ชฎาพร โพคัยสวรรค์

88 2) A person who repairs shoes is a cobbler. DEFINITION SIGNAL UNKNOWN WORD cobbler is A person who repairs shoes cobbler มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบงcobbler 3) The art of making women’s hats is called millinery. DEFINITION SIGNAL UNKNOWN WORD millinery millinery is called The art of making women’s hats millinery 4) Circulate means to move around and return to the same place. UNKNOWN WORD SIGNAL DEFINITION circulate means to move around and return to the same place circulate circulate

89 5) Climatology is defined as the scientific study of climate. UNKNOWN WORD SIGNAL DEFINITION มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง climatology climatology is defined as the scientific study of climate climatology Activity 3.2 : Read each of the following sentences. Circle the signal and write the meaning (both in English and Thai) of the bold typed word. 1. A garage is the place for keeping a car. garage : …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In English) …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In Thai) 2. The summit of the mountain is the highest place of the mountain. summit : …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In English) …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In Thai) 3. A small meal between breakfast and lunch, or lunch and dinner, is called a snack. snack : …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In English) …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In Thai) 4. A very large frog called a bullfrog has a deep, loud voice. bullfrog : …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In English) …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In Thai) 5. A person who makes woman’s clothes is a dressmaker. dressmaker : …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In English) …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In Thai)

90 6. In geometry, a plane figure of six sides and six angles is called a hexagon. hexagon : …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In English) …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In Thai) 7. A ship that can travel under the surface of the ocean is a submarine. submarine : …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In English) …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In Thai) 8. Kavin is a biographer, that is, a person who writes about someone’s life. biographer : …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In English) …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In Thai) 9. An illustrator is a person who makes pictures in a book or magazine. illustrator : …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In English) …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In Thai) 10. A canteen is a small vessel used by workmen or soldiers for carrying water. canteen : …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In English) …………………………………………………………………..…………….. (In Thai) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 2. (signal) (restatement) ” 2 “ ”“ commas ( , ) dash ( ) parenthesis (…) (signal) ,……………………….., or -……………………….- in the other words (……………………….) that is that is to say to put in another way

91 2.1 The rich old man endowed some money to the school every year. UNKNOWN WORD SIGNAL endowed endowed endowed or gave มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 2.2 You can take an escalator, that is a moving staircase, to go down to the platform. UNKNOWN WORD SIGNAL escalator escalator escalator that is a moving staircase 2.3 He is standing on the porch - UNKNOWN WORD SIGNAL porch -

92 2.4 There was a crowd , mob , near the park yesterday. SIGNAL SIGNAL UNKNOWN WORD RESTATEMENT มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบงcrowd crowd ,……., mob crowd 2.5 He felt despondent, in other words, he was very sad. UNKNOWN WORD SIGNAL RESTATEMENT despondent despondent in other words very sad despondent Activity 3.3 : Read the following statements and find the signal and the clue that signals the meaning of each bold typed word or phrase. Write the signals, the clues and the meanings of the words in the blanks provided. 1. Some people like to hitch hike-to travel by asking car or truck drivers for free rides- because they think it is fun. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..……………

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 93 2. The pigs crowded around the trough (a long, narrow container) after the boy had poured some water in it. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 3. Mary’s story will be published, or printed, in the next issue of Children’s World Magazine. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 4. Piranha (small fish with sharp teeth that eat meat) are so dangerous that they cannot be sold in pet shops. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 5. My father said that I was an idle boy, in other words, he said I was lazy. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 6. My father usually makes excursions, short trips, into the countryside. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 7. The doctor told Mrs. Johnson that Jane had anemia, an illness in which the blood does not have enough red blood cells, but she would get well in a short time. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..……………

94 8. The edifice-the large building-on New Road was built in 1980. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง9. When I visited Chicago last month, the weather was frigid, very cold. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 10. Tom felt ill after having drunk rancid, or spoiled milk. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 3. (signal) ( xamples) “ ” “” 3.1 (signal) for example as for instance like such as e.g.

