ชฎาพร โพคัยสวรรค์

139 5 มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง1) (topic) 2)(main idea) 3) (supporting details) (main idea) (reading for topics) (topic) (book) (textbook) (tourism) (food) (house) (animal) (fish) (attractions) (breakfast) “ ” (breakfast) “ ” (food) “” “ ” (attraction) “ ” (tourism) “ ” 12

140 1 Mexico City Mexico City is a popular place for tourists. Every year thousands of people go to Mexico City. They visit the old and beautiful building in this city. In the museums they learn about the history of Mexico. And in the restaurants they enjoy the spicy and delicious Mexican food. 1 Mexico city มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 2 My Grandmother I think my grandmother is a wonderful person. She was born 77 years ago in England. When she was a baby, her family moved to the United States. After high school, she worked in a bakery until she married my grandfather. She can still make delicious cake! My grandfather died five years ago, so she lives with us now. My grandmother is not patient, but she never gets angry with me. She always listens to me and helps me with my problems. (Singleton, 2005, p. 27) 2 My Grandmother (topic) “Nutritious Breakfast” 1. “Talking to Your Pets” “Breakfast” “Television in the 21st Century” “Pets” “Television” “Educational Innovation” “Innovation” “Technology” “Computer Technology”

141 2. What is the paragraph generally about? 3 The Olympic Games The Olympic games are an international sports competition. They started in ancient Greece. But they were stopped in the 4th century and did not start again until Baron de Coubertin revived them in 1896. They are held every four years in different cities of the world. There are no age limits, and no discrimination because of religion, color or political ideas. There are Winter and Summer Olympic games. There are individual, group and team competitions. 3 The Olympic Games มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง . . 1896 4 4 4 Bangkok’s China Town Bangkok’s China Town is an old business center covering a large area around Yaowarat Road and Charoen Krung Road. There are many small streets and alleys full of shops selling all types of goods. The area is always lively, and market stalls abound. It has been the main center for trading by the Chinese since they were moved from their old site some 200 years ago to make way for the Grand Palace and Emerald Buddha complex. 4 Bangkok’s China Town

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 142 Activity 5.1 : Read the following items. Then check ( ) in front of the items that is suitable for being the topics and ( ) in front of the items that is not. ………………….. 1. Warm current in the Pacific Ocean ………………….. 2. Let me tell you about Grandma. ………………….. 3. My friend ………………….. 4. A diet high in fiber can help prevent cancer of colon. ………………….. 5. New normal in Thailand ………………….. 6. The only way to learn how to write is to write. ………………….. 7. How to make money in real estate ………………….. 8. A scary and funny experience ………………….. 9. I like the New Year in Japan. ………………….. 10. Jessica’s terrible experience ………………….. 11. Vitamin A ………………….. 12. Electrical car ………………….. 13. All plants go through a cycle of growing, dying and decomposing. ………………….. 14. Talking to your plants ………………….. 15. COVID-19 situation in Thailand (topic) 1. 5 Tape recorders Computers Televisions Video cameras Electronics

143 5 Electronics 6มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง Beetles Cockroaches Mosquitoes Insects Flies 6 Insects 7 Office equipment Dictaphones Photocopiers Computers Visualizers 7 Office equipments 2. “ ”“ ” 4) 1) ( ) 2) 3) ” “

144 8 Most people in the United States watch TV. They turn on the TV, sit down in a comfortable chair and watch many different things. Most TV Stations need to have advertisements to pay for their expenses. But there are also noncommercial stations. For instance, the B.B.C. in Great Britain is sponsored by the British government. Most people spend some of their time watching TV Everyday. 8 Television TV มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 9 Rabies is caused by a virus which enters the body through animal bites. It is present in the saliva in the mouth of the affected animal. Rabies can develop in humans only when the individual has been bitten by an animal having the disease. While not everyone bitten by a rabid dog or cat gets rabies, it is important to report all bite wounds to a physician. (Chalermpatarakul et al, 2005, p.45) 9 Rabies rabies Activity 5.2 : Look at the words in each list below. Then underline the word that is the topic of each group. 1. scientist pharmacist occupation electrician journalist 2. jasmines flowers orchids roses sunflowers 3. football soccer rugby tennis sports 4. threads needles sewing scissors safety pins 5. tools hammers saws drills axes 6. shirts pants sweaters clothes jeans 7. pears peaches bananas grapes fruits 8. chairs beds furniture cupboards dressers 9. Singapore Japan Thailand Asia China 10. medicine aspirin tetracycline penicillin quinine

145 Activity 5.3 : Give the general term of the words that belongs to the same category in the space provided. The first one is done for you. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง1. Continents 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Africa lettuce Australia onion America cabbage Europe sprouts 3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ coffee Buddhism fruit juice Islam mineral water Christianity Pepsi Taoism 5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Wales rings England ear-rings Scotland bracelets Northern Ireland necklaces 7. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kettles drums microwave violins pan flutes plate-mat trumpets 9. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ stamp collecting guns bird watching knives coin collecting bombs model building spears

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง11. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 146 coast range desert 12. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ plateau swimming island jogging jumping rope 13. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ practicing yoga Burmuda Cuba 14. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Haiti toasters Tahiti vacuums blenders 15. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ can openers hunting societies agricultural societies 16. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ industrial societies birthday post-industrial societies graduation engagement 17. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wedding low fat low carbohydrate 18. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ counting calories Argentina weight watchers Venezuela Brazil 19. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Columbia wind power sun power 20. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nuclear power democracy oil and natural gas communism monarchy fascism

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 147 Activity 5.4 : Read the given topics. Then write a list of things that fit each of them. 1. Topic 1 : Seasons _________________ _________________ _________________ 2. Topic 2 : Subjects _________________ _________________ _________________ 3. Topic 3 : Sports _________________ _________________ _________________ 4. Topic 4 : Languages _________________ _________________ _________________ 5. Topic 5 : Insects _________________ _________________ _________________ 6. Topic 6 : Clothes _________________ _________________ _________________

148 7. Topic 7 : Pets _________________ _________________ _________________ มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง8. Topic 8 : Types of Vehicles _________________ _________________ _________________ 9. Topic 9 : Television Programs _________________ _________________ _________________ 10. Topic 10 : stationary _________________ _________________ _________________ Activity 5.5 : Read the following paragraph and choose the best topic. 1. All plants go through a cycle of growing, dying and decomposing. First of all, a seed in planted, and after it has received enough water it begins to grow. The roots begin to develop first, then the stem and the leaves follow. Later in the plant’s life, flowers appear and seeds form deep inside the flowers. Afterwards these flowers swell and become fruit. Eventually the plant dies and its grows into a new plant. Finally, after death, the plant decomposes and goes back into the soil it came from. a. A Cycle of Dying b. A Cycle of Plants c. A Cycle of Growing d. A Cycle of Decomposing

149 2. On February, we celebrate Valentine’s Day. On this day, men, women and even boys and girls give each other flowers, card or note saying, “Be My Valentine” hrough the cards they show affection for someone they care about. There are cards for mothers, fathers, best friends and even teachers. Unbelievably, there are even cards for pets. Everyone looks forward to receiving a card on Valentine’s Day. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง a. Be My Valentine b. Showing Affection c. Valentine’s Day d. Cards for Pets 3. The fast-food restaurant has become well-known for many reasons. First, the food is good for people who must have a quick bite because of a busy. Second, the food is inexpensive yet tasty. A person can eat an enjoyable meal out and stay within a limited budget. Finally, the food is usually consistent. For example, a hamburger from a popular fast-food restaurant looks and tastes about the same no matter where in the world it is purchased. a. Well-Known Restaurants b. Fast-Food Restaurants c. Enjoyable Meals d. Popular Hamburgers 4. People most often think of heavy rain when they think of floods. Rain falling at a rapid rate dose not soak into the soil. It spills over from fieldsand streams to destroy crops and homes. Floods can also result from high winds, which toss ocean water into coastal areas. High tide and melting ice also cause floods. a. Heavy Rain b. Floods c. Causes of Floods d. High Tide and Melting Ice 5. The price a man must pay for a wife varies from culture to culture. In some u countries men have to pay money to their bride’s parents according to the amount asked. Men elsewhere trade pigs, goats, shells, metal tools, such as axes and knives, for wives. In East African societies where cattle are the primary currency, a bride can be worth anywhere from 5 to 50 cows, depending on the particular society and its resources. a. Marriage b. Brideprice c. Wedding Ceremony d. The Groom

150 6. The people in the United States speak the same language as the people in Great Britain. However, American English is different from British English in many ways. First, the sounds of American English are different from the sounds of British English. For example, most Americans pronounce the “r” in the word “car” but most Britons do not. Most Americans pronounce the word “dictionary” like this : “dik-shun-ar-y,” but มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง the British pronounce it like this “dik-shun-ry” Some spellings are also different. People in Britain write “colour” and “centre,” but people in the United States write “color” and “center”. Finally, some words are different. People in the United States use “gasoline” in their cars, but people in Britainuse “petrol.”Gasolineand petrol are the same thing, but the Americans and the British use different words for it. ( , 2558, 201-202) a. American English b. the English Language c. the Different Sounds of American and British English d. the Differences between American and British English 7. Some of the largest trees in the world are in California. These are called redwood trees. Redwood National Park is a large forest of redwood trees. Some redwoods are hundreds of years old. These old trees are very tall. They are also very wide at the bottom. One tree has a large hole in the bottom. The hole is so big you can drive a car through it. a. Parks in California b. Redwood Trees in California c. the Age of Redwood d. Redwood National Park 8. Flares can be used effectively by day or night. The light or cloud of smoke can be seen for a great distance in clear weather and for several hundred feet in a fog. But flares must not be used carelessly. They can easily dry grass or brush along the highway. ( , 2551, 81-82) a. Fire Danger from Flares b. The Use and Misuse of Flares c. The Use of Flares by Night d. Getting Rid of Dry Grass along the Highway

151 9. An ecosystem exists in a state of balance. It can support a certain number of plants and animals of different species. When the population of one animal increases, there will be a change in the ecosystem. There will not be enough food and water for all the animals. Consequently, some will die. The system will return to its state of balance. The ecosystem regulates itself in the same way that a มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง thermostat regulates the temperature in a heating system. a. An Ecosystem b. A Certain Number of Plants and Animals c. A State of Balance d. A Thermostat 10. The grizzly bear is one of the largest North American brown bears. In the Rocky Mountains, frosted long hairs on the shoulders give this brown bear a grizzled appearance, and thus the name grizzly bear. The grizzly bear is largely vegetarian and rarely eat flesh. During the summer these bears are keen fishers, and search through the waters of mountain streams to catch salmon swimming upstream. (Haugnes & Maher, 2004, p.59) a. Brown Bears b. Grizzly Bears c. Habitats of Bears d. How Bears Survive (reading for topic) (native language)

(using dictionary) 152 (word formation) 1) (suffix) 3) context clue) 4) 2) (root) (prefix) (guessing word meaning by using (looking for references) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 1) (topic) 2) (main idea) 3) (supporting details) (reading for topics) “ ”“ ” 3) 1) 2) “ 4) ” 1. (topic) (paragraph) 2 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 153 7. “ ” “ ” 8. “Relaxation makes people maintain good health” 9. 9.1 Life in America 9.2 Drugs sometimes cause incredible side effects. 9.3 Influences of European Music 9.4 Wine Quality 9.5 The technology of word processors can be shared globally. 10. Read the following paragraphs. Determine the topic of each by reading the entire paragraph carefully and then deciding what the general subject is. Write the topic on the line. 10.1 ______________________________________________________ Owls are well equipped to do their hunting at night. The animals that they like best to eat are those that are active at night. The feathers of an owl are so soft that he can swoop down upon a mouse or a rat without being heard. The big eyes of an owl help him to see well even at night. 10.2 ______________________________________________________ Magazines provide a wide variety of information and entertainment. For example, some magazines cover such subjects as current events, literary criticism, or tips on how to repair appliances. Many magazines seek to simply entertain their readers with such material as articles about TV shows or interviews with motion-picture stars. 10.3 ______________________________________________________ Montreal’s Winter Festival celebrates the winter season. The festival’s symbol is Boule de Neige, a jolly snowman who watches over the city at his time. There are winter activities for every age and interest during this two-week festival. Clowns and make-up artists stroll the city’s parks to entertain people. There are skiing and ice skating events for beginners and experts alike. Specialists in ice carving create huge sculptures that represent the life of the people of Canada. There are more than 125 special events available to all by public transportation.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 154 10.4 ______________________________________________________ People used to tell time by looking at the shadow on sundials. For some sundials it was the length of a shadow that told the time of day. For other sundials it was the position of the shadow. Some sundials are still in use today. 10.5 ______________________________________________________ Fins are a great help in swimming. A fish pushes itself forward by moving its tail and tail fin from side to side. Its other fins help it keeps its balance. They also help guide it. 10.6 ______________________________________________________ Plants which grow in the desert have long root systems. These roots quickly soak up whatever water is available. Desert plants are not like other plants, which have thin leaves and lose most of the moisture sent up from the roots. The thick leaves of the desert plants store water for use in the driest parts of the year. Those are ways in which desert plants get and store water. (Chalermpatarakul et al, 2005, p.46) 10.7 ______________________________________________________ From the earliest times men have travelled on water. They made their settlements nears water, and they used it for their animals and plants. Later on, the rivers and then the seas became man’s highwars. Wars have been waged and treaties signed, and civilization have lived and died all because of water. ( . 25515, 83) 10.8 ______________________________________________________ One of the greatest dangers to life on earth is the wholesale pollution of the environment. This can create serious health problems for people. Most city residents must breathe foul air. Industrial waste and fumes pour into the air. Rivers and lakes are being filled with waste products that endanger all forms of life. Testing of nuclear weapons has spread much contamination. Overcrowded living quarters add to the problem. Too many people in a small area create tremendous amounts of waste and trash.

155 10.9 ______________________________________________________ Electricity is a servant of modern man. It provides power to do a lot of work for him. It heats homes and stores. It cools buildings by running air- conditioners. Electricity can also be very dangerous to man. Lightening, a form of electricity, has started many fires and struck many people. Other injures and deaths have come from electricity in the home. Electricity is helpful but dangerous, too. 10.10 ______________________________________________________ At one time, the atom was thought to be the smallest unit of matter. Now scientists know that many particles are far smaller than the atom. Atoms themselves are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. There are also particles called Mesons and Hyperion. Both are smaller than the atom. Recently, scientists detected minute particles called neutrinos. Neutrinos have a mass of zero. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง

156 . (2551). .: . . (2558). .: มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง . Chalermpatarakul, C. et al. (2005). Systematic Reading I. Bangkok: Thammasat University Press. Haugnes, N. & Maker, B. (2004). NorthStar : Reading and Writing. New York: Pearson Education, Inc. Singleton, J. (2005). Writers at Work : The Paragraph . New York: Cambridge University Press.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 6 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

158 1. 2. PowerPoint 3. LCD Projector 4. Notebook 1. 2. 3. 2. 3. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง

159 6 (main idea) (supporting idea) (reading for main ideas) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง (main idea) ( , 2551, 58; , , 2556, 109; Chalermpatarakul et al., 2005, p.46; Singleton, 2005, p.8)

160 (topic) (main idea) “” “” “ “” ” มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 1 A Cycle of Plants (1) All plants go through a cycle of growing, dying and decomposing. (2) First of all, a seed is planted, and after it has received enough water it begins to grow. (3) The roots, begin to develop first, then the stem and the leaves follow. (4) Later in the plant’s life, flowers appear and seeds form deep inside the flowers. (5) Afterwards these flowers swell and become fruit. (6) Eventually the plant dies and its fruit grows into a new plant. (7) Finally, after death, the plant decomposes and goes back into the soil it come from. ( , 2558, 198) 1 “A Cycle of Plants” “ ” 1 “All plants go through a cycle of growing, dying and decomposing” “ ” “” 2 Plants (1) Some plants require more light than others due to coloration of their foliage. (2) Plants with shades of white, yellow or pink in their leaves need more lights than plants with completely green foliage. (3) For example, a Swedish ivy plant with completely green leaves requires less light per day than a variegated Swedish ivy that contains shades of white, yellow and green in its leaves.

161 2 “Plants” “ ” 1 “Some plants require more light than others due to coloration of their foliage” “ ” “” มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง2)3 1) 1. 3) sentence topic sentence main idea (open statement) (closed statement) 3 Credit cards are classified into several types.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 162 4 The managers are in the conference room. 5 Cholera spreads easily in summer. 6 A motorcycle thief was shot in front of a restaurant in Bangkok. Activity 6.1 : Which is an open statement and which is a closed statement? Write “O” or “C” in the space provided. ………………….. 1. These are some of the reasons why they did not like the new plan. ………………….. 2. Students can do many things to improve their reading ability. ………………….. 3. John sits in the middle of the first row and Susan sits behind him. ………………….. 4. Traffic congestion in Bangkok can be alleviated. ………………….. 5. Students are advised to send their luggage in advance. ………………….. 6. An engine exploded while the plane was taking off. ………………….. 7. There are many fun things to do at the beach. ………………….. 8. Chiang Mai is in the northern part of Thailand, about 850 kilometers from Bangkok.

163 ………………….. 9. Cholera is an infectious disease of tropical countries which attacks especially the stomach and bowels, and often leads to death. ………………….. 10. Tension and anxiety are obstacles to effective learning. 2. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 1) What does the author want to say about the topic that he writes? 2) What does the author want me to know as a result of reading this paragraph? 3) What statement that contain other sentences in the paragraph to support or explain? 4) What does the author want to communicate in the paragraph? 1) 2) (topic) 3) 4) 7 I think my grandmother is a wonderful person. She was born 77 years age in England. When she was a baby, her family moved to the United States, After high school, she worked in a bakery until she married my grandfather. She can still make delicious cake! My grandfather died five years ago, so she lives with us now. My grandmother is not patient, but she never gets angry with me. She always listens to me and helps me with my problems. (Singleton, 2005, p.27) 7 “My Grandmother” 1) 2) 3)

164 person” 1) “I think my mother is a wonderful 2) 3) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง8 Most people are free to enjoy themselves in the evenings and on weekends. Some spend their time watching television, listening to the radio, going shopping, exercising or going to movies; others participate in sports. It depends on their interests. There are various ways to spend one’s free time. ( , 2542, 44) 8 “One’s Free Time” 1) 2) 3) 1) “There are various ways to spend one’s free time” “People spend their free time in various ways” 2) 3) 3. so, thus, hence, consequenly, therefore, for the reason, as the result, in other words that’s why 2

165 9 An author could also begin a paragraph by giving examples of an idea. Or she might choose to describe a scene or a historical event. At other times, the writer might begin by using a quotation from another person. In this case, the author begins with supporting details and then moves to a general conclusion. In other words, she มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง puts the main idea at the end of the paragraph. (Maker & Lenier, 1986, p. 13, , 2556, 112) 9 in other words 2 1) 2) 3) 10 The Amezon River is the widest river in the world, with one-fifth of all the fresh water on earth moving through its mouth. In length it is second only to the Nile, and if stretched across the United States, it would reach from New York to Los Angles. In addition, the Amazon covers the largest area of any river. Therefore, it can be argued that the Amezon is the mightiest river on Earth. (Maker & Lenier, 1986, p. 13, , 2556, 113) 10 therefore 2 1) (The Amezon River) 2) 3) 2 1) (stated (implied main idea) main idea) 2) (stated main idea) 1.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 166 1.1 11 Everyone bathes in a different way. Most Americans soap and rinse off under the shower. The English sit in a bathtub full of warm water, soap themselves, and finally, rinse off the soap. The Thais stand in a bathroom where there is a big jar, and with a bowl, pour water from a jar on themselves. 11 Everyone bathes in a different way. 12 There are many fun things to do at the beach. Swimming is one thing that can be done at the beach. Snorkeling is another thing that can be enjoyed. Playing beach volleyball can be a lot of fun. It is also fun to look for shells. Some people simply like to sunbathe. (Western Language Program Staff, 2017, p.72) 12 There are many fun things to do at the beach.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง167 1.2 13 When prices are high, producers can get more money for their goods. When prices are low, consumers can get more goods for their money. These changes in the prices of goods can cause changes in productions and consumptions. As the prices of goods go up, producers will make more goods in order to make more money. As the price go down, consumers will buy more goods because of the low prices. 13 These changes in the prices of goods can cause changes in productions and consumptions. 14 It shouldn’t surprise you to learn that the most popular ice-cream choice is vanilla. Vanilla extract is used in more products than any other flavouring. It is added to cakes, cookies, custards, candy, and even chocolate. Some perfumes contain small amounts of vanilla. 14 Vanilla extract is used in more products than any other flavouring.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 168 1.3 15 Americans generally stand a couple of feet away from each other when they are talking. People in the Middle East and in Latin countries tend to stand very close to each other. Americans often regard this behavior as rude or pushy. On the other hand, Middle Easterners and Latins see Americans as too “standoffish” or distant. In fact, culture affects how people view and use space. 15 Culture affects how people view and use space. 16 Although the buildings are tall, none of them blots out the sky. People rush about as in New York, but someone always stops to answers a question about directions. A person will listen when he or she is asked a question. Often a sudden smile will fresh from the crowds of strangers pushing down State Street. It is a smile of welcome and of happiness at the same time. And the traffic : it is tough, noisy, active; but a person never feels as if he takes his life in his hands when he crosses the street. Of course, there is always the presence of the lake, the vast, shimmering lake that shines like an ocean of silver. Something about that lake each time it spreads out around a turn on Lakeshore Drive says, “Hello. It’s good to see you again’” Chicago is a fine, friendly city. (Wiener & Bazerman, 1988, p.86)

169 16 Chicago is a fine, friendly city. 1.4 มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 17 There are a number of reasons for using memos. First, they are convenient. Second, they usually take a little time to write and read. Third, they provide a written record for further reference. These benefits help explain why million of organizational memos are written every day. 17 There are a number of reasons for using memos. These benefits help explain why million of organizational memos are written every day. 18 The good listener, in order to achieve the purpose of acquiring information, is careful to follow specific steps to achieve accurate understanding. First, whenever possible the good listener prepares in advance for the speech or lecture he or she is going to attend. He or she studies the topic to be discussed and finds out about the speaker and his or her beliefs. Second, on arriving at the place where the speech is to be given, he or she chooses a seat where seeing, hearing, and remaining alert are easy. Finally, when the speech is over, he or she reviews what was said and reacts to and evaluate the ideas expressed. Effective listening is an active process in which a listener deliberately takes certain actions to ensure that accurate communication

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 170 has occurred. (Kathleen & Mcwhorter, 1983, p. 112, , 2556, 123) 18 The good listener, in order to achieve the purpose of acquiring information, is careful to follow specific steps to achieve accurate understanding. Effective listening is an active process in which a listener deliberately takes certain actions to ensure that accurate communication has occurred. Activity 6.2 : Underline the main idea sentence in each of the following paragraph. 1. Diabetes is an enormous problem in Asia and it’s getting worse. The Australian-based International Diabetes Institute says 66 millions people in the region had diabetes in 1997, and estimates that number will jump to 132 million by 2010. In China, the number of people with diabetes is expected to quadruple to 32 million during this time. 2. Seahorses are popular with home collectors and public aquariums alike. Since the fish die easily in captivity, they must be replaced frequently from the wild. Dried seahorses are prized by practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine in curing for everything from asthma to impotence. That has caused overfishing, leading to the loss of at least 20 million wild seahorses a year. Seahorses’ populations have been dropping everywhere they are fished. 3. By replacing bad body organs with good ones, doctors are helping people live longer. Heart transplants have been performed for many years. There ever have been operations in which artificial hearts have been transplanted. Kidney transplants also have been done. Dying patients often write their kidneys and other organs into their wills. These organs are removed at death and transplanted in sick patients. One of the most difficult transplants is the liver. Still liver transplants are being done all over the world. Organ transplants are saving and extending the lives of young and old alike.

171 4. The planet we live on is not just a ball of inactive material speeding through space. During the past, dramatic changes have taken place inside the Earth. Indeed, it is probable that if these changes had not taken place, life would not have originate, and we would not be here today. Furthermore, changes are still going on inside the Earth. These show themselves in the occurrence of earthquakes, the มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง activity of volcanoes, and in the movements of mountain ranges. 5. Most people think that home is the safety place of all. They are wrong. Carelessness has made the home a dangerous place. Safety experts say that more people are injured in homes than in factories, mines, or on farms. Nearly every home accident occurs, safety experts add, because someone carelessly break a simple rule of safety. (Chalermpatarakul et al, 2005, p. 47) 6. Plants which grow in the desert have long root systems. These roots quickly soak up whatever water is available. Desert plants are not like other plants, which have thin leaves and lose most of the moisture sent up from the roots. The thick leaves of the desert plants store water for use in the driest parts of the year. Those are ways in which desert plants get and store water. (Chalermpatarakul et al, 2005, p. 46) 7. Straw had some very special uses in early ages. Fastened to the roof of a house it once meant a newly-married couple were inside. During World War II straw was spread around places that had been badly bombed. Straw tied to a horse’s tail once meant that the horse was for sale. 8. A college education has a different meaning for different people. Some people think of it as a way to increase their knowledge, simply because they want to know more. Others want a college education to increase their chances of getting a job. Finally, some people think that the friends they make in college will be able to help them in different ways after graduation. ( . 2551. 57) 9. How does an immune person fight off disease bacteria? The answer to this difficult question slowly became clear as the result of hundred of experiments in the laboratories of Koch and Pasteur. The scientists found that the injection of weakened or killed bacteria into the bodies of animals would make the animals immune. They could then fight off an injection of powerful bacteria that would

172 otherwise have killed them quickly. In the boold plasma (liquid part of the blood) of these immune animals the scientists found what they were seeking (Tanzer, 1977, p. 262, , 2556, 121) 10. One of the greatest dangers to life on earth is the wholesale pollution of the environment. This can create serious health problems for people. Most city residents must breathe foul air. Industrial waste and fumes pour into the air. Rivers and lakes are being filled with waste products that endanger all forms of life. Testing of nuclear weapons has spread much contamination. Overcrowded living quarters add to the problem. Too many people in a small area create tremendous amounts of waste and trash. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง Activity 6.3 : Choose the number that show the main idea sentences and write it in the space provided. ____1____ 1. (1) Most living things die when they cannot adjust to their environment. ________ 2. (2) For example, giant reptiles called dinosaurs, roamed the earth ________ 3. millions of years ago. (3) But then, the swamps they lived in dried up, and the climate and food changed. (4) The dinosaurs failed to adjust to these changes and died out. (1) In many communities, factories and motorcars polluted the air with poisonous fumes that may cause lung diseases. (2) Some doctors believe that air pollution may even cause cancer of the lungs and other parts of the body. (3) Man himself poisons his environment and produces new sources of disease. (1) Plants play an important part in the protection of natural resources. (2) Plants keep the soil from being blown away by the wind or washed away by the water. (3) They slow down the flow of water by storing it in their roots. (4) Plants also give wild animals food to eat and a safe place to rest.

173 ________ 4.มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง(1) A desert is a land that is so dry that few plants can grow on it. (2) The plants and animals that live in the desert have to become ________ 5. ________ 6. adapted (change) to conditions in the desert. ________ 7. (3) Camels sweat very little and can keep the water they drink for long periods. (4) Most of the small animals stay underground to get away from the hot sun. (5) Most plants in the desert have thin broad leaves that lose little water. (1) Many useful drugs come from plants. (2) Some of these plants have been used as medicines for hundreds of years. (3) More than 400 years ago, for example, some Indian tribes of South America used the bark of the cinchona tree to reduce fever. (4) The bark is still used to make quinine, a drug used to treat malaria and other diseases. (1) The world faces a serious problem of overpopulation. (2) Right now many people starve from lack of adequate food. (3) Efforts are being made to increase the rate of food production, but the number of people to be fed increase at a faster rate. (1) Egypt’s early setters were very fortunate. (2) They had the Nile, so that water was always close at hand. (3) They needed no shelter from rain, since so little fell. (4) The temperature was always hot, so they did not need houses to keep them warm. (5) They only shelter they needed was shade from the sun. (6) Grains grew wild in the valley for them to pick. (7) In addition, they planted graise seeds for themselves, so that each family had its own food supply. (8) Soon they had fine crops of wheat and barley, and flax which they wove into linen cloth.

174 ________ 8. (1) By the time he met the German scientist Steinmetz, Edison was nearly totally deaf. (2) Steinmetz communicated with Edison by tapping out messages in Morse code on his knee. (3) Edison told Steinmetz that deafness had increased his powers of concentration. (4) Edison was one of those people who seem to profit by their handicaps. ________ 9. (1) During the later years of the American Revolution, the Articles of Confederation government was formed. (2) This government suffered severely from a lack of power. (3) Each state distrusted the others and gave little authority to the central or federal government. (4) The Articles of Confederation produced a government which could not raise money from taxes, prevent Indian raids, or force the British out of the United States. ________ 10. (1) Snakes are almost invisible. (2) They are designed to be unseen, to be stumbled upon by prey (3) Their tapestried skins are hypnotic with repetitive design (4) They drug our eyes and blend into the blackground. (5) So, when we do see one, we are apt to be closer than we want to be. 2. (implied main idea) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง

175 19 First, lift the telephone receiver. Then insert a coin into the coin slot and listen for the dial tone. Next, dial the desired number. After that, if there is an answer, you can carry on conversation. Remember to add more money when you hear a signal from the telephone. Finally, when finish, you have to put the receiver back to its place. 19 How to use a public telephone. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 20 On weekends as soon as Tom gets out of his bed, he seats himself right in front of the television and starts searching for his favorite program. “Have you breakfast, please Tom.” His mother tells him, but that won’t make him move at all. At her second call he will slowly get up and turn the television set to face to dinning table. He doesn’t miss any part of the program while having breakfast. After he has finished, he moves the television sets to its normal direction and watches on and on until the end of the last afternoon programme-at 6.30 P.M. ( , 2542, 45) 20 Tom watches television all day on weekends. Tom Activity 6.4 : In each of the following paragraphs, the main idea is implied. Read each of them carefully and then choose the answer you think is the best main idea for it. 1. People most often think of heavy rain when they think of floods. Rain falling at a rapid rate does not soak into the soil. It spills over from fields and streams to destroy crops and homes. Floods can also result from high winds, which toss

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 176 ocean water into coastal areas. High tide and melting ice also cause floods. (Chalermpatarakul et al, 2005, p. 48) a. There are several factors that cause floods. b. Floods can also result from high winds. c. Rain falling spills over from fields and streams to destroy crops and homes. d. High tide and melting Ice also cause floods. 2. The first boring task is to prepare breakfast. Johnny, cathy, and Jed need juice and eggs before a day at school; my husband, Bill, coffee and toast before he speeds off to the office. When everyone is finally away, doing something he or she enjoys, I scrape the dishes off into the garbage, then wash them in the sink. I hate it. Afterwards I look forward to making beds, washing the kitchen floor, cleaning the rug in the living room. If I’m lucky the mailman rings the bell so I talk to another human being in the flesh for ten seconds or so. I put up the roast, find some other things to do, all along thinking of the adventures my children meet in the classroom while their housewife-mother watches the house in the suburbs. And Bill, the people he meets, the glamorous lunches, the excitement he sees on the streets everyday; there are things I’ll never know from this position. I sweep floors, sew buttons, clink pots and pans that’s my work for the world. (Wiener & Bazerman, 1988, p. 90) a. The first task is to prepare breakfast. b. There are things I’ll never know from the position. c. My life as a housewife is full of dull, and meaningless tasks. d. That is my work for the world. 3. If you are having trouble with your math instructor, do not use this problem as an excuse of not doing well in the class. If you cannot understand your instructor, ask the teacher to slow down his or her pace and review the textbook’s concepts before the teacher presents them in class. If you cannot follow the teacher’s notes, work with other students in your class or refer to the math text’s study guide to make sense of your note. If your math teacher will not make time to

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 177 answer your questions, go to the Math Lab, ask another teacher, or get help from an A student. a. You are having a problem with the math teacher. b. You’d better try to get an A in math. c. If you don’t understand your instructor, ask him to slow down.. d. There are a number of ways to overcome a poor math instructor. 4. Hummingbirds are the world’s smallest birds. The Bee hummingbird of cuba is only 2 inches long. This is just a little bigger than a penny. Hummingbirds live only in the western hemisphere. Most migrate north in the early spring and return south in early fall. Their life span is between nine and twelve years. The colorful birds are very curious. They are also aggressive toward each other. Perhaps their best known trait is their ability to fly backwards. They are the only bird in the world that can do this. a. There are no hummingbird in the eastern hemisphere. b. There are a number of interesting facts about the hummingbird. c. Hummingbirds are migratory birds that are curious, aggressive and can fly backwards. d. Hummingbirds are the most fascinating birds in the world. 5. Is there any one day of you making you dread? For some people, it is their birthday. After all, a birthday is a reminder that we are getting older. Others are anxious as April 15 approaches. This is the day that federal taxes are due. For others, the most feared day is Friday the 13th . On this day, wedding chapels are usually shut down. Travel is down, especially on airplanes. And people have been known to stay in their house the entire day rather than risk anything happening to them. a. The most feared day of the year is Friday the 13th . b. Different people fear different days of the year. c. Everyone dreads the date their birthday falls on. d. Someone whose birthday falls on Friday the 13th is in real trouble.

178 6. Snails have no legs, but they do have a foot. The whole buttom part of a snail’s body is one smooth, flat foot. It moves the snail along the ground. As the snail moves, its foot gives off a slimy liquid. The liquid helps the snail to move more easily. a. A snail walks with its one flat foot. b. Snails have no legs. c. The liquid helps the snail to move. d. Snails have a foot. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 7. At first Jim Hunter worked as a bartender in England. Then he worked for a newspaper, first in France, and then in Germany. After he left Europe, he worked for a radio station in Singapore. He finally taught English in Thailand which was his favorite of all the countries he visited. a. Jim Hunter worked as a bartender. b. Jim Hunter worked for a radio station in Singapore. c. Jim Hunter taught English in Thailand. d. Jim Hunter worked in many countries. 8. Sardines are small fish and are caught in large nets. Some sardines are canned and used as a food in sandwiches and snacks. Sardines may also be dried and pounded into powder to be used for chicken feed and fertilizer. Sardine oil is used in varnish, paint, margarine, and cosmetics. ( , 2557, 82) a. Sardines are small fish and are caught in large nets. b. Sardines are small fish that have many uses. c. Sardines are used as food. d. Sardines oil is used in varnish, paint, margarine, and cosmetics. 9. Low milk production was a major problem facing dairy farmers from Sub Mai Dang Dairy Farm Cooperative in Phetchabun Province and Thungsaleam Dairy Farm Cooperative in Sukhothai Province. As a result, the farmers earned very low incomes and often became indebted. In 1994, when Her Royal Highness Princess

179 Maha Chakri Sirindhorn was informed about their plight, she provided them with assistance in cooperation with concerned agencies and the Bangkok Bank. Many strategies were used such as decreasing interest rates and expanding the date for payment to the bank, breeding better cows. improving cattle health, and training farmers in how to farm using improved methods and technologies. a. Dairy Farm Cooperative in Phetchabun and Sukhothai Provinces, were improved by Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn. b. Low milk production was a major problem in Phetchabun and Sukhhothai Provinces. c. Many strategies were used to solve their problem. d. The farmers in Phetchabun and Sukhothai earned very low incomes. 10. Aphichet’s mother is a doctor. She likes to cure sick people. She is happy to see her patients recover. She is willing to help them all the time. One day she says “Aphichet, why don’t you be a doctor like me when you are older?” He says “But I don’t want to be a doctor. I like fixing cars and I like to look at the engine, the tires and the brakes. I want to be a mechanic.” a. Aphichet’s mother likes her job. b. Everybody likes the same job. c. Everybody doesn’t like the same job. d. Aphichet wants to be a mechanic. มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 3 1) 2) 3) 2 1) (stated main idea)

180 2 2 ) (implied main idea) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 1. (main idea) (main idea) (reading for main idea) 2. (topic) 3. “topic sentence” “main idea sentence” 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. “” 10. Read each of the following passages and indicate the topic and main idea. 10.1 Self-hypnosis can lesson social fears such as excessive shyness, nervousness, awkwardness, and even fear of flying. It not only helps people shed fat, but can improve their eating habits, and help them sleep more soundly. It can also help cure more serious habits such as smoking, alcoholism, and drug abuse. Further, doctors have success-fully used it as an anaesthesia for patients during dental work, childbirth, and certain operations where the patient must remain conscious. Self-

181 hypnosis is indeed a powerful tool that has varied benefits and reminds us that mind and body are one. ( , 2558, 200) Topic : _____________________________________________ Main Idea : _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 10.2 You will do better on tests if you follow a few simple suggestions. First, study experts say that slow and steady preparation for exams is best. Cramming the night before is less effective and more stressful. Another helpful method is to arrive early for a test. It’s calming to have a few minutes to sit down in the classroom, collect your thought and find a pen or pencil. Third, once the test begins, answer the easier questions first. Then go back and tackle the hard ones. Finally, you will do better on essay questions if you make a brief outline before beginning to write. (Western Language Program Staff, 2017, p.74) Topic : _____________________________________________ Main Idea : _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10.3 Country homes and city homes in Japan can be quite different, just as they can be in the United States. Japanese who live in the country usually have small, one-storey homes with from one to four rooms. These rooms are separated by sliding paper screens which act as doors and walls. Most city people have at least one Western-style room. These Japanese generally live in apartments. Their apartments are heated by gas or oil and have thicker walls than do the country homes. (Chalermpatarakul et al, 2005, p. 53) Topic : _____________________________________________ Main Idea : _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

182 10.4 Louis Armstrong is an example of a person who was moved from rags to riches. His family was poor and lived in the slums of New Orleans. He was an orphan of age ten, yet he learned to play the trumpet in an orphanage and became one of the greatest entertainers in the world. He has sung and played the trumpet in motions pictures, radio, television, and night clubs. He has been asked to play for มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง audiences in Europe, Asia, and Africa. He has become successful by giving people pleasure through music. ( , 2542, 47) Topic : _____________________________________________ Main Idea : _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10.5 The largest telescope is at the Mt. Palomar Observatory in California. It uses a mirror that is 200 inches in diameter. The glass mirror in this telescope gathers as much light as 250 million eyes can. This telescope is used to photograph stars a million times dimmer than the ones we can see with our eyes. It can see things in space that are two to three billion light years away. Topic : _____________________________________________ Main Idea : _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10.6 One calm summer evening, an Illinois family was eating supper when a tornado struck the area suddenly. It lifted the roof and walls of the house away but did not disturb the supper table. In Arkansas, a family sitting on the front porch of their house saw the house blow away while the porch stayed behind. In Minnesota a tornado blew a trunk full of clothes from one house to the attic of another house two blocks away. Whenever there are tornadoes, one will hear strange and almost unbelievable results of these storms. ( , 2542, 46) Topic : _____________________________________________ Main Idea : _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 183 10.7 Television can be an excellent teacher for everyone from very young children to the oldest of viewers. Television entertains young children with sights and songs. Television provides company for older viewers who are stuck at home with no one talk to. New immigrants can learn English just by turning on the television. All viewers can keep informed on the latest events around the world by watching the news. While there are many great things about television, there are also many bad things. Overtime, television shows have begun to show more and more violence, death, and murder. The bad language and profanity on some shows make them unsuitable for families. The murder of shows which deal with sex outside of marriage also shocks many viewers. And these terrible scenes are sometimes copied by young, impressionable viewers. (Western Language Program Staff, 2017, p.76) Topic : _____________________________________________ Main Idea : _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10.8 When a person commits a crime, he is not always sent to prison. If he has committed some minor offense, he may be released from detention and allowed to remain in the community. This type of punishment is usually administered to juveniles. It is young people who usually commit the less serious crime. For this reason they are given less punishment. Although the individual is not in jail, he is under the supervision of special police officers. These officers watch his actions very closely. This type of punishment is called probation. Topic : _____________________________________________ Main Idea : _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10.9 Aliens visiting Thailand must posses valid passport or acceptable travel documents and appropriate visas before entering the country. Visitors from over 50 countries are permitted to stay up to 30 days in Kingdom for tourist purpose without visas. Provided that they possess means to stay and ticket confirming departure within 30 days, while visitors from several other countries are allowed to apply for tourist visas at all ports of entry. Transit visas are granted for up to 30 days

184 and tourist visas for up to 60 days. Non-immigrant, diplomatic and official visas are valid for up to 90 days. Topic : _____________________________________________ Main Idea : _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10.10 Tension and anxiety are obstacles to effective learning. The ability to relax is just as important to success in school as the ability to read. Anxiety can cause students to forget chapters that they might have read, to “go blank” at quiz time, or to fail to meet deadlines and to complete assignments on schedule. Anyone can learn to rid himself or herself of tension by resting the body, breathing deeply, and relaxing for three to four minutes before a test. (Chalermpatarakul et al, 2005, p. 55) Topic : _____________________________________________ Main Idea : _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง

185 . (2556). . :. . (2542). Reading English for general Purposes. : มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง . . (2557). Intensive Reading. : . . (2551). .: . . (2558). .: . Chalermpatarakul, C. & et al. (2005). Systematic Reading I. Bangkok: Thammasat University Press. Singleton, J. (2005). Writers at Work : The Paragraph . New York: Cambridge University Press. Western Language Program Staff. (2017). English Reading in Dialy Life. Bankok: Suthphaisarn Builder. Wiener, H.S. & Bazerman, C. (1988). Reading Skills Handbook. (4th ed). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 7 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3

188 2.4มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง 2.5 2.6 2.7 1. 2. PowerPoint 3. LCD Projector 4. Notebook 1. 2. 3. 2. 3.

189 7 (paragraph) ( , 2547, 11) 1) (topic) 2) (main idea) 3) (supporting details) มหา ิวทยา ัลยราช ัภฏห ู่ม ้บานจอม ึบง (reading for details) 1) 2) 3) 3 1 A baby elephant is the biggest of all land babies. A newborn baby weighs more than two hundred pounds. It is about three feet high. The new baby is strong, too. Almost as soon as it is born, it can walk about.