English and Grammar Grade 9 (2077)

DYNAMIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION 9 Author Krishna Prasad Regmi Edited by Balaram Sharma TU Topper in English Education (M.ED) Koushalya Gurung Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal

Published by: Shubharambha Publication Pvt.Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal URL: www.shubharambhapublication.com.np E-mail: [email protected] www.facebook.com/shubharambhapublication Book: Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 Author : Krishna Prasad Regmi Layout Design : Ram Malakar Copyright © : Publisher New Edition : 2075 Revised Edition : 2077 © : Publisher No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by means (electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution. Printed in Nepal

Preface Dynamic English Grammar and Composition has been designed according to the new English Curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre. The series comprises of ten textbooks from grade one to grade ten. The present book is an amalgamation of survey of rules, structures and forms presented in lucid modern English and illustrated with numerous examples. The aim of this book is to bring about a change in teaching and learning English grammar and composition-a change that will enable the learners to use grammar in context using both inductive and deductive approaches aiming to develop four language skills immensely. Practice in composition tasks will help to develop the learner’s writing skills. It will encourage to writing their own thoughts, ideas and feelings. This new edition contains huge examples and their application to communicative approach that will increase the quality learning of English grammar. It is thought that this change will improve the standard and acceptability of the book and I will consider the attempts fruitful if students find the book fruitful. I have left no stone unturned for the meaningful presentation of subject matter to make it reader friendly. Detailed description of grammatical structures and adequate exercises on them, plenty of guided and free writing composition with enough practice questions, an adequate amount of vocabulary related sections and as much as necessary self study materials have been presented in the following chapters. I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement, co-operation and help in preparing this book. At last, I would like to assure all the concerned teachers, students and readers that constructive comments and suggestions shall be tremendously appreciated and incorporated in the upcoming edition. The Author

CONTENTS Chapter I: Grammar Voice................................................101-113 Connectives.....................................114-120 Articles...............................................8-19 Conditional Sentences.....................121-127 Preposition......................................20-37 Causative Verbs...............................128-133 Question Tags..................................38-44 Grammar Type I...............................134-136 Concord...........................................45-55 Grammar Type II..............................137-141 Sentence Transformation................56-65 Tense................................................66-86 Reported Speech...........................87-100 Chapter II: Guided Writing Messages of Congratulations..........153-154 Invitation Card.................................155-156 Instructions..................................142-143 Writing Menus.................................157-157 Obligations and Prohibitions.......144-145 Interpretation of Charts..................158-162 Posters.........................................146-146 Story Writing...................................163-167 Post Cards....................................147-148 Writing News Story.........................168-170 Advertisements ...........................149-150 Paragraph Writing.......................... 171-172 Message of Condolence..............151-152 Writing Leaflet /Brochure...............199-201 Chapter III: Free Writing Writing Dialogue.............................202-205 Writing Views and Attitudes............206-207 Letter Writing................ ..............173-183 Writing an Email...........................184-197 Homonyms.....................................295-296 Essay Writing................. ..............188-195 Collective Nouns.............................297-297 Writing Newspaper Article...........196-196 Glossary..........................................298-308 Writing Reviews...........................197-198 Irregular Verbs................................309-312 Regular Verbs..................................313-315 Chapter IV: Seen Text....................208-252 Model Question..............................316-320 Chapter V: Unseen Text................253-276 Chapter VI: Listening....................277-281 Chapter VII: Speaking...................282-286 Antonyms.....................................287-290 Synonyms.....................................291-294

Test Specification Grid,2017 Compulsory English Full Marks: 100 Theory: 75 Practical: 25 The Secondary Level Compulsory English Curriculum is based on language skills and aspects. Unlike the grids of other core subjects, language skills are considered as different areas of learning. The examination specification grid of this course reflects the assessment part of the curriculum. It assists test item developers to design valid test items that will measure the attainment of the learning outcomes set in the curriculum. It also gives the type and number of test items required to measure a particular skill. Twenty five percent weightage is allocated for listening and speaking skills which are tested conducting practical tests. Forty percent weightage is allocated for reading, and thirty five percent weightage is allocated for writing. The language functions are tested under speaking, grammar is tested within writing, and vocabulary is tested within reading. For the students with visual, speech and hearing difficulties, alternative testing devices are used. Competence Level (Knowledge/Understanding) and Performance Level (Practical Abilities) Listening : 10 Marks Speaking : 15 Marks Time: 20 Minutes Time: 15 Minutes Type of Test items Type of Test items 1. Multiple choice with answers or pictures Each student at the beginning of speaking test 2. Fill in the blanks should be asked some very general questions 3. Ordering to make the students feel comfortable. The 4. Matching following types of test items will be used to Short answer questions (Items should be prepared assess the speaking skill: in such a way that the answers can be given in not 1. General interview (3 marks) more than 4 words and it should be stated in the (Ask any three questions on personal/ instruction with an example.) common/familiar topics.) Materials 2. Cued situation (4 marks) Sound Files (Give students at least two cued situation so Interviews, conversations, short discussions/talks, that they will speak at least two sentences adverts/commercials, reports, announcements, each using appropriate language functions/ news, detailed directions, stories, operating structures.) instructions, messages, weather forecast, personal 3. Speaking on a given topic (4 marks) profiles, short narratives, recorded or broadcast (Give a topic to the students, give them some audio material time to think, and ask them to speak on the Note: The sound files should be authentic and clearly same.) articulated with average speed of delivery. 4. Describing pictures, charts, maps, tables, Number of Sound Files etc. OR, Narrating a sequence of events (4 Three sound files carrying 4, 4, and 2 marks marks) respectively will be used and the last sound file will (Ask any one question where students are be used to test sounds, stress and intonation. required to speak at least 8 sentences.) Length of the Sound File For the students with visual difficulties give Maximum three minutes them the same three test items mentioned above, i.e. general interview, cued situation Total Number of Test Items: 10 and speaking on a given topic. But instead of Weighting per Item: 1 describing pictures, charts maps, tables, etc. For the students with speech and hearing difficulties ask them to narrate a sequence of events or any two of the following types of question can be to tell a story that they have heard, read or asked each containing five marks: created. 1. Paragraph writing For the students with speech and 2. Picture describing hearing difficulties, give them an unseen 3. Dialogue writing comprehension passage carrying 15 marks. 4. Developing a story from the given outlines Time: 10-15 minutes per students For students with visual difficulties , listening For students with visual difficulties questions designed for all students will be Interview: 3 marks provided. Verbal response on a given situation:4 marks Speak on a given topic:8 marks Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 5

Reading : 40 Marks Writing: 35 Marks Time: 1:15 Hours Time: 1 Hour Number of Texts 1. Guided writing (I) (1x 5 = 5 Marks) 1. Two seen texts-(5+10)=15 Areas to be covered: directions, instructions, obligations 2. Two unseen texts-(10+15)=25 and prohibitions, posters, electronic text messages, Question Types: post cards, advertisements, messages of condolence, 1. Multiple Choice messages of congratulations, menus, recipes. 2. Sequencing (Ask one question from one of the above areas with 3. Fill in the gaps (without choices) sufficient guideline. Word limit for this writing will be 75 4. Multiple matching to 130 words.) 5. True/False 2. Guided writing (II) (1x5=5 Marks) 6. Short Answer questions (Items Areas to be covered: interpretation of (charts, graphs, should be prepared in such a way that the tables, lists, pictures), short stories (outlined), invitation answers can be given in not more than letters, thanks giving letters , letter of regret, news 4 words and it should be stated in the stories, paragraphs instruction with an example.) (Ask one question from one of the above areas with Note: Each text from the textbook should sufficient guideline. Word limit for this writing will be 75 contain only one type of test method and to 130 words.) each text outside the textbook should 3. Free writing (I) (1x6= 6 Marks) not contain more than two types of test Areas to be covered: Dialogue (with the situation given), paragraph on personal experiences, short stories (only methods. Materials: provide either the beginning, ending , title or the 1. Two seen texts from grade 10 moral), views and attitudes (on some current issues of textbook. importance) 2. One unseen text carrying 10 marks: (Ask one question from one of the above areas. Word (Text types: news stories, menus, limit for this writing will be 100 to 150 words.) notices, manuals, advertisement, diary 4. Free writing (II) (1x 8 = 8 Marks) entry, e-mails, product guides, time Areas to be covered: Letters, emails (personal/informal, table, etc.) official/formal) essays (descriptive or narrative), 3. One unseen text carrying 15 marks: newspaper articles (on a given topic), reviews (of (Text types: stories, essays, letters, films, movies, books), brochures/leaflets (on places science articles, newspaper articles, and events of historical/cultural/ religious/ social / or book, film reviews, etc.) tourism importance) 4. NOTE: (Ask one question from one of the above areas. Word 1. Reading objectives Grade Ten English limit for this writing will be 150 to 200 words.) Curriculum should be measured. 2.Except short answer question, Question Type Areas Marks Transformation 2 the types of questions should not be Type (I): Reported speech 1 repeated in the two seencomprehension Reproduction 1 (1x 6 = 6 Marks) Voice 1 passages. Tense 1 3. This is applied to the two unseen Tags comprehension passages as well. 6 Total marks Areas Marks Type (II): Fill in Articles 0.5 Instruction: The instruction should be the gaps with the Preposition 0.5 short, clear and of appropriate level of grammar items Concord 0.5 difficulty with reference to example. Reported Speech 0.5 Each test method given in each reading in a contextual Voice 0.5 text should contain an example at the passage (0.5x10 = Tense 0.5 beginning. 5 Marks) Tags 0.5 Total number of test items: 40 Conditional 0.5 Marks per item:1 Causative verb 0.5 Connectives 0.5 Total Marks 5 6 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Phonetic Symbols Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds Symbols Words Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling /k/ s eat /g/ u king, pick, cat /i: / O{ it meat see ee, ea, ie, eo, e, ei /ŋ/ ª egg /tƒ/ r gate, ghost /I/ O act sit city i, u, o, e, y, a /dʒ/ h arm /z/ h sing, sink /e/ P ago pen - e, ie, ea, ue /ʒ/ h up chair, match /æ/ of man - a /t/ 6 earth /d/ 8 jug, judge /a: / cf on large car a, ear, ar /ø/ y all /ð/ b is, zoo, balls /ə/ c - perfect the a /n/ g ooze /p/ k genre,pleasure, /ʌ/ c but - o, u, ou, u, oe garage Initial eight tree, mat /ʒ: / cM bird sir ir, ur, er, ear ice do, middle /ɒ/ cf] oil hot - o, a, ow ear thank, with /ɔ: / cf]M - ball saw a, aw, au area those, breathe /ʊ / p book - u, ou, o, oo out nose, man /u: / pm old move two o, oo, wo, ue, ou pot, map Diphthongs Symbols Medial Final Spelling /f/ km fan, potato, /eI/ PO same say a, ay laugh /b/ a bag, bulb /aI / cfO{ might sky uy, igh, ie, y, eye oy, oi /v/ e van, save / ɔI/ cfO] { voice boy ear, eer, ere our, ocr, ure /m/ d man, same / Iə/ Oc real here air, ear, ere, eir, are /j/ o yak /ʊə/ pc influence poor o, ow, ew ou, ow /r/ / red, carry /eə/ Pc chair rare /l/ n late, sell /aʊ / cfp loud cow home go /w/ j walk / əʊ/ cp /ʃ/ z shoes, sugar, wish, chef /s/ ; sun, miss /h/ x house, yahoo Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 7