95 3.2 UNKNOWN WORD 1) Some boys are trained to help their mother with chores, such as มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง washing dishes, cleaning, ironing, etc. SIGNAL EXAMPLES chores such as washing dishes, cleaning, ironing chores ) cleaning ( chores washing dishes ( ) ironing ( ) UNKNOWN WORD 2) Do you participate in one of the more popular avocation; for example, jogging, playing tennis, or stamp collecting ? SIGNAL EXAMPLES avocation for example jogging, playing tennis, or stamp collecting avocation ) avocation (hobbies) jogging ( playing tennis ( ) stamp collecting ( )

96 UNKNOWN WORD 3) In this tour the tourists visited many attractions from many countries, such as Opera House, Tajmahal and the Great China Wall. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง SIGNAL EXAMPLES attractions such as Opera House, Tajmahal and the Great China Wall attractions attractions Opera House ( : ) Tajmahal ( : ) the Great China Wall ( ) UNKNOWN WORD 4) Green vegetables have a lot of nutritious, such as vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C and calcium. SIGNAL EXAMPLES nutritious such as vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C and calcium nutritious A) vitamin nutritious vitamin A ( B ( B) vitamin C ( C) calcium ( )

97 UNKNOWN WORD SIGNAL 5) When we read about various creative geniuses, such as Einstein, Edison and Disney we can see how their talents were not always acknowledge. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง EXAMPLES geniuses geniuses geniuses Disney ( such as ) Einstein, Edison and Disney Einstein ( ) Edison ( ) Activity 3.4 : Read the following statements and find the signal, the clue that signals the meaning of each bold typed word or phrase. Write the signal, the clue and the meaning of the words in the blanks provided. 1. Today there are many different kinds of vehicles, like cars, planes, regular and electricity trains that make your travelling more convenient. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 2. The children went to the zoo and saw a lot of reptiles, such as crocodiles, turtles and snakes. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..……………

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 98 3. The book deals entirely with the physical sciences, for example, geography, oceanography and chemistry. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 4. The ocean floor has surface features similar to those of dry land; for instance, plains, trenches, canyons and mountains. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 5. No one believed her odd notion, like strange idea since she had no evidence to show. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 6. In addition to straight new stories, most newspapers have special sections, for example, sports section, entertainment section and classified section. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 7. Thomas Jefferson was a man of many talents. For instance, he was an outstanding architect of his day. He was also an inventor. He spoke Greek and Latin and played the violin. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….…………………. …………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 8. Toxic insecticides like DDT, dieldrin and others, have proved efficacious in controlling mosquito populations. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..……………

99 9. College students must often face obstacles such as meeting financial obligations, juggling time between a part-time job and large amounts of homework, and learning new technology. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… 10. The reporter talked to many auto-industry executives, e.g. company presidents and vice-presidents. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..…… Clue : …………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..……… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………….………………………..…………… มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง Activity 3.5 : Choose the best meaning for each of the bold typed words. 1. Having made a list of synonyms like “rich-wealth”, “sad-unhappy”, Tom found that he could write his essays better. a. words that have opposite meanings b. words that are used in writing c. words that have similar meanings d. lists of words 2. She is very touchy. For example, she usually gets angry when her teacher makes comments on her paper. A touchy person is a person who ………………………………. a. like to talk to other people b. is very sensitive c. likes to make comments d. is very gentle 3. He made many helpful contributions, for instance, he gave students money for scholarships. a. goal b. ability c. discovery d. offerings

100 4. Thailand exports many commodities, such as rice, canned food, and fruits. a. nation’s properties b. exports c. goods d. plants 5. Scientists found fossils, such as the hardened remains of skeletons and shells of sea animals and fish high up in the mountains. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง a. a sea animal that lived long ago b. a kind of wild animal c. the mountain d. the remains of the shells or skeletons of animals of long time ago 6. Examples of phobias include arachnophobia (fear of spiders), agoraphobia (fear of public places), and ocrophobia (fear of heights). a. challenging b. infection c. excessive fear d. motion 7. My mother was very devout person. For example, she always said her morning and evening prayers, went to church every Sunday, and tried to do her best. a. like to pray b. believe in god or religion deeply c. go to church every Sunday d. try to do the best 8. Various means of conveyance, for example, cars, subways and ships are used in world- wide. a. transportation b. journey c. road d. bridge 9. Canines such as collies, pugs and poodles are good pets. a. cows b. reptiles c. cats d. dogs 10. Edifices such as skyscrapers and condominiums are found in cities. a. high building b. houses c. bridges d. roads

