in public discourse and programs related to social entrepreneurship, particularly reflected through its national flagship programs and proactive initiatives taken up by some of the states.Adopting an inductive approach and exploratory design, the paper undertakes a systematic review of extant literature, reports, and policy documents. This paper attempts to critically appraise the policy measures and program initiatives, in order to build a conceptual framework and determine the role of a supportive legal ecosystem in promoting social entrepreneurship in India.The conceptual framework ascending from the study, suggests - policy formulation, government measures at the national level, initiatives at the state level, legal identity of social enterprises, partnership across private, public, and third sector organisations – as significant dimensions of the social entrepreneurship landscape in India. The findings from the study also indicate that the legal ecosystem plays a very crucial role in leveraging or confronting the sustainability and resilience of social entrepreneurship. Keywords: social entrepreneurship, sustainability, resilience, policy initiatives, ecosystem. 227 | P a g e

DRSD21_141 Expanding the Legitimate Peripheral Participation Model: The Perspective of Language Minorities’ Vulnerability Janiel Hazle* [email protected] ABSTRACT History has undoubtedly illustrated that natural hazards are imminent and are increasing in frequency across the globe. Earthquakes, typhoons, flooding and landslides are major threats confronting many Asian countries, including Japan. Japan has experienced a number of notable natural disasters and has managed to catapult itself to the forefront in the area of disaster management; from human capacity to technological innovation. Human capacity though community participation in Japan was strengthened after The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and influenced the shift from government reliance towards community resilience. Climatic changes and disasters impact the vulnerability of marginalized groups which in turn weakens the foundation of community resilience. Societies are changing and theoretical assumptions and models should also reflect these changes. Disaster education has been executed under the assumption that if information is given, action will be taken. The language and mechanisms used, as well as the background of the audience in totality remains almost absent from the discourse on disaster risk communication. Several theories and models postulate the importance of disaster education with community involvement at the core and participation being a requisite feature in all aspects of the disaster management cycle. The Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LLP) model focuses on the condition of participation and the transfer of knowledge through social interaction but fails to address accessibility and comprehensibility by marginal groups within a community. Differential vulnerability is not reflected in the LPP model and if disaster risk communication is to evolve, societal determinants of risk must be identified and addressed to achieve better disaster risk reduction trajectories. This paper reviews the LPP model and calls for an expansion of the model to address isolated groups, specifically lingusitic minorities and offers up suggestions in tackling the issue of vulnerability, full participation and inclusion in the context of disaster risk reduction. Keywords: Legitimate Peripheral Participation model, Disaster risk communication, Linguistic minorities, Vulnerability, Community Participation. 228 | P a g e

DRSD21_191 A proposal for disaster risk management in the local level: lesson learned from earthquake prone area in Sengon Village, Central Java, Indonesia Djati Mardiatno*, Lies Rahayu, Bevaola Kusumasari, Denni Susanto, Tiara Handayani [email protected] ABSTRACT Sengon Village is one of the regions affected by the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006. This paper aims to propose a model for disaster risk management in the local level, i.e. in a village. This study uses a participatory method through Focused Group Discussion (FGD) to map vulnerabilities, evacuation routes and the location of evacuation shelters. A strength- weakness-opportunity-threat (SWOT) analysis is carried out to assess community preparedness, which is then used as one of the bases for preparing standard operating procedures (SOP) for earthquake preparedness. The results showed that the community was able to design and determine evacuation routes, potential evacuation sites, and to identify the elements at risk as well as the vulnerability to earthquakes. The earthquake SOP was generated from the FGDs with stakeholders at the village and district levels. Earthquake SOP have become a village regulation and are planned to be legalized at the district level. As a follow-up to this SOP, routine simulations are needed to test the success rate of earthquake risk reduction program. The disaster risk management for earthquake resulted through this approach can strengthen Sengon Village to become a major disaster resilient village (Desa Tangguh Bencana Utama), as a part of national disaster risk reduction program. Keywords: Disaster risk management, earthquake risk, SWOT analysis, participatory mapping, SOP 229 | P a g e