Chapter I ARTICLES Read the following description. A bicycle is a machine designed to transport a person by means of his or her own physical effort. It is, therefore, almost entirely environmentally friendly. Since the amount of friction generated is much reduced, it is also extremely efficient. It consists of four main sections: the two spoked wheels, a set of handlebars, and a revolving cog, held together by a metal frame. The cyclist, who is balanced on top of a seat covered by a soft saddle, leans forwards and grips the handlebars, pushing down with his or her feet on the pedals which rotate up and down. They drive a central notched cog which is connected by a metal chain to the back wheel hub. Alternative gear positions are available by operating a gear lever at hand level. Also on the handlebars is the brake lever, which is linked by a cable to a set of brakes on the back wheel. Accessories include an air pump, with which the rubber tyres are filled periodically with air, a speedometer, and a headlamp for use at night. Do you The coloured words a, an and the are articles. They are demonstrative Know? adjectives. There are two types of articles in English. They are indefinite a, an and definite the. Speaking Practice based on the given description. Answer these questions a. What is a bicycle? b. How many sections does a bicycle have? c. Where are alternative gear positions available? d. What do accessories include? e. Is a bicycle environment friendly? Listening Practice Repeat these words after your teacher. A An The No articles some cats a cap an uncle the Tripitak few women many stalls a dog an eagle the Times lots of hope much peeper a flag an inkpot the Gandaki less concern all men a gun an orange the Davies Falls a hen an idea the Gurungs a jug an antelope the unemployed a kite an M Ed student the third 8 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

a lamp an euphemism the universe both cars a nest an article the East several girls a taxi an ox the binocular no crops Grammar Focus: Indefinite Article: A, An 1. Indefinite article ‘a’ is used before a singular countable noun beginning with a consonant sound. Example: a cow, a desk, a house, a one eyed man, a university boy, a usage, a eucalyptus tree, a utensil, a U-turn, a user, a useless machine, a one-way ticket, a useful book, a ewe, a union, a European, a unique creature, a unicorn, a unanimous plan, a eulogy, a unit, a one-eyed boy, a UN spokesman, a UK plane, a US soldier, etc. 2. Indefinite article ‘an’ is used before a singular countable noun beginning with a vowel sound. an elephant, an umbrella, an aero plane, an orange, an applicant, an hour, an honest man, an heir, an heiress, an X-ray machine, an honorable person, an heirloom, etc. 3. Indefinite article 'a' 'an' is used with English alphabets and abbreviations when they are separately read out. Example: an MA, an MP, an MBBS, an HA, an FM, an LLM, an M. ED, an NGO, an MBA, a ‘B’, a ‘D’, an ‘F’, an ‘H’, an I.A, an M.A, an LG, an SP, a B.ED, an SOS, an SDO, a UFO, a TOEFL score, a UNESCO office, a WHO officer, etc. 4. Indefinite article 'a' 'an' is used when a noun belongs to a group/community, profession and expresses the meaning ‘a kind of’ even though they are uncountable nouns Examples: Noam Chomsky is a linguist. Bill Gates is an entrepreneur. Mrs. Sharma is a nurse. He is a Newar. Gold is a useful metal. Milk is a drink. Iron is a metal. 5. ‘A' 'an’ is used to say how a person looks like. Manisha’s a little Hitler. Rohan is an honourable person. Rina is an enthusiastic learner. Ritesh is a violent person. 6. 'A' 'an' is used when talking about prices, quantities and rates. They cost it 50p a kilo. I can type 50 words a minute. He was driving at 50 miles an hour. 7. With some phrases: Examples: as a rule, have a pity, to have a knowledge, to make a guess at, to have a pain/ cough/fever/headache/ a talk/ a rest/ a walk/ a noise/ to have a bath/ a drink, to pay a visit, on an average, be in a temper, to give a warning, to take an interest, have a say, at a glance, etc. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 9

Grammar Focus: Definite Article: The Definite article ‘the’ is used: 1. when something is mentioned for the second time. He is wearing a hat. The hat is made in Japan. I saw an ugly man yesterday. The man was very tall. 2. before the names of things which are unique and only one: the earth, the sky the universe, the moon, the great wall, the Jupiter, etc. 3. before superlative degree: Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world. Which is the coldest place in Nepal? She is the most beautiful of all in school. 4. abstract nouns qualified by an adjective or an adjectival phrase or clause : The Wisdom of Solomon is famous. The intelligence of Einstein is very strong. 5. before ordinal numbers: the first, the second, the fifth, the last, the next, etc. 6. before the name of musical instruments: the guitar, the flute, the madal, the harmonium, etc. 7. before the names of river, seas and oceans: the Nile, the Red Sea, the Pacific Ocean, etc. 8. before the names of groups of island: the British Isles, the West Indies, etc. 9. before the names of mountain ranges: the Himalayas, the Alps, etc. 10. before the plural names of countries: the Netherlands, the Philippines, the UK, the USA, etc. 11. before the names of canals: the Suez Canal, the Gandak Canal, etc. 12. before the names of deserts: the Sahara, the Thar, the Gobi, etc. 13. before the names of Newspapers: the Kathmandu Post, the Washington Post, the Republica, etc. 14. before a period of decades: the fifties, the sixties, the eighties, etc. 15. before the names of directions and poles: the south, the North Pole, the east, the west, etc. 16. before the names of periods of history: the modern Age, the stone Age, the Victorian age, etc. 17. before the family names and castes: the Rana, the Gurung, the Brahmin, the Tamang, etc. 18. before the names of holy books: the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran, the Geeta, etc. 19. before the names of nationalities/religions/ races/ positions or posts: the Chinese, the Hindus, the Black, the Prime Minister, the principal, the class teacher, etc. 20. before a noun modified by a ‘phrase’ or ‘clause’: The boy, who is in a black coat, is a university student. I like the pen which is made in Nepal. 21. before the name of the adjectives that represent social groups: the old, the unemployed the blind, the deaf, the young, the rich, the poor, the sick, the homeless, the elderly, etc. 22. before special meals: the birthday party, the wedding anniversary party, etc. 23. before parts of day: the morning, the afternoon, the evening, etc. 24. before the names of ships and aeroplanes: the Mary Celeste, the Titanic, the Buddha Air, etc. 25. before the names of hotels, restaurants, theaters, cinemas, clubs: the Soaltee, the Guna Cinema, the Lion’s Club, the Rastriya Nach Ghar, etc. 26. before the names of scientific innovations: the telephone, the television, the computer, the radio, etc. 10 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

27. before the names of political parties: the Congress, the CPN-UML, the Forum, the Labour Party, the Communist Party, etc. 28. before the name of the historic events: the Martyrs’Day, the Independence Day, etc. 29. before the names of the museums and libraries: the National Museum, the American Library, the Science Museum, etc. 30. before the names of the parts in the house: the kitchen, the bedroom, the study room, the dining room, the toilet, etc. 31. some other examples: Pokhara is known as the Cherapunji of Nepal. The sooner it is done, the better result it produces. The more you work hard, the more you earn. Some of / a few of / most of the students passed the exam. Repetition of the Article The secretary and treasurer has gone on leave. The secretary and the treasurer have gone on leave. Here the first sentence clearly indicates that the nouns secretary and treasurer refer to the same person. The repetition of the article in the second sentence indicates that the nouns refer to two different persons. Winston Churchill was a great orator and statesman. (Here the reference is to one person – Churchill.) There were on the jury among others a great orator and a great statesman. (Here the GramrmefaerreFnocceuiss:tNo towAordtiifcfleersent persons.) We do not use article before: 1. uncountable and abstract nouns used in a general sense. Honey is sweet. (NOT The honey is sweet.) Sugar is bad for your teeth. Wisdom is better than riches. Virtue is its own reward. Note that uncountable nouns take the article the when used in a particular sense. Would you pass the sugar? (= the sugar on the table) 2. plural countable nouns used in a general sense. Children usually rush about. Computers are useful machines. Note that plural nouns take the article the when they are used in a particular sense. Where are the children? (Whose children? Our children) 3. the names of countries, people, continents, cities, rivers and lakes. India is a democratic country. (NOT The India …) Paris is the capital of France. (NOT The Paris …) 4. the names of meals. Mother is cooking lunch. Dinner is ready. I had a late dinner yesterday. The lunch we had at the restaurant was very good. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 11

5. the names of languages. Can you speak English? (NOT Can you speak the English?) They speak French at home. 6. school, college, university, church, bed, hospital, prison, etc. when these places are used for primary purpose. His dad is still in hospital. We learned English at school. He is at university. I go to temple every day. He usually goes to bed at 10 pm. Note that 'the' is used before these words when the reference is to the building or object rather than to the normal activity that goes on there. I went to the hospital to see my friend. I went to the temple to observe its architecture. 7. the names of days and months. Saturday is the holiday in Nepal. January is the first month of the year. 8. the names of diseases, games, colours and possessive pronouns. He died of AIDs. Cricket is a popular game. My favourite colour is white. GrammI liakreFhoischuas:irCsotymlem. on Errors Incorrect Correct A red and white cow are grazing. A red and a white cow are grazing. Horse is faithful animal. The Horse is a faithful animal. He put his ability to test. He put his ability to the test. I have got headache. l have got a headache. The gold is more valuable than the silver. Gold is more valuable than silver. His father is poet and a novelist. His father is a poet and novelist. Paris is as famous city as London. Paris is as famous a city as London. The wisdom is the gift of the God. Wisdom is a gift of God. The tree has struck the root into the The tree has struck root into the ground. ground. The house caught the fire. The house caught fire. Water of village well is very sweet. The water of village well is very sweet. What kind of a man is he? What kind of man is he? More we get more we want. The more we get, the more we want. Neelam went to the sea at a very early age. Neelam went to sea at a very early age. 12 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Additional Practice: Read these sentences. 1. A great fortune is a great slavery. 2. This is an uncensored newspaper editorial. 3. You're the third person to ask me that. 4. A great dowry is a bed full of brambles. 5. The boat hit an unexplored rock. 6. He taught himself to play the violin. 7. A good wife makes a good husband. 8. I have just become an uncle. 9. They placed the African elephant on their endangered list. 10. A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds. 11. This is an uncluttered room in my house. 12. The more I think about it, the more dejected I turn out to be. 13. A nod from a lord is a breakfast for a fool. 14. He possesses an uncompromising attitude. 15. The less said about the whole thing, the happier I'll be. 16. A shy cat makes a proud mouse. 17. There was an uncommon occurrence of incident on after another. 18. I heard it on the radio. 19. A tattler is worse than a thief. 20. My friend had an uncontested divorce last year. 21. The speech reflected his love of theatricality and rhetoric. 22. A thief knows a thief as a wolf knows a wolf. 23. We had an uncontrollable urge to laugh. 24. Email lacks the immediacy of online chat. 25. A wise man changes his mind, a fool never will. 26. I have an uncontroversial opinion on the use of drugs. 27. I'm usually out during the day. 28. A fool may throw a stone into a well which a hundred wise men cannot pull out. 29. I saw an uncouth young man yesterday. 30. In the Bible it states that humans were created in the image of God. 31. A foul morn may turn to a fair day. 32. He is an unctuous programme host. 33. With him, you should always expect the unexpected. 34. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 35. He gave me an uncut loaf of bread. 36. I was fascinated by the theatricality of the event. 37. A good beginning makes a good ending. 38. I got an undated letter from my friend yesterday. 39. The country has an undemocratically elected government. 40. A new person at a new position implements an insistent and keen reform. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 13

A. Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary. 1. ____gold is ____ most expensive. 2. ______ announcement about his resignation is pending. 3. We saw____ elephant in____ jungle. 4. Phurba is _____absolute knockout. 5. ____ cat loves fish. 6. We went to____east and found ____crowd of people. 7. ____ cow is ____ useful animal. 8. ____ first house in____ street is ours. 9. What____ lovely dress it is! 10. ____ Suez Canal is manmade. 11. ____doctor is reading____ newspaper. 12. ____large numbers of students study here. 13. ____rhino is in danger of becoming extinct. 14. What ____beautiful hill it is! 15. American scientists have found lots of information about ______space. 16. Assam is ______region of ____earthquake. 17. Can you tell me who invented____ radio? 18. What is Mr. Bhatt like? He is ____honest man. 19. Did you find ____answer to my question? 20. Disease is____ enemy of human beings. 21. Everybody loves ____nature. 22. What____ lovely garden it is! 23. Few people live in ____mountains. 24. Garima is ____most beautiful girl in our school. 25. Bibek is____ only son of his parents. 26. Carol is____ US citizen. 27. Satis is from ____remote village. 28. Manoj is going to America with______ Nepalese girl. 29. Karin is____ Eurasian boy. 30. Mr. Regmi is____ M.Ed. student. 31. The prince is____ heir of _____ palace. 32. I have got ____idea to solve this problem. 33. We have recently kept____ ewe. 34. They have read______ interesting book. 35. This is____ kind of pencil. 36. Don't forget to invite____ wretch. 37. I wanted it but I didn't have____ money. 38. My car accomplishes forty miles to____ gallon. 39. ____ more she thought about it,____ more depressed she became. 40. ____ less said about____ whole thing,____ happier I'll be. 14 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

B. Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary. 1. My brother is____ MP. 2. My father gave me____ one hundred note. 3. My father is____ M Phil student. 4. Please wait for ____hour. 5. Rabin found____ one rupee coin on the way. 6. Rajesh has gone to ____hospital for ____operation. 7. Ram always hates____ examination. 8. Bipin is ____ I.Sc. student. 9. Ranjeet is____ NGO officer. 10. Saddam was ____second Hitler. 11. Saturday is____ last day of____ week. 12. Sundar bought____ umbrella yesterday. 13. Do you know how to make____ wooden ruler? 14. Rekha Thapa is ____actress. 15. Shree is learning to play _____guitar. 16. Pemba is perfect in____ classical music. 17. Niraj is____ friend of them. 18. Prinsa must be____ intelligent girl. 19. There is six month’s day in ____South Pole. 20. There is____ university in Pokhara. 21. All these cricketers are from____ West Indies. 22. They are looking for____ clues. 23. Some boys are running across _____road. 24. He has climbed up____ Everest within 2 years. 25. They have decided to make ____uniform for staff. 26. I haven’t read____ Vedas. 27. They live in____ Netherlands. 28. We played ____volleyball yesterday. 29. There has been _____ unaccountable increase in cases of _____ disease. 30. Too many government departments are unaccountable to ____ general public. 31. Her contribution to____ research went largely unacknowledged. 32. Mr. Ashok Rai is____ unacknowledged leader of____ group. 33. People's rights are unaffected by____ new law. 34. Do you know _____ unstressed syllable? 35. She had_____ warm smile and _____ unaffected manner. 36. Retirement is _____ unaffordable luxury for workers. 37. Death is____ irrevocable laws of____ universe. 38. He has _____ unalterable belief. 39. ____ teacher made _____ unambiguous statement. 40. I have _____ unambitious plan to get rid of our present problem. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 15

C. Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary. 1. He got_____ unanimous vote of his native village people. 2. ____ jury reached _____unanimous verdict of not guilty. 3. She was____ unanimous choice of____ selection committee. 4. There has been _____ unannounced increase in bus fares lately. 5. He sang _____ unashamedly sentimental song at____ party. 6. ____ party now has _____ unassailable lead. 7. Their ten-point lead puts____ team in _____ almost unassailable position. 8. We have set _____ unattainable goal. 9. He put _____ unattractive brown colour in____ drawing. 10. This is _____ unbalanced article. 11. We should not have _____ unbalanced diet. 12. Mrs. Sushila Karki is _____ unbiased judge. 13. He had _____ unblemished reputation. 14. I had _____ astute feeling as I was being watched. 15. He has ____uncanny knack of being able to see immediately where____ problem lies. 16. My house has _____ uncared-for garden. 17. We live in _____ uncaring society. 18. It is _____ uncensored newspaper article. 19. ____ship hit _____ uncharted rock. 20. What _____ uncompetitive industry it is! 21. Budhi Gandaki Hydropower is _____ uncompleted project. 22. She left____ sentence uncompleted. 23. My father is _____ easygoing businessman. 24. Why can't I have _____ uncomplicated life? 25. He was triumphant in _____ uncontested election. 26. I had _____ uncontrollable urge to laugh. 27. He's _____ omnipresent child. 28. He chose _____ uncontroversial topic for his speech. 29. He has set _____ unconventional approach to____ problem. 30. She was _____ aggressive and uncooperative child. 31. I saw _____ uncouth young man at____ party today. 32. He is _____ unctuous programme host. 33. ____ uncut grass came up to her waist. 34. My mother gave me _____ abridged loaf of bread. 35. I got _____ undated letter from my friend today. 36. ____ money was lent for _____ undefined period of time. 37. Some countries have _____ undemocratic regime. 38. ____ present government is _____ undemocratically elected government. 39. It is _____ undeniable fact that crime is increasing. 40. There was _____ undignified rush for____ best seats. 16 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

D. Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary. 1. He uttered _____ unearthly cry. 2. ____ job involved getting up at some unearthly hour to catch____ first train. 3. What _____ unemotional speech it is! 4. She had _____ unerring instinct for_____ good business deal. 5. He gave _____ exact answer to my question. 6. There is _____ uneven distribution of resources in____ developing countries. 7. ____ teams are unevenly matched. 8. What _____ unexpected result it is! 9. Mr. Luitel is _____ unexpected visitor. 10. ____ announcement was not entirely unexpected. 11. ____ plane was unexpectedly delayed. 12. She died unexpectedly of_____ heart attack. 13. They had been given _____ unfair advantage. 14. ____ tests discriminate unfairly against older people. 15. There is _____ unfathomable mystery behind this story. 16. It was _____ inexcusable thing to say. 17. Suicide bombing is _____ unforgivable act of violence. 18. What _____ unhelpful response you have given! 19. They were forced to take_____ unilateral decision. 20. ____ rebels unilaterally declared_____ ceasefire. 21. I have required_____ babysitter. 22. ____first two questions were relatively easy but____ third one was hard. 23. There was _____ accident. _____car hit _____tree and____ driver was killed. 24. ____heat was getting to be too much for me. 25. ____nights are getting longer. 26. What's______ matter with you? 27. ____phone has been ringing for 2 minutes. 28. I patted my brother on____ back. 29. ____people I met there were very friendly. 30. It was____ best day of my life. 31. You're____ third person to ask me that. 32. Friday is____ thirteenth day of winter vacation. 33. He taught himself to play____ violin. 34. ____dolphin is _____ intelligent animal. 35. At ____ extreme edges coating is very thin. 36. I heard it on____ radio. 37. I'm usually out during____ day. 38. With him, you should always expect____ unexpected. 39. ____condition of____ unemployed person is too miserable. 40. I cannot learn____ French Literature within _____ hour. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 17

E. Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary. 1. It is____ LG television set. 2. It is____ opinion of Nepalese leaders. 3. Mr. Akbar is ____unique professor. 4. Mrs. Anuradha is ____honorable teacher. 5. Mt. Everest is ____highest peak in the world. 6. ____ pale wintry sun shone through ____ clouds. 7. ____ voice hailed us from ____ other side of ____ street. 8. For my money, he's one of ____ greatest comedians of all time. 9. He lives in ____ little universe of his own. 10. He was ____ dirty player and loved to kick out of ____ opposition. 11. I left him in ____ market haggling over ____ price of a shirt. 12. It's taken him ____ misery of ____ long time to get here. 13. I've been called all ____ names under ____ sun. 14. She lay listening to ____ moan of ____ wind in ____ trees behind ____ house. 15. ____ architect had produced ____ scale model of ____ proposed shopping complex. 16. ____ conference was hailed as ____ great success. 17. ____ dollar had ____ steady day on ____ money markets. 18. ____ fabric molds to ____ body. 19. ____ family made their money in ____ 18th century. 20. ____ firm was in ____ hell of ____ mess when he took over. 21. ____ idea of ____ parallel universe is hard to grasp. 22. ____ job only took about ____ hour. 23. ____ last three months have been hell. 24. ____ latest models will be on display at ____ motor show. 25. ____ marshes provide ____ rich habitat for water plants. 26. ____nation's constitution provided a model that other countries followed. 27. ____ new exam mocked ____ needs of ____ majority of children. 28. ____ nurse used ____ wad of cotton wool to stop ____ bleeding. 29. ____panda's natural habitat is ____ bamboo forest. 30. ____ police gave ____ full description of ____ thief's technique. 31. ____ research was carried out on _____ modest scale. 32. ____ sun was blazing hot. 33. ____unions mobilized thousands of workers in ____ protest against ____ cuts. 34. ____wedding gown is being modelled for us by ____ designer's daughter. 35. There was ____ call for moderation on ____ part of ____ trade unions. 36. This holiday is going to cost ____ nightmare of ____ lot of money. 37. We are laying ourselves on ____ deck. 38. We spent ____ long time bargaining with ____ authorities over our visas. 39. We talked about everything under ____ sun. 40. We were going to have ____ barbecue but ____ rain put ____ mockers on that idea. 18 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

F. Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary. Abominable Snowman or Yeti is ____ mythical monster supposed to inhabit in ______ Himalayas at about ______ level of ______ snow line. Though reports of actual sightings of such ______ creature are rare, certain mysterious markings in ______ snow have traditionally been attributed to it. Those not caused by lumps of snow or stones falling from higher regions and bouncing across ______ lower slopes have probably been produced by bears. At certain gaits bears place ______ hind foot partly over ______ imprint of ______ forefoot, thus making ______ very large imprint that looks deceptively like ______ enormous human footprint positioned in ______ opposite direction. G. Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary. ______ compass is______ instrument for finding direction. ______simple compass is ______ magnetic needle mounted on______ pivot, or short pin. ______ needle, which can spin freely, always points to ______ north. ______ pivot is attached to ______ compass card. ______ compass card is marked with______ directions. To use ______compass, ______ person lines up ______ needle with ______marking for north. Then______ person can figure out all ______ other directions. H. Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary. Native to Africa, ______ostrich is ______ largest living bird. Unlike most other birds, ______ ostrich is unable to fly. When ______ ostrich does not want to be seen, it lies down on ______ ground. ______ most common type is ______ North African ostrich, found in ______ region between Morocco and Sudan. ______ ostrich is ______ tall bird. ______ adult male may reach ______ height of 8 feet (2.4 meters). ______ neck accounts for almost half of its height. ______ male weighs about 345 pounds (156 kilograms). ______ female is somewhat smaller than ______ male. Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. deicide a father 2. fratricide a king 3. genocide a sister 4. homicide a wife 5. matricide worms 6. patricide a mother 7. regicide a human being 8. sororicide a person or nation 9. uxoricide a brother or sister 10. vermicide a god Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 19