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง101 Activity 3.6 : Match the meaning to the bold typed word in each of the following sentences. a. activities that you enjoy doing in your spare time b. animals that lays eggs c. useful services for the public d. hot food e. tools or containers used for cooking f. special services offered to housewives g. seasonings h. machines 1. Modern airplanes are powered by various of engines, for example, piston, fan, jet, turbojet, turboprop and ramjet. Engines means ………………………………………………………………………… 2. Condiments, e.g., pepper, salt and mustard, make food taste better. Condiments means …………………………………………………………………… 3. The utilities, for example, the suppliers of water to the home, or the bus services, in Bangkok require development. Utilities means ………………………………………………………………………………… 4. John has many hobbies, such as listening music, playing the guitar, reading cartoon books and collecting stamps. Hobbies means …………………………………………………….……………………….…… 5. Marian will stop at the supermarket to buy some kitchen utensils, such as pots, pans, dishes, spoons, forks and knives. Kitchen utensils means ……………………………………………………………………

102 4. (cause and effect) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง(signal)”“ ” “” “ ”“ (signal) 4.1 since consequently now that so because because of hence due to on account of thus as such owning to therefore in order to as the result 4.2 1) We can see things through a piece of glass because it’s transparent. SIGNAL UNKNOWN WORD EFFECT tran parent because transparent We can see things through a piece of glass transparent

103 CAUSE 2) The ship hit a big rock and began to sink , so the sailors got out to the boats and abandoned the ship. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง UNKNOWN WORD SIGNAL abandoned abandoned so The ship hit a big rock and began to sink abandoned UNKNOWN WORD 3) Mr. Rom did not have time to take his clothes to the laundry, so he had to wash and iron them himself. SIGNAL EFFECT laundry so he had to wash and iron them himself laundry laundry

104 SIGNAL UNKNOWN WORD 4) Since Tony is deaf, he can’t hear anything. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบงdeafEFFECT deaf since he can’t hear anything deaf SIGNAL UNKNOWN WORD 5) On account of the flood, we have to go out by boat. flood EFFECT on account of we have to go out by boat flood flood Activity 3.7 : Choose the best meaning for each bold typed word. 1. Everybody likes to eat in that restaurant because the food there is very delectable. a. cheap b. delicious c. convenient d. sweet 2. No one is able to see through a piece of iron because it is opaque. a. heavy b. hard to break c. not letting light through d. not letting heat through 3. The workers demolished the old houses so a condominium could be built. a. bought b. repaired c. painted d. destroyed

105 4. The old man sat in his rocking chair all day because he was too feeble to walk. a. lazy b. weak c. sleepy d. fat 5. All of the members of Congress cannot go to the meeting in a distance country. So they send one person to act as their delegate. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง a. a person acting for others b. minister c. the leader of the group d. a powerful person 6. The servants obeyed his master because they feared his wrath. a. personality b. family c. big body d. great anger 7. The movie on TV last night was so scary, so the girl could not sleep after watching it. a. frightening b. boring c. surprising d. uninteresting 8. This wooden bench is comfortable because it is padded with soft material. a. built b. mixed c. cut d. covered 9. Peter was the cause of the car accident, so his license to drive was revoked. a. stolen b. skillful c. canceled d. taken by the police 10. His friend derided him because of his funny haircut. a. was angry with b. believed c. made fun of d. discovered

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 106 Activity 3.8 : Read the following statements and find the signal and the clue that signals the meaning of each bold typed word. Then write the signals, the clues and the meanings of the words in the blanks provided. 1. Henry said that Peter was a trustworthy person, so I think we can rely on him. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Clue : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. John has stopped reading technical journals for years; therefore, he finds himself ignorant of new developments in his field. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Clue : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………- ………… Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Mr. Norman has built fences around his field in order to mark the boundaries of his land. r Signal : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Clue : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Mrs. Thompson likes Tom very much because he is very industrious; he works very hard on the farm. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Clue : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. The police questioned the man for almost two hours as the result he finally admitted that he was the murderer. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Clue : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. I can’t wash this suit because it will shrink. It needs only dry-cleaning. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Clue : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