DRSD21_91 Post-Disaster Recovery for Building Resilience: Bangladesh Perspective Faiyad H Rishal*, Khondaker Mohammod Shariful Huda, Md. Nurul Islam, Sheikh Tawhidul Islam [email protected] ABSTRACT Bangladesh has improved its Disaster Management in the past few decades by developing a strong response and relief system, improving the early warning system, assessing the disaster risk within a solid policy-institutional landscape, and thus, saving the life of its citizen. Though we’ve managed to save a significant number of people’s life due to disaster, on the contrary, recent studies show that economic loss is increasing day by day due to lack of post-disaster recovery activities both in policy and in action. For instance, we didn’t rebuild/repaired the coastal embankments when major cyclones like Aila/Sidr affected coastal region, as a result cyclone Amphan was able to cause major property damage. These natural disasters have caused approximately an economic loss of 10.7 Billion USD (estimated) from the year of 2000 to 2013 according to the Asian Development Bank (2015). Besides, a 3.2 billion USD yearly loss is estimated which is almost 2.2% of the nation's GDP. Success in reducing death has long been established, now is the time for Bangladesh to reduce property damage and economic loss by integrating long-term recovery activities in Comprehensive Disaster Management. For building a resilient nation where loss and damage of both economy and life due to disaster would be minimized, ‘Post-Disaster Recovery’ centered Disaster Risk Management (DRM) approach should be the next priority. In this backdrop, this paper will conceptualize ¬Disaster- Recovery in the context of Bangladesh and will also describe the rationality of the recovery- centric DRM approach by analyzing past disaster events. Lastly, by reviewing current policies and approaches towards Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), a few way forwards for establishing a long-term recovery plan would be recommended. Keywords: Disaster, Recovery, Resilience, Post-Disaster Recovery, Disaster Risk Reduction. 230 | P a g e

DRSD21_177 Household migration as a unit following Cyclone Aila in Bangladesh: financing of migration costs and the role of social networks Sebak Kumar Saha* [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper explores how the households that migrated to Khulna City as a unit following Cyclone Aila from the Aila affected areas of Khulna District, Bangladesh financed their migration to Khulna city and the assistance the migrated households received from their social networks in financing their migration to Khulna City and after migrating to Khulna City. This paper is based on primary data collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with thirty-two households that migrated to Khulna City from the Aila affected Dacope and Koyra upazilas of Khulna District and focus group discussions and key informant interviews conducted at the Aila affected Dacope and Koyra upazilas from where the households migrated. The findings show that the households usually migrated with the money needed only for transportation and a few days food cost after migration and about half of the households received assistance either as aid or loan from their social networks to finance their migration. The findings also demonstrate that most households were familiar with Khulna City even before they migrated to Khulna City as a unit. Moreover, most households had social networks in Khulna City and almost all the households that had social networks in Khulna City contacted their social networks before migrating to Khulna City and received various types of assistance such as assistance relating to accommodation, food and finding employment from their social networks in Khulna city after migrating to Khulna City. The findings of the study bear implications for understanding the interrelation between human migration and environmental change or climate change in future in Bangladesh. The findings indicate that the poor households interested in undertaking migration in response to the environmental change or climate change may not be able to do so due to the lack of resources for meeting the cost of migration despite their vulnerability to environmental change or climate change. Furthermore, the findings related to financing migration by the households within their own district suggest that the predominant form of migration in response to an extreme event or climate change in future will be internal migration instead of international migration. Keywords: Cyclone Aila, migration, financing of migration costs, social networks, climate change, Bangladesh 231 | P a g e

