قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية للطلاب

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C___a__O'/1_t.e_'/1_t\"._S_O_1'_tiJe__lJt_J_O_k ~)Edilor's note ... ... .......................... ..........................................................3Parts of speech ................. .................................................... ...............7 Chapter 1The Noun .............................................................................................8Kind s of oOllns .. ... .... ....... .... ... ....... ............ ................ .. ......... .... ............ 8 1 • The Proper noun ........ ....................................................................8 2 - The Common noun ........................................................................8 3 - The Material noun ..... .. ...................................... ............................9 4 - The Collective noun ......................................................... ..............9 5 - Compound noun ............................................................................9Forma tion of the plura l .. ............... .............. .. ....................................... 10Noun cases ... ..... .. ........... ..... ......... .. ........................... .......................... 13 Chapter 2The Indefini te Article ........................................................................... 17The Definite Article with co un ta ble and uncoun table nou ns .............. 19 Chapter 3Pronouns .............. .............. .............. .............. ......................................23 Chapter 4The Verbs .................................... .........................................................37Kinds of verbs....................................................................................... 37The Tenses ................................................................... ................ ........ 57 Chapter 5The Interrogat ive or quest ioning ............. .... .........................................83 -4 -

Active and Passive Voiee Chapteè 6_ ,-J, ............ ....... ........... .......................92 ·Chapter 7- Imperative form 1The Gerunds .................................. ... ....................98 Chapler 8Adjectives ........ ... .... ... ... ... ...... .......................... ..... .... ........ .. ......... ..... 104How to use Adjectives ..................................... .. ........ ... ................... 104Comparison of Adjectives ..................................................... .. .......... 113Negative Form .. .. ... .................................................................. 114 Chapler 9Adverbs .. ............. .. .......... ...... ...... ............... ......... ... ............... ... 11 9Functions of Adverbs ...................................................................... 11 9The kinds of Adverbs ........................ .......... ........... .. ... ..... .. .11.1Compariso n with Adverbs .................. ... ........ .. ........ ........... ...... ... ... .129How to use Adve rbs ...................................... ... ...... ............ ..... .... ... 129Adverbial particles .................................................................. I~ Chapter 10Co nju nction s .... ... ..... ... ..... ..... .... ....................... ...... ................. .... ..... 132 Chapler Il- Use of sorne clauses with examples ..... ... ........ .......... .............. .......... 138 Chapter 12 .- IF- Conditional ..................................................................... ......... 144 -5-

Direct speech ........ .................................................................... .. .. .148 Indirect Speech .......................................................... .. ............ ... .... 148 1 - Indirect Statement .. .. .... .. .. ......................................................... 148 2 - Ind irect Questions ...................................... ........ ....... .... ............. 155 3 - Indirect Commands or Requests ................................................ 157 4 - Direct Exclalua tioll ..................................................................... 159 Chapter 14Prepositions ........................ ... .......................... .......... ..... ........... .. ..... 160The use of prepositions ...................... ................ .... ............ ........ IM Chapter 15- Interjections and Exclamations ...................................................... 196- Contraction ......... .. ....................................................................... ... .196\" Irregular verbs ............. .. .. ...... ............ .... ....... ... ... .. ... .... ............ .. ... .... 196 -6-

Parts of speech ,1.--':11 l - Nouns )I-AJI 2 - Pro nouns 3 - Adjectives ..:...I.i...:a.ll 4 - Verbs 5 - Prepositions JW':l1 6 - Conjunctions ~I 0).;> .k,IJjl -7-

CHAPTEDf1The Nounl I~J,J\IA nouo is a word uscd for naming ~ J--; W> l''\"''jlanything -..;. <.fÎMan .,rJ Book <CL,-j ) Ji .ft> Schoo lW oman ;;'/ 1 Fox J'lBoy SongG irl -uJ GlassLion ~ Acto rBox .J..,.i J)~IKindS of Nounsi k\rjJ\ t~il1. Th e Proper Noun ( ~I r i) ,,,,\J.I 1'-'\"\"lIA proper nouo is a oame for one 1\"\"'1 JI' '-'\"1:>-11\"\"''')1particular person, pl ace or Cl'cnt,as distinct from any other. ~.I>- )Î _..;. ,,,\S:... ,~ .•1)-\" ~ fl'>\") ..:JI.:U1.! ~Oran 0'.1') The Red sea ~'y , .,-JI ;;) ) , The Atlanlic oceanThe Revolut ion 4..!)\)...\ The Mississipi river .,,--lI-'y, .J.,>'IThe Alge ria n cr-.:I-i . ft'2. The Comma\" Noun (.!l ë-'JI1rWI 1'-'\"\"l\A commo n nouo is a name which is ..!lr-- r I Y,' rWI r '1'1common to any persen or thing ~ .:.r' -..;. JI ...,a>.:.. ~'1'of the kind . ,t.y:ll -8-

Lake 'ft\"\"'-! theat re Cr' MagazineHospita l ~ Garden ;J.,... Museum U:!..b-Dictionary ; yli ~River '\" c?,\ll l'....:~ I .3 3. The M aterial Noun t yJ r i JI' <pll.l r~1A materi al noun is the name ofparticular kinds o f matter. . i~lI.l '\" .;,...Water G o ldM ilk Sil ver 4. Th e Collective Noun ~I 1'=\"1 .4A collecth'c noun is the noun of ~.,.;:. r i JI' ~I r ia group of persons or things as onecomplete individual whole: J>- 4-}! .A< v\"~~I '\" .Î.i\":\"\" ~ a..\S' i.l>-J ~i Examples • ! ~ t•lJury (a group of judges).Fleet (a group of warshi ps). .~ ;,J.. ,~ ..\".Army (a group of soldiers). .(;\"')--1 er'--ll '\" ,-\",) J.,h--iEmpire (a group of nationsunder one rule rship). .(,yJ-1'\" '-\"') ~lslamÎc empire. J /,11'\" '-\"') <;J}:I.r'1Flock (a group of shecp). .(-'>-1) ~S. Compound Nouns ·<,..')1....1 <;J}:I.r'1School master J ' J .A.o · (t~'1'1'\" ' -\"') c:WShopkeepe r <.fjiJ. J>-.o -,....-t.... ...s,.11 -k ')1 .5 Gu npowder Mo onl igh t -9-

H o u se maid ;\"'.:1 L,::\" Seashore ..N' c}>L:.Po stc a rdNews p a pe r -'<.1 ;;Ik, Tea-time .\"WJI .;..;)k e-creamApple-t r ee oJ~..!.•,r:- Sleam-engi nc ~)~ B.,r- Night-train c.lA.i or-!- Sa nd-storm J,-lll ) u.; ~) ~\s.Nouns cau be singular or plural: : ~ )i o~).- IJfo .u \".....oI~1A singular noun denotes one objec.t.A plural noun dcnotes more than .\".,..,) \"\"r J l ~ ~.)1' r\"ilone objectA ;.,- pi J l ~ ~, ~\"i' .\".,..,) \",,;.[ (.J.,ij~./~~~.II)~YIMUV..r\"~.II Y :~>I- ]formation of the plural d ' JJd.§.:;AI By adding (s) to the singular noun J! (,)>;ill ,.....~I ;jw,. /\This applies to most nouns exccpt IJS.l.t ,,~~I ~~ '~t$;-:!somc cases that will be r - P~I ..:;\"i~1explaincd lalcr on: ,:..w- W-..,-~.-.,...\"y• \", ~1 Exame1es:/ Singular >p Plural ~ \"1 ...,.5 Book : ~15 Books Cat : ;j,; Cats .bJ,j Map : Maps Rose O-k.,-> Roses: .hll/,\.Hand Hands : 0.:1)) .:1))) -'< • .,,-,<1 ./BI By adding (es) to the singular JI• (es) ow,~ / Yfo r words ending in ; \"L.......\"lI ~ ~, o.:lpl - sh- -ch -x- -z- -0- :;\"Jl:II ..j))-I,Examples: CH + ES - 10 -