107 7. Since Tom always worked hard and well for five years in the U.S.A., he received a good testimonial from the manager when he applied for a new job. e Signal : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Clue : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. My mother worked very hard all day, so at the end of a day she felt very exhausted. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Clue : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. Mr. Smith would like to get married with Alice as he adores her. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Clue : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. Travellers needed food and shelter for the night, so inns were built and markets opened. Signal : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Clue : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 5. (contrast) 2 (signal) 5.1 (signal) but otherwise however on the other hand nevertheless while although whereas despite contrast yet on the contrary though even though

108 5.2 SIGNAL 1) Both of his daughters are studious, but his son is lazy. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง UNKNOWN WORD CONTRASTING IDEA (gives a hint to the meaning) “studious” studious “lazy” but lazy “studious” (gives a hint to the meaning) CONTRASTING IDEA 2) Larry thought that the lecture was very boring: however, half of his classmates felt that it was ever stimulating. SIGNAL “stimulating” stimulating UNKNOWN WORD however boring “boring” “stimulating”

109 SIGNAL 3) Dick was voluble while his friend, Nick, was quiet. UNKNOWN WORD CONTRASTING IDEA (gives a hint to the meaning) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง “voluble” voluble “quiet” while quiet “voluble” 4) Some plants die in wet soil, but most plants thrive. ) CONTRASTING IDEA SIGNAL UNKNOWN WORD (gives a hint to the meaning) “thrive” thrive “die” but die “thrive”

110 5) Though Sally’s husband is rather dull , , Sally herself is very astute. SIGNAL CONTRASTING IDEA UNKNOWN WORD มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง(gives a hint to the meaning) “astute” astute “dull” though dull “astute” Activity 3.9 : Read the following statements and find the signal and the clue that signals the meaning of each bold typed word. Then write the signals, the clues and the meanings of the words in the blanks provided. 1. During the meeting, Mrs. Browin’s students were quiet, but Mrs. Johnson’s students were boisterous. Signal : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Clue : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Some people loathe durians even though others like them. Signal : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Clue : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. I always seem to make innumerable mistakes in my writing, but my friend Judy makes very few. Signal : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Clue : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 111 4. The eagle is very big. In contrast, the hummingbird is tiny. Signal : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Clue : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. My father has succumbed to the illness, but my mother is still alive. Signal : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Clue : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. It was bright yesterday, but today it is gloomy. Signal : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Clue : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Where much rain falls, the land is moist, however, where there is little rain the land is arid. Signal : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Clue : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. Although the school library has an abridged copy of the book, the public library has the complete book. Signal : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Clue : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. Suree thought the movie was exciting, yet her sister thought it was dreary. Signal : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Clue : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Meaning : ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. A hero is famous but a thief is notorious. Signal : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Clue : ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Meaning : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

112 Activity 3. : Read the following sentences. Then circle the meaning below that best describes the bold typed word in each sentence. 1. Mary narrated the story very excitingly, while the children listened to her quietly. a. listen b. tell c. cry loudlyl มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 2. Cathy is a kind person. She always helps other people. In contrast, Maria has no soul for any people. a. kind b. helpful c. selfish 3. I have nothing, but my brother possesses many things. a. have b. not have c. sell 4. Joey is talkative, but his brother doesn’t like to talk at all. a. quiet b. not talk c. speak a lot 5. My mother was nervous, conversely, father was quiet and gentle. a. vigor b. calm c. slow (contextual analysis) (context cles)

113 2) (restatement) 3) 1) (definition) 5) (contrast) (example) 4) (cause and effect) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 1. 3 2. (context) 2) (context) (unknown word) 3) 3. (definition) 4. 1) (restatement) (context clue) (example) 5. (cause and effect) 6. (contrast) 7. 5 1) (definition) 2) 8. (example) 4) (cause and effect) 5) 9. 10. (restatement) 3) (contrast)

