دروس مادة اللغة الانجليزية الفصل الثالث سنة ثالثة ثانوي

SUMMARYProject 5: Astronomy and the Solar system: Sequence I : civilisation Sequence II : The Solar System Sequence III: Life on other planets? Sequence IV: Pluto Final ProjectProject 6: My Bag is Full of Feelings, Emotions and Humour Sequence I : Feelings Sequence II : Emotions Sequence III: Humour Sequence IV: The Gift of the Magi by O. Henry Final Project Leisure time Phrasal Verbs Key Answers 1

Project 5 Astronomy and The Solar System Sequence IReading comprehensionPronunciationWord BuildingGrammarWriting The Andromeda Galaxy 1

A. Reading Comprehension Read the following text then do the activities Astronomy Astronomy is the science of celestial objects (such asstars, planets, comets and galaxies) and phenomena thatoriginate outside the Earth’s atmosphere (such as aurorasand cosmic radiation). It is concerned with the evolution andmotion of celestial objects, as well as the formation anddevelopment of the universe. Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Astronomers of early civilizations performed observations of the sky; however, the invention of the telescope was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science. In early times, astronomy only comprised theobservations and predictions of the motions of objectsvisible to the naked eye. As civilizations developed, most 2

notably Babylonia, Persia, Egypt, Greece, India and China,astronomical observations were assembled, and ideas onthe nature of the universe began to be explored. Some astronomical discoveries were made prior to the application of the telescope. The Chinese estimated the obliquity of the ecliptic about 1,000 BC. The Chaldeans discovered that eclipses recurred in a repeating cycle. During the Middle Ages, astronomyflourished in the Persian Empire and other parts of theIslamic world. Islamic astronomers introduced many namesthat are now used for identifying stars. Then came ascientific revolution. During the Renaissance,Copernicus proposed aheliocentric model of thesolar system. His work wasdefended and corrected byGalileo Galilei and JohannesKepler who used telescopes.Later Newton’s invention ofcelestial dynamics and hislaw of gravitation finally explained the motions of theplanets. Further discoveries paralleled the improvements in the size and quality of the telescope. The astronomer William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus in 1781 and Friedrich 3

Bessel measured the distance to a star in 1838. During the19th century Euler and D`Alembert made more accuratepredictions about the motions of the Moon and planets. Significant advances inastronomy came aboutwith the introduction ofnew technology, includingthe spectroscope andphotography. The existence of the Earth’s galaxy, external galaxies and of the Milky Way were only proved in the 20th century. In the future more observations and discoveries will certainly be made as technology will improve. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 4

Activity 1: Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F) . Correct the false ones. 1. Astronomy is concerned with the development of our planet Earth only. ............................................................................. 2. Thanks to the invention of the telescope astronomy has become a modern science. ............................................................................. 3. Before the invention of the telescope , no discoveries were made. ............................................................................. 4. During the Middle Ages, astronomy developed in the Persian Empire and Islamic world. ............................................................................. 5. The spectroscope and photography have allowed great progress in astronomy. .............................................................................Activity 2: Find the questions for these answers 1. ................................................................? The observation and predictions of the motions of objects visible to the naked eye. 2. .....................................................................? During the Middle Ages. 3. .....................................................................? William Hershel did. 4. .....................................................................? More accurate predictions about the motions of the moon and planets 5

Activity 3: Match each word in A with its definition in B1. celestial a. happen again; be repeated2. motion3. prior to b. before4. recur c. prosper; be well and active5. flourish d. instrument for producing and6. spectroscope7. accurate examining the image of a ray of light e. of the sky f. careful and exact; g. manner of moving; movement 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. …………… ……Activity 4: What or who do the underlined words in the text refer to? - It is concerned … Î ……………… - ...that are now ... Î ..……………… - ... his law ... Î ……………… 6

B. PronunciationHow to pronounce the final –s- / -es-♦ Remember that s/es is the mark of plural nouns or the 3rd person singular with the present simple tense.We also use `s with the genitive or possessive casebook Î booksto run Î he runsthe toy of the little boy Î the little boy’s toy♦ The final -s- for plural nouns is sometimes written eswhen the word ends with sh/ch – tch – z – sto watch Î he watches.a bus Î buses♦ The final -s- is pronounced /s/ after the soundsk, p, t, f, tkcooks bats laughs baths♦ The final -s- is pronounced /iz/ after the soundss, z, ch, tch, dgbuses uses washes bridges♦ The final -s- is pronounced /z/ after the soundsb, d, g, l, m, n, r, v, w, y, and the vowels.cars bands windows carries 7