DRSD21_155 Understanding the Importance and identification of mechanisms for better integration of Community-based knowledge into Disaster Risk Assessment Asitha de Silva*, Richard Haigh, Dilanthi Amaratunga [email protected] ABSTRACT A range of disaster risk assessment methods have been developed to understand the risk posed by natural hazards, each using different parameters. Some of these risk assessment methods are hazard specific and some are based on a multi-hazard perspective. Despite these methods being widely available and in use, the impact of natural hazards remains high. Recent studies have shown this is in part due to a lack of understanding in planning for disaster risk reduction, including the lack of a micro environmental perspective. Community- based knowledge could help to address gap, as it is often the people living and working in close proximity to a hazard, rather than external experts, who are most familiar with local environmental conditions. This paper presents the first part of a wider study to better integrate community-based knowledge in disaster risk assessment. The aim of this study is to identify the gaps in integration of community based knowledge in to disaster risk assessment process along with mechanisms to overcome them. The study was carried out in Sri Lanka in tropical Asia, which records devastating impacts form disasters every year, especially from hydro-meteorological hazards. Twelve semi-structured interviews were carried out with experts who are engaged in disaster risk reduction activities in Sri Lanka, including representatives from academia, government institutions, non-government organizations and practitioners. Information from the interviews were extracted based on a thematic analysis and classification. The key issues highlighted by the results includes impact of unexpected extreme events, influence of dominating communities, influence of personal flavors and lack of validation methods. Moreover, participatory risk assessment and integrating reality are some of the mechanisms proposed. In conclusion, results concluded that the community- based knowledge is one of the key factors which should be integrated into disaster risk assessment to obtain more accurate and productive outputs for disaster risk reduction planning. Keywords: Disaster Risk, Risk Assessment, Community-based Knowledge 232 | P a g e

DRSD21_269 A validated framework for women’s empowerment in disaster risk governance Kinkini Hemachandra*, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh [email protected] ABSTRACT Disasters’ impacts are diverse. Disasters have disproportionately affected more women than men worldwide due to socio-economic, socio-cultural and political context within societies. Besides, their vulnerabilities to disasters are affected by their minimum representation or participation in disaster risk reduction decision-making. This unequal representation of stakeholders in disaster decision-making challenges disaster risk governance. Many instances have shown that the level of impact of weak risk governance structures contributed to increasing further complexities in disaster risk reduction efforts. Thus, ensuring risk governance has been identified as essential for effective and efficient disaster risk reduction and a resilient system. As stated above, women’s participation in disaster decision-making is significantly low, increasing their vulnerabilities. Women’s empowerment in disaster decision- making has been identified to reduce their vulnerabilities and strengthen disaster risk governance. Even though women’s empowerment in risk governance would deliver win-win situations, no adequate evidence is available on how women’s empowerment in disaster risk governance could be delivered. Hence, the study was conducted to propose a framework to enhance women’s empowerment in disaster risk governance. The study was carried out in Sri Lanka within the disaster preparedness system. Most disaster risk reduction strategies focus on disaster response and reconstruction efforts, ignoring disaster preparedness. Besides, the high disaster profile and the lower level of women’s empowerment in governance were the reasons for selecting Sri Lanka. After following a methodological selection process, the study conducted case studies in three selected districts. Case study interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guideline. Besides, several experts’ interviews were conducted for better triangulation of results. The cross-sectional data collected were analysed qualitatively. The study findings identified six categories of challenges affecting women’s empowerment in disaster risk governance; individual, organisational, socio-cultural, legal and policy, political and job-specific. Accordingly, the study proposes four types of interventions; individual, community, institutional and legislative interventions to overcome the challenges for women’s empowerment in disaster risk governance. The initial framework was validated through a focus group discussion. The study would contribute to the theory, practice and global and national level policy-making. Keywords: women’s empowerment, disaster risk governance, Sri Lanka, disaster preparedness system 233 | P a g e

DRSD21_200 Geopolymer concrete - a study of an alternative material for ordinary portland cement Ishan Thakar*, Ronak Motiani, Divya Jat [email protected] ABSTRACT OPC is considered to be the most used cement in a concrete mix. While it may have been used for many years, its use increases production of CO2 and provides for 7% of CO2 production each year. Releasing of CO2 causes degradation in atmosphere and results in air pollution. For the past two decades, an alternative for OPC, Geopolymer concrete is being tested. Geopolymer concrete is produced by recycling waste materials such as Fly Ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag(GGBFS), and Rice Husk Ash. Geopolymer is required to be mixed with an activator as it does not hold all properties of cement. Alkaline activators such as sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium hydroxides, alumino silicates have been used as activators. This paper deals with different solutions of activators that can be used in order to improve strength of geopolymer concrete. Tests are performed on different materials with different activators in order to find compressive as well as tensile strength. Significant changes are observed in the strength of Geopolymer Concrete. Keywords: Geopolymer Concrete; Alkaline activators; Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag(GGBFS); Strength. 234 | P a g e

DRSD21_66 Mechanical Behavior of Geopolymer in Addition with Fibre Reinforced Materials – A Review Divya Jat*, Ronak Motiani, Ishan Thakar [email protected] ABSTRACT Ever increasing environmental concern has led to find an alternative for steel reinforcement and ordinary Portland cement .Geopolymer being eco-friendly construction material primarily consists of fly ash, an alkaline activator such as sodium silicate, fine and coarse aggregate. Ongoing studies have found out that using an alternative for steel reinforcement with geopolymer turned out to satisfy the mechanical behavior and even showed better properties. So this review aims to summarize and discuss the mechanical properties in recent development by using geopolymer with various fibres reinforced like Carbon, basalt, glass fibre, cotton fibre and polyvinyl alcohol fibre. This paper will focus on the various research work which has been done on the mechanical properties i.e. compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength and toughness of geopolymer with each fibres. It will also conclude the most suitable fibre reinforced geopolymer on comparison with other fibres . The results have shown a significant change in the mechanical properties of geopolymer with fibre. Glass fibre has shown the maximum mechanical strength when compared with other fibres whereas carbon has been excellent in elevated temperatures. Basalt being cheap shown similar properties as that of glass fibre. Moreover, the addition of fibres irrespective of their type resulted in ductile failure preventing the catastrophic behavior. Keywords: Geopolymer fibre , mechanical behavior , glass fibre , carbon fibre , basalt fibre. 235 | P a g e

DRSD21_251 Assessing risk and adaptation options across building types and neighbourhoods in the cities and urbanising regions of Vietnam Nigel K. Downes* [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper outlines the challenges of, and conditions for, adapting Vietnamese cities and urban regions to climate change. The paper introduces the urban block as the spatial setting exposed and vulnerable to climate change threats that has been largely absent from previous adaptation studies and policy guidance. The urban block represents “place” and “people” at the level where many impacts are most felt and level block-based adaptation options will need to take place if they are to be sustainable cities and urban regions in the future. It sets out an urban structure type classification typology of Vietnamese urban, peri-urban and rural areas and argues that these will experience both slow onset changes in climate and extreme events. Urban structure type mapping has become a widely used tool for categorising cities into homogenous areas for both planning and monitoring actions in support of effective and efficient urban planning programmes and plans. However worldwide no consistent or standardised framework exists. Reflective of insights gained carrying out in-depth mapping for Vietnamese cities, their physical conditions, economic, governance, knowledge and cultural contexts a generic nomenclature and respective scheme is presented. Consistent use of terminology allows the scheme to be understood by both international and local stakeholders, while being hierarchically rigorous and consistent enough to be applied to a variety of multi-thematic assessment of trends, spatial patterns and shaping polices. The paper also describes the conditions that underlie the local level response capacity, and reveals the complexity of attempting to ‘climate proof’ the Vietnamese urban landscape. Keywords: Climate change, adaptation, urban structure types, urban block, Vietnam 236 | P a g e

DRSD21_92 Community-Based Flood Risk Management in Bangladesh: A Bottom-Up Approach Soumic Samad*, Md. Nurul Islam, Sheikh Tawhidul Islam [email protected] ABSTRACT Flood risk management aims to reduce the loss of human and socio-economic aspects by analyzing the relationship between institutional frameworks and the socio-economic environment. This review-based paper critically evaluates the necessity of decentralizing community-based flood risk management (CB-FRM) in Bangladesh at the community scale through the bottom-up approach. In addition, we emphasized the rationality of community- driven initiatives to integrate with the deductive reasoning for CB-FRM. This approach at the community level promotes a wide range of connections among damage indicators based on the spatial distribution of landscape and community vulnerability of a distinct community. The steps of flood risk management for a particular area are usually addressed upon calculating the probability of flood intensity, damage calculation, and assessing the vulnerability of that certain area. But currently, the flood management steps cannot serve efficiently since different damage indicators lead to different conclusions which are not applicable for all regions of the country. Moreover reviewing the articles, we find a lack of participation of the local community, lack of sustainability and efficiency in identifying risk and step towards mitigation, lack of integration of community with the institutional framework, and one size fits for all types of flood risk management initiatives are the barriers in the community-based flood risk management. Thus focusing the community on the bottom-up approach for flood risk management creates opportunities to understand the community- based risks, addressing the extent of damage indicators, data availability, and better capture complexity at the grassroots. Moreover, the resultant will help in building resilience from the community level focusing on more parameters of vulnerability, better administration, and sustainable and effective policy adoption. Keywords: Flood risk management, community-based flood risk management, community scale, bottom-up approach, resilience. 237 | P a g e

DRSD21_201 A Review of Flood Hazard and Risk Management Strategies, past, present, and future challenges in the South Asian Region, Particularly in Sri Lanka Tharika Fernando*, Jayanga Thanuka Samarasinghe [email protected] ABSTRACT Since the dawn of civilizations, destructive floods have menaced communities live in river valleys and plains. Each year millions of families from different part of the world are affected due to floods. In recent years fast-growing population in South Asia have led to unplanned and uncontrolled developments in flood plains. These developments potentially increased the flood hazard and risks, particularly for most of the cities of South Asia resulting larger economic damage and death trolls. In addition to that, the impact of the economic damage can be severe and adversely affect gross domestic product (GDP), as all the South Asian countries are classified under the title of developing countries with lower-middle or low income. Sri Lanka is in the process of achieving Sustainable Development and in achieving many goals related to Clean Water and Sanitation, having a solid answer for Flood Management Systems be benefited on achieving other Sustainable Goals as well. Sri Lanka in particular has faced a severe economic and political crisis with terrorist’s attack in the period of 2015 - 2019, and with it, positioned back to the least GDP holder among the rest of the South Asian countries. During the above period, the country has witnessed the most devastating recurring floods, recorded in the history causing a significant impact on the GDP. However, the floods are continuing and there is an uncertainty of the growth of GDP with the Covid-19 pandemic. If this is continued, implementation of flood risk management strategies from the lessons from the past and present is questionable. Therefore, a brief review has been carried out to support policymakers and relevant stakeholders to enhance the conventional flood management and mitigation strategies under the influence of economic crisis and pandemic uncertainty. Further as a nation Sri Lankans are in the process of achieving Sustainable Development Goals, and SDG 6 of Clean Water and Sanitation and SDG 11 of Sustainable Cities and Communities, having a concrete Disaster Resilience System would be beneficial. Keywords: Floods, Disaster Risk Resilience, Sustainable Development Goals, Sri Lanka, GDP 238 | P a g e

DRSD21_172 Promoting Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting For Sustainable Water Usage in Residential Buildings for Climate Resilient City Building- A Case Study of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh Muhammad Waresul Hassan Nipun*, Md. Ashik-Ur-Rahman, Sharmin Yousuf Rikta, Afshana Parven, Indrajit Pal [email protected] ABSTRACT The effects of population growth in the developing world and climate change have increased the stress on available water resources. This is adversely affecting human, environmental, and economic sustainability. These concerns call for climate-resilient policies for sustainable development that focus on securing the future by working in tandem with the present. The majority of Rajshahi City is facilitated with groundwater withdrawal. Moreover, Rajshahi Water and Sewerage Authority (RWASA) supplied water sometimes contains harmful ingredients like arsenic and iron, which is below the standard level of drinking water quality. As Bangladesh is a country of monsoon climate, reserved rainwater can be contributed as an alternative to extracted groundwater. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is adopted for collecting and storing rainwater for later use. Rooftop harvesting is an appropriate alternative to the water supply system and is the safest and cheapest of its kind. In densely urban areas, rainwater is available from the rooftop of buildings; this water can be easily stored in a tank and can be used directly and also indirectly by diverting to recharge the aquifers through existing GW tapping arrangements and after that can be utilized gainfully at the time of residential need. Moreover, such use of rainwater increases water efficiency by minimizing the water usage waste and reducing the water bill. This paper will focus on how significant RWH can be to meet people’s daily required amount of water in household purpose and ascertain the cost reduction using the RWH method. It will also emphasize the assessment of the volume of the reservoir, which will be sufficient to distribute the necessary amount of water as a sustainable alternative source in the dry season. It is hoping that the proposed study will suggest a framework of an improved community-led RWH system for climate-resilient city building in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Keywords: Sustainability, RWH, Water Efficiency, Climate Change, Resilient City. 239 | P a g e