114 . (2542). 1. : . . (2551). . ( 12). มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง :. Blachowicz, C. & Fisher, P.J. (2005). Integrated Vocabulary Instruction : Meeting the Needs of Diverse Learners in Grades K-5. Illinois: Learning Point Associates. Carroll, P. (1983). “Schema Theory and ESL Reading Padagogy” In Interactive Approaches to Second Language Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Finocchiaro, M. (1974). English as a Second Language from Theory Practice. New York: Regent Public Company. Gairn, R. & Redman, S. (2006). Working with Words : A Guide to Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hook, J. N. & Stevens, R. L. (1971). Teachin Elementary Reading : Principles and Strategies. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovick. Rubin, D. A. (1993). A Practical Approach to Teaching Reading. New York: Allyn and Bacon. Thornbury, S. (2002). How to Teach Vocabulary. Harlow Essex: Pearson Education.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 4 1. 2. 2.1 (demonstratives) 2.2 (pronouns) 2.3 (relative pronouns) 2.4 (synonyms or near synonyms) 2.5 (boarder meaning words) 2.6 (summary words) 2.7 (comparison) 2.8 (arithmetic pronouns) 2.9 (noun omission) 2.10 (repeated action reference words) 2.11 (sequence words) 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

116 2.มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 2.1 2.2 11 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 1. 2. PowerPoint 3. LCD Projector 4. Notebook 1. 2. 3. 2. 3.

117 4 Miller (1990) Blair, Turner & Schaudt (1992) Nunan (1995) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 1-3 2) 1) references) 3) (looking for

118 3 1) 2) 3) 3 (unknown words) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง (reference words) 2 (looking for references) reference 1) anaphora reference 2) cataphora 1. Anaphora reference Whales_ live in the water, but they are not fish. They whales Chiang Mai is in the north of Thailand. That place is very cold in winter. That place Chiang Mai 2. Cataphora reference A Germany company built the Eye of the wind in Berman in 1911. The company sold the ship to a Swedish family in 1923. the Eye of the wind 1 the ship 2 They built Bhumibhon Dam for 8 year . Thousand men worked day and night on the dam. they 1 thousand men 2

119 มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง(reference words)(pronouns)(synonyms or near (summary words) (demonstrative words) synonyms) (comparison) a. She told him that she did not like the place. she him the b. This made Ann sad very much. This c. Marry said I think so. so

120 1. (demonstrative) 1.1 (demonstrative adjectives) this, that, these those a. My hometown is in the north of Swizerland. That place is very beautiful. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง that place that that place the north of Swizerland b. Cartons and boxes are made of heavy paper. These containers are typically square or rectangular. these containers these these containers cartons and boxes c. Textbooks have tables of contents and indexes. These sections can help you find information quickly and easily. these sections these these sections tables of contents and indexes 1.2 (demonstrative pronouns) this, that, these those a. Somsak got the scholarship to study aboard. This made him happy. this “Somsak got the scholarship to study aboard” b. Students must attend classes regularly. Everyone knows that. that “Students must attend classes regularly” c. Mr.Smith’s explanations are easier to understand than these of Mr. Johnson. these “explanations”

121 1.3 (demonstrative adverbs) here, there a. Surin is near Cambodia, but I haven’t been there. there Cambodia b. My sister said New Zealand is a nice place, so I’m going there next year. there New Zealand c. They have been here in Bangkok several times. here Bangkok 2. (pronouns) 4.1 มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 4.1 subject object possessive Reflexive adjective pronoun pronoun I me myself you you my mine yourself he him your yours himself she her his his herself it it her hers they them its its itself we us their theirs theirselves our ours ourselves (Adapted from Olanvoravuth, 2003, pp.32-34)

122 a. My niece stays with my father. She always help him with chores. she him she มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง my niece him my father b. Runners know that a good diet is important. They eat very healthy foods, especially before a race. They They runners c. Rosebud is a small town in New Jersey. It looks like many other towns in the United States. it it Rosebud 3. (relative pronouns) which, who, whose, when, why, where that (adjective clause) (adverb clause) a. She bought ten dresses that made by Sopa who owned the modern dress shop. that ten dresses made by Sopa (adjective clause) ten dresses who Sopa owned the modern dress shop Sopa b. I lost the ring which my brother bought me. which the ring my brother bought me the ring c. Sophon is always lonely when it rains. when lonely it rains (adverb clause)