Activity 1: Classify the words in this passage according to the pronunciation of their final –s- Nearly all the solar system by volume appears to bean empty void. Far from being nothingness, this vacuum of“space” comprises the interplanetary medium. It includesvarious forms of energy and two main material components:interplanetary dust and interplanetary gas.Interplanetary gas Interplanetary dust-Interplanetary dust consists of microscopic solid particles.Interplanetary gas is a tenuous flow of gas and chargedparticles, mostly protons and electrons – plasma- whichstream from the sun, called the solar wind . /s/ /z/ /iz/.......................... .......................... .......................... .................................................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... 8

C. Word BuildingForming plural nouns♦ The usual mark of the plural is ‘s’. e.g.: car Î carsSometimes it is necessary to add ‘e’ before ‘s’:the mark is ‘es’ bush Î bushes e.g.: bus Î buses♦ However there are other spellings:9 Words ending in –f (or -fe) make the plural bychanging the -f to –vese.g.: leaf Î leaves wife Î wives9 Words ending in –o make their plural with –es or -s e.g.: potato Î potatoes radio Î radios9 Irregular plurals: Some words do not take ‘s’ in theplural form. There is a change in their spelling.e.g.: man Î men. (woman Îwomen) Î children childfoot Î feet (tooth Î teeth)mouse Î mice (louse Îlice) Î oxen oxphenomenon Î phenomenacriterion Î criteriaoxymoron Î oxymoracrisis Î crisesmedium Î media 9

Activity 1: Rewrite these sentences using the underlined words in the plural form. Make any necessary change. 1. I wonder what criterion has been chosen by the firm to promote some employees. .......................................................................2. What is the most performing communication medium in your opinion? .................................................................. ........................ 3. Look! There is a mouse in the box. ............................................................ 10

4. The print of a foot could be clearly seen in the snow outside the house. ........................................5. A strange phenomenon has appeared in the sky recently. .......................................................... 6. When the crisis broke out, nobody could do anything. ...................................7. An ox is a very useful animal in a farm. ................................................. 11

8. Her tooth was decaying, so she had to see the dentist. .................................................................9. A louse is an insect that sucks blood and proliferates in dirty places. ......................................................................10. When the war broke out, he had to leave his child to join the army. ..................................................................................... 12

D. Grammar USED TO / USED FOR♦ USED TO is a past verb. It has no present form. It is followed by the infinitive. It is used for an action that happened in the past repeatedly; a habitual action. e.g.: I used to live in Blida. (= but now, I live in Algiers.) My aunt used to teach. ( = but now, she doesn’t; she has retired.)♦ IS/ARE USED FOR means: is/are employed for a purpose. It is followed by the gerund (verb + -ing) e.g.: A hammer is used for driving in nails e.g: A telescope is used for making distant objects appear nearer and larger. 13

Activity 1: Complete with used to or is/are used for:1. There ............................. be a grocery shop next to the post office. 2. A wrench ................... gripping and turning nuts, bolts etc...3. Valves ................... controlling the flow of air, liquid or gas into or through a tube or a pipe. 14

4. South Africa .......................... have a system based on racial discrimination that was called apartheid. 5. El Asnam .............. Orleansville until 1962.6. A barometer ................... measuring the pressure of the atmosphere and for forecasting the weather. 15

7. Men ......................... fights duels with swords or pistols when they quarreled.8. Jacks ......................raising heavy weightsoff the ground,especially for raising carsto change a wheel. 16

Activity 2: Complete each sentence with the right verb from the box in the correct form.take - make – protect - convey - extract - observe - travel 1. A derrick is used for ......................... oil from the soil. 2. Binoculars are used for .................. distant objects seem nearer. 3. Observatories are used for ......................... natural phenomena. 17

4. A scanner is used for..................... accurate pictures before a patient undergoes an operation.5. Pipelines are usedfor......................... oilplaces. 6. A sledge is used for ...................... from one place to another in Canada.7. A helmet is used for.................. one’s head. 18

Activity 3: Find what these instruments are used for. 1. A razor ...............................................2. A saw ..................................... 3. A balance ...............................4. Scissors ............................................... 5. A pair of compasses .................................. 19

E. Writing Using these notes, write the biography of Al-Zarquali, a famous Arab astronomer.- Al-Zarquali (known as Arzachel in Latin Europe)- born 1028 CE / Andalusia (now Spain)- Arab mathematician- excelled at construction of precision instruments for astronomical use. constructed - flat astrolabe and water clock to determine hours of day and night / indicate lunar months.- contributed to the Tables of Toledo, compilation of astronomical data.- famous for his Book of Tables: find the days on which the Roman, lunar and Persian months begin / other tables give position of planets at any time / others predict solar and lunar eclipses/- Arzachel Crater on the moon named after him- death : 1087 CE 20

Al-Zarquali known as Arzachel in Latin Europe was born in 1028 CE in Andalusia, now Spain. He was an ......... .............................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

Sequence II : The Solar SystemReading comprehensionPronunciationWord BuildingGrammarWriting 1

A. Reading Comprehension Read the following text then do the activities The Solar System Our solar system consists of a star called the Sun, theplanets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,Neptune, and Pluto. 2

It includes the satellites of the planets, numerous comets,asteroids, meteoroids and the interplanetary medium. The Sun is the richest source of electromagneticenergy (mostly in the form of heat and light) in the solarsystem. The Sun’s nearest stellar neighbour is a red dwarfstar called Proxima, at a distance of 4.3 light years away. The whole solar system orbits the centre of our galaxy a spiral disk of 200 billion stars called the Milky Way.The nearest large galaxy is the Andromeda Galaxy which is a spiral galaxy larger than the Milky Way. The Milky Way. The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and theasteroids revolve round the Sun in the same direction. TheSun contains 99.85% of all the matter in the solar system,whereas the planets contain only 0.135% of the mass. 3

Mercury, Venus, Earth and mars are called terrestrial planets because they have a rocky surface like the Earth’s.Jupiter, Saturn, Uranusand Neptune known as the(Jupiter-like) or the Jovianplanets, are all giganticcompared with Earth, andtheir nature is as gaseousas Jupiter’s. The interplanetary medium includes interplanetary dust which consists of solid particles and interplanetary gas which is a tenuous flow of gas and charged particles. 4

Activity 1: Complete the table What does our solar system consist of? Sun Terrestrial JovianPlanets ←→ ←→ .......................... ..................... .......................... ..................... .......................... ..................... .......................... .....................Interplanetary medium PLUTOSatellites...........,...........,and................ Î .............................................................. Î ............................................................... 5

Activity 2: Answer these questions 1. What does the sun provide us with? .................................................................... 2. What is the Milky Way? .................................................................... 3. What does the interplanetary medium consist of? .................................................................... 4. Why are some planets called the Jovian planets? ....................................................................Activity 3:Lexis Find in the text words that are closest in meaning to:♦ A great number of: ......................................♦ chiefly: ......................................♦ entire: ......................................♦ weak, thin: ......................................Activity 4: What do the underlined words in the text refer to?... which is a spiral ... Î ............................. their nature ... Î .......................... 6

B. PronunciationStress with two syllables wordsLook at these words and the stressed syllable:Adjectives Nouns Verbs'solar 'system com'pare'compact 'planet 'orbit'rocky 'medium in'cludeHere are some simple rules for two-syllable words :Most adjectives and nouns are stressed onthe first syllable.Some verbs are stressed on the first syllableand others on the second syllable.Activity 1: Mark the stressfrighten modern measurecarry famous consistcomet Spiral surfacetenuous contain gaseous 7

C. Word Building We can form nouns from nouns e.g.: astronomy Î astronomer prison Î prisonerActivity 1: Form nouns from the given ones:science ..................... socialism .....................history ..................... waste .....................linguistics ..................... wreck .....................precept ..................... occupant .....................pragmatism ..................... foot .....................festival ..................... hospital ..................... 8

Activity 2: Choose the best word from the activity 1 to complete these sentences. 1. Walt Disney was a famous (cartoon / cartoonist).2. She is a (chemist / chemistry); She prepares and sells medical products. 3. They make a ( rule / ruler) of going for a walk every afternoon. 9

4. There is great (rival / rivalry) between Oxford and Cambridge universities. 5. A violent (riot / rioter) broke out during the elections.6. England’s nearest ( neighbourhood / neighbour) is France. 10

D. Grammar 1. Non - conclusive verbs There is a number of verbs which we don’t use in the continuous tenses. Although we may be using them for describing an action at the moment of speaking, we use the present simple. They describe actions which are more or less involuntary actions or states. These verbs are:9 like - love - dislike - hate - prefer - want - mean - realize seem - appear - resemble - belong - contain - consist of –9 think (=believe) - know - suppose - understand - wish - desire ...9 forget – remember – see – hear - ... e.g.: I hate wasting time. He resembles his father. I don’t understand German. This box contains 40 matches 11

Activity 1: Choose the best verb 1. It (seems / is seeming) that these two women are mother and daughter.2. Children (need / are needing) the help of a professional to cope with problems. 3. What (do they do / are they doing)? I (think / am thinking) they (demonstrate / are demonstrating). 12

4. What does this picture represent/ is this picture representing)? I (suppose / am supposing) it is an art gallery. 5. Terry (wants / is wanting) to be a chef in a restaurant later.6. I (am not agreeing / don’t agree) with you when you say that pupils have the right to go on strike. 13

2. Comparatives and Superlatives a)- Comparatives short adjectives long adjectivesComparative smaller than more distant thanof superiority irregular adjectives good Î better than bad Î worse than far Î farther thanComparative less + adjective + thanof inferiority e.g.: Nowadays childbearing is less risky than it was 50 years ago.Comparative as + adjective + asof equality e.g.: Riding a motorbike at 200kph is as risky as hang-gliding.Comparative not as }+ adjective + asof inequality not so e.g.: He is not as rich as he claims 14

Activity 2: Use the appropriate comparative form as indicated 1. Life in a village is (interesting) ............................. life in a city. (comparative of inferiority) 2. Saturn is (distant) .................. from the Sun .................. Jupiter. (comparative of superiority)3. Birmingham is (large) ............................. London. (comparative of inequality)4. Sweden is (cold) ............................ Denmark. (comparative of equality)5. I think Chelsea is (friendly) ............................ Suzan.6. Travelling by train is (safe) ............................ travelling by plane. (comparative of superiority) 15

Activity 3: Rewrite these sentences using the comparatives1. a)- Stars are less bright than the Sun. b)- Stars are not ..............................................................2. a)- The Milky way is less massive than the Andromeda galaxy. b)- The Andromeda galaxy is ..........................................3. a)- The Moon is not as large as Ganymede (5262 km). b)- The Moon is ..............................................................4. a)- The temperatures on Venus are not as high as those on Mercury. b)- The temperatures on Mercury are ..............................5. a)- Jupiter is less distant from Earth than Saturn. b)- Saturn ...................................................................6. a)- Kepler's observations about the motion of the planets were more accurate than Copernicus'. b)- Copernicus' observations ....................................7. a)- Mars is not as close to the Sun as Venus. b)- Venus is .................. to the Sun ................. Mars. 16

b)- Superlatives of SuperiorityShort the + adjective + (e)stadjectives e.g.: Mercury is the nearest planet to the sun. the + most + adjectiveLong e.g.: The most significant advances inadjectives astronomy came about with the introduction of new technology, including the spectroscope. good Î the best e.g.: Because of the altitude and isolation, the Maura Kea observatory has some of the best observation conditions on Earth.Irregularadjectives bad Î the worst e.g.: This is the worst piece of news I have ever heard. far Î the farthest e.g.: Pluto is the farthest planet in the solar system. 17

Activity 4: Complete using the superlative form of the adjectives in brackets The Sultan of Brunei is one of (rich) ..........................men in the world. Some years ago, he built (big)....................... palace in the world. It has 1,788 rooms, 5swimming pools, 257 toilets, 44 staircases and 18 lifts. Brunei is one of the (small) .................................countries. Its wealth comes from oil and gas which it sellsto Japan. The Sultan owns hotels all around the world. He has afleet of private planes. One of his London houses has(large) .......................... and (beautiful) ..........................garden in the city except for Buckingham Palace. 18

E. Writing Activity 1: Fill in each gap with a word from the box: from – languages – as – measured – closest – masterpiece – record - bear Abd Al Rahman Al Sufi (903 – 986 AD) was a Persian astronomer known (a)....... one of the outstanding practical stronomers during the Middle Ages. In 964 AD he documented theAndromeda galaxy, the (b)............................ galaxy to theEarth, and called it “ LittleCloud”. This was the first (c)............................ of a starsystem outside the Earth’s owngalaxy. 19

Al Sufi prepared charts of the heavens (d) ........ his own observations and carefully (e) ............ them. His book, Kitab al Kawakib was considered as a (f) .............. in astronomy. It was translated into many (g) .................... and had a large influence on Europeanastronomy. Many star names used today (h) ...................a resemblance to theArabic names originallygiven by Al Sufi. 20

Sequence III : Life on other planets?Reading comprehensionPronunciationWord BuildingGrammarWriting 1

A. Reading Comprehension Read this text then do the activities Life on other planets? If there are living creatures on other planets, what arethey like? Scientists who try to answer this question arecalled astrobiologists. Some years ago, life on other planets seemed veryunlikely. Astronauts had visited the Moon and had found nolife on its surface. There were other reasons too: someplanets are extremely cold; others are very hot, so they mustbe lifeless. Most planets have no water on the surface whilesome have a toxic atmosphere or no atmosphere at all. However, in the 1990s,they discovered microbes thatlive under the Earth’s surface in temperatures of 160° C.Scientists discovered some interesting species on ourplanet, Earth. They found worms that can live in ice, and 2

deep-sea animals that eat only “toxic” chemicals. So weknow things that can live in very hot, cold or “toxic”conditions, and they may not be on the surface. Scientists now think species like these may live onsome other planets or moons, perhaps under the surface.The question is: which planets or moons? One possibility is Mars which is the most similar planet to earth. It is cold, but not as cold as many other planets. Scientists think there might be microbes on or under its surface.Some other possibilities are themoons of Jupiter. It is the biggestplanet in our solar system and ithas at least 16 moons. One of these moons called Europa has a lot of water. There may even be oceans under its surface of ice. If there are oceans, does anything live in them? It will be a long time before we know the answer to this question. Activity 1: How many paragraphs are there in this text? ............................................................................ 3

Activity 2: Answer these questions1. “ Some years ago, life on other planets seemed very unlikely.” How many reasons are given? List them. ....................................................................................................................................................................2. What did scientists discover in very cold, very hot and toxic conditions? ....................................................................................................................................................................3. Why were these discoveries important? ....................................................................................................................................................................4. What makes Europa a possible home for living things? ....................................................................................................................................................................Activity 3: Choose the best answer (a, b or c) 1. Unlikely means: a) possible b) improbable c) certainly2. Toxic means: c) dry a) noxious b) harmless 4

3. A species is a group having c) nearest a) different characteristics b) various characteristics c) common characteristics4. Similar means: a) identical b) differentActivity 4: Scientists made amazing discoveries about our planet, Earth. In which paragraph is this mentioned? ............................................................................Activity 5: What do the underlined words in the text refer to?- ... others are very hot. Î ...........................- ... under its surface Î ...........................- ... it has at least Î ...........................- ... live in them Î ........................... 5

B. Pronunciation* Shift of stress Most of the time there is a shift of stress in pairs ofwords: noun / adjective - verb / noun - noun / noune.g.: Noun Adjective 'paradox para'doxical i'ntellect inte'llectual Verb Noun in'vite invi'tation 'mediate medi'ation Noun Noun 'benefactor bene'faction 'music mu'sicianActivity 1: Mark the stressed syllable in each pair of words:/ advertising - advertisement / interrogate - interrogation //labor - laborious / democracy- democratic // analyst – analysis / instrument – instrumental // converse – conversation / relax / relaxation / 6

Activity 2: Classify these words in activity 1 according to their function ( noun - verb / noun – noun / noun - adjective:Noun Verb...................... ............................................ ............................................ ......................Noun Noun...................... ............................................ ...................... Noun Adjective...................... ............................................ ............................................ ...................... 7

C. Word - Building * We can form nouns from verbs using suffixes such as:ion – ment - ance – ing –dom- ty – age- al - isme.g.: to generate Î generation to agree Î agreementActivity 1: Form nouns from these verbs.Verbs Nounsfree .......................................convey .......................................leak .......................................arrive .......................................believe .......................................deprave .......................................build .......................................bore .......................................maintain .......................................integrate .......................................pave .......................................prove ....................................... 8