PREPOSITION Read the following description. One of the learners was in a terrible state. He knew he wanted to go somewhere but he didn't know how. At this moment he was standing near a bridge. Should he go by bus, by train, by car, by boat or possibly quite simply on foot? He could walk across the bridge, under the bridge but he couldn't possibly jump over the bridge. He just knew he wanted to get out of town. Once he had arrived there by car he could obviously get out of the car or the train or the bus but he'd have to get off the boat. And now he had arrived in the town centre and was sitting inside the tourist office looking out of the window. Well, he couldn't actually see through the window because the glass was very dirty. He left the tourist office and stood outside for a few minutes thinking what to do next. He saw a policeman coming towards him and he thought he'd ask him where to go. But the policeman walked past him and went along the street taking no notice of him. Anyhow when he thought about it, what could a police officer do for him? The trouble was that he didn't speak the language although he had learnt a few phrases by heart. He knew how to say: On what day is there a festival? At what time do the shops shut? Can I put my bike against the wall? None of these questions would be of use to him. What he really wanted to know was: Where is there a hotel? He was on the point of giving up when he saw a wonderful hotel in front of him. He walked up to the reception and within minutes he was sitting in a beautiful bedroom that looked over the sea. He had a fabulous meal in the restaurant and then went back to his room. He got into bed and fell into a deep sleep. It was in the middle of the night that he suddenly realized he wouldn't have enough money to pay for the accommodation. He decided to continue with his sleep and when he woke up he got ready and went down to the restaurant for his breakfast. He didn't leave that hotel for three weeks. That was how long it took for him to pay for that overnight stay by working in the kitchen as a washer up. Do you The coloured words in the given description are prepositions. Know? Prepositions are mostly little words that are used before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence. In other words, prepositions link a noun or pronoun to another noun or pronoun in a sentence. Prepositions are used to show when something happens, where something happens or where something is going to . Speaking Practice based on the given description. Answer these questions a. Who was in a terrible state? b. Where was he standing? c. What did he just know? d. Why couldn’t he see through the window? e. What was the trouble with the learner? 20 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Listening Practice Repeat these prepositions after your teacher. into after to about in onto since below by inside over at between behind beneath against for across among on in through behind under beside over during while Grammar Focus: Common Prepositions IN 1. Before months: in January, in Baishakh, etc. 2. Before years: in 2017, in 2075, etc. 3. Before seasons: in spring, in summer, in winter, etc. 4. In + period of time: in a few minutes, in a week, in two months, etc. 5. Place (comparatively larger): in Nepal, in Kathmandu, in Europe, in the world, etc. 6. Things worn on the body: in a blue sari, in a red cap, in a tie, etc. 7. Surrounded by something: in the ground, in the car, in the paint, in the bed, in an armchair, in the lock, etc. 8. Somebody's job or profession: in army, in driving, in teaching, in business, etc. 9. To show state or condition: in love, in trouble, in good repair, in a hurry, in debt, in misery, in poverty, etc. 10. Stages of life: in the childhood, in the womb, in the adulthood, etc. 11. With means of exchange: in cash, goods, etc. 12. With phrasal verbs: fill in, deal in, interested in, accurate in, backward in, absorbed in, engaged in, deficient in, experienced in, correct in, successful in, call in, fall in, get in, live in, set in, turn in, dwell in, succeed in, etc. 13. With some expressions: in a line, in a row, in the sky, in a photograph, in a mirror, in the sun, in the shade, in other words, in addition to, in comparison to, etc. ON 1. Before days: on Sunday, on Friday, on Saturday, etc. 2. Before dates: on 6th Sept., on 20th of this month, etc. 3. Special occasions: on my birthday, on Christmas day, on the parents' day, etc. 4. Topic: on pollution, on dowry system, on democracy, on environment, etc. 5. Over something: on the wall, on the table, on my head, etc. 6. Position: on the floor, on the ground, on the menu, on the list, on a map, etc. 7. Means of transportation: on a bus, on a cycle, on a train, on a motorcycle, on foot, etc. 8. Supported by something: on the foot, on the hook, on her back, etc. 9. To describe an activity or state: I am on vacation. I am on my business. We are on holidays. I bought a book on loan. 10. Being worn: Put your coat on. I didn't have my glasses on. 11. With some phrasal verbs: act on, depend on, go on, impose on, keep on, live on, pass on, put on, rely on, walk on, switch on, turn on, carry on, etc. AT 1. Before parts of day: at night, at noon, at dawn, at midnight, at dusk, at sunrise, at sunset, etc. 2. Before time shown by watch: at eight, at five o'clock, at quarter past three, etc. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 21

3. Before name of festivals: at Dashain, at Tihar, at Id, at Fagu, etc. 4. Before age: at twenty, at the age of sixty, etc. 5. Before points: at the bus stop, at the airport, at the platform, at the traffic lights, at the top, at the bottom, at the end of the party, etc. 6. Small areas: at Bagbazar, at Lagankhel, at Pulchowk, at Dallu, etc. 7. Other places: at the door, at the end, at the corner of the street, at reception, at home, at campus, at the meeting, etc. 8. With price, speed, degree: at 90 mph, at 300, at 0 degree C, at 100 degree C, etc. 9. What somebody is doing or happening: I am at lunch. The country is now at war. 10. Where somebody works: at bank, at school, at collage, at T.U, etc. 11. With time adverbials: at present, at this moment, at the same time, etc. 12. With phrase: look at, aim at, laugh at, point at ,good at, bad at, smile at, angry at, knock at, arrive at, wonder at, get at, etc. TO 1. In the direction of something: I walked to the office. It fell to the ground. It was on the way to the station. He's going to Paris. It is my first visit to Africa. He pointed to something on the opposite bank. Her childhood was spent travelling from place to place. 2. Located in the direction mentioned from something: Place the cursor to the left of the first word. There are mountains to the north. 3. As far as something: The meadows lead down to the river. Her hair fell to her waist. 4. Reaching a particular state: The vegetables were cooked to perfection. He tore the letter to pieces. She sang the baby to sleep. The letter reduced her to tears. His expression changed from shock to joy. 5. The end or limit of a range or period of time: A drop in profits from $105 million to around $75 million. , I'd say he was 25 to 30 years old. I like all kinds of music from opera to reggae. We only work from Monday to Friday. I watched the program from beginning to end. 6. Before the start of something: How long is it to lunch? It's five to ten. 7. Person or thing that receives something: He gave it to his sister. I'll explain to you where everything goes. I am deeply grateful to my parents. Who did she address the letter to? To whom did she address the letter? 8. Directed towards: It was a threat to world peace. She made a reference to her recent book. 9. In honor of somebody, something: It is a monument to the soldiers who died in the war. Let’s drink to John and his new job. FOR 1. Who is intended to have or use something: There’s a letter for you. It's a book for children. We got a new table for the dining room. This is the most suitable place for me. 2. In order to help somebody, something: What can I do for you? Can you translate this letter for me? I took her classes for her while she was sick. Soldiers are fighting for their country 3. Concerning somebody, something: They are anxious for her safety. Fortunately for us, the weather changed. 4. In support of somebody, something: Are you for or against the proposal? They voted for independence in a referendum. There’s a strong case for postponing the exam. I'm all for people having fun. ‘What does she think about the movie?’ ‘She's all for it.’ 22 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

5. to show purpose or function: This is a machine for slicing bread. Let's go for a walk. Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work? What did you do that for? 6. to show a reason or cause: The town is famous for its cathedral. She gave me a watch for my birthday. He got an award for bravery. I couldn't speak for laughing. He didn't answer for fear of hurting her. 7. In order to obtain something: He came to me for advice. For more information, call this number. There were over fifty applicants for the job. 8. to show a length of time: I'm going away for a few days. That's all the news there is for now. 9. to say how difficult, necessary, pleasant, etc. something is: It's useless for us to continue. There's no need for you to go. For her to have survived such an ordeal was remarkable. The box is too heavy for me to lift. Is it clear enough for you to read? 10. to show who can or should do something: It's not for me to say why he left. How to spend the money is for you to decide. BY 1. point of time: I will have passed the exam by 2075 BS. I will have reached there by tomorrow. 2. In passive voice before an agent: Football was played by students. Our organization is helped by an INGO. 3. To denote position: Ram is sitting by me. The book rack is by the cupboard. 4. To indicate a means of transport or a route system: travel by bus, car , train, plane, travel by air, land , sea, etc. 5. To pass through something or place: I went out by the back door. He came by country roads, not by motor ways. 6. With the means of doing something through: May I pay by cheque? You can contact me by letter, telephone. FROM 1. place or direction from which somebody, something starts: I am from Nepal. The bus goes from Kathmandu to Dhading. 2. who sent or gave something: I got a letter from my boss. There was a gift from my friend. 3. protection or prevention: Protect people from robbery. Save the children from abuses. 4. To make a distinction: Why are living things different from non-living things? 5. Indicating a cause: I’m suffering from fever. ONTO 1. with verbs to express movement on or to a particular place or position: Move the books onto the second shelf. She stepped down from the train onto the platform. 2. to show that something faces in a particular direction: The window looked out onto the terrace. TOWARDS 1. In the direction of somebody , something: We were heading towards the City Centre. She had her back towards me. 2. Getting closer to achieving something: This is a first step towards political union. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 23

3. Closer to a point in time: I will be there towards the end of April. 4. In relation to somebody , something: He was warm and tender towards her. Our attitude towards death is different. 5. With the aim of obtaining something: The money will go towards a new school building. AGAINST 1. Opposing or disagreeing with somebody , something: That's against the law. She was forced to marry against her will. The school teachers are against the principal. 2. Without any advantage: The evidence is against him. Her age is against her. 3. Close to, touching or hitting somebody , something: Put the piano there, against the wall. The rain beat against the windows. 4. In order to prevent something from happening: There is an injection against rabies. They took precautions against fire. Are we assured against burglary? 5. With something in the background, as a contrast: His red clothes stood out clearly against the snow. The love story unfolds against a background of civil war. 6. Comparison between two things: You must weigh the benefits against the cost. Check your receipts against the statement. What's the rate of exchange against the dollar? PAST 1. Gone by in time: in past years, centuries, ages, in times past, The time for discussion is past. 2. Gone by recently; just ended: I haven't seen much of her in the past few weeks. The past month has been really busy at work. 3. Belonging to an earlier time, past events: From past experience I'd say he'd probably forgotten the time. Let's forget about who was more to blame—it's all past history. UP 1. To or in a higher position somewhere: She climbed up the flight of steps. The village is further up the valley. 2. Along or further along a road or street: We live just up the road, past the post office. 3. Towards the place where a river starts: There is a cruise up the Rhine. OVER 1. Partly or completely covering the surface: She put a blanket over the sleeping child. He wore an overcoat over his suit. She put her hand over her mouth to stop herself from screaming. 2. In or to a position higher than but not touching: They held a large umbrella over her. The balcony juts out over the street. There was a lamp hanging over the table. 3. Across something: There is a bridge over the river. They ran over the grass. They had a wonderful view over the park. 4. During something: We’ll discuss it over lunch. Over the next few days they got to know the town well. She has not changed much over the years. He built up the business over a period of ten years. We're away over the New Year. 5. In relation to something: We have an argument over money. It is a disagreement over the best way to proceed. 6. By means of something: We heard it over the radio. She wouldn't tell me over the phone. 24 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

ABOVE 1. At or to a higher place or position than something, somebody: The water came above our knees. We were flying above the clouds. A captain in the navy ranks above a captain in the army. They finished the year six places above their local rivals. 2. More than something: Temperatures have been above average. We cannot accept children above the age of 10. 3. Too good or too honest to do something: She's not above lying when it suits her. He's above suspicion. BELOW 1. At or to a lower level or position: He dived below the surface of the water. Please do not write below this line. Skirts will be worn below the knee. 2. Of a lower amount, standard, rank or importance: The temperatures remained below freezing all day. Her work was well below average for the class. A police sergeant is below an inspector. UNDER 1. In, to or through a position that is below something: Have you looked under the bed? She placed the ladder under the window. 2. Less than; younger than: An annual income of under Rs. 10,000 is not sufficient for survival. It took us under an hour. Nobody under 18 is allowed to buy alcohol. 3. who or what controls, governs somebody , something: The country is now under martial law. She has 20 staff working under her. 4. Experiencing a particular process: The hotel is still under construction. The matter is under investigation. 5. Affected by something: The wall collapsed under the damage. I've been feeling under stress lately. BENEATH 1. Under somebody , something: They found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves. The boat sank beneath the waves. 2. Not good enough for somebody: He considers such jobs beneath him. They thought she had married beneath her. OFF 1. Down or away from a place: I fell off the ladder. Keep off the grass! Scientists are still a long way off finding a cure. We're getting right off the subject. 2. To say that something has been removed: You need to take the top off the bottle first! I want about an inch off the back of my hair. 3. Away from work or duty or price: He's had ten days off school. They knocked Rs. 10,000 off the car. INTO 1. To a position in or inside something: Come into the house. She dived into the water. He threw the letter into the fire. 2. to show a change in state: The fruit can be made into jam. Can you translate this passage into German? They came into power in 2008. She was sliding into depression. 3. About or concerning something: I had an inquiry into safety procedures. 4. Used when you are dividing numbers: Five into five is twenty five. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 25