123 4. (synonyms or near synonyms) a. Reading is a primary avenue to knowledge. For some the path is wide, paved straight with all road signs where they should be. ( . 2523) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง avenue, path road path road avenue b. Warunee worked so hard that she could afford to buy a diamond ring. This precious gem cost 30,000. a diamond ring This precious gem This precious gem a diamond ring c. My daughter is playing and jumping around the house. She enjoys skipping rope and hopping like a rabbit. jumping, skipping hopping skipping hopping jumping 5. (boarder meaning words) a. Whales and porpoises are sea mammals. These animals can make many hundreds different sounds. these animals whales and porpoises animals whales and porpoises b. Nancy, who is in the fourth grade, does not feel good today. The poor girl has a sore throat. Since it is a rainy day, the child probably caught cold on her way to school. ( . 2523) the poor girl the child Nancy the poor girl the child Nancy c. Last night my dog barked a lot. The animal must have seen a stranger. the animal my dog animal dog

124 6. (summary words) process, procedure, measure, problem, idea, definition, quality a. I rented a room in a hotel a few days ago. It was terrible, there was no water, the air condition was not working and above all the service was not good. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง These are the problems that I had during my stay in one city. the problems there was no water, the air condition was not working and above all the service was not good. the problem b. She is clever, gentle and kind-hearted. These are the qualities which attracted everyone around her. ( . 2523) the qualities clever, gentle and kind-hearted the qualities c. Weena can speak English very well. Moreover, she can work on many PC programs. Because of these qualification, she can easily get the good job. these qualification can speak English very well. Moreover, she can work on many PC programs. these qualification 7. (comparison) same, similar, different, equal, more, less, similarity, as a. Tom weighed 60 kilos. His brother weighed one kilo less, but his sister weighed two kilos more. less more 60 kilos less ( ) more ( ) Tom 60 59 62

125 8. (arithmetic pronouns) one, two, three, first, second, third a. I can’t differentiate this girl from that one. Do you think they are Siamese twins ? that one that girl มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 9. (noun omission) one, another, the other, others, some, those, all a. Octopuses are easily tamed and can be trained to take food from your hand. Some will even pull your hand open to get at a tightly held bit of food. some octopuses b. Two ladies are talking in the canteen. One is my advisor and the other is her colleague. one lady ( 2 ) the other lady c. I have two English teachers. One is American. Another is British. one two English teachers ( 2 ) another English teacher 10. (repeated action reference words) so, that, it, too, do, does, did, the same, like wise, not, either a. Mary gave some of her pocket money to Red Cross, and you should do likewise. likewise Mary gave some of her pocket money to Red Cross b. Ratree has to work on Sundays. This is disappoints her. this Ratree has to work on Sundays. c. Somsak did not go back to his hometown. Adisak did not either. either Somsak did not go back to his hometown. 11. (sequence words) the former “... ” the latter “... ” 2 the former

126 the latter 2 a. John and Mary arrived, the latter wearing a green dress. the latter Mary มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบงb. Some students read slowly and know it; others read slowly and don’t know it. The former can be helped more easily than the latter. the former students read slowly and know it the latter students read slowly and don’t know it c. Of these two men, the former is in Thailand, but the latter is in Brazil. the former the latter Activity 4.1 : Underline the reference word and write what the underline reference word refers to. 1. If the first store is closed, we’ll go to the other. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 2. I don’t like the story that has unhappy endings. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 3. I recently went back to the town where I was born. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 4. Our vegetable garden which we started as a hobby will save us quite a bit of money. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 5. Some students study in the library, and others study in their room. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6. The farmers wanted to transport their corn to market, but they didn’t have enough money to pay for transportation. ………………………………………………………………………………..