Sing ul a r 'l'- Plural c:'\" 0~i - t.JjBranch : ~-t) Branches:Bench : 8enches : -\",Li,.Church : .w. Churches:Match: '-$ Matches: ..,-lIS ~W~ \yi ylZ \"'y.. SH + ES O\.:..) Brushes .))Brush BushesBush o..r.f':'-•\" ~• 1 ~•\"X+ES JJ..\.:..,p Boxes '\". ~L,.,Box TaxesTax ~......... ~ \?.. S + ESMass .l,.!.,. Ma sses ,~ Dresses (':\";W) yI,:Gas jli. .Gases ü, \}\"- ,/,/1Gl\"ses (Cl\",.j) y l\"sl-Glass <Cl\",.j) y ç - cris'\"Z +ESFez FezesTopaz TopazesC \" By changing (Y) prcccdcd by r...; i ./_.\",/->:'0a consonan' (lES) J! JL..(lES) ,j.ru. J,r.-11 (Y)Examples: Lad ies 1toiLady Stories :ül~StoryFly Flies :~Army Arm ies :'-:-'~~ . :J-?- \" 11 \"

But if (Y) is preceded by a vowel. ..,jru. ;ij.!':-\" (Y1 ~IS' I;! loÎthe plural is by adding (s) only. .bll (SI ;';\..;01. ~fo e;--+-I ~~ !Ir- ,Valley :<,S,I) Valley, :~)J\Boy :..ù) Boys :,'i} Key :CL:.<. Keys :&W, Days Day :rY- :r~1 Toy ..<...,J Toys , :...,.,WI Leaves )1 (F) ,j.r .1_;\" /,D - By changing the (F) or (FE)to (VES) J!(VES) (FE) ,Leaf :op:.. 4,;)JWife :JI))IKnife :~JjThief Wives :..::A\".)jWolf :~ Knives: :.§l5:.... :vd Thieves :cf'\"..,J :~~ Wolves : ...:,..>l~~E - irregular Qlurals e' \"yExamples: J-,\"-) Men d' ! t.oiManWoman ,Ifl Women JI.\".)ToothFoot .:r Teeth .L;OxChild r.û Feet , JL..I , , ),J' Oxen rl.ûl Jib Children JI\"'; JlAkl , 12 -

Deec Deer iJ\"j-SheepDuck Sheep <rl.;<.i) iJü.r' Duck Jo, INo un-cases l h-~I JlyllThe noun has four cases ;,....,:) ..;.,,,L.. C:!) •L.....Su1 • Subjective case2 • Objective case i..l:,ll } j>'\.iJI <JL.. - 13 : Possessive4 . Vocative case ~ Jy-i11 ;JL.. - 2 <$ill ;JL.. - 3 ,-\"UI ;JL.. - 41 . The subjective case: :i..l:,ll } j>'\.iJI <JL.. - 1 i.l::,l.l. Ji J-.ill j>'1l ~ -- It denotes the subjeet of the verb Examples: 7Ladies gossipReaders read o.'I•r.,:-.,l.J.......Jl The heal is unbearable J\,b; \"j i})-1Birds nyFriends coopera le ,,};, ,I.,;JI The sky is clear yL,., ~ L.....J\The air is freshThe sun is shining .\"ki ;.r.1J1 The sea is rough c1l..11 ~\ i.JjJ~ ~\iJ......~\ The rain is heavy .J.j- ):J.\ J,l< ,I.,.ll The dog is faithful ~\ ~\ e:k-' ~I The snake is dangerous , 0~\2. The objective case ~ J,..;.I.I ;JL.. - 2Teachers teach st udents. ...,,)lJ.J1 iJ~ iJ.,.J.IIDoctors treal patienls.Girls pick nowers. ...?)I iJ)-1...., .1,).(yIAhmed likes music. •We speak English. .}\"j 'il ~ ..;.,I.,:AJIThe poel composed an çlegy. ...;.,.-}.1 ..,...,., i..l..>- ·<.P\"I ~ ~ .<.~) i~) <';.1' ...;.Ji fl.!JI ~ 13 -

3. The possessive case: :~I ;Jl,... - 3It denotes oWDership.For singular nouos we use ('8) .,,?' ;\"s:.t. ~ \"}l'~ (S) ..)f ,L....',u .(') lL.o \.il 4 ij.r.-'Examples: jThe boy's bail -Il)I '.f The actor's movement J!..ll ;s'.r-The artist's touch 0UIU The tiger's strength ..,...JI~;The cat's paw .b.iJ1 ~ The mookey's look ~,;JI~)2.iThe writer's mind --,.;15J1 J'> The girl's bagThe singer's voice ~' \"'7\" The soldie r's gun <?4\ ~~For singular Douns ending in \"}l'~ .,,:l' ,L....',u l.,..J4 •(8), use the apostrophe ooly. ..bil ;u.\"\AJ 1J--.I (S) ..)f\"Hercules' power. Ji.....:;;Moses' law. ~y .Jj!;For plural nOURS ending in (5), (S) .,j.f\"; );.6-.11 ~' ,L...,.,~ A.,-;!4 .use the apostrophe only. ....;..a; 'JJ .bil ;u.\"\AJI ;;\"~I J--.I :yU i.... (S) .,j.fExamples: jThe soldiers' camps. .>y.!-I u l.f.-..The players' room.The nations' hopes. .~)UI ;ij.fThe dogs' lire.The eagles' nest. .y.,...=J1 Jt..ÎThe teachers' room.The doctors' office. .,f;,J1 .l,>- .J.r--JI ~ .•xL.~I ;ij.f .,l,k'J1 ~ - 14 -

• For plural nouns not ending r-<(S) ';'f\";.,FI ~I ,,--~ 4,.-J, •in (S), use ('S) ('S) ..jf J ;u.\"WI ..jw,; Examples: jThe men 's societyThe women's suffering JI..,-)I ~The children's nurse ,UI'ct..-4. The vocative case: J W.}•I1 ..•.,..J\" ,-\"U.I ;Jb- .4A noun is in the vocath'e case, when '-\" U.1lJ b- .) 1'\"\"'':/1i>fo.it is used for the sake of address. .l.,l>~1 .} ~ lo-\"\" Examples:Son, you must be ca refu!. ,l'm very sorry, grandpa.Let us forget that, my friend . .\6., ,,~ \"i ..,...\"., .,rI 4Don't make such a fuss, Amina . ici4•~J..o,- IJ..o,- ..;..,. ..j<-'-\"' 4 .!.Al; ..,-:J .yi 4 ~.,.<JI ,.L. J!-- ';.Ji. 'J• Now can vou do ihis exercise ? YLll e11 loi.> ,Is' ,,1 ,:;l::.J , ,. l il, '•State the case of the oo uns in the ,-.-W'-\"I .,;L....:YI\",,'JI..- ,nifollowing sentences: :UWIl. You opened my eyes. . .;~ ..1.il2. My friend has just arrived. .(<bJJ) Pl ~-'-\"' J--» J.iJ3. Please, tell your brother another story. . \.S/Î l.....:ü ~~ <.$\"))1 ~ if4. Are you coming with us, Sami? ~ifL.... l.! \.:....... r .>\,j ~i j.A5. 1 expeet m.ny guests. .~\))I \"\" \~ b~ )2.:;iUse each of the following DOUDS 4::11;:11 ~t.-..~I ~ ri J5' ~I .in a suitable sentence: J:i~ ~Address ,,\.-r\"'- Music ~Y' . 15 -

Word s TrainLibrary Heart* Write 5 sentcnces on each of the 4 '\"\":--\"'\" ~ ~following pattern: :.)WI ~IA , ubject (noun) + verb JJ + y.~ IÎJ.tlB. subjccl + verb + complement (object) 4:! J~ + + ~\..i / \"--:\"Express by usi ng the possess ive form ~<.u\ ~ ~ ..r?Examples:The house of my uncle . . ~)j .ï..kiMy unclc's housc.1. The cat of his wife . .4\"Î ~\"'2. The boo k of her fat her.3. The room of the teachers. .i.\;\....~I ~\i4. The toys of the boys. .J W.~I -,...J5. T he gun of my friend. - 16 -

CHAPTeo2 The Articles t; MI ClI,.)i li al The Indefinitc Article A/AN'.tWJSingu lar A 1 AN '.riil r~1 J:i J--3 (A)(A) is used before singular nouns .J'-' \";.f'\" Î-':! ~.\J 1beginning with a consonant soundExamples: •A happy family. . O~W~A hag.A compartment. .,lh....!. j~A man.A beautiful garden. .(}w \".1') i)\"\"\"\"\" - i.f\"'\"\"A lcee.A lucky fcHov.'. .Je-)A meeting.A heap of broken images. .~ ~..l>-A niec morning. .ôp-:.(AN) is used bcfore a wordbeginning with a \'owcl sound .j;~~or ,'oicclcss or wcak (H) ·t~1 ç.).,...dl r\b. if ... .--YJ Cl,...> .,.=II ~I J:i J--3 (AN) • JÎ \"-''\"\" JI !l...,..,.. .j/'! ÎoU .~ (H).j.rThe vowels arc = A,O,U , E,I :\"j' <>.rdl j)}-IAn orange ~\.i;.Ji An hour \",\...,An cgg ~ An hones' manAn inkpot An angry wornan r1...1:\" ~1_) o~ ~\j:. 01/1 - 17 -

'\" Some words slart with a \'owel !J.f\"\"-' .j.ru. loU '\"i.$J1~ •but the tirsl sound isa consonant sound and .J\" \"Jl.:l1 ~\" JJ'il \"'.,..-J1.j:JJIhus (A) must be used. 01~ <#J J ..... \"'J\"\" Examples: ,AN) ~J ,A) ~A European A universityA useful thing A o ne-eyed manNo article is uscd with ,,-,1 J,j iI,l ~ ':1indcfinite plural nouns. .iPlI~1 Examp1es:Devils laugh. .~ éJ..~1Boys play.Flowers wither. . -J~ ,\"}'IBird s sing..Aeroplanes are fa st. .J.i; .,J\"')IHorses run .Mothers are kind to childrell. .\"\".r..,? .,.r-hI1Acts speak louder than words. \",1;L6J1 .<.?.J. J.,.)-1'\" Try to do Ibis exerCÎsc.: • ~lj..o•\" lAdd (A) or (AN) when necessa ry .Jlik\"l ~ ~~y- .\",l.KJ1if Ij\"oU\" ~i Jl.};'1 j i:...,.JI 1';\" 01JJl>- • =i.,J.r;,l1 (AN) } (A) .........1. That is ... great idea.2. Take .... advice from . . .. expertJ. What .... wonderful surprise!4. 1 am sta rling .. . . new life.S. 1 want ... glass of lemo nade wÎth ... piece of sugar in il. - 18 -

bl The Definite Article (The) u..,....:W1.1.1/\"\"nThe\" is used: If\" '-\"-\",,\" 1. i b • ~~1 - When we are thin king of oneparticular thing Th, l For example: .:.r ...:....~ 1o..l:.Y - 1 . :~He is 100king for a job. .J..\" if ~ '\"1Did he gel the job he applied for ? ?rlAo \",..\JI J....l1 Js. J.- Y.J.\".Î if2 - When it is clear in the situation i f 1>...;.1) J ~ L.= - 2which thing or person we meanThe hotel we stayed in is very nice ..:..W, ,-~ )1 ~ '-$Î , J....,- .b,- '\" WI \",..\JI J-,-,,\"I Vi J.Li \",Î ~))1 want to see the manager of the firm . .ë\"rJI fiJ..A ~li! ~)3 - When there is only one of .:J' i.l,>-J, 0./' <jll •t,.:..l..Il ~ - 3something: the sun, the moon, ... dl,h'il ,.,...;JI ,~I :~jthe earth, etc ( Same) 4.J fy.J..:.i~- u4 ,-1 - Before \"same\" (the sallie)Her dress is the same as mine. .J u5 - Before superlatives. J:i -~\ ..:,...I...L,,:, 5J -*The Amazone is the longest river in the world . . ~W\ J..\"kÎ Y' 0) jlo~\6 - When we are thinking of J .f..A; \..t\"l;; - 6something as a general ideaHe goes to the cinema every ~\s. 'ô..fJS' t.. ~~ ~ J5' ~\ Ji ~~weekend. - 19 -

7 - The + adjective ...... + ~.,.-:;JI il.i J--l-7W(' use the + adjective .r ':\"-'\"<:U <,..-1 ~J\")(withoui a noun) 10 talk aboutgroups of people. ...,..U1,J' .;,~-'\"\"\" Example: \"lc.?~l ,.)p l ,yI.,-!JIThe young, the o ld, the rich, ... c?\".J-1 \"I.;.;JI the poor, the injured etc ... ~I + ~.,.-:;JI il.i - 88 - Thc + nationality .p., c:' ~.,.-:;JI il.i J--lWe use \"the\" with sornenationality adjecth'cs to mcan 1-4< ~) ~I ~LQ....\"the people of Ihat country. ..•\l,JI 1';'\" .)tS:.... For example: ,:>1---;.0The Algerians. ..»)/)1)-1The French.The English etc... ..).r.--\".,AlI9 - Wc use thc + a singular ...dl ;#-)'1countable noun to talk about ,..-1 r:: . . . .pl il,i ~ - 9a typc of animais, machines ctc... .rJ I.\.>J .~ ~ ,}> ... .;,~'jl ,';'UIy.1 ,J' t<jFor example:The girnfTe is the tallest animal. .,,\",~Ir-l-I J}>i 01))1Thc piano is my fa vourite instrument. .u.1.ii1 -Ii 'UI \" y ..10 - With Ihe names of canals, , ~Ir<J1 .l...oi c:' - 10rivcrs, seas, oceans, etc... ... ·dl ~u\",.:1 ,)b..,J1 ')4-l~1 - 20 -

and in Dames with \"Republicl1 J:.- J).:iJ\ ~ ~k..,..t C;:Jl'Kingdom'' \"states\" etc ... \"'.c.. 11- \"\"--'',:!\"J.1y1\" , \"~.'-, .\" ',,-~J~\"such as the U nited States of America, ,~/~\ o•.l~1.I \"':\"'I..!)IyIThe Uni ted K ingdom, ,,-»dl <S:.WIThe D orninica n Repu blic .~J..ul \"J~Omission of the definitc article:a .. \Ve don't use IIlhell when : ~ ,.:JI ;I,i J~I e~ .:.'11>-wc a rc talking a bout things \.0= ~~I ;Ii·~ '1 - ior people in gencral .t,.:..~1 ,:r ~ ...~ ....... ..,.\;,,;,,'11 Ji For example: .. . .:)•\........!..... l'Ill afraid of dogs. ...\" \"\",\"-,,1 \";1.;.1\"1 -.. Ail cars have wheels. ., ...:-~ 4l \",I},...JI J$' -b .. With uReountable oouns.. Sugar is not good for you I.>~ ~ '1 .;JI .1..->'11 ~ - ..\" e\".!.lI .r.<- ~I -.. \Ve use \"the\" with the oouns .1..->~I ~ <.Â,!.J.,JI ;i>i J--i -rncntioned abOl'c if they are qualified ;,:\"\"\" ..:.;IS' I;! .~i ;)ft\".ulFor example: l'•)\......!..IICa o you pass the sugar on the lable? ,.\Jill J j <?iJl j:..J1 ~I* 1 .. Countable and uReountable RounsA nQun ca n be co unta ble ..f..<. ,1..->Î ,,1..->\"'1 .:r' J ~j liL..or uncountable l.:\"\" ..f..<. 'J ,1..->ÎJ l.:\"\"1) A coul1table no un ean be sing ula r (apple) ois. .:.r~ ,-:?1l\ r--\")'\ ( 1o rp1ura1(app1es) \"y<\" .\.0...,... JÎ 1J;·\" . C . Î \.lI- 1 eat an apple evcry day. · i~ j) ~\..Q; J5'ii - - 21-

2) An uncountable noun has 0~ o.:ls. ~ \"'i \":FoUI l',,.,'-'il (2only one forRl1 eat rice every day. .bii ....1) ~ J<- JS'o j )'•1\ \" ·i.J\"!. JS'\\llike ricc . .j }l\ I...:-\"\"'Î liÎ3) Countablc nonns arc things we can count, \A.:ls. ~ ~I ~4,....~1 (3so we can say \"one apple\" \"lWO apples\" etc . .\"01.::>-11\" \"4,:,-\Âi\" ~4) Uncountable nouns arc things wc cannot b.:ls. ~ \"'i ~I $.4,....~1 (4count Wc cannOl say \"one rice \"two ..j)\" Jy4i 0i ~ \":J \":k.-n.ces\" etc ... •\".1,\).))i\"5) We can usc a/an with t: ~I il,i .,)1.,.,0:...1 ~ (5singular countablc nouns: :,,:,. .:f..! .;JI i,)ll ,l...~1a book , a sllldent , an egg. .~ ,~I.k 'y1..::S\"6) Wc can' t usc singular count ablcnouus alone (withouta/an/the/nay ctc)1 want an apple (nol 1 want apple)7) We can' t use alaD withuDcountablc nOUDS.We do nOl say lia rice\" or lia water\"BUl we cao say a bowl of rice,a drop of watcr - 22 -

CHAPTEOS Ipronounsl I..JÇiJ\1 y,,~ W> J\" ~IA pronoun is a word that replacesa noun 1'\"'\"~I 1. Personal pronouns •• . , Il~ ' oQû\" ,/ J.., !•~'1 • 1~ lI bj eç tl --+I SI Persan J.,....IObjeClI +- (JJpo') yiWe S id2nd Perso nYo u Me cl3rd Persa n Us ~ ....J,~I r.-\".' You !l ,;;i - r>i - w i - ..:...;i ,?) ..r- 'c:.- ''':'';.YJ .?.i... (-:JWI j )JI) ......:WI dHe Him (4../....) 1\"Sh e Her (\10)It 0/'T h ey Il (lA , 4.) jiWI.\"J 1\" Ji 0/' Examp les: .,.Them (I.J,/~) \":\"';Y J '?:V \"\" - 1\"\" - \...01 respect her.Wc met them . jil. r.Ji jil.You don'( like her.He saw me . 1 ! '\" ,iShe hates him. .It--f>i ~i .....'-'1,1; .;rù .~ '1 c.;i '<li) ,.;1 ,-\".f.; <1' \" 23 \"

Il bit IllC. Verb Object of prepositionThcy tied it. J-i ? J.f\"! ))f'\" 5ubjcct pla yed with me Îx,.!cYü talked wilh him laughed all hem He Iislened 10 her 1 She We1 Iike him and he likes me. . ~ f) ..\"..i ~iThey respect us and we respect them.He helps her and she helps him. .r+'~ crV) L;y .i->'< 1'\" 0./')• • .(?L..:; Lo..(?L..., fSubjeet + Verb + Obj«t + Subj«1 + Verb + Obj«t + Prep + Objecl of prepcYl; J-.' Jri-' cYti J-.' Jri-' ?.j? ))f'\" 1 like him and he sends his regards to me Jl <iL) J--fi f) ..\"..i d We like (hem and they scnd their regmds to us U r-o'L) j}--fi 1\"') ~ crVYo u li ke him and he sends hi s regards to you .!.ll <iL) J--fi f) ..,i ~iShe likes me and 1 send my regards to her 41 <iL) J--) d) ~ 0./'They like liS and we send our regards lo them ~ l:.;L) J--j crV) L;.r.'\"'< 1'\" My Our· Your • His - Her - Its • Their. These are possessive adjeçtives and they qualiry nou ns ,t.....'>'\ ~) 4 ..;.,li.., 0./' .~i ':.1\ ..;.,ws:J\ - • 24 •

S,b + \"('rb + possessh\"e adj + Noun , ('\"\"\"\" 1 j?\i Jo' ;.,s:J.. '-'-\" clo t hes o.F''j... 1.f';';;1 fa thers 1 pu t on my time \",loi t~ .:r'WeYou respect our lessons é..6) c7-'\" -:..;Î (r\"Î)He waste you r lunchShe re v ises fa nu s J,.....)J ~ l:\"=\" \.J. ...:;1They hislt cats hec you ngs t..,I~ J)G wate r thcir feeds it s ~;I.r.Jyi--< ~l t..JI;.....~4'l (J;W\ .r-\"!)S ubjeci Ver b Indirect object Direct obj«t ;;~.J) ~tyli J-' r'c.. ~. J~. .,oc,. J,... She gave me a nower She wro te T hey lo ld him a lettcr ;J\...J J.:.-.5-'Ài 1 He wish me a story ~ t5:.,. J I.,s:.,. -'Ài She did bo ught yOll good luck L;b lb- (~<J) c.lJ ..,Ji hec a great favou r ~~ v.l>- I,J (Ji ..Li! r Ihe r a present ~J.A 4J ..;... J.iJ \"(SO)\" as a pronoun \"..-4' (So) J I..A::..I1 was told 501 hope 50 .0J~ ~ ..vil1 believe 50l'ru afraid 50 .!.lI; J-i ~)~Î .!.lI.i5\" .r'JI .Ji ~i • 25 •

(ONE) as a pronoun ~ (ONE) J~IOne of you has wo n the first prize r5J)• • 'YI ;)t)-~ jÜ ...l>-IDo one of these exercises J';L..:J\ o~ ...l.,J J-Onc has to do one's best I)~ L»~ J~ 0Î ;)L.;)I\ Js- ~lt is ail one to me Lf.J.;s.. J~ /,:.ylOne for ail and all for one .).,;.u c:J-1) ~ .).}JI (lf» .)L...;JI)2. Possessive pronouns: ;;..ml ,i\.W> .2Possessive pronouns stand for ~L<. ~.;s ~I }l...:.nouns and arc thus used instead '1 ~ ~ .!.ll.l!) • L...,.,~Iof the Douns to which they rc(er .~! ;:-;; ifl .L...,.,~I .;J' IPossessive pronounsl I<$J.. iL...:.1Thal house is mine. ..p. .:...\"JI .!.ll;That institu te is ours.This suit is his. .Cl -4--i1 !lI;Thi s book is hers.That pen is yours. ..J <J-ûl ,.i.This horse is theirs. .41 yl.:5Jl Il. .U) ~I U); .~ .)L.a.J..1 Il. Ipossessive adjectivesl 1#1 ;;;JThat is my house. .0' U);That is our institute.This is his suit. . ~-4-v U);This is her book.Thal is your pen. .d-.4 \"\"UThat is tlteir horse. .4<15 Il. ..!l..li !lI; .~t-. !lI; - 26 -

Arc you indeed in love with her?Perhaps tbey will ring me upal six o'clock.G - Adverbs of mannerBadly (i,I>.I-) u,... Slowly ~~Wisely Weil \...\",.Carefully ~ Carelessly J\....>~ ~~Foolishly o~ Boldly ~~sadly i.>J'\" Cleverly i)~Ligh tly ~ Heavily .)il=,C o rreclly Weakly ~ ....;\" ~Strongly 'J\"i Clea rly CYJ!Polilely Severely ~;ty ~p. o~noisily ~ \" ~rA! Sharply o~P ro u d ly SilentlyDecently ,\"~ Wickedly J~ 'Simply FirmlySecret ly a.;.ü ....;\" Cal mly ;.1-;':' .....,6Rapidly SuddenlyUrgently <kt-\" Strongly r:r< ('i.,....,) Ir' ,)-4< o• ~ ;;r, o~ ;J\"-\"' ....;,, Promptly , \JjYou should not behave badly. . ~ \S'yL &-ï '1 0\ ~Il is raining hard. .o)jo.? )al ~lHe did it cleverly. .oj~~ \..t.\Si J.iJWe solve our problems wisely. .(JuiJ~) ~~ . w.n..:... j...; <f\"The number of the inhabitants is increasing rapidly..;;r. ~\.?- 0tS:....J\ ;tJ.s. - 127 -

Thal is not truc. .~ ~ \~Thesc are my relatives.Thosc are the actoes. .\.\"sutiÎ s.~jA1 will d o the same as yOll.If yOll are rcally my friend. show ..J.f!..J.1 r-'\" s.~Y'you rself as such. .~ Joo.iLVou arc the boss heee and as such you .f'fi ~.J......::> )i....; ..:.-:S' .J1are the o nl y onc eesponsible before me .1.!...lJ~ Js-Why a re you teUing me ail this ? ~I o~) \.;.;. ~)I ~l if\\"'\ J)j--1\ ~\ ...:....;Î J~\.l..:b § J~ I;,U4. Rellexive and emphasizing pronouns: \"\".LoIS.;JI, :i .(ft iJ.\\"\":'\.G..QJ\M yself },!.L...i;O u rse lfYourself ...,.JW\YourselvesHim setfH e rse tfIt se lfT hemse tvesOnesetfReflexive pronouns! ~ ;t....PWhen the action passes from the subject back ~I ~ I.,....l:$oaga in to the same subject: oI,.......A,i J&-IAII ~They arc te.ching thcmsclves English.Make yoursclf at home. ..,;,Li->'I ~\ .)ri-< ('\"f'! . ~ J ..:.-:S' \"J w j.\"..,a; - 28 -

Help yoursclf. ,~~ rJ.>.!It hurt itsclf. ,(.JWI \",.J) 4----'\" w;i .l.iIShe dressed herself carefull y. ,\"Gu 4----'\" .:.-,lÎEmphasizing pronouns: when \...w. :;\"-Jo-Sy- .T'L....;.used for the sake of emphasis .;,,?.,.:lI Joc'\" J-..:...iThey told me that themselves. 'r+-\"~ .!.lJ; .j)r',Î1 myself helped him .Did you see that yourself ? ,<i-\"'L.. ~, \;1He suggcsted thal himsclf. J-! ~ .!.lJ; ,,-,1; S. Interrogative pronouns: ,<-.i.:, .!.lJ; Cfll .l.iI r~:~tI J\"-.J~',Who? (.JWI j?WI Jo J IJ-ll) 0\"Whom?Who se? (.JWI J\"..J.I Jo JIJ-ll) 0\"Which?What? 'o.? J, ' (.JWI .!.lJlll Jo JIJ-ll) , (i>J.....< ,1,-:-1 0\" ; \"\",,1Jo JIJ-ll) <$1 'o.?(i'':'\"'''' .r-' ,I,-:-Î 0\" Jo JIJ-ll) I;\..Interrogative pronouns arc uscd in J ~ ~~~I }4..Al1forming questions and they . ~I J.:-ï WilJ •.l!.}\"il l$.~always prccede the \'crb.Who told yo u that? JüY..:JJ':' ..:JJ ifWhom did you see? Y...: .,)) ifWhose car is this?Which do you prefer, the film or the story? Yo)::-.!JI o~ ,J. YWI ii ~I ~ 4 iWhat did you do? Y~ \,:,\'\"Who is responsible for that? Y..:JJ':' V JJj.-l.1 ifWhom do you like better? Y?i ~ ($..ut if - 29 -

* Interrogative pronouns may introducea direct or an indirect question.What ha ve yOLL said? rY)(Direct ~...:..J.i I~ L..Tell me what you have said (Indirect .\".;.y ..rf:-) y~ bL.. J.r.>1.Who will give the leçt ure? (Direct rY) Yo?~1 ~ 0'\"Let us see who will give the lecture o?LÀ\ ~ 0'\" tSj ~.) (Indiroct .r-y .r.'-)Who? ~WI i f Jlj-ll~.;,'For persons singular or plural (~ Ji Jj.-) rJ\"~'lI4.f' Jlj-Umasculine or feminine: (~.,;.. Ji }'j.,.)Who came ficst? Y'ljÎ ~ 0'\"Who ca n answer thi s question?Who is your bcst Criend? YJ\j-J1 \~ Js- ~ 0' ~ 0'\" YJ.kU ~~ r 0'\"Whom? :Jyui11 i f Jlj-ll ~.;,'For pmons: :..,.,I,;,..;.~I .r Jlj-llWholl1 did you ask? Y...:.JL 0'\"Whom do you like beu,,?Whom does he respect? ?;5'i (J.Ai') .:,..;- 4iWho,.? Yi~ 0'\"For p.rsons:Whose flag, are Ihese? ?J(.!ll11l ~ Jlj-ll)Whose papers are these?Whose car is this? :..,.,t;...,)jl .r JI);......u J?t~•'JI ,.\.0 ~J I)) ~I oh J. J.YOjt:.-J1 oh - 30 -

Which? '.ri.:..... ,I,!-i .:.r' ) \,;:>-1 <.:\" Jlj-ll ~.\"iFor things and perl'ons ..r'L;\".:.,~IJ s.~'J1 ~ Jlj-Usingular or plural subject or object.Which will you study, English .(..!...ij.a Ji j' j\".) ~ Ji ~j-t) ri ~P}fl U\"Jx..... 4 Îor French ? Y~}JIWhich of them can we invite ? YyJ..i Ji t.:.:5:..ç 4ÎWhich do you prefer, love or friendship ? !;;I.c...J1 ri \"\";'1 ~ 4 iWhich ward do yo u mean ? ~.>..,a.i; W> <,$iWhat? For things generally ,,~t iJ:! rj& ,,~ Y' Jlj-U ~I$i ~Ijl,.singular or plural, subjcct or object. \..~ j:.~~ ,o,).l\"..,.. .r-'- .<J~ ) 'yu 'e:-- Ji ,.,.u)Whal are you lhin king or? ~j:.;,; l...:-'What are you talking about?What is this? YF L..s. Ylh t..What do you need? Yc.l.::i \;,)...6. Indelinite pranouns: o,)~1 ~ \".jt......QJ\ .6Something \.. ,.,,:- Anything ,.,,:- ,,1• anybodySomebody \..~ AnyaDe .~-.,>-•1•<.SI•Someone One ,,1• \.. -1>-1•Nothing ,.,,:- 'i ,) )1• -1>-1•Nobody -I>-i 'i None -I>-i '>'Noone -I>-i'i Ail ~Everything OtherEverybody ,.,,:- J> Another .r''11Everyone MuchA few ~J> Less .r''11 ,) J> (~) .r.> <,.wJ) J,li J,J; - 31 .

A litt le (~) J,li Enough '-'1.5'Each EilherMany y(-,>-1) Neither (,-\",,':II -I>-i) <fiBot hEithcr r.>('.wJ) !l\~ ~) Li.:. ~ ~>'I \"YS Several ...l:!Js. or' \"iEithcr means one or the other of IWO } J.~'lI) -l>Î ~persons, things or matlers ? '1\ )i (~\Either Ali or Sami will come Ihis morning. ....L. )i <f- loi (~II.i,. ~1 don '( need either.ft seems impossible fo r ei ther of .L...p ifi J.,) ':1us 10 apologize. ,:,1 L. <fi ~ J,>.:.--- d )\"'\" .)~Ncither . , , . Nor .!lI;' 'J, I.i,. 'JNeilher money nor gold can ':'1 ~ ~jJl ':1) 'yi:I' ':1give yOll happiness. .,,\......JI .!J;~We are neither hungry nor pOor. .~t\". ':1) ,1';; LJ .;rVTrust neither.1 Iike neither. .L...p <fI.} J!i ':1 .!lI; ':1) I.i,.- ..,...,.i ':1Ali ,IS' 'b\"\"\"• lt is singular \",hen it meaus <i'\" lo~ ')ll ilb- .j ~fo .(everything). .if:'\" 'J 'J>-.f' ,.;. J'Ali ou r love is for everyone of our yif -1>-1) j5J \.:.,>-ch ildrell. .ulihi - 32 -

Ali is weil that ends weiL .P.~ ~ ~ 4.!~ ~ l,.That' ail. Y..!JJL.. t. Li..** lt is plural. ~'hcn it is lookcd Jj.:; I~! ~1 ;U~ (Ali) ,-,.Ps <>0upon aS:l numbcr of diffcrcnl .:r ~.JS. 4-ïÎ Js- 4Jlindh'iduals or things: .~ ~~i Ji ~I)ÎAil the people li ke to live in peacc. .r\"')....,. ,,} ~1 ~ ...,..U\ JS'Ait my friends are gen tlemen. .~;l,.;. Js- Jti...l...<:>Î JS'Ali of them respect the olhers. 'J?'lI J.r~ ~1 like ail my frie nds. . ~ Jli...l...<:>Î ~Î L;ÎE.ch ,}5\" (, rW!)Each boy has brought his bail. Y.?....; ..li) ~Î .j Y.~ ...:.j)Each o f Ihem came al a ~ ..l.>-I) ~different time. .)..~ Su ~ Y ~Each nighl. we listen to the news. ,E,'cHone ..J..,-\, , [Everyonc knows his place. Y.<l..iL<... j fi ..1.>\)1 respect everyone of them.If yOll go 10 the stadium, yOll can Y.~ ..1.>1) r.rÎ liÎsee everyone of the playe rs Ji.;J.;\.5:.,.~ ~I ~~ bl Y.~')lI\ i f ..l.>-I) 4.!j)Everyone ha s his own favourite J5'~b)' 1 ~t.;fi ~..lI ..1.>1)radio programme ~\Evcr vbodv ,lfil (i,f) , ~ , }5\"Everybody enjoyed the match. .a:\.il~ j5J\ ~!Her beallty was admired by everybody. .4Jl......:,.; :J} JS' ~i - 33 -

He tells everybody about his problem. .~ ,) JS\" .r.'-<~!Everybody knows the f<let.Ercrvthin g .--~-'1\".JYfi..fUI c'r(\"Evcrything cames to him when he waits.Everything 1 do is for my co untry. \"'.,.~ ! [If yOll wo rk hard , yO ll will geteverything. .J~ r \" , fNot cverythi ng you say is true. ..,J.)yi..f Y'~i;it.yMan\'Many kiss the hand they wish ta JL:.... ~ ~ J!c ut o ff.Many li ke ta pass without doing \",r- yanything.You have made many mistakes. .-~ .JJ'-\"- \.. c,(r\"..r-'1Many will curse yOll after your death.Many love ta praise right and do <,JAU) ré'wro ng. Jf-\"< J I.c,J1 J# JJ\"';> .4---W JJ' Cc,..J1 J r'\"'< JJ\"';> .J.>- .i\"? ,lk-i ~) .Cil ?JI..!J.;y J..; ~ ..)--..lI) jJ-I t1.. ..;...,.., r.-<JI .JkI;J\'Roth ,;\".:!\"i 1 /'JSBath we re barn in Nottingham. 'i~f ,j Illj L..>'JST hey we re ba th poor.1 have two brothers, they are bath .~ L..>'JSrnarried. L..>'JS) JI.>'''; <$=Can 1 have bath, fathe r?S o rn e 'Or1 went to the bank ta draw ~....i , ~>'I .i>-i Ji .:r<.c. J>sorne money. ..e; Ji~•>' -!.L,JI ..;:...,>; \"'pI~- 34 -

He went ta bll y some fruit. ...,WI ..;u., <.?A -,...0;Some of you find English difficultbut il is not so . ..\"....., ,,;).;'\" \"\"'\" ~Some oflhem agreed ta come with liS. ..!-U.i5' ~ ~) .l... ,.)\" ,j>- \";;1) ~Somcthing 1..0 !:-!_2There is so melhing abOlit their lire.There is so mething 1don'I know. .ti'1.,>- .f \.. 'C? !.lb,Something is beuer Ihan Ilolhi ng. , j....f i ,Don'I you wallt 10 tell me somet hing? !.lb, .,.5- , ,f J..'>ii oc? ~0 J J.,., Ji J.;.J ·,iSo mebodv I..o,~Somebody can do that.Somebod y enlered your office. ..!-U; J\"'\" Ji ,J...<. \.. ~ . ~ J>'> \..~SO Il1COIiC \.0 ....iThere is somconc behind the window . . i.i.;UI Jl>. \.0 ..l>-1!.le..Somcone ca me and asked for you. ..!.Lo JL) ,le- \.. -,>-1pAre you cxpecl ing someone Ihis eveni ng ? ~,UI li. \.. I:c..i J>None !:-•!.,.;., 'i ,1~1 'iNone of LIS is perfect.None of my friends is bad. \" J~ t.:.,. ...l>i '1 .!:-'.5\"'\" Jli~i .y ...l>i '1None 50 blind as those who won\"t see. .!...W} .:.\"- ? pi ..l>-Î '1 .(,...,i) J~ J-.ill Jl.ii) '. ..' Ji JJ>JI , J-.ill~- ~,No olle believed him . \"..l>-Î <Û..I.....:::! ~No one ca n drink the sea \Vater. r- 'ï~\ !:-~ '-:-' ..l>- ~ '1No one can have everything ,~J5)ç. ~ Ji J..>.1 ~ '1 .( # , ,..\";1 Wb !.lb,) . 35 .

No one ever repented o fh aving held his tongue. ...:.5,..- if i..lÎ,L..1 asked man y questions but no onc ~ ~) ili.....1 oJ.s.. ..:JL...answe red me. - .J.>.\alher, Another c> i~1 , ,,.<;1Shc has no other. oc>.;>'Î iJ.>-') 4<..u crJHe carried one melon in one.hand and li bag in the other. J->-'h)o ( ... ;.;..,k, ..Li!If this pen is not good. oc>.;>':Y, -y, J y.,..) -'< J 'd\... .r-'- ~'I.i.o. J\) J!bu y another. o.;>'i 'J.>-') .r=-!1 have bought one and now l'IIbuy another. J'>') 'J.>-') ..:.....r=-' ..Li!He had a cup o f tea , then o.;>'i .,s.r=-L r-' .,sWI 0' l,ç J)G\"anot her and anolher. o.;>'\; .;>'i7. Relative pronouns J,.. ~I ,.l\.WWh ich JM ,,;J Whose }That W hom jiWI ,,;J) jiWJ { WhoThe book which 1 bought is abou t r ~?\ ~.i.I\ ,,\"-:..A:5J\the Algerian Revolution. . ~)\)-\ O).f.I' ,y-Those who live in glass houses ü Jo::! d J ~ J.i.l1 '\"'JY.must not throw others wi th slones .o}.'!•..::l~ U\"'Ullj~ ':J Ji ~ (~j ..:.T'The boy, whose father is a tcacher, r-LvY\" oJ\"!Î t$.i.l1 ...u}1is the best o ne in the c1ass. .~I d -\.>.1) j.aJÎThe lady, whom you met, is our L:.;iL::......Î l/' ~ü ~\ o~\new teacher. .o~..L:!- 1He is a man that cao oever be trusted. .\"-! :).Y. 'J ~) ...1 - 36 -

CHAPT.E.n4 jThe u erbsj IcJl.:,j)\1The verb plays the mosr important J )J~ ~i Juill ~role in the E.nglish sentence.The \",b i, a \"ord that telIs .:i.:!~~1 ~Isomcthing about a person or a thing. Jyil J--' WS' r J-Ali . ~~ JÎ ~ 4.F ~ ~~ Kinds of verbs JWSl fi ~i1. Regular a nd Irregular ver bs ~~L:Jl J w \rl) ~ .:>Wl Jw)r\A. Regular \"crbs ~~laJ\ JI.a.iSl .1The rcgular \ubs arc those verbs in .;l' JW~\ JS' ~ Â:!,)Wl JW\"11which (ED) or ( D) is added to the J!~ (0) Ji (ED) 4:i Jl.a,;infinith'c in ordcr to form the past ~\ll .y)1.:.r..# ).l.A11tcnse or the past participlc J~I r' Jir J.l..all S. Pas! Pasi partici ple(I nfinitive) .\",...UI JJ\"'11 ('\"\"\"IMeil '-:-' )~ Mel ted ,-, b M e lt ed ,......1.1..Load LondedLaugh ~ La u g hed ; r -, Loaded .)~ ~ Laughed~~ ~W ork ~ Worked ~ Worked Jr\"\"Open C'-\" O pened 1:\" Opened Cr'\" Walkedcr-Wa lk Needed ..r' ~ Walked Cb.... Needed Cb...Need Cb-IFor the v<rb, th.t end in (Y) (Y ) .jP. ~.;JI JW';J;\"..J,prcccded by a consonant, we changethe (Y) into (1) bdorc adding (EO) .r.fU \.:.j~ JI,..., J ~ J.r.- J:! J!(ED) J.,.a.; ,,1 (1) (V) . 37 .

E.rame.1('s: Simple Past • ,..., In fi niti ve Past participleDey ~ Oried O riedDeny Denied OeniedOccupy .A Occupied OccupiedMarry Married MarriedAccompany ~ Accompanied Accompanied C).?- 1.,'.. ;1;Classiry ~ Cla ssified C la ss ifiedSatisry :Ç)1.>,\".., S::lIi sfied Sat isfiedTcy Tried T riedFor n~ rbs that end in LJ,(V) .jT\" ~ .;J' JW';J(Y) preecded by a ,·owel . we only r-~ li~ !l .jT\" J.r--add (ED) a nd k ccp the (Y) as il is :../' W- (V) ..j-:» .Jo.i.U (ED)r Annoy (~j<) \",W- Annoyed Annoyed ~ Pla yed Played, Play Betrayed betrayed Belray :.Jr Enjoycd Enjoyed Enjoy ~The final eonsonan t lelter is doubled •before we :\dd (ED) if it ispreccdcd by a s ingle l\"owel letlerr Inl\"i nitive Simple Past Pa st ParticipleStop .....o..i; Stoppee! StoppedFitMarvel ,.-!)\, Filled Fitted J->.!.; M arve lled Marvelled Worshipped Wo rship pedWorship .1'\"L\"\"-'\",. Travelled Ir:welled Controlled Cont rolledT ravel Kidnapped Kidnapped Dropped DroppedControl ~I.I- Admitted Adm illedKid nap (Jw,~') ...;.b., Com m ilted Committed Rub bed RubbcdDrop .hi...., Robbed RobbedAdmit ~<;\" fiCom mit '?R ub ~~..!:lI~Rob ..J~ - 38 -

Some useful regular \'erbs: .L,;,Î )Î J~Î ., , \"'pl• - J..-'•IEncourage ~ Illurni nateEndure ~~ ,- J~ Neglect ..0..) -. J) BiarneGuide .:JÎ - 8) - i 'J i~• j - :;'•8,.j Confess •Hire jl - J.r'-!Hesitate ))j Deny ,-. ,k - .,r~Î .,Treat - -~ J-~ cl~ Deprive 'F\" - f::,.> - C-Fry .,Grieve J.ô Contain .j.;2.~ J:,s - j j>'Î Deserve <.S?~ (~) J8~ J' O\.,..j -Grant Jy. - ~) - ~ Earn jG - ty - ~Facil itate ~-~ Overtu rn (~ ~ t..:.ÎJ) -;JiFix -.:. :i' - ~ - ~ Prevent jy j>- - é?Inc rease ;1)j! - ) \j Disappear <.S}f - ~jDec rease Jj; - ~Î Recover (~}f) ,I..:...j - ~To rture J-.<:; - \"'~~ PretendInquire Produce :..i' - '.>'~I <.Sr - ~j é -r) L5 \" iJ.; - R ÎInsist ~ f\"'Î - CJÎ St ruggle J-\"~ - -\">t.- - c'l5' cL .'~Î -Notify SufTocate ? I}:;';'ObjectObserve ' t; - ,.A;:;1 :..;15' - ~lJi - r ' JI;.Jor:-~ Revenge --...JIJ - b-'J SufTer .....h. . -. ~ ~\ )~) ~\Poilu te Swullow - c..-b-:l· --Aç.-t' .J I )LLeak y~ Threaten JJ-j - ).:k..;Declare cr: - ~Î Reproach f'J - .:j\i; -Profit ~t (0.;,0'-) if , tiWarn 1).1; \ - ).1.,.. ..:.~,~ - ~ ~'Us urp - J.;.S - '.~. I r)j - ReformTestify (~ - Mu lt iply j~ - -,,1) , 39 '

Wither OlTend 'jy-:. tft - jjS'Wet Oppose rJli - j.j~Roam , ,_;...l.-. - r'L> Flatter yl5 - J.LëSSqhelIleteezreJ!J,Ls;.-:I.!;-4?' - .b..;, - ~ Improve ;\"')I~! - :;.i - ~ -~ -' Cheat J>- J8-1 - t:c;. - jJ. <.SJIStir f:? - 11;. - .!lj>- Exaggerate J? - jlJ - ,(3~Reveal lr' , ~,-v;.~ - f..tI\",i Depart .!l; - )'~ - J>-j :;0 -oProvide l..i - lii - Jy - ,~j Desire J ~ )' .:-ii - is\"Î Adopt •Affirm (~ij) {)li1,) .ftBelong J!~! -;,;. Demolish r\"\"\",.-1>- -Alter --.~r. --\"-?~.' C ha ngeB. Irregular ycrbs: • .iWJI ';WSI _.,..Ali the ,'erbs that don't ha\'c \"\"\" ~ \"j .}I JW~I JS'(D or ED) in the past, arcirrcgular \'crbs. cir.\" ...-\"111 (ED) Ji (0)aj lrregular verbs w!1Îch have no cha nge .;;\:. ''jwi .r.dü l$i ~ i~ ':1 ô.>L;. Jwi - i Infinitive Simple Pas! Pas! Part id pie )~I ..,..UI JyAll,-1Bu rst Bu rs l Burst c.\st Cast.C..IS! Hil Hit .,,.;.;\".; -~cs-'-l1' Let LoiHil f:uw.! - .:;~ Shed Shed Spread-f*é?Loi .' .!l/-H SpreadSh,d t) - ,;.-.:.:;\ :r-; Sweat(swe,lIed) Sweat(Sweatro)Spread , Rid RidSwe:1I J'i- - -J/' Cul Bol Cu tRid J' ..;..t;.; BolCu t ~/t!\"Bet .:,>,) - 40 -

bl Some verbs have the same form -'<r\"I ~ t-\" JW~I .?- -..,..In the pa st and past participle: Jyill r-I) \"\"UI <JI..- Jr Infi nitive Simple Past \"Past Participle Beso ughtA'Beseeoh L;,J - j.:.; - Besought Bough tBuy ~ • $ <.Sr! Bo ught CreptJ 8 -Creep .•j8-' - • '$.- ......A>-j Crept Dug ~,.-.:...A_.i: - ;~~\".-_ Dug ForetoldD ig é!'y- - Foretold SleptForetell - Siepl Kept KepI Liedsleep J.> __ .Jj)- - Î-~ Lied Paid .:d--i>')- Paid ShotKee p .6l-;. - Shot SpentLi e Spenl Spoilt ,\",;;1 - S p o iltti;Pay w.,.. Th o ughtShool (;,;.wl) if) - '-'\"'\ \VeptSpend WonSpoLl (Ci)) ~ - ~! Swe pl ,..l-,jl - ..;.1;1Think J,/:r<;i ThoughtWeep ..•:-•;.j - I..S\"~\" ... WeptWin .:...:.-r-:SS Wo nSweep )' l> - Swe pt , c- 8.-1 -cl Some verbs have diffcrent ~ ..:...~..,...aï 4J J W~ \ ~ - -':\"conj ugations in the three fonns: J..:...)ll>- ..:.-,')131 E x u m plcs: , In finiti ve Simple Past Past ParticipleBe gin Began BegunBlow Blew Blown Broke Broke nBreak Drove Driven Forbllde ForbiddenDri ve Forgot Forgotten ·Forbid Flew FlownForget Forgave Fo rgiven--FlyFo rgive f$\"\" - 41 -

Grow p. - .(7\"<) li Grew Grown Froze FrozenFreeze F - . 'ji;~. - J..!..;. Kne w Kn ownKn ow Shrank ShrunkShrink ..~..,.-s::.:.., .J...\" - .J-li Sewed Sew n$,w ' .j)~ - J.~. Rode Ridd e n Swam SwumRide (<;b.,;J»..,h-! - ~) Shook ShakenSwim o~ ..:..iJ)j-! - Sprang Spnmg, . t fShake i'i) - 1. - - /'Spring ~J r' ~ Remark: there are Intransitive and transI/ive verbs -!-.JA;. JW& -<-jY JWÎ ~f :b)i.. a/ llltunsith'c I\"crbs: \"'j:>U1 Jw)'i ,iThey are the verbs tllat dOIl't takean object. .i>-Î; 'J .JI Jw:\", d' .. .'; 'J\"..,... Examp /e!>·: ...,......u1 JI \"\"\"i; .:r'Wc go to the stadium .The sun shines. .J.r; ~IThe d og disappea red. 'cP-'~1The shîp sa nk.,Don 't come Jale. .';:\";j- ~Il didn't sJeep weil. .I,,->-Î:.. ~Î; 'JLive and let live. .I.t,>c lA r.I .~ il.r.f é'J J->- bl Tran s iti n~ ,·crbs \":-.....11 JW)'i ,,,,They are the ve rbs whîch tukc i>-\•; .JI Jw'•Jl d' an object. . .'; 'J;'\" EXllIllp/es: :\"He Iikes rootball very llluch. .1pS' t.c<J1 i.f -,....; .,;1Don't expect :lny help rrom me. è...;- i -'\"L- \",i ys 'J • 42 •

ln a few yea rs, he wi ll carn fllm e and .:..,1 \"\"\" bj,,;. JW~l , ~wealth.We bought a new T.V set. (.:..,1 t'# ~ ~)She is having her lunch.Somc \'crbs tukc IWO ob jects: Extl/\"ples: :~He made her happy. ,4,ü J>- )),r-l' Jo',i ..\.ilThey found him a slecp.They set the prisoners frec. , W~ ' )-'e-) ..\.ilThese problems made me tired.T hi s conversation l1ulde me sick. \"L......J' C'...... l.,.<Jki ..\.il 2 - Auxilia ries ,~i J5'L<..l1 o~ .(..»)\) ~~\\ j -.:...:.:-- ~l:.il o~ l.,jw.)'1 ) Î l..Wl1 Jw~ 1 , 2They are divided into two groups: .:.,..-.i Ji .......... ifGro up: A = The au xiliary verbs. ,i.\<oUI j w'>\" :(i) ...~ IGroll p: B = The defect ivc verbs. ,WiUI j w'>'l :(-,') ...-\"\",,,,1A: The auxiliar\\" \·crbs ,.\<oUI JW~I :ÎThe il llxiliary verbs a re TO DE, ,,,Çi J-i) if '.\<oUI J w'>'lTO HA VE und TO DO (J-Ïi J-i ,.;,.U..i J-iThe a uxiliary verbs help the ma in J w '>'I .\<oL...; ,.\<oUI jw'>'lverb ta form the foll owing:1 - The tenses :J< \.. J-r<'; J>- ;\"\"\":)i ~}oll - 12 · The voice (uctive, passive) J~ ~\; r;.......t! ~I ~ - 23 . The interrogat io n r~'lI1 _ 34 - The Ilegat io n ~\ _ 45 - The emph asis ..J..$\"'pl _ 5 - 43 -

Ive'b 1o Bf - ,-,pl J.;IFo rmation ,.~ é\:JI Present r)L.,a,. Am 0;1 ~ ~,~ Ace ,y;:,(-,...1.'-\"1) 0o'y0 ,'oy0 ,0o'~ ,0~Future ~,ShaH - wi ll + be of.; - of; - Off-,. - Oy0 - 0;1 j yPresent 0-;\"- Past ..,..~ Future j,.i:--' \ .JÇi was + jJ\"\"Willam (.;.,) 0\5',He off< - 0y<O were J + b< of-,.i, 0\"\" -of< - 1:,) - If\" sha ll r..(' - .;...5 - ~ r-Being = Present Participle ~~ I Been = Pas! Participle J.,.wrlAffirmath'e (orm vl.r~h ~,,- Pronouns Simple present Simple pas! Future simple\" .k,..., ~ ;L...;.JI t.h......, ) L;... .h....., . r. \.. will, shall be will , shall be[ am was are will beWe are wereYou were will be l'He} was will be are~he were 11they • 44 •

Somc cxamplcs: .,.. . . .,j , . 4. 1 L.JQA:IIt is raini ng dogs and cats. .(<,\.:5\") i) ';- }>.ë 4'1She is an ange !. ..!l)\. 4'1He is a bore. ·(rjJl) Jkll J,Z ...;1You are the light of my eycs. .. , r ) j dThey were dead serious. .Ii.\". J.'t\". Ij\5\"Vou are just like your brother. .\..\i ~Î ~ ..0;11t was a bad moment. .;.\".? <kl- .:..;\5\" .>..illt is time to bed. .r.,J1 .:.:;) ,j\.,.. .>..ilThey a re funny persons.1 shaH go T ommo row. .,j~ .rI.;...:.Î ti'lWc will do il. .Ill ~iL ..!..lb J-.L ,~Nce:atiw (orm '=..tw-l ~V Pronouns Present simple Past simple Future simple' )I....AII t.J,..-.,..'., ) \..4. .J..-....... .r''l. ~ J,.i:-- 1 am not was not will/shaH not be We are not were not will,shall not be are not were not VHoeu} will not be is not was not She will not be It are not were nOI They will not be Somc cxamples: ...:..~ ..,;...,.This art icle is not worth read ing.1 am not ail right. .i,1,;1~ ;.J.>, .r.'- Jl.il\ \.i.oIt was not a nice time. .ri; \.. .}>- .:.-JYou a re not the master of the situatio n . .\.i-.kJ \:i) ..:(r\"\". r.-1She will not disturb me again .Ji}1 .>;..- .:.-J .:..;Î <,;~ ~y ..rs-J J ,jy - 45 -

InlerrOJ!:lliw fOrln Simple Past ~1/ Simple Presen t ..r\"\.. F uture Simple \" ()...,.. \Vas I? ~ Were we? Am I? Were you'! Sha H 1 be? Are we? Was he? Shall we be? Are you? \Vas she? W ill yO ll be? Is he? \Vas il? Will he be? ls she? \Vere they? Will she be? Is il? Will it be? Are they? Will Ihey be? S ome examples: Jo~I~ ,).;;......W ill yO ll come tomo rrow? \r-'-JI., c.. J JoWere yOll he re yesterday?Is that clear? ~- L,......;:.\, l '\" ~~Am 1 that bad?Are you tired of waiting? ~~I li\" J! 'c?' t;Î JoWhy are you ail mixed up?What are yOll planni ng? Jo~)\k'jl ,.:...lJ.. ~Jç..-/, 1\"\": H ~.hk>.; 1;\.. Vcrb l'to ben is used to fOfln:lI the continuous tcnscs: Examples: -t1;..w.J J ~ r-'\"'!Th~y are listening to the radio. -r..wl i.? Jy-l, Iyl> ..wThey were playing football.They will be doing theircxam tomorrow. _\"I..o..~\ \"y';' \"f;;\"\"-She is getting on weil. -r..1.0;; 1~-,.1 - 46 -

Verb \"to be\" is IIscd to rOrln ;;.;.\".... \",-Y.;;.J 'ù~' ~ V..- 0; J~ ,•..,JI 1...\"bl p~ssin~ ,'oic(' J\"....:l' 1\"\"'1+ iJh J..i To bc + past p:uticiplcE x u m p les:.The ne\V hospital is built. ...I.:!JJ..\ ~\ ~~ ;; Ji ....r. ...I.:!JJ..1 ••i ·,\" lieThe agreement will be signed. . JlQ.;)l1 ~YOuf services are no longer needed . . ~.,..u:.. J.N ~ -!.J.;L.....I.>-Crimina ls must he hanged.Many ho uses \Vere demolishcd. .~ft l ..;:.;. ~ .(~) ..:...-lk .,:..r-JI.;/ 1? el the subjuncth'e mood , .fl,;j'il M;..P le. E:mmples:If 1 \Vere yO ll . 1 \Vould kill him. , 1\" Qi .~ ~t5:... .:-:S yiIfshe \Vas a fish.llobody would catch her. .J.>..iu..:llJ:...:,1li 0:.-.....:..,;1$' ,}If he \Vere yo u, he wou Id put an end \J.>.. ~yi ~tS::... .)1.5'\" yito all thal. .•!..lb ~If he was a lion. he \Vould hunt ail JS\"'vUI v./J)I LL.,..Î .)1,) yithe people.Vcrb to haveFormationPresen t ljw.- Past ..,-\"\.. Future ~ha ve ~ -~i had .;..5J..-.;).\, sha ll '-14 +j,.. JA (Ip t . wi ll (.J).!.ll.€has .!lli - .:.Ll.€ + have (.)') (.J) Jo- ,-'Having = Pre' nt participle J.,...... ,-'Had = Pasi p:lrticiple \" :'7 -

Affirmath\"e (ormV Pronouns Present Simple Pa st Simple Future Simple\"'\ )l....>.Il l ;L.;.,. ,s-\"\.. ~ 1 ha ve had shall have !lad sha H have We ha ve had will ha ve ha ve had will havc You had will ha ve ha s had will ha ve SHhee} had wi ll ha ve h:IVe Il TheyExamplel':1 have my lunch at twelve thirty. . ~I)? 41!11 ~ JIjJ;. J)L;ÎJs-We had a happy lime al the sca-sidc. ... ~l!J1 \....::1 l::.i) ~You have my ward. ..}.r-< .!l~iThey have il grcat many things to do. .op> J~i ~.u1 have a reaso l1 or my OWIl. •'-'\"CL1 <_5r s::.;; <.5.uHe will have finished his work ..w c#l.û J~Ihis evcning. .,UI Il.>,Negalh\"c (orin ....Past ~, -II ~-. Present \.. 1:)':0.. Future ~Has not (hasn't) Had not (hadn 't) ShaH } .\"Ol +h,\",Have not (haven·t) \ViII ~ Examplel': .o.f.> <.fi <.f.u ..:. . :i1 haven't any idcu. .~ '-'1) )t,>- \",.u c.r-JHe has not any choice. ,...-'l' J ,-,<-'-\" .\"i \;<.u ~She hasn't ally rriend in the c1ass - 48 -