AMONG 1. Surrounded by somebody , something: There is a house among the trees. They strolled among the crowds. I found the letter among his papers. It's OK, you're among friends now. 2. Being included or happening in groups of things or people: A British woman was among the survivours. He was among the last to leave. This attitude is common among the under-25s. Discuss it among yourselves first. ABOUT 1. On the subject of somebody, something: We are talking about the book. I am writing an essay about 'nationalism'. 2. At a time near, at approximately: There are about 500 students in my school.We reached there at about 5:30. 3. Near to a place: I was lost somewhere about Ratna Park yesterday. WITH 1. Having or carrying something: a boy with curly hair, a man with a stick, a coat with a belt, a child with a broken leg, etc. 2. Indicating the tool or instrument used: draw with a pencil, cut it with a knife, feed the baby with a spoon, etc. 3. In the company of something, somebody: I live with parents. They went on holiday with a friend. 4. Indicating the manner or circumstance: I'll do it with pleasure. I welcomed her with open arms. 5. With some adjectives: angry with, pleased with, satisfied with, delighted with, furious with, etc. THROUGH 1. Moving or passing from one side to the other: A river flows through my village. You can see the germs through microscope. 2. By means of; because of: You can get success through persistent hard work. 3. Beginning to the end: The children cannot stay in the concert through the night. OF 1. Belonging to somebody or something: He is a friend of Mohan. It is the love of a mother for her child. There is a great role of the teacher. the lid of the box, the director of the company, a member of the team, the result of the debate, etc. 2. Coming from a particular background: A woman of Italian descent, the people of Wales, etc. 3. with measurements and expressions of time, age, etc: Two kilos of potatoes, an increase of 2%, a girl of 12, the fourth of July, the year of his birth, have a walk of an evening, etc. 4. after nouns formed from verbs. The noun after ‘of’ can be either the object or the subject of the action: the arrival of the police, criticism of the police, fear of the dark, the howling of the wind, etc. 26 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Summary of Preposition with above against over around across on the left to insidein away (from) on the right to the left intooutside out (of) to the right far through at beside through far nenaer arer farther aa around under beneath a among a beween below aa behind backward forward in front (of) Grammar Focus: Preposition with Different Words ABOUT care , complain , do , dream , speak , hear , read , remind , talk , tell , think , walk , warn, concern, awful, lazy, dream, excited, hear, worry, anxious, just, look ACROSS swim, walk, run, go AFTER crave, hanker, look, run AGAINST fight, hit, lean, offend, speak, struggle, vote AMONG divide, quarrel, share AT aim , arrive , fire , glance , hint , jeer , laugh , look , point , shoot , shout , smile , stare , throw , wait , wink, arrive, good, bad, stare, annoyed, gazed, angry, adept, rejoice, shock BY abide, live, complete, finish DOWN drive, fall, go, sail, slide FOR qualified, useful, beg, canvass, feel, hope, long, mourn, start, prepare, sue, wait, wish, affect, ambition, anxiety, apology, appetite, candidate, capacity, compensate, contempt, desire, fitness, fondness, need, passionate, pity, pretext, surety FROM absolve , abstain , come , differ , escape , hear , hide , prevent , prohibit , protect , recover , run away , suffer, conceal, cease, exclude, derive, differ, emerge, exclude, preserve, refrain, abstinence, decent, exemption, intervene, respite, borrow, absent IN assist , believe , deal , excel , live , fill , glory , retire , involve , look , send , specialize , spend , succeed , swim , work , absorbed, accomplished INTO break, bump, burst, come, crash, cut, dive, divide, drive, fall, fly, jump, pour, put, run, split, turn Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 27

OF approve, ask, beware, complain, consist, despair, die, dream, hear, made, remind, suspect, take care, think, warn, accuse, assured, afraid, aware, ashamed, bereft, capable, cautious, composed, deprived OFF break , burn , close , cut , drive , drop , fall , fence , finish , fly , get , go , keep, lop , pay , run , set , ,sleep, switch , take, turn , walk, wipe ON blame , call , carry , comment , concentrate , decide , get, insist , live , put , rely, smile, spend, stand, switch, turn, urge, compliment, depend, determine, dwell, embark, enlarge, impose, line, resolve, base, congratulate, appeal, jump, count, set OUT blow, come, go, leave, look, pick, run, shout , throw OVER argue, cost, discuss, drop, fall, get, go, hand, hold, jump, knock, put, roll, speak, think, travel, trip PAST go, jog, walk, hurry THROUGH drive, get, lost, rain, run, sat, sold, wade, walk TO accede , agree , answer , apologize , apply , attend , belong , break , bring , complain , correspond , describe , explain , force , forget , go , happen , hope , invite , jump , keep , like , listen , need , occur , prefer , promise, reconcile , reply, send , shout, speak, submit, talk, try, throw, wish, write, yield, acceptable, addicted, affectionate, alien, common, contrary, due, faithful, indebted, favorable, necessary UNDER crawl, go, labour, stand UP add , catch, clean, climb, cover, dig, drive, get, give, go, grow, hurry, keep, lock, look, mix, pick, put, ring, run, save, shut, stay, tie, turn, wake, walk , wash WITH contemporary, contented, delighted, endowed, fatigued, inspired, gifted, infected, intimate, popular, satisfied, touched, associate, bear, coincide, compare, comply, condole, part, disagree, fight, sympathize, comparison, conformity, enmity, intercourse, intimacy WITHOUT come, do, drive, go, speak, start Grammar Focus: Preposition with other Phrases ABOUT book about, about the war, do something about, like about the movie, special about you, what about her, flung about the place ABOVE above a dollar, above mine, above the shop, above average, aged nine and above, rises above zero AFTER quarter after six, a walk after lunch, after this week, life after death, day after tomorrow, after midnight, ran after him AMONG among the five, among the trees, among the crowd, talk among yourselves AT at the beginning, at the table, at his feet, at lunch, free at lunchtime, at the age of sixty, at the moment, at last, driving at 100 mph, at 10%, country at war, at regular intervals, surprised at the news, BELOW the houses below us, skirts below the knee, down below, see below 28 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

BY stories by the writer, all by myself, enter by this door, by listening to him, grabbed me by my arm, back by two o’clock, must be in by ten, side by side, DURING by the time I arrived, twelve by ten in size, increased by 10 %, sold by the FOR thousand, stood by her side, paid by cheque FROM during the holidays, during the war, during the night, during the weekend for a dollar, message for you, prize for the winner, for ten minutes, not for IN sale, time for dinner, clothes for washing, for murder, for tonight, for two reasons, walked for miles, play chess for years NEAR from here, postcard from Jumla, from his pocket, the flight from, a mile from OF here, made from wood, prices start from Rs., 10, from bad to worse, died from injuries, risk from cancer, from the evidence, different from mine, from OFF our point of view, shelter from rain, banned from driving, truth kept from ON him OVER in a traffic jam, pain in my back, in a hurry, in a week’s time, in the mirror, in PAST exchange for, in great danger, in the queue, life in the 1870s, in his youth, in SINCE my view, a champion in him, speak in English, watch in horror, in the crowd, in THROUGH record time, in love, in this room, in private, written in ink, in response, reply TO to, living in luxury, cut in two too near me, near enough to hear UNDER a friend of mine, color of, a great deal of, fond of riding, unkind of you, face of UNTIL an angel, a quarter of, both of us, all of us, woman of wealth, many of, more of, most of, much of, none of them, plenty of, several of, the back of, the top of, pain of divorce, suffering of millions, of my own free will, died of cancer a long way off, be well off, off the grass, off the road a book on palmistry, on fire, standing on my foot, no effect on him, run on batteries, on the phone, forty dollars on a shirt, on time, on page 45, got on my horse, improve on it, on his father’s death over fifty, develop over time, over the worst, over an argument, victory over, over the radio, run over by, he’s over there a quarter past, half past, past the age since 3 o’clock, since last week, since Monday, since she died, since the party all through, through the door, slept through the lectures, get through the day five to eight, next to, went up to a stranger, told a story to him, drank himself to death, nursed back to health, nothing to him, stand back to back, keys to my car, old enough to, propose a toast to, sixty miles to a liter, exercising to music, to your liking under a tree, under age, under fifteen years old, under repair, under the control of, under the impression, under the influence of, under the table, under pressure to, ten soldiers under him until 3 o’clock, until it’s finished, until past midnight, wait until he’s here Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 29

WITH married with a child, trembling with fear, littered with paper, popular with the voters, went to war with, part with my money, with me or against me, improve with age WITHOUT without doubt, without his help, without taking a break Grammar Focus: Common Errors Incorrect Correct Let’s go for riding. Let’s go riding. He went a walk. He went for a walk. Our company's performance is inferior than Our company's performance is inferior to theirs. theirs. He is superior than you in strength. He is superior to you in strength. Send this letter on my new address. Send this letter to my new address. He goes in the school. He goes to the school. I am going to home. I am going home. I have not seen her since a long time. I have not seen her for a long time. He rides in a cycle. He rides on a cycle. He rides on a car. He rides in a car. He sat in a table. He sat on a table. The cat is in the roof. The cat is on the roof. He wrote me. He wrote to me. I shall explain them this. I shall explain this to them. He suggested me this. He suggested this to me. I arrived to the airport late. I arrived at the airport late. I was to the theater last night. I was at the theater last night This is the key of my room. This is the key to my room. I saw it on the newspaper. I saw it in the newspaper. I saw it in TV. I saw it on TV. He is a citizen in Greece. He is a citizen of Greece. He is good in English. He is good at English. I’ll answer to the phone. I’ll answer the phone. She is going to marry with a lawyer. She is going to marry a lawyer. I asked to him to buy some bread. I asked him to buy some bread. I’ll explain you the problem. I’ll explain the problem to you. 30 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

Additional Practice: Read these sentences. 1. He lived with his parents until he was thirty. 2. Who's going to wash the dishes after dinner? 3. We're going to buy some new skis before we go on our skiing holiday. 4. Everyone likes chocolate except Tom. 5. You should eat fruit instead of candy. 6. The tiger jumped into the trap. 7. The book fell onto the floor. 8. There has been an increase in unemployment. 9. He stepped off the stairs. 10. Please don't drive past the fruit stand, I want to stop there. 11. She ran down the hill. 12. The play ran from September to November. 13. I feel anxious about the interview. 14. We looked underneath the table. 15. He bent over to touch his toes. 16. He placed the letter inside the envelope. 17. There is a small table beside the bed. 18. He is moving his dog along the road. 19. I went through the window. 20. We are travelling towards the meeting hall. 21. Dad is taller than all of us. 22. I dream of finishing college in four years. 23. I put my pen on the table. 24. I’m fed up with this awful weather. 25. The love story unfolds against a background of civil war. 26. The opposition have called for him to resign. 27. We rowed across the river. 28. We arrived at the house in the afternoon. 29. You must finish the work by Friday. 30. Does this book belong to you? 31. We have not seen our waiter since we arrived. 32. The house is between the temple and school. 33. I visited my grandparents during the summer. 34. I found my pen lying among the books. 35. The bathroom is opposite the kitchen. 36. She looked after her ailing father. 37. The book fell onto the floor. 38. Women were only admitted into the club last year. 39. You must stay in bed until you get better. 40. We visited our grandparents during the summer. 41. An oak tree grows next to my house. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 31

42. We must walk home before it gets too dark. 43. The football rolled down the hill. 44. Mix the flour with water. 45. Is there room for me on this seat? 46. Traffic can cause damage to the environment. 47. I’m ashamed of what I did last Saturday. 48. There was a loud noise which woke us up at midnight. 49. Your dependence on Harry is not very healthy. 50. She’s not very interested in sports. 51. I’m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it? 52. I am thinking about this problem. 53. His honesty has never been called into question. 54. The cowboy rode into the setting sun. 55. I absolve you from all your sins. 56. We met by accident at the airport. 57. You'll have to abide by the rules of the club. 58. Hospital admissions for asthma attacks have doubled. 59. They argued for the right to strike. 60. A little more independence from him would help. 61. Sherry has a constant need for money. 62. There is an ice cream shop by the store. 63. I arrived at the airport an hour early. 64. He succeeded in passing his driving test. 65. He is very affectionate towards his children. A. Fill in the blank spaces with correct prepositions. Millions ___ different kinds of animals live __ Earth. Animals are found ___ the world, from the freezing polar zones ___ the hottest deserts. They live ___ land and ___ the water. Animals come ___ a huge variety of shapes and sizes, ranging ___ tiny insects and worms ____ giant elephants and whales. Like plants, animals are living things. They need food and water____ live. Unlike plants, which make their own food, animals feed themselves ____ eating plants or other animals. In addition, animals differ ___ plants because they can sense what goes on ____ them. Their bodies allow them to move ___ in reaction ___their surroundings. They use their senses and movement ___ find food, mates, and safety. Animals can be divided ___ many groups. One of the easiest ways ____ group animals depends ____ whether they have a backbone. Animals that have a backbone are called vertebrates. Animals that do not have a backbone are called invertebrates. About 95 percent __ all animals are invertebrates. 32 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions given in brackets. 1. We haven’t read _______the conflict in Italy. (of, about, on) 2. He likes to sit_______ (in, at, on) the front of the house. 3. He loves swimming_______ (on, in, into) the sea. 4. They met him_______ (in, during, at, nothing) last Saturday. 5. I must prevent him ________ speaking. (by, to, from, of) 6. They opened a school _______ poor children. (to for, by) 7. I prevented him_______ (for, to, from) speaking. 8. He saw a cobra_______ (by, on, in, nothing) his way to school. 9. I sleep_______ (on, in, at) my bed. 10. I sometimes dream _______you. (about, of, on) 11. Ruby threw the stone _______the sea. (round, above, into, away from) 12. I was shocked _______what I saw. (at, by, with, of) 13. She will come to your school _______Sunday. (to, on by, for) 14. He will give your money_______(in, at, on, nothing) next week. 15. I will visit you _______ Dashain. (at, in, with, by) 16. I’m informed ___a reliable source that there is a vacancy____an accountant. (from, of, with) 17. I’m fed up ______the same food. (by, with, of) 18. I’m talking _______history now. (for, to, into, about) 19. I’m tired __________ working here. (on, of, in) 20. I saw a bird singing _______ dawn. (on, in, at) 21. Is he lying _______ the floor? (over, at ,on, under) 22. It has been raining _______last week. (from, since, for) 23. It’s my compliment _______your hard work. (in, on, for) 24. Keep on writing letters _______me. (with, to, for) 25. Listen_______ your teacher well. (with, to, for) 26. Look at those people swimming __________ the pool. (on, in, at) 27. Many people in Nepal get suffered________ cholera every year. (from, by, on) 28. Men are involved _________work. (at, in, on) 29. Subin married______ (to, with, for) an American lady. 30.Tula will have completed his work __________ 4 pm. (by, at, until) 31. Milkha gave __________ his trial to win the race. (of, up, off) 32. Osan will have completed her M.B.A _____2010. (by, for, from) 33. Pukar met him_______ (in, to, on, at) the way to work. 34. Mohan goes to school_______ (by, with, on) foot daily. 35. He was born_______ (on, at, in) January 1, 1985. 36. My father always goes to office __________ bus. (on, in, by) 37. His father lives in Chitwan _______ (to, by, with, of) his mother. 38. A friend came to meet me _______the occasion of Vijaya Dshami. (in, on, at) 39. My little sister dropped the stone _______the pot. (in, on, into, with) 40. My mother cut the mango_______ a knife. (with, on, for, by) Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 33

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions given in brackets. 1. My parents have done a lot for me. I am really grateful______them. (to, for, of) 2. The ruler was broken _______three pieces. (in, to, into) 3. Our school starts_______ (in, at, on) 10 in the morning. 4. My shoes are similar _______yours. (to, with, for, in) 5. Alina is fond_______ (at, of, off) watching T.V. 6. My sister sleeps _______eight o’clock. (over, till, through, by) 7. John always goes to school_______ (in, by, on) car. 8. We depend_______ (of, on, in) agriculture. 9. Nepal is rich_______ (in, of, for) hydroelectricity. 10. Nepal lies______________ China and India. (in, between, among, at) 11. Nepalese are famous _______ their bravery. (on, for, about) 12. Never feel happy _______other’s sorrow. (with, on, from, at) 13. Our Principal’s room is attached_______ (of, on, to, from) our teacher’s room. 14. Pemba is_______ (at, in, by) the door now. 15. Please concentrate _______your job. (in, on, at) 16. Please remind me _______today’s programmes. (of, about, on) 17. He has searched a job_______ (to, with, for) me. 18. Please see your face_______ (in, at, on) the mirror. 19. Nilu will have finished it _______ (for, at, from, by) tomorrow. 20. Put the pen __________your pocket. (on, into, over, at) 21. Rabindranath will have posted the letter _______next week. (by, on, at) 22. I will have finished it_______ (for, at, from, by) 2 O'clock. 23. Ram has lived here _______five years. (to, for, by) 24. Anu is famous _______ her dancing skill.(in, for, to) 25. Rita spread the cloth_______ (on, at, of, over) the table and offered tea. 26. Utsav laid unconscious _______some days ________hospital. (in, for, by, at) 27. We will have finished it _______Tuesday. (on, by, for) 28. She always quarrels_______ (by, with, over, between) her husband. 29. They deal __________ clothes. (in, with, for) 30. Sunita drives her bike_______ (at, in, by) the speed of 80km per hour. 31. Rama has been learning Japanese _______ 2008. (for , since, from) 32. She has specialized _______conflict theory. (in, to, into) 33. Tina is _________red sari.(on, in, at) 34. She is a girl_______ eighteen years. (of, in, on) 35. Mina is always jealous_______ (of, for, in) other’s progress. 36. She is conscious_______ (with, for, of) being punished. 37. We are visiting the zoo_______ Saturday. (on, in, at) 38. Rabina is engaged_______ (with, to, by) John. 39. Rita is famous_______ (with, for, to) singing songs. 40. She lives ___ the school. (near, past, along) 34 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

D. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions given in brackets. 1. I was asleep _____ the phone woke me up. (when/until/as) 2. They felt lonely ____ their children left home. (after/while/as) 3. We always have a good breakfast ____we go to work. (after/before/when) 4. I like all kinds of food____ Upma. (besides/except/as well as) 5. You should eat fruit ____candy.(beside/instead of/in case of) 6. The cowboy rode ___ the setting sun. (to/into/onto) 7. The tiger jumped ____ my face. (to/into/onto) 8. Shakespeare died ____ 1616. (to/in/at) 9. He walked _____ the office. (of/off/up) 10. No, you can’t watch a video. It’s ____ your bedtime already. ( past/through/across) 11. The football rolled ___the hill.(up/down/below) 12. They borrowed money ____ the bank. (from/through/to) 13. The jury had a lot of doubts ____the evidence. (on/about/with) 14. There’s a wooden floor ______ the carpet. (between/with/underneath) 15. Some geese flew ____their house. (over/above/up) 16. John and Sarah were hiding ___ the wardrobe. (in/inside/within) 17. There was a tree ____the river. (beside/besides/across) 18. A man was walking his dog ____ the riverbank. (along/across/in) 19. The freeway goes right ____ the city. (through/though/through) 20. We were travelling ____ Salyantar. (to/in/towards) 21. The neighborhood streets are less busy ____ downtown streets. (then/than/through) 22. I am ___ the problem. (aware about/aware of/on) 23. She insisted ____ paying for the meal. (in/on/at/for) 24. I’m pleased ____ my level of success. (by/with/at) 25. Andrew smiles ____ his mother. (as/like/of) 26. We're playing _____ the league champions next week. (for/against/to) 27. Ram blamed me ____what happened. (on/for/to) 28. He met me ____ lunch time. (on/in/at) 29. I got carried away and started shouting ___ the television. (on/in/at) 30. He was befuddled ___ drink. (due to/by/because) 31. Traffic can cause damage ___the environment. (for/to/in) 32. She was called away ___ the meeting to take an urgent phone call. (from/by/at) 33. It was a title bestowed ____ him by the king. (on/upon/to) 34. I visited my grandparents ____ the summer. (during/at/by) 35. The house is ___ the two streets. (among/between/by) 36. He made ____ the news. (up/of/off) 37. We have not seen our waiter ___ we arrived. (for/since/as long as) 38. Add ___ all the money I owe you. (up/by/to) 39. We will abide___ their decision. (up/by/to) 40. I will call you______ noon. (on, in, at) Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 35

E. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions given in brackets. 1. We are walking____ the shop. (to/towards for/at) 2. Helen got ____ acting purely by accident. (into/onto/to) 3. Last week, I worked _____ 9 pm every night. (up/until/at) 4. My soccer team played well ____ the championship tournament. (during/for/to) 5. My favourite restaurant is ____ the enormous shoe store. (beside/next to/by) 6. I’ll do my homework ____ dinner. (before/after/for) 7. He pounds nails ____ a hammer. (by/with/to) 8. I made this bookmark ____ my mom. (to/for/by) 9. She’s determined ____ take part. (to/for/by) 10. Don’t be jealous ____ others. (of/at/on) 11. We were amazed ____her sweet voice. (to/at/by) 12. She plays tennis ___ Fridays. (on/in/at) 13. I often get sleepy ____ the afternoon. (on/in/at) 14. We apologize ____ the late departure of this flight. (for/at/to/with) 15. The jury had a lot of doubts ____the evidence. (for/on/about) 16. The war was carried____ enemy territory. (into/onto/to) 17. Cut the cake ____ five pieces. (into/onto/to) 18. There was a tree _____ the river. (beside/besides/except) 19. Sally was sitting ____a tree. (on/in/under) 20. The boys chased ___each other. (on/after/before) 21. A little more independence ___ him would help. (by/from/with) 22. He hopes __ a raise in salary next year. (for/to/about) 23. I cannot go to the party so count me ___. (on/out/off) 24. He visited his father____dusk. (at/in/on) 25. I always try to be polite ___ people. (into/onto/to) 26. Riya called me ____ midnight. (in/on/at) 27. We were travelling ____ Mustang. (to/towards/for) 28. They borrowed money ___ the bank. (by/from/in) 29. The injured were carried ____ on stretchers. (on/away/with) 30. Extensive tests have been carried ___ on the patient. (out/away/with) 31. He has proved he can carry ___ on his promises. (through/away/with) 32. She was completely taken ___ by his anger. (aback/to/behind) 33. She lives ___ the school. (along/near/past) 34. We were ____ the foot of the hill. (on/in/at) 35. The thief was hiding ____ the cupboard. (in front of/behind/on) 36. He trembled ____ anger. (by/with/at) 37. Smoking is injurious ___ health. (into/onto/to) 38. He fell ____ the tree. (of/off/from) 39. She walked ____ the market. (towards/by/near) 40. The moon moves ___ the earth. (over/around/near) 36 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

F. Fill in the blank spaces with correct prepositions. People enjoy visiting Florida ____ its pleasant weather and because there are lots of things to do there. White-sand beaches ____ the coastline attract large crowds. Many people like seeing and learning ____ marine animals ___ Orlando's Sea World. Biscayne National Park, ___ the Atlantic coast south ___ Miami, features brightly colored fish, plants, and corals. Many birds fly ___ the Everglades National Park ___ the winter ___ their annual migration, and many other animals reside there ___ the year. Busch Gardens ___Tampa has hundreds ___African animals roaming ___ an open environment. G. Fill in the blank spaces with correct prepositions. A: I think the Rhinoceros went ___the aquarium ___breakfast and murdered the Panther ___the shark tank ___a fish hook. B: No. I think the Anaconda, working together ___ the Python, killed him ___the terrace café just ___ lunch. They strangled him ___ a feather. A: Never. It was the Panda. He was walking ___ the chimpanzee house ___time ___ tea when he shot the Panther ___ the ears ___ his revolver. B: You’re all wrong. I think it was the Camel, ___the picnic area ___the car park. He hit the Panther ___ the head ___ an enormous fish belonging ___ the sea lion. H. Fill in the blank spaces with correct prepositions. One day, the Hodja put two big baskets ___ grapes ___ his donkey and set ___ to the market. ___ his way, he stopped to rest ___ the shade ___ a large plane tree, ___ a stream, ___ where other men and their donkeys were ___ resting. While the men were dozing, the Hodja started to take grapes ___ their baskets and transfer them___ his. One of the men woke ___ and angrily demanded to know what he thought he was doing. The Hodja quickly explained, “Don’t mind me. I’m a bit mad and often do strange things.” “___that case,” retorted the man, “why don’t you take grapes ____ your basket and put them ___ someone else’s?” Looking ___quizzically, the Hodja replied. “I’m not that mad!” Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. audiology the study of measurement 2. carpology the study of forms, history and meanings of words 3. cytology the study of the phenomena of sleep 4. dermatology the study of the structures of tissues 5. epistemology the study of the science of hearing 6. entomology the study of the fruits and seeds 7. histology the study of the cells 8. hypnology the study of skin disorders 9. lexicology the study of the theory of knowledge 10. metrology the study of insects Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 37

QUESTION TAGS Read the following dialogue. Man: Although I tried my best, I couldn’t get the job, could I? Woman: Sorry to hear it. You should keep on trying, shouldn’t you? And were there many vacancies? Man: No. There weren’t many, were there? Woman: I think so. All candidates attended the interview, didn’t they? Man: Yes, most of them did. Woman: But you were the most qualified, weren’t you. I’m sure. You’ve topped the university and you’ve work experience also, don’t you? Man: Yes. Sometimes, despite all your efforts, you can’t get things done, because of bad luck, can you? Woman: I think so. What’ll you do next? Man: I will apply for another job at a bank. Woman: Good luck, then. Man: Thanks. Do you In the above given dialogue, could I, shouldn’t you, were there, Know? didn’t they, weren’t you don’t you and can you are question tags. Tag Questions are a very common feature of spoken English and are used mostly as a social convention, inviting a response from the other person. They are used to elicit a response or just as a statement. Tags are also used for asking for an agreement or confirmation. Tag is not a separate sentence; it is a part of sentence. Speaking Practice based on the given dialogue. Answer these questions a. What is a positive tag? b. What is a negative tag? c. What are question tags? d. Which punctuation is used in tags? e. What form of verbs is used in tags? Listening Practice Repeat these contractions after your teacher. Word Contraction Word Contraction hadn’t…..? am/’m aren’t…..? had + v3 had…..? hasn’t…..? are/’re aren’t…..? had better not doesn’t/don’t/didn’t…..? doesn’t/don’t/didn’t…..? can can’t…..? has + v3 haven’t…..? command will you? has to /have to /had to could couldn’t…..? has/have/had+ noun dare not dare…..? have + v3 38 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

dares doesn’t…..? l e t ( m e / u s / h i m / h e r / will you? them) do don’t…..? may mayn’t…..? does doesn’t…..? might mightn’t…..? did didn’t…..? must mustn’t…..? don’t/ never + v + o will you? needed didn’t…..? ‘d + better hadn’t…..? needs doesn’t/needn’t…..? ‘d + have + v3 wouldn’t…..? shall shan’t…..? ‘d + rather wouldn’t…..? should shouldn’t…..? ‘d + v3 hadn’t…..? used to + v1 didn’t…..? ‘s + been + v4 hasn’t…..? v1 don’t…..? ‘s + being + v3 isn’t…..? v2 didn’t…..? ‘s + ing isn’t…..? v5 doesn’t…..? ‘s + noun isn’t…..? will won’t…..? ‘s + p.p. (v3) hasn’t…..? would rather not would…..? had + noun didn’t…..? would/’d + v1 wouldn’t…..? Grammar Focus: Rules of Question Tag 1. There should be comma (,) at the end of the statement. He plays basketball, doesn't he? 2. A tag should begin with small letter. Riya eats an apple, doesn't she? 3. Affirmative statement has a negative tag and negative statement has a positive tag. Som works hard, doesn't he? (Positive statement-Negative tag) They aren't running on the ground, are they? (Negative statement-Positive tag) 4. Nouns as subject of the Statement should be changed into pronoun. They were in white dress, weren't they? Let's play a game, shall we? Let's not go there, shall we? Let me do it, will you? 5. If there is auxiliary verb in the statement, the same auxiliary verb should be repeated in the tag. Here is a list of auxiliary verbs. Present Form Pasr Form is/am/are was/were have/has had do/does did Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 39

shall/will should/would can/may could/might must had to You are going there, aren’t you? They ought to read this book, oughtn’t they? We will fail the test, won’t we? Risikesh can sing a song, can’t he? We travel all over the world, don,t we? 6. If there is no auxiliary verb in the statement, do, does or did is used in the tag according to the subject, number and form of the verb. Sub +v1 (base form) = don’t: The boys love music, don’t they? Sub +v2 (past form) = didn’t: Sima works hard, doesn’t she? Sub +v5 (‘s’ or ‘es’ form) =doesn’t: Rohan sang a song, didn’t he? 7. If the subject of the statement is ‘this’ or ‘that’ the pronoun in the tag is ‘it’ but if the subject is ‘these’ or ‘those’, the pronoun in the tag is ‘they’. This is a nice bag, isn’t it? That is not your anxiety, is it? These are the things we need, aren’t they? Those are my books, aren’t they? 8. If there is ‘You and I’ together in the subject of the statement, the pronoun in the tag should be ‘we’. You and I are friends, aren’t we? You and I were working together, weren’t we? 9. If the verb ‘Have' is used as a main verb the tag will be as given below: Have=do: We have a house, don't we? Has=does: She has a car, doesn't she? Had=did: I had a terrible headache, didn't I? 10. Imperative sentences take will you as a tag. But in the case of ‘Let’s’, ‘Shall we’ is used. Close the door, will you? Don't tell a lie, will you? Let us go, will you? Let’s have a party tonight, shall we? Let's not go there, shall we? Please, help us, will you? 11. A sentence having two clauses takes a tag according to the former clause. I wish I would pass the exam, don't I? I don't think she will come here, do I? It is said that 5% of total workers are out of work, isn't it? 12. If there is sub+’d+rather+v1 and sub +’d +better+v1 in the statement the tag will be wouldn’t and hadn’t respectively. You'd better go there, hadn't you? He'd rather prefer tea, wouldn't he? 40 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

13. Sentence with negative words such as neither, no, none, no one, nothing, scarcely, barely, hardly, hardly ever, seldom, never, rarely, nobody, not often, infrequently are always followed by a positive tag. Neither of the students had breakfast, did they? Nobody does homework, do they? None of them liked the film, did they? Nothing troubled me, did it? Renu and Alisa hardly wake up early, do they? Our students never play volleyball, do they? 14. Singular auxiliary verbs (is, was, has, does) change to plural auxiliary verbs (are, were, have, do) to form tags if the subjects of the statements are somebody, someone, nobody, no one, everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, none, neither, etc. Everyone likes playing, don't they? Everybody likes the captain, don’t they? No one respects a bad person, do they? Neither of the books is valuable, are they? Somebody has got my wallet, haven’t they? 15. If the subject of the statement is everything, anything, something, nothing, all + singular verb, the pronoun in the tags is ‘it’. Everything is acceptable, isn't it? All is okay, isn't it? G ramSommaretFhoincguiss: erroneous to you, isn’t it? Common Errors Incorrect Correct We have many problems, haven’t we? We have many problems, don’t we? Ram has a nice car, hasn’t he? Ram has a nice car, doesn’t he? I had my lunch in a restaurant, hadn’t I? I had my lunch in a restaurant, didn’t I? You'd better go there, wouldn’t you? You'd better go there, hadn’t you? I am a boy, amn’t I? I am boy, aren’t I? Don’t call him, do you? Don’t call him, will you? Let’s have fun, will you? Let’ have fun, shall we? Everyone likes me, doesn’t he? Everyone likes me, don’t they? I shall be late tonight, shalln’t I? I shall be late tonight, shan’t I? He cut his leg, doesn’t he? He cut his leg, didn’t he? He hardly speaks Chinese, doesn’t he? He hardly speaks Chinese, does he? This is a beautiful home, isn’t this? This is a beautiful home, isn’t it? That was a terrible disaster, wasn’t that? That was a terrible disaster, wasn’t it? One should work hard, shouldn’t they? One should work hard, shouldn’t one? Nobody has awareness, has they? Nobody has awareness, do they? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 41

A. Add a suitable question-tag to these sentences. 1. Alan has been working very hard today, _____? 2. Anybody can do that, _____? 3. Don’t make a noise, _____? 4. Everybody is talking about wildlife saving, _____? 5. Everyone can attend the class, _____? 6. Everything is perishable, _____? 7. Have a cup of tea, _____? 8. Ram always hates her, _____? 9. Tony hardly knew the answer, _____? 10. Tom is a student, _____? 11. Tarjan need not come, _____? 12. Som never gets angry, _____? 13. They will be here soon, _____? 14. Aman’s singing a song, _____? 15. I am not a pilot, _____? 16. The sun is setting now, _____? 17. Bob´s going to buy a new car this year, _____? 18. The shopping district extends for many blocks, _____? 19. Please visit us tonight, _____? 20. Don’t try to cross the limit, _____? 21. Let me tell you the whole thing first, _____? 22. Let’s have a party tonight, _____? 23. They have to work hard all the time, _____? 24. Madan has to convince her, _____? 25. They had a farmhouse nearby the wood, _____? 26. Hom doesn’t have to always buy stamps, _____? 27. There are many people ahead of him, _____? 28. There aren’t any people ahead of him, _____? 29. Ramesh hardly has to wait in line, _____? 30. Upendra didn’t have to wait, _____? 31. Vishnu won’t have to wait in line, _____? 32. I haven’t received any change, _____? 33. Nawaraj never mails me any packages, _____? 34. Mary goes shopping every day, _____? 35. The sun sets at about six o’clock, _____? 36. They went into the church, _____? 37. He doesn’t come here every day, _____? 38. She isn’t busy now, _____? 39. They didn’t come with her, _____? 40. She can’t speak French, _____? 42 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

B. Add a suitable question-tag to these sentences. 1. No one is ready _____? 2. No one solved the problem, _____? 3. Nobody is working, _____? 4. Nobody listened to me, _____? 5. Neither of them is good, _____? 6. None of the things are in condition, _____? 7. Manu never gets angry, _____? 8. Nothing is correct, _____? 9. Either of us is ready, _____? 10. Our school is very nice, _____? 11. Rita looks clean and tidy, _____? 12. She didn’t answer my question, _____? 13. Anu has her breakfast in bed, _____? 14. Bina would rather go there, _____? 15. Dina’d like some tea, _____? 16. Hira’s done well, _____? 17. Imran, bring me your pen, _____? 18. Somebody has called me, _____? 19. Someone destroyed it, _____? 20. Something is wrong, _____? 21. The milk should have been boiled, _____? 22. The traffic seldom seems heavy, _____? 23. My typist wouldn’t like it, _____? 24. The wind was blowing very hard, _____? 25. There used to be a pond, _____? 26. There’s plenty of time, _____? 27. They didn’t use to play gambles, _____? 28. My son knows them, _____? 29. We were absent from the lesson, _____? 30. They’d better stay at home, _____? 31. We’d finished the examination on time, ____? 32. None of us’re playing yesterday, _____? 33. This programme schedule is not reliable, _____? 34. Watch the movie carefully, _____? 35. They had a swim yesterday, _____? 36. We have our meal, _____? 37. I’ll come to your house next Saturday, _____? 38. We’re leaving tomorrow, _____? 39. Frank dares to tell a lie, _____? 40. You always write poor English, _____? Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 43

C. Add a suitable question-tag to these sentences. 1. They don’t live uptown, _____? 2. John often walks to the post office, _____? 3. Sekhar never goes there, _____? 4. Rajeev first goes to the window, _____? 5. Shree Krishna dropped the letter, _____? 6. Laxmi put a stamp on the envelope, _____? 7. Om gave him the stamps, _____? 8. Helen can speak English fluently, _____? 9. George had a very tall house in the city, _____? 10. You'd better not be absent for class, _____? 11. It might begin to rain soon, _____? 12. Mr. Smith may be out of town tomorrow _____? 13. They’d rather leave early in the morning, _____? 14. There used to be many students there, _____? 15. You need to consider that time is precious, _____? 16. Keep quiet, _____? 17. Lomu will finish the work, _____? 18. Let me open the door, _____? 19. Let us have a cup of tea, _____? 20. Let’s do our homework, _____? 21. Let’s finish our work, _____? 22. Let’s learn the English language, _____? 23. My sister doesn’t make a noise, _____? 24. Neither of them helped me, _____? 25. No one helped me last week, _____? Vocabulary in Use A. Match the following words with their meanings given below. 1. cosmology the study of birds 2. oncology the study of nature of being 3. ontology the study of tumours 4. ornithology the study of the theory of the universe 5. otology the study of fermentation 6. pathology the study of religion 7. petrology the study of the sounds of a language 8. phonology the study of the rocks 9. theology the study of bodily diseases 10. zymology the study of the ear 44 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

CONCORD Read the following description. The dog is one of the most popular animals in the world. It was among the first animals to be domesticated, or trained for use by humans. It is characterized by loyalty, friendship, protectiveness, and affection. Therefore, dogs are also known as man's best friend. The dog is a social creature. It prefers the company of people and of other dogs. Therefore, it is considered to be a pack animal. Dogs claim territory and mark it as its own. Dogs indicate their area by urinating and rubbing their scent on the ground or on trees as a sign of their presence. Dogs are capable of a wide range of responses to their environment. For example, when a dog meets another dog and its ears are erect, it is concentrating on the other dog. If its ears are pointing forward, it is on the alert. If a dog holds its tail high and wags it, the animal is happy and confident. If it drops its tail and remains still, the dog is anxious. If it pulls its tail between its legs, the dog is afraid. If on meeting a person or another dog it pulls back its lips and growls, it is making a threat. Do you In the above given description, the words in bold face are in subject- Know? verb agreement pattern. Singular subject must always agree with singular verb and plural subject must always agree with plural verb. Thus, the relationship between subject and verb is called subject- verb agreement. A verb must agree with its subject in number and pronoun. Here is a list of them. Speaking Practice Answer these questions based on the given description. a. How is a dog characterized? b. What does a dog prefer? c. How do dogs indicate their idea? d. What are dogs capable of? e. What is a dog considered to be? Listening Practice Repeat these plural subjects after your teacher. staff cattle livestock people vermin poultry police outskirts sheep deer salmon fish clergymen boys we stairs arms swine gentry girls they men women students Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 45

Grammar Focus: Rules of Concord 1. Singular subject V5/was / is / has takes singular verb. She was absent yesterday. Manoj is kind and cooperative. The earth rotates round the sun. Our school has a beautiful garden. 2. Plural subject V1/were/ are/ have takes plural verb. At this time yesterday we were playing games. Cows eat fodder. These players have very good appearance. We are human being. 3. Modalauxiliaryverbssuchaswill/would/can/could/shall/should/may/might/oughtto/ must/need to/dare to/used to, etc. are always followed by plural verbs even if the subject is singular. All you need to do is complete this report. We didn’t dare to tell what we thought. Lakesh may be a good father but he’s a terrible husband. They might get there on time, but I can’t be sure. She must finish the work. He would sing a song. I will visit the park next month. She can sing a song by herself. I could do nothing except watching the picture. The students ought to apologize for their mistake. The staff used to go sailing on the lake in summer. What shall I do for you? You should labour hard. 4. Two or more nouns or pronouns joined by 'and' often require a plural verb. Are your brother and sister job holder? Fire and water do not agree. Guna and I are working together. But, if the noun suggests one idea to the mind or refers to the something, the verb is singular. Bread and butter is my only food. Rice and Potato is our favorite food. Slow and steady wins the race. Time and tide waits for no man. 5. Two or more subjects joined by 'as well as', 'with', 'together with', 'along with', accompanied by', 'including', 'in addition', ‘no less than’, etc. take verb according to the former subject. I, together with my helpers, am busy in works. Kabit, together with his friends, was present. The ship, along with its crew, was saved. The shop, with its articles, was burnt down. 46 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

The text is accompanied by a series of stunning photographs. There is, in addition, one further point to make. Mira, and not you, has won the prize. No one, besides Jubal, knows it. Silver as well as gold is a precious metal. Mr. Regmi as well as his sons is industrious The guide book contains details of no less than 150 hiking routes. 6. Some nouns ending in –s are plural in form, but singular in meaning like: a. Field of study/subjects: mathematics, linguistics, statistics, economics, ethics, physics, ethics, politics, gymnastics, athletes b. Diseases and Injuries: measles, shambles, rabies, AIDS, mumps, tuberculosis, syphilis, paralysis, crisis, diabetes, shingles, rickets, etc. c. Games and Sports: rounders, table tennis, checkers/ draughts, noughts and crosses, musical bumps, fives, billiards, bowls, darts, dominoes, etc. A musical bump is a child’s party game. Darts is often played in British pubs. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Physics is my favorite subject. Politics is a dirty game. Rounders is played by two teams using a bat and ball. Syphilis gets worse over a period of time. 7. Some nouns like staff, cattle, livestock, people, vermin, poultry, sheep, deer, salmon, fish, police, outskirts, stairs, arms, swine, gentry and clergymen take plural verb. Cattle were first tamed in Neolithic times. How many stairs are there up to the second floor? Most male deer have antlers. The police are unable to examine the case. The Sheep are grazing in the field. The staff in this school are very supportive. There were a lot of people at the party. They keep/raise poultry on the farm. They live on the periphery of Kathmandu. This is a market where livestock are bought and sold. Vermin are birds and mammals that prey on game. But a sheep/ deer/ fish/ policeman/ clergyman takes singular verb. A clergyman is a male priest or minister in the Christian Church. A deer is coming to the village. A policeman is running on the road. He bought a sheep yesterday. This fish tastes hilarious. 8. Two or more nouns qualified by each or every, joined by 'and' require singular verb. Each and every dog has its day. Every teacher, parent, and student is conscious about quality education. Every girl and every boy is in school uniform. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 47

9. If the subject of a sentence begins with 'either of / neither of / each of / one of / everyone of + plural nouns, it must be followed by singular verb. Each of these books is written by foreign writers. Either of the women is beautiful. Every one of the students entertains my class. Neither of these two boys is good at English. One of the girls is so brilliant in this class. 10. Two or more nouns/pronouns corrected by 'either.....or.....’ and 'neither......nor......' take verb according to the latter subject. Either Sony or I am ready to do it. Neither you nor Amrita helps me. Either he or they have many problems. Neither Rita nor her friends are good at singing. 11. Phrases beginning with -a crowd of / a band of/ a group of / a herd of / a flock of / a gang of / a regiment of / a set of / a team of / a pack of / a pride of +plural nouns take both plural and singular verbs. A whole crowd is/are going to the ball. A group of girls is / are kidding each other. A herd of deer is/ are grazing on the ground. A flock of sheep is/ are coming. 12. Phrases beginning with a chain of / a bunch of / a bouquet of / a batch of / a galaxy of / a series of / a packet of +plural nouns generally take singular verb. A bunch of flower is on the table. 13. Subjects that are about specific quantity or amount, distance, measurement and arithmetic sums often have a singular verb. Ten miles is a long distance. Ten meters of cloth is required to cover the area. Eighty thousand rupees is enough for my study. Twelve hours equals to a day. Six months is enough to finish this task. Three plus three equals six. Twenty minus five is fifteen. Eighty dollars is a lot of money. 14. Plural noun which is a proper noun for some single object or some collective unit must be followed by a singular verb. The United States has a big navy. The Arabian Nights is still a great favourite. Tom and Jerry is a famous cartoon. 15. Some nouns like scissors/ shorts/ pants/ jeans/ trousers/ binoculars/ tongs/ pliers take a plural verb but a pair of trousers/ shorts/ pliers/ pants/ jeans/ binoculars/ tongs/ pliers take a singular verb The scissors are blunt. The pliers are on the table. A pair of scissors is blunt. 48 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9

16. Collective nouns such as committee, crew, government, parliament, jury, staff, family, team, audience may take either singular or plural verb. Almost every family in the country owns a television. He is a staff reporter for ‘The Himalayan Times’. None of the passengers and crew was/were injured. The audience is / are so excited The audience was/were clapping for five minutes. The committee has/have decided to close the restaurant. The German parliament is called the ‘Bundestag’. The government has/have been considering further tax cuts. The jury has/have returned a verdict of guilty. The present government is against corruption. The team is / are trying best to win the match. Three staff members were suspended after the incident. 17. The subject of a sentence beginning with some of / most of / all of / a few of / a lot of + plural nouns take a plural verb but some of / most of/ all of + uncountable nouns take a singular verb. Most of the students are good at mathematics. A few girls have participated in the competition. Most of the rice looks stale. 18. Indefinite pronouns as subjects have the following type of agreement: Always Singular: anyone, everyone, someone, no one, everybody, anybody, nobody, somebody, everything, nothing, anything, something, each, every, either, neither, much, little, one, another, enough, other Always Plural: both, few, many, several, others Either singular or Plural: more, most, none, any, all, some Someone is knocking at the door. Nothing was wrong. Nobody knows him. None killed him. Neither of them is a hard worker. Either of them comes to me tonight. 19. Gerund and to-infinitive as subject is always followed by singular verb. Learning is doing. Reading is useful for us. Seeing is believing. Smoking is injurious to health. To err is human. To travel around the world is exciting. Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9 49

20. Agreement in Different Structures WH + plural verb + plural noun Who are these men? What are the boys doing? WH + singular verb + singular noun What has happened to you? Who was liable to do this? No + plural noun + plural verb No laborers are needed for it. No + singular noun + singular verb No laborer is needed for it. A number + plural noun + plural A number of boys are absent today. verb A number of students in the class are forty. The number + plural noun + singular The number of boys today is eighteen. verb The number of students in the class is forty. There +singular verb + singular There is a guest in the restaurant. noun There + plural verb + plural noun There are five doctors in the room. Many a + singular noun + singular Many a good man has been addicted to drugs. verb Many a + plural noun + plural verb Many good men have been addicted to drugs. Here + singular verb + singular noun Here comes the leader. Here + plural verb + plural noun Here are some books. Pair + singular noun + singular verb The pair of shoes is missing. A pair of shoes belongs to me. Couple + plural noun + plural verb I saw a couple of men get out. A couple of dresses need to be ironed. Additional Practice: Read these sentences. 1. Which of these two flats would you like to buy? Either suits for you. 2. A number of students are absent today. 3. The number of players is fifteen? 4. Bears often hibernate in caves. 5. Cowboys tend herds of beef cattle. 6. Either you or I am mistaken. 7. Few girls in this village go to schools. 8. Gold and silver are precious metals. 9. Gulliver’s Travels is an interesting novel. 10. Every house has a black sheep. 11. He and I were watching TV. 12. He inherited a lot of wealth from his father, but now all is gone. 13. Her laughter was so catching we all joined in. 14. Here are two pieces of shirting. Each one is two meters long. 15. His caustic remarks hurt our sentiments. 16. Hundred cents is equal to one dollar. 17. I have two pens. But neither writes well. 50 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-9