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 127 7. This is not my ring; it’s hers. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 8. Sutee graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering, but now he is working as a salesman. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 9. I want to go to London because I have never been there. ……………………………………………………………………………….. 10. This plan will not answer; we must find a better one. ……………………………………………………………………………….. Activity 4.2 : Underline the word that the bold-typed pronoun refers to. 1. Running is not a new sport. People were doing it hundreds of years ago. 2. Runners know that a good diet is important. They eat very healthy foods, especially before a race. 3. Every year, there are many long races in many parts of the world. Sports fans watch them on television. 4. In some races, the winners get a large amount of money. But for almost 100 years, they got no money at all in the Boston race. 5. The administration has decided to give more financial support to the average student. This week it indicated its intention to increase the number of scholarships based on need by 35 percent in the next year. 6. Although a woman in the lifeboat shouted to her to jump, the woman standing at the rail of the ship appeared to realize that she would not have any chance of being rescued. 7. A spokesman for the film company discussed the failure of the firm’s latest western epic with reporters. He stated that the company would probably lose more than the 15 million dollars it had cost to make the film. 8. Many people know about solar energy, but few people use it.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 128 9. My friends think English is easy, but I disagree with them because learning English is very difficult for me. 10. The children are on holiday. They are noisy when they are at home. Activity 4.3 : Underline the words that the bold-typed demonstratives refer to. 1. Many overweight people blame their condition on physical disorders such as thyroid trouble, but doctors claim that these are seldom the cause of obesity. 2. After winning the lottery in Pennsylvania, she bought a Mercedes and a condominium. These were the first two large purchases she had ever been able to pay for in cash. 3. Drinking fine wines and eating Italian food were his favorite pastimes as a young man. Later in his life, these led to his investing all his money in a small Italian restaurant. 4. Faulty equipment is sometimes responsible for rollerskating accidents, but problems with balance are those which caused most falls. 5. The first things the new settlers tried to decide on were a flag and a national anthem, those being the most striking symbols of national identity. 6. Two Frenchmen went up in a basket under a balloon. They built a fire to make the air hot. This made the balloon stay up in the air. 7. The pilot of a balloon can control its altitude. He can raise and lower the balloon to find a good wind direction. That is how a good pilot can control where the balloon goes. 8. Early photographers had to carry film and heavy equipment everywhere they went. But this did not stop them. 9. Hellen Keller was deaf and blind. She could not speak until she was seven years old. But these problems did not stop her. She became a famous writer and teacher. 1.0 A tornado is a very dangerous storm. It brings strong winds and it travels very fast. The strong winds can blow over cars, destroy houses, and kill people. And this happens in just a few minutes.

129 Activity 4.4 : Choose the words or phrases to which the bold typed words refer to. 1. Miss Orawan said Lek is a good student, but her English isn’t as good as Daeng’s and Nit’s. Her refers to …………………………. . a. Lek’s b. Daeng’s c. Nit’s d. Orawan’s มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 2. The teacher hit the boy, Veera, for throwing chalk. He made him stay after school to clean the classroom. He refers to …………………………. . a. the teacher b. Veera c. the boy d. the boy’s friend Him refers to …………………………. . a. the teacher b. the teacher’s friend c. chalk d. Veera 3. David’s life spanned two World Wars and when he heard that man had walked on the moon, he said he simply did not believe it. It refers to …………………………. . a. the moon b. two World Wars c. David’s life d. the man had walked on the moon 4. There are many means of transportation, but Noree prefers sea travel most. This form of transport is pleasant and convenient. This form of transport refers to …………………………. . a. Noree b. sea travel c. travel d. means of ansportation 5. A Hong Kong resident flew to Sydney to visit relatives. At the airport, she forgot her red suitcase. She refers to …………………………. . a. a baby b. a mother c. a suitcase d. a Hong Kong resident Her refers to …………………………………..………………….. a. a baby’s b. a mother’s c. a suitcase’s d. a Hong Kong resident’s

130 Activity 4.5 : Write the words or phrases to which the bold typed words refer to. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบงsalesgirls.1. A : Do you have a book ? book. B : No, I haven’t got one. One refers to …………………………………………………………. 2. I have got oranges here. Have some if you like. Some refers to ……………………………………………………….. 3. I’m going to make coffee. Would you like some. Some refers to ……………………………………………………….. 4. The streets in Bangkok are wider than those in Chaing Mai. Those refers to ……………………………………………………….. 5. Some people enjoy city life; others prefer country life. Others refers to ……………………………………………………….. 6. David has four daughters. Two of them are nurses. The others are The others refers to ………………………………………………….. 7. A : English is very easy. B : I don’t think so. So refers to …………………………………………………………. 8. Air which is essential to us costs nothing. Which refers to …………………………………………………… 9. It is the biggest tree that I have ever seen. That refers to ……………………………………………………….. 10. The Thai stamps in the windows are more beautiful than those in the Those refers to ………………………………………………………

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 131 Activity 4.6 : Each of the following passages contains reference words that are bold-typed. After each passage, write what the bold-typed reference word refers to. 1. Boys generally study less than girls. A recent survey showed that the average seventh-grade boy spends almost half the time on his homework that the average girl dose. Perhaps the reason in that boys tend to have more outside interests than girls. dose : …………………………………………………………………..…..…………… 2. He bought a leather jacket and wore it to his office. His colleagues like it and asked where he got it. The next day one of them entered the office wearing a coat that looked exactly like his. it : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… one of them : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… his : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… 3. A tree frog is less than an inch long, yet its loud, clear call can be heard almost a mile away. This sound is hard to locate even though the creature may be sitting nearby. Probably more persons hear than ever see the tiny animal. Only the full-grown male can sing, and the performance is an amazing sight to watch. The tree frog sits on its hind legs, leans back, and sings. Its white throat swells up until it looks like a shiny bubble about to burst. This sound : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… the creature : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… the tiny animal: ………………………………………………………………………..…………… the full-grown male : ……………………………..…………………………………………… the performance : ……………………………………………………………..…………… 4. The strange-looking insect attracted everyone’s attention. The boys had never seen one like it before, so they followed its movements with great interest. No one knew how dangerous this poisonous creature was. The youngest boy, Johnny, stepped forward to pick it up. At that moment the scoutleader returned. He(1) quickly grabbed Johnny before he(2) could touch the poisonous tarantula.

132 everyone : ……………………..……………………..……… one : ……………………..……………………..……… its : ……………………..……………………..……… this poisonous creature : ……………………..……………………..……… it : ……………………..……………………..……… มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง He : ……………………..……………………..……… he : ……………………..……………………..……… 5. In most cases, you can transplant a tree successfully, at any time, if you follow the instructions for planting a tree. The most important thing is to dig out enough roots, but this process is difficult with a large tree. this process : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… 6. The long-nosed crocodile is shy and timid and because of this the people of West Africa where it lives, sometimes catch it for food. Many, many centuries ago there were crocodiles in England. We know this because we have found their bones buried for down in the earth on which London is built. this (line 1) : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… this (line 3) : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… their : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… 7. For thousands of years most of the Chinese were little better off than slaves. Since the Revolution, China has become a Communist country. There are many people in the West who say that this is just another kind of slavery. But conditions are improving. It would be foolish to deny this. this (line 3) : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… this (line 4) : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… 8. The divers on the coasts of Malaya and China do not attempt to struggle when they meet an octopus. They claim that the octopus is not interested in things that do not move. Perhaps it regards them as stones or plants. They : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… that : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… it : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… them : ………………………………………………………………………..……………

133 9. One of the most important tasks of every child as we have already seen is to learn to live with his strong natural emotions and desires in the civilized world and one of the most important tasks of every parent is to help him do it. him : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… it : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… 10. A surprising fact about sailboats is that they can move against the wind. No matter which way the wind blows, you can move your boat in any direction you like. This is possible because of the shape and action of the sails. they : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… this : ………………………………………………………………………..…………… 11 มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง (looking for references) 2 1) anaphora reference 2) cataphora reference (demonstratives) 2) pronouns) 4) (pronouns) 3) 11 1) (relative (synonyms or near synonyms)

134 5) (boarder meaning words) 6) (conclusion words) 7) (comparison) 8) (arithmetic pronouns) 9) (noun omission) 10) (repeated action reference words) 11) (sequence words) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง1. (reference words) 2. 3. “ ” 4. “ ”“ ”“ ”“ ” 5. “this” “their” “We know this because we have found their bones burried for down in the earth on which London is built.” 6. “Suwit likes to go to the movie, but his girlfriend doesn’t.” 7. (demonstrative) 8. 9. 10.

135 . (2523). Reading English for General Purposes. : . Blair, T.R., Turner, E.C. & Schaudt, B.A. (1992). Teaching Reading : A Practicum มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง Approach to Elementary Reading. New York: Holtr, Rinehart and Winston Inc. Chalermpatarakul, C. et al. (1990). Systematic Reading I. Bangkok: Thammasat University Press. Miller, W. H. (1990). Reading Comprehension Activities Kit. New York: The Center for Applied Research in Education. Nunan, D. (1995). Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Olanvoravuth, N. (2003). Business English Communitcation. (9th ed.). Pathum Thani: Thammasat University Press.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 5 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

138 1. 2. PowerPoint 3. LCD Projector 4. Notebook 1. 2. 3. 2. 3. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง