HỒ CHÍ MINH TOÀN TẬP PHẦN 2

["436 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi ngh\u00dc r\u00bbng, ch\u00d8 hai th\u00dd d\u00f4 tr\u00aan c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u00f1 \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00b9n \u00ae\u00e4c c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng ta c\u00e3 m\u00e9t kh\u00b8i ni\u00d6m v\u00d2 s\u00f9 \u00ae\u00e8i x\u00f6 v\u00edi cu\u00e9c s\u00e8ng v\u00b5 danh d\u00f9 c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen t\u00b9i \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc \u201cd\u00a9n ch\u00f1 nh\u00cat tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi\u201d - \u00eb n\u2212\u00edc M\u00fc. C\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c \u201cv\u00a8n minh\u201d c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00a9u \u00a2u kh\u00abng thua k\u00d0m ng\u2212\u00eai M\u00fc v\u00d2 s\u00f9 t\u00b5n b\u00b9o. Tin t\u00f8c v\u00d2 c\u00b8c s\u00f9 ki\u00d6n \u00eb c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea Ph\u00b8p c\u00e3 nh\u00bec t\u00edi vi\u00d6c m\u00e9t quan ch\u00f8c da tr\u00beng b\u00bet m\u00e9t ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 da \u00aeen v\u00d7 m\u00e9t \u201cl\u00e7i l\u00c7m\u201d g\u00d7 \u00ae\u00e3 ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00f8ng su\u00e8t ng\u00b5y d\u2212\u00edi nh\u00f7ng tia n\u00beng thi\u00aau \u00ae\u00e8t c\u00f1a m\u00c6t tr\u00eai nhi\u00d6t \u00ae\u00edi, v\u00edi m\u00e9t t\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00b8 n\u00c6ng n\u00e3ng b\u00e1ng \u00ae\u00e9i \u00ae\u00c7u. Do ng\u2212\u00eai ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 b\u00cat h\u00b9nh n\u00b5y v\u00c9n kh\u00abng ch\u00d5t v\u00d7 s\u00f9 tra t\u00can kia, h\u00ben \u00ae\u00b7 ra l\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00e6 cho ch\u00de ta \u201c\u00a8n\u201d m\u00f1 cao su \u00aeun s\u00abi. \u00a7\u00d3 b\u00bet d\u00a9n c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea Ph\u00b8p \u00eb ch\u00a9u Phi khai th\u00b8c \u00ae\u2212\u00eec l\u2212\u00eeng cao su \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00c6t ra, ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00bet giam 58 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 v\u00b5 10 tr\u00ce em. C\u00f8 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00denh m\u00f8c kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00b9t, b\u00e4n \u00aeao ph\u00f1 l\u00b9i gi\u00d5t ch\u00d5t m\u00e9t ai \u00ae\u00e3 trong s\u00e8 c\u00b8c con tin. Ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00b7 gi\u00d5t h\u00b9i b\u00bbng c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e3 45 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 v\u00b5 2 tr\u00ce nh\u00e1. C\u00b8c \u00ae\u00denh m\u00f8c khai th\u00b8c \u00ae\u00c6t ra cao \u00ae\u00d5n m\u00f8c nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen mong mu\u00e8n h\u00d5t s\u00f8c c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng th\u00d3 ho\u00b5n th\u00b5nh n\u00e6i. C\u00efng v\u00edi m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch \u00cay, \u00eb B\u00e8t Xaby \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00bet 119 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 v\u00b5 c\u00b8c em g\u00b8i trong \u00ae\u00e3 ph\u00c7n l\u00edn \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de b\u00e1 \u00ae\u00e3i. \u00a7\u00d3 b\u00bet ng\u2212\u00eai \u00a7ah\u00abm\u00a9y (ch\u00a9u Phi) \u201ct\u00d7nh nguy\u00d6n\u201d \u00aei \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau v\u00b5o th\u00eai chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, t\u00cat c\u00b6 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 v\u00b5 tr\u00ce em trong c\u00b8c ch\u00dfm x\u00e3m, l\u00b5ng m\u00b9c \u00ae\u00d2u b\u00de b\u00bet gi\u00f7. Gi\u00ce r\u00b8ch che th\u00a9n c\u00b8c con tin ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 \u00ae\u00d2u b\u00de l\u00e9t ra v\u00b5 \u00aeem \u00ae\u00e8t s\u00b9ch. Ch\u00f3ng tr\u00e3i t\u00f5ng \u00ae\u00abi tr\u00c7n tru\u00e5ng v\u00b5 d\u00efng l\u2212\u00eci l\u00aa bu\u00e9c h\u00e4 ch\u00b9y t\u00f5 l\u00b5ng n\u00b5y sang l\u00b5ng kia, trong l\u00f3c \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b5y \u00ae\u00e4a h\u00e4 b\u00bbng c\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e3i v\u00b5 c\u00b8i kh\u00b8t. Chi\u00d2u t\u00e8i ng\u00b5y h\u00abm \u00ae\u00e3, nh\u00f7ng con tin n\u00b5y th\u2212\u00eang l\u00b5 ch\u00d5t l\u00b6 trong nh\u00f7ng c\u00acn \u00aeau \u00ae\u00edn kh\u00f1ng khi\u00d5p b\u00ebi t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng kh\u00abng ch\u00deu \u00ae\u00f9ng n\u00e6i c\u00f9c h\u00d7nh nh\u2212 v\u00cby. S\u00e8 ph\u00cbn nh\u2212 v\u00cby c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 c\u00e3 mang \u00aeang \u00eb giai \u00aeo\u00b9n cu\u00e8i c\u00efng c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng tr\u00b8nh kh\u00e1i. C\u00e3 th\u00d3 c\u00dfn k\u00d3 ra nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u kh\u00f1ng khi\u00d5p h\u00acn n\u00f7a, nh\u2212ng ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi th\u2212\u00acng cho t\u00d7nh c\u00b6m c\u00f1a b\u00b9n \u00ae\u00e4c.","Ch\u00f1ng t\u00e9c da \u00aeen - \u201c\u00ae\u00b8nh cu\u00e9c\u201d 437 B\u00e4n th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, B\u00d8, \u00a7\u00f8c, Anh v\u00b5 M\u00fc b\u00b6o v\u00d6 l\u00c9n nhau. T\u00cat c\u00b6 b\u00e4n c\u00c7m \u00ae\u00c7u c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5y t\u00f5ng g\u00b5o th\u00d0t bi\u00d5t bao nhi\u00aau v\u00d2 d\u00a9n ch\u00f1, v\u00d2 b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00bcng v\u00b5 t\u00d7nh huynh \u00ae\u00d6, cho th\u00cay b\u00e9 m\u00c6t th\u00cbt c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, b\u00e9 m\u00c6t c\u00f1a l\u00f2 t\u00e9i ph\u00b9m v\u00b5 s\u00b8t nh\u00a9n. Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 v\u00b5 tr\u00ce em \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea nh\u2212 ch\u00f3ng ta \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00cay d\u2212\u00edi \u00b8ch \u00b8p b\u00f8c t\u2212 b\u00b6n c\u00f1a b\u00e4n v\u00a8n minh da tr\u00beng, \u00aeang c\u00dfn \u00aeau kh\u00e6 h\u00acn c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b5n \u00abng. Do h\u00cbu qu\u00b6 c\u00f1a m\u00e4i \u00aei\u00d2u n\u00b5y m\u00b5 t\u00fb l\u00d6 ch\u00d5t \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u2212\u00eet xa t\u00fb l\u00d6 sinh n\u00eb. \u00a7i\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00c7n cho b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. Ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00c6t ra m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch cho m\u00d7nh l\u00b5 ti\u00aau di\u00d6t theo k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c \u00ae\u00d3 chi\u00d5m l\u00dcnh ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n t\u00b5i nguy\u00aan c\u00f1a c\u00b6i \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc h\u00e4.","438 S\u00f9 B\u00e3C L\u00e9T KH\u00a4NG GI\u00edI H\u00b9N Ph\u00c7n l\u00edn d\u00a9n c\u2212 da \u00aeen H\u00eep ch\u00f3ng qu\u00e8c Hoa K\u00fa g\u00e5m nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai lao \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00a9n tay. Ch\u00bcng h\u00b9n v\u00b5o n\u00a8m 1910, \u00eb \u00ae\u00e3 t\u00ddnh c\u00e3 t\u00edi 2.013.981 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n vi\u00aan da \u00aeen, trong s\u00e8 n\u00b5y 54,7% l\u00b5 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7. N\u00e3i c\u00b8ch kh\u00b8c l\u00b5 1.904.968 ng\u2212\u00eai. T\u00fb l\u00d6 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 da tr\u00beng ki\u00d5m s\u00e8ng cho b\u00b6n th\u00a9n m\u00d7nh b\u00bbng lao \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00d8 v\u00b5o 19,6% t\u00e6ng s\u00e8 ng\u2212\u00eai lao \u00ae\u00e9ng da tr\u00beng \u00eb M\u00fc. Theo d\u00f7 li\u00d6u th\u00e8ng k\u00aa ch\u00ddnh th\u00f8c c\u00f1a B\u00e9 Lao \u00ae\u00e9ng M\u00fc, 32,5% to\u00b5n b\u00e9 ng\u2212\u00eai M\u00fc da \u00aeen l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c 11 gi\u00ea m\u00e9t ng\u00b5y v\u00b5 ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 20,2% l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c 8 gi\u00ea m\u00e9t ng\u00b5y. Trong th\u00f9c t\u00d5 s\u00f9 th\u00d3 c\u00dfn t\u00e5i t\u00d6 h\u00acn. \u00eb M\u00fc, nh\u2212 m\u00e4i ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00d2u bi\u00d5t, lao \u00ae\u00e9ng n\u00f7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec tr\u00b6 c\u00abng th\u00cap h\u00acn nhi\u00d2u so v\u00edi lao \u00ae\u00e9ng nam. Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 da \u00aeen c\u00dfn \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u00cbn \u00ddt h\u00acn ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 da tr\u00beng, th\u2212\u00eang h\u00e4 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00e8 tr\u00dd v\u00b5o c\u00b8c v\u00de tr\u00dd t\u00e5i t\u00d6 nh\u00cat \u00eb c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y v\u00b5 c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng, b\u00de sai ph\u00b8i t\u00edi n\u00aci m\u00b5 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 da tr\u00beng kh\u2212\u00edc t\u00f5 nh\u00cbn l\u00b5m. Trong c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y, c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng, x\u00dd nghi\u00d6p nh\u2212 th\u2212\u00eang l\u00d6, h\u00e4 b\u00de \u00ae\u00e8i x\u00f6 t\u00e5i t\u00d6 h\u00acn ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00b8c. Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 da \u00aeen l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai cu\u00e8i c\u00efng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u00cbn v\u00b5o l\u00b5m v\u00b5 l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai tr\u2212\u00edc ti\u00aan b\u00de c\u00bet gi\u00b6m. \u00eb nhi\u00d2u x\u00dd nghi\u00d6p, ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 da \u00aeen kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ph\u00d0p l\u00b5m chung c\u00abng vi\u00d6c v\u00edi ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 da tr\u00beng. Trong th\u00eai gian ki\u00d3m tra 150 c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng v\u00edi m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u c\u00b8c \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 da \u00aeen, gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c m\u00e9t c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng tuy\u00aan b\u00e8: - Tr\u00b6 c\u00abng kh\u00b8 cho b\u00e4n da \u00aeen l\u00b5 ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n th\u00f5a, b\u00ebi v\u00d7 ch\u00f3ng c\u00e3 bi\u00d5t l\u00b5m g\u00d7 v\u00edi ti\u00d2n \u00ae\u00a9u, c\u00dfn chuy\u00d6n k\u00aau ca v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00e8i x\u00f6 t\u00e5i th\u00d7 c\u00b8i","Ch\u00f1ng t\u00e9c da \u00aeen - S\u00f9 b\u00e3c l\u00e9t kh\u00abng gi\u00edi h\u00b9n 439 \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u00f3ng. Ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi \u00ae\u00e8i x\u00f6 v\u00edi ch\u00f3ng c\u00e3 nghi\u00aam kh\u00bec, b\u00ebi v\u00d7 \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 bi\u00d6n ph\u00b8p duy nh\u00cat b\u00bet ch\u00f3ng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c nh\u2212 \u00ae\u00dfi h\u00e1i. Trong nh\u00f7ng l\u00eai l\u00cf n\u00b5y, ch\u00f3ng ta t\u00d7m th\u00cay nh\u00cbn \u00ae\u00denh s\u00b8ng r\u00e2 v\u00d2 \u00f8ng x\u00f6 c\u00f1a b\u00e4n kinh doanh v\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n M\u00fc \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi con ng\u2212\u00eai thu\u00e9c ch\u00f1ng t\u00e9c da \u00aeen.","440 TRONG L\u00df S\u00b8T SINH Trong th\u00eai gian t\u00e5n t\u00b9i l\u00df s\u00b8t sinh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, g\u00c7n \u00ae\u00a9y, b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00cay c\u00c7n l\u00abi k\u00d0o nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00b5o cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u201cv\u00d7 t\u00f9 do v\u00b5 quy\u00d2n l\u00eei\u201d. V\u00b5o l\u00f3c ng\u2212\u00eai M\u00fc tham gia v\u00b5o cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, tho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00c7u m\u00e9t m\u00d6nh l\u00d6nh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ban ra l\u00b5 kh\u00abng ti\u00d5p nh\u00cbn nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai t\u00d7nh nguy\u00d6n l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen - vi\u00d6c tham gia v\u00b5o cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh \u201cthi\u00aang li\u00aang\u201d ph\u00b6i l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00c6c quy\u00d2n l\u00edn c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai da tr\u00beng - nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai M\u00fc 100% \u00ae\u00b7 tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 nh\u2212 v\u00cby. Nh\u2212ng sau khi nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai da tr\u00beng b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u cho th\u00cay r\u00bbng h\u00e4 ch\u00bcng th\u00cay g\u00d7 \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t h\u00b7nh di\u00d6n v\u00edi \u201cni\u00d2m vinh d\u00f9\u201d n\u00b5y, th\u00d5 l\u00b5 xoay ra vi\u00d6c tuy\u00d3n m\u00e9 c\u2212\u00ecng b\u00f8c ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen v\u00b5 400.000 ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen kh\u00c8n tr\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec g\u00f6i \u00aei v\u00edi t\u2212 c\u00b8ch \u201cbia th\u00det\u201d sang ch\u00a9u \u00a2u. Trong qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i, c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 \u00eb kh\u00bep m\u00e4i n\u00aci \u201cJim Crow\u201d l\u00b9i kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00d3 cho ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen \u00ae\u2212\u00eec y\u00aan. B\u00e4n h\u00e4 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec bi\u00aan ch\u00d5 th\u00b5nh c\u00b8c trung \u00aeo\u00b5n \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t. L\u00d6nh nghi\u00aam kh\u00bec c\u00cam l\u00c9n l\u00e9n h\u00e4 v\u00edi ng\u2212\u00eai da tr\u00beng. C\u00b8c \u00ae\u00acn v\u00de da \u00aeen \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00e8 tr\u00dd trong c\u00b8c doanh tr\u00b9i v\u00b5 c\u00b8c b\u00d6nh vi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t. Tuy nhi\u00aan quy\u00d2n ch\u00d8 huy \u00eb kh\u00bep n\u00aci n\u00bbm trong tay ng\u2212\u00eai da tr\u00beng. M\u00e9t s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng l\u00edn binh l\u00ddnh da \u00aeen t\u00f6 tr\u00cbn tr\u00aan kh\u00bep c\u00b8c m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn \u00eb m\u00e4i n\u00aci. Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai hy sinh \u00cay tuy v\u00cby c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng c\u00b6i thi\u00d6n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00d7nh c\u00b6nh c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen c\u00dfn l\u00b9i t\u00b9i Hoa K\u00fa, ho\u00b5n c\u00b6nh c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng gia \u00ae\u00d7nh m\u00b5 th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng gia \u00ae\u00d7nh \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 ng\u00b7 xu\u00e8ng, \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00b6o v\u00d6 c\u00b8c quy\u00d2n l\u00eei c\u00f1a b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c M\u00fc, c\u00f2ng","Ch\u00f1ng t\u00e9c da \u00aeen - Trong l\u00df s\u00b8t sinh 441 ch\u00bcng t\u00e8t h\u00acn l\u00aan. Chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00d8 d\u00b9y cho ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen m\u00e9t \u00aei\u00d2u t\u00e8t l\u00b5 bi\u00d5t s\u00f6 d\u00f4ng v\u00f2 kh\u00dd. Khi tr\u2212\u00edc, h\u00e4 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 c\u00ac h\u00e9i nh\u2212 th\u00d5 n\u00b5y, b\u00ebi v\u00d7 ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen b\u00de nghi\u00aam c\u00cam c\u00e3 v\u00f2 kh\u00dd. Tr\u00aan c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n tr\u2212\u00eang ch\u00a9u \u00a2u, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00ddnh ch\u00f1ng t\u00e9c da \u00aeen ng\u00b7 xu\u00e8ng v\u00d7 nh\u00f7ng quy\u00d2n l\u00eei c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00b8c, \u00ae\u00b7 hi\u00d3u ra r\u00bbng n\u00d5u ph\u00b6i ch\u00d5t th\u00d7 t\u00e8t h\u00acn l\u00b5 ch\u00d5t v\u00d7 s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00b8c, v\u00b5 h\u00e4 tr\u00eb v\u00d2 n\u2212\u00edc M\u00fc, tr\u00b5n \u00ae\u00c7y quy\u00d5t t\u00a9m b\u00bbng m\u00e4i ph\u2212\u00acng ti\u00d6n c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh b\u00b6o v\u00d6 b\u00b6n th\u00a9n m\u00d7nh kh\u00e1i s\u00f9 c\u2212\u00ecng ch\u00d5 c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai da tr\u00beng. \u00a7i\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00e3ng b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u2212\u00eec bi\u00d3u l\u00e9 v\u00b5o th\u00eai \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng m\u2212u toan di\u00d4n l\u00b9i \u201ch\u00b5nh x\u00f6 ki\u00d3u Lins\u00ac\u201d. Trong giai \u00aeo\u00b9n sau chi\u00d5n tranh, ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00f4m l\u00b9i b\u00aan nhau kh\u00b8ng c\u00f9 l\u00b9i b\u00bbng v\u00f2 trang. Trong th\u00eai gian chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, vi\u00d6c ph\u00a9n h\u00e3a giai c\u00cap trong c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d3u l\u00e9 m\u00b9nh m\u00cf h\u00acn. \u00a7\u00b8m th\u2212\u00acng gia, b\u00e4n cho vay n\u00c6ng l\u00b7i v\u00b5 l\u00f2 ng\u2212\u00eai tham \u00b8c \u00ae\u00f1 lo\u00b9i trong d\u00a9n b\u00b6n x\u00f8 \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng k\u00ce \u00b8p b\u00f8c da tr\u00beng ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i b\u00e9 ph\u00cbn lao \u00ae\u00e9ng, ngh\u00cco kh\u00e3 c\u00dfn l\u00b9i trong d\u00a9n c\u2212. B\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Ph\u00b8p, Anh v\u00b5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c v\u00d7 quy\u00d2n l\u00eei c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e8 g\u00beng l\u00abi k\u00d0o vua quan v\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00ae\u00dea ph\u2212\u00acng v\u00d2 ph\u00dda m\u00d7nh. B\u00bbng nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 mua chu\u00e9c v\u00b5 m\u00e4i th\u00f8 \u00a9n hu\u00d6, ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b9t \u00ae\u2212\u00eec vi\u00d6c c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00f8c \u00abng n\u00b5y b\u00b5y t\u00e1 \u00f1ng h\u00e9 s\u00f9 tham gia c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5o c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. Vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec l\u00b5m \u00ae\u00d3 che \u00ae\u00cby b\u00b9o l\u00f9c tr\u00beng tr\u00een m\u00b5 b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5o th\u00eai \u00aei\u00d3m tuy\u00d3n m\u00e9 binh l\u00ddnh m\u00edi cho qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, nh\u00f7ng m\u00e3n h\u00b5ng m\u00edi l\u00b5 bia th\u00det cho m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn. Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 Ph\u00b8p ch\u00bcng h\u00b9n, ph\u00b8i c\u00b8c ngh\u00de s\u00dc da \u00aeen \u00aei kh\u00bep c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea \u00ae\u00d3 tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n trong d\u00a9n c\u2212 \u00ae\u00dea ph\u2212\u00acng. M\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng t\u00aan da \u00aeen ph\u00b6n b\u00e9i \u00cay - Bian - \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ph\u00b8i \u00aei ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh chi\u00aau m\u00e9 \u201cbinh l\u00ddnh t\u00d7nh nguy\u00d6n \u00eb X\u00aan\u00aagan (ch\u00a9u Phi) v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 thu gom \u00eb \u00ae\u00e3 60 ngh\u00d7n ng\u2212\u00eai. V\u00d2 chuy\u00d6n nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai t\u00d7nh nguy\u00d6n","442 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP \u00ae\u2212\u00eec tuy\u00d3n m\u00e9 \u00eb \u00ae\u00e3 nh\u2212 th\u00d5 n\u00b5o, ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00e3i \u00eb tr\u00aan, ch\u00d8 xin b\u00e6 sung th\u00aam v\u00b5i chi ti\u00d5t. C\u00b8c l\u00b5ng m\u00b9c v\u00b5 ch\u00dfm x\u00e3m ph\u00b6i giao n\u00e9p l\u00ddnh \u201ct\u00d7nh nguy\u00d6n\u201d b\u00de c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e9i binh l\u00ddnh v\u00f2 trang bao v\u00a9y, t\u00cat c\u00b6 \u00ae\u00b5n \u00abng b\u00de b\u00bet gi\u00f7, b\u00de x\u00ddch c\u00b6 l\u00b9i v\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212a l\u00aan c\u00b8c con t\u00b5u bi\u00d3n, c\u00dfn t\u00b9i Ph\u00b8p h\u00e4 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ch\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3n nh\u2212 \u201cnh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai t\u00d7nh nguy\u00d6n\u201d \u201cqu\u00aan m\u00d7nh \u00aei c\u00f8u n\u00d2n v\u00a8n minh kh\u00e1i b\u00e4n \u00a7\u00f8c man r\u00ee\u201d. Th\u2212\u00eang khi nghe tin s\u00bep c\u00e3 vi\u00d6c tuy\u00d3n m\u00e9 \u201cqu\u00a9n t\u00d7nh nguy\u00d6n\u201d, \u00ae\u00b5n \u00abng t\u00d7m c\u00b8ch ch\u00b9y tr\u00e8n v\u00b5o r\u00f5ng, l\u00aan n\u00f3i, nh\u2212ng h\u00e4 mau ch\u00e3ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec d\u00b9y cho ph\u00b6i ph\u00f4c t\u00efng, b\u00ebi v\u00d7 l\u00b5ng m\u00b9c n\u00aci b\u00e4n \u00aei tuy\u00d3n m\u00e9 kh\u00abng t\u00d7m th\u00cay \u00ae\u00b5n \u00abng li\u00d2n b\u00de san b\u00bbng v\u00b5 thi\u00aau tr\u00f4i. \u00a7\u00b5n b\u00b5 v\u00b5 tr\u00ce em l\u00b9i b\u00de gi\u00f7 l\u00b5m con tin v\u00b5 th\u2212\u00eang c\u00dfn b\u00de b\u00ben ch\u00d5t. Ngay b\u00a9y gi\u00ea ch\u00f3ng v\u00c9n d\u00efng \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b8c bi\u00d6n ph\u00b8p n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00e6 sung cho c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00acn v\u00de qu\u00a9n thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. Th\u00cbm ch\u00dd \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 \u00b8i qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c t\u2212 s\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p nh\u2212 Guxtav\u00ac T\u00acveri, Gi\u00a8ng Phin\u00ab v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u00b5i kh\u00b8c, c\u00b6 h\u00e4 c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn c\u00abng khai r\u00bbng trong vi\u00d6c tuy\u00d3n m\u00e9 \u201cqu\u00a9n t\u00d7nh nguy\u00d6n\u201d1) kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i m\u00e4i c\u00b8i \u00ae\u00d2u t\u00e8t \u00ae\u00d1p c\u00b6. Th\u00cbm ch\u00dd nhi\u00d2u l\u00c7n h\u00e4 c\u00dfn l\u00aan ti\u00d5ng ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i c\u00b8c bi\u00d6n ph\u00b8p c\u00f1a vi\u00d6c tuy\u00d3n m\u00e9 n\u00b5y. Theo c\u00b8c con s\u00e8 th\u00e8ng k\u00aa, ng\u2212\u00eai Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00cbp h\u00eep \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00e9i qu\u00a9n g\u00e5m 317.945 qu\u00a9n l\u00ddnh da \u00aeen. - Qu\u00a9n h\u00cbu b\u00de da \u00aeen c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi nh\u2212 th\u00d5 \u00ae\u00cay, - Xim\u00abng, B\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng Thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea Ph\u00b8p trong th\u00eai k\u00fa chi\u00d5n tranh, \u00ae\u00b7 khoe khoang nh\u2212 v\u00cby. C\u00b8c b\u00b9n h\u00b7y h\u00d7nh dung xem h\u00b5ng tr\u00a8m ngh\u00d7n con ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00b5y b\u00de c\u2212\u00ecng b\u00f8c r\u00eai kh\u00e1i m\u00abi tr\u2212\u00eang ru\u00e9t th\u00det, ho\u00b5n c\u00b6nh th\u00a9n quen, kh\u00dd h\u00cbu n\u00e3ng b\u00f8c v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e9t nhi\u00aan b\u00de n\u00d0m v\u00b5o nh\u00f7ng chi\u00d5n h\u00b5o l\u00b9nh gi\u00b8, \u2212\u00edt \u00b8t c\u00f1a B\u00d8, Ph\u00b8p, \u00fd, th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i ch\u00deu \u00ae\u00f9ng bi\u00d5t bao nhi\u00aau kh\u00e6 s\u00eb v\u00b5 \u00aeau \u00ae\u00edn. Nh\u00f7ng con ng\u2212\u00eai, ch\u2212a t\u00f5ng nghe ti\u00d5ng s\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00b9i b\u00b8c, kh\u00abng quen v\u00edi c\u00b8c l\u00df s\u00b8t sinh h\u00b5ng lo\u00b9t c\u00f1a chi\u00d5n tranh ch\u00a9u \u00a2u, _______________ 1) Trong b\u00b6n d\u00dech ti\u00d5ng Nga, ng\u2212\u00eai d\u00dech \u00ae\u00d3 nguy\u00aan b\u00b6n ti\u00d5ng Ph\u00b8p l\u00b5 \u201cvolotaire\u201d (BT).","Ch\u00f1ng t\u00e9c da \u00aeen - Trong l\u00df s\u00b8t sinh 443 b\u00de n\u00d0m v\u00b5o ch\u00ddnh c\u00b8i mi\u00d6ng c\u00f1a l\u00df s\u00b8t sinh n\u00b5y, b\u00de n\u00d0m v\u00b5o \u00ae\u00dea ng\u00f4c c\u00f1a cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh hi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00b9i. \u00eb kh\u00bep n\u00aci, c\u00b8c l\u00ddnh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea \u00ae\u00d2u \u00ae\u00f8ng trong \u00ae\u00e9i ti\u00aan phong, c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00acn v\u00de xung k\u00ddch \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u00d7nh th\u00b5nh t\u00f5 b\u00e4n h\u00e4, h\u00e4 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ph\u00b8i t\u00edi nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00dea \u00aei\u00d3m nguy hi\u00d3m nh\u00cat, bao gi\u00ea h\u00e4 c\u00f2ng nh\u00cbn \u00ae\u00dfn gi\u00b8ng tr\u00b6 \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan v\u00b5 kh\u00f1ng khi\u00d5p nh\u00cat. C\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng trung \u00aeo\u00b5n g\u00e5m to\u00b5n da \u00aeen v\u00b5 l\u00ddnh c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea kh\u00b8c b\u00de ti\u00aau di\u00d6t to\u00b5n b\u00e9. Theo c\u00b8c th\u00abng b\u00b8o ch\u00ddnh th\u00f8c, binh l\u00ddnh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00d8 t\u00ddnh ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00d5t c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u00d5n 20% th\u00b5nh ph\u00c7n. Nh\u2212ng \u00aei\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00f3ng. C\u00e3 th\u00d3 th\u00cay r\u00e2 th\u00f9c h\u2212. Nh\u2212 v\u00cby l\u00b5 trong s\u00e8 50.000 ng\u2212\u00eai Tuynidi, theo d\u00f7 li\u00d6u ch\u00ddnh th\u00f8c, c\u00e3 15.000 b\u00de ch\u00d5t, nh\u2212 v\u00cby chi\u00d5m t\u00edi 30%, c\u00dfn trong s\u00e8 51.618 ng\u2212\u00eai Kreol c\u00e3 32.918 b\u00de gi\u00d5t, nh\u2212 v\u00cby chi\u00d5m t\u00edi 64%. C\u00dfn ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de th\u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 t\u00b5n t\u00cbt th\u00d7 con s\u00e8 c\u00f1a h\u00e4 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00ddnh. - Ch\u00bcng c\u00e3 g\u00d7 ph\u00b6i gi\u00f7 k\u00cf - vi\u00aan t\u2212\u00edng Ph\u00b8p M\u00a8nggianh1) n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng \u00ae\u00b7 tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 - v\u00edi \u201c\u00ae\u00e8ng th\u00det da \u00aeen\u201d. L\u00ddnh da \u00aeen b\u00de th\u2212\u00acng v\u00f5a m\u00edi \u00ae\u00f8ng l\u00aan \u00ae\u2212\u00eec tr\u00aan \u00ae\u00abi ch\u00a9n l\u00b5 li\u00d2n l\u00cbp t\u00f8c b\u00de g\u00f6i tr\u00eb l\u00b9i ra m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn. \u00a7\u00a9y l\u00b5 Ngh\u00de vi\u00aan Ph\u00b8p Pate \u00aei th\u00a8m \u201cti\u00d3u \u00aeo\u00b5n da \u00aeen\u201d v\u00edi s\u00e8 qu\u00a9n 600 ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00b7 k\u00d3 l\u00b9i: \u00eb \u00ae\u00e3 t\u00abi t\u00d7m ra 46 ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 5 l\u00c7n b\u00de th\u2212\u00acng; 75 ng\u2212\u00eai 4 l\u00c7n; 94 ng\u2212\u00eai 3 l\u00c7n; 170 ng\u2212\u00eai 2 l\u00c7n; 113 ng\u2212\u00eai 1 l\u00c7n. N\u00e3i c\u00b8ch kh\u00b8c l\u00b5 trong s\u00e8 600 ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 2 ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u2212a b\u00de \u00aeau \u00ae\u00edn trong c\u00b8c tr\u00cbn \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau. C\u00b6 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00acn v\u00de kh\u00b8c c\u00dfn l\u00b9i c\u00f1a binh l\u00ddnh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u00d2u trong t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng nh\u2212 v\u00cby. Binh l\u00ddnh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea \u00ae\u2212\u00eec s\u00f6 d\u00f4ng v\u00edi t\u2212 c\u00b8ch l\u00b5 \u201cbia th\u00det\u201d kh\u00abng ch\u00d8 ch\u00e8ng ng\u2212\u00eai \u00a7\u00f8c m\u00b5 ch\u00e8ng ngay \u201cc\u00b8c qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e5ng minh\u201d c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. _______________ 1) Mangin Charles (M\u00a8nggianh S\u00b8cl\u00ac: 1866 - 1925): Vi\u00aan t\u2212\u00edng Ph\u00b8p, sau n\u00b5y ch\u00d8 huy ph\u00dfng th\u00f1 V\u00d0c \u00a7oong (BT).","444 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Ch\u00bcng h\u00b9n, n\u00a8m 1917, sau khi l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6 Sa ho\u00b5ng Nga, binh l\u00ddnh Nga \u00ae\u2212\u00eec g\u00f6i sang m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn ph\u00dda T\u00a9y t\u00b9i Ph\u00b8p, gi\u00ea \u00ae\u00a9y t\u00f5 ch\u00e8i \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau. Th\u00d5 l\u00b5 c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b7 ra l\u00d6nh bao v\u00a9y c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00acn v\u00de l\u00ddnh Nga v\u00b5 t\u00can c\u00abng \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00bet h\u00e4. Kh\u00abng hy v\u00e4ng v\u00b5o l\u00ddnh Ph\u00b8p, ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b8i c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00acn v\u00de binh l\u00ddnh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00edi m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch n\u00b5y. Tuy nhi\u00aan, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai \u201cm\u00e4i r\u00ee khi\u00d5p nh\u2212\u00eec\u201d, l\u00b9c h\u00cbu n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00f5 ch\u00e8i b\u00ben v\u00b5o l\u00ddnh Nga. B\u00ebi v\u00d7 \u00ae\u00cay c\u00e3 ph\u00b6i qu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00f8c \u00ae\u00a9u, - h\u00e4 n\u00e3i v\u00cby, - t\u00b9i sao ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi l\u00b9i ph\u00b6i b\u00ben v\u00b5o h\u00e4. Khi \u00ae\u00e3, ng\u2212\u00eai Ph\u00b8p quay ra t\u00b5n s\u00b8t l\u00ddnh da \u00aeen. Cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh v\u00f5a k\u00d5t th\u00f3c, ngay ng\u00b5y h\u00abm sau t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng \u201canh h\u00efng\u201d da \u00aeen v\u00b5 da v\u00b5ng n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de n\u00d0m kh\u00abng th\u2212\u00acng ti\u00d5c ra \u00ae\u2212\u00eang. Th\u00cbm ch\u00dd, h\u00e4 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n \u00ae\u00d3 tr\u00eb l\u00b9i T\u00e6 qu\u00e8c c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. Nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai trong s\u00e8 h\u00e4 bu\u00e9c ph\u00b6i \u00aei b\u00e9 \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b8c c\u00b6ng bi\u00d3n, tr\u00aan \u00ae\u2212\u00eang \u00aei ph\u00b6i xin \u00a8n \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00bbng c\u00b8ch n\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3 tr\u00eb v\u00d2 nh\u00b5. Nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai m\u00cat h\u00b5ng m\u00cay th\u00b8ng r\u00dfng \u00ae\u00d3 v\u00d2 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ch\u00e8n c\u00f2, c\u00dfn nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00b8c th\u00d7 ch\u00d5t v\u00d7 \u00ae\u00e3i, r\u00d0t v\u00b5 thi\u00d5u th\u00e8n. Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00d2 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u00b5 l\u00b9i th\u00cay gia t\u00b5i b\u00de c\u2212\u00edp s\u00b9ch, nh\u00b5 c\u00f6a tan hoang. Nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00e5ng xu th\u00b6m h\u00b9i m\u00b5 h\u00e4 tr\u00ddch ra t\u00f5 l\u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh g\u00f6i t\u00f5 Ph\u00b8p v\u00d2 th\u00d7 n\u00bbm l\u00b9i trong t\u00f3i c\u00f1a nh\u00b5 c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n. T\u00e6 qu\u00e8c \u201ch\u00b5o hi\u00d6p\u201d \u00ae\u00b7 ban th\u2212\u00ebng cho nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00cat h\u00b9nh, t\u00d7nh c\u00ea c\u00dfn s\u00e8ng s\u00e3t sau nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m d\u00b5i \u00aeau kh\u00e6 tr\u00aan v\u00ab s\u00e8 c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n tr\u2212\u00eang l\u00b5 nh\u2212 v\u00cby \u00ae\u00e3. Sau cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, n\u2212\u00edc Ph\u00b8p quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00denh ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c kinh nghi\u00d6m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch th\u00b5nh c\u00abng c\u00abng vi\u00d6c x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i l\u00ddnh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. Hi\u00d6n nay, n\u2212\u00edc Ph\u00b8p c\u00e3 m\u00e9t qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i l\u00aan t\u00edi 300.000 ng\u2212\u00eai, bao g\u00e5m d\u00a9n c\u2212 c\u00f1a v\u00ab s\u00e8 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f1a h\u00e4. C\u00b8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea h\u00efng m\u00b9nh c\u00f1a Ph\u00b8p c\u00dfn cho th\u00cay m\u00e9t \u00fd ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t, h\u00e4 kh\u00abng tin c\u00cby binh l\u00ddnh da tr\u00beng. L\u00eei d\u00f4ng s\u00f9 l\u00b9c h\u00cbu c\u00f1a d\u00a9n b\u00b6n x\u00f8, h\u00e4 mu\u00e8n bi\u00d5n nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai kia","Ch\u00f1ng t\u00e9c da \u00aeen - Trong l\u00df s\u00b8t sinh 445 th\u00b5nh th\u00f8 v\u00f2 kh\u00dd m\u00ef qu\u00b8ng \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00cau tranh v\u00edi phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00aeang lan r\u00e9ng. Nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00acn v\u00de nh\u2212 v\u00cby \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec s\u00f6 d\u00f4ng trong th\u00eai gian n\u00e6i d\u00cby c\u00b8c l\u00b5n s\u00e3ng c\u00abng ph\u00c9n c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00a7\u00f8c \u00eb Rua, trong th\u00eai gian c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00d7nh c\u00abng \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u00aci kh\u00b8c nhau. R\u00e5i \u00ae\u00a9y, h\u00e4 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec chu\u00c8n b\u00de \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b8p \u00f8ng tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00eep c\u00e3 chi\u00d5n tranh v\u00edi Li\u00aan X\u00ab v\u00b5 khi c\u00e3 phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00eb Ph\u00b8p. Trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m n\u00b5y ch\u00f3ng ch\u00d8 ch\u00a8m ch\u00f3 v\u00b5o vi\u00d6c hu\u00can luy\u00d6n h\u00b5ng tr\u00a8m ngh\u00d7n ng\u2212\u00eai d\u00a9n da \u00aeen v\u00b5 da v\u00b5ng c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea cho c\u00b8i ngh\u00d2 gi\u00d5t ng\u2212\u00eai. T\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00b5y bi\u00d5t r\u00cat r\u00e2 r\u00b5ng h\u00e4 b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00b5 b\u00de b\u00e3c l\u00e9t t\u00b5n nh\u00c9n v\u00b5 nh\u00d7n th\u00cay trong m\u00e7i ng\u2212\u00eai da tr\u00beng l\u00b5 m\u00e9t k\u00ce th\u00ef c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. S\u00e8 \u00ae\u00abng trong h\u00e4 c\u00dfn ch\u2212a ph\u00a9n bi\u00d6t r\u00b5nh r\u00cf trong nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai da tr\u00beng ai l\u00b5 th\u00ef, c\u00dfn ai l\u00b5 b\u00b9n. Phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c, Mar\u00e8c, Xyri v\u00b5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea kh\u00b8c v\u00b5 cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh m\u00b9nh m\u00cf c\u00f1a c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00b6o v\u00d6 c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c \u00ae\u00b7 m\u00eb m\u00bet cho nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00cay t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng th\u00f9c ch\u00cat c\u00f1a s\u00f9 vi\u00d6c. Nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai trong s\u00e8 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00ddnh da \u00aeen v\u00b5 da v\u00b5ng n\u00b5y cu\u00e8i c\u00efng \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u th\u00cay \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00e8t l\u00e2i c\u00f1a cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh giai c\u00cap v\u00b5 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c ra r\u00bbng d\u00a9n t\u2212 b\u00b6n da tr\u00beng v\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00abng nh\u00a9n da tr\u00beng - \u00ae\u00e3 kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i nh\u2212 nhau, r\u00bbng n\u00d5u k\u00ce th\u00f8 nh\u00cat - l\u00b5 k\u00ce th\u00ef \u00ae\u00e9c \u00b8c c\u00f1a h\u00e4, th\u00d7 ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00f8 hai, \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t ng\u2212\u00eai \u00aei d\u2212\u00edi ng\u00e4n c\u00ea c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n - l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00b9n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e5ng minh trung th\u00b5nh nh\u00cat, t\u00e8t nh\u00cat c\u00f1a h\u00e4. Phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00aeang l\u00edn m\u00b9nh v\u00b5 lan r\u00e9ng \u00eb t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 c\u00efng v\u00edi n\u00e3 l\u00b5 ni\u00d2m tin c\u00f1a b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c kh\u00b8c \u00ae\u00c6t v\u00b5o qu\u00a9n l\u00ddnh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f2ng s\u00cf m\u00cat d\u00c7n. Ch\u00bcng l\u00cf ch\u00f3ng ta kh\u00abng l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00f8ng ki\u00d5n vi\u00d6c c\u00f1a binh l\u00ddnh Hindu c\u00f9 tuy\u00d6t ti\u00d5n c\u00abng ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i Trung Hoa? Kh\u00abng l\u00cf c\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e3 kh\u00abng l\u00b5 m\u00e9t c\u00b6nh b\u00b8o nghi\u00aam kh\u00bec \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi t\u00cat c\u00b6 b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c \u00aeang ngh\u00dc t\u00edi vi\u00d6c trong t\u2212\u00acng lai s\u00f6 d\u00f4ng binh l\u00ddnh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc C\u00e9ng h\u00dfa X\u00abvi\u00d5t, ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00b6o v\u00d6 trung th\u00b5nh v\u00b5 ki\u00aan \u00ae\u00denh duy nh\u00cat c\u00f1a t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00b5 b\u00e3c l\u00e9t?","446 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Tin t\u00f8c v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc ch\u2212a t\u00f5ng c\u00e3 v\u00b5 k\u00fa di\u00d6u, n\u00aci ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n n\u00bem trong tay nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai lao \u00ae\u00e9ng, \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00c6t cho m\u00d7nh m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00cau tranh kh\u00abng th\u2212\u00acng ti\u00d5c v\u00edi t\u00cat c\u00b6 b\u00e4n tham t\u00b5n, b\u00e4n b\u00e3c l\u00e9t \u00b8p b\u00f8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, \u00ae\u00cau tranh \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng t\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00e4i ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de b\u00bet l\u00b5m n\u00ab l\u00d6 v\u00b5 b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c - \u00ae\u00b7 lan t\u00edi m\u00e4i hang c\u00efng ng\u00e2 h\u00cem xa x\u00abi nh\u00cat c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00dea c\u00c7u. V\u00b5 m\u00e9t khi \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00f1ng c\u00e8 v\u00b5 l\u00edn m\u00b9nh, nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c trong c\u00b8c nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c Li\u00aan X\u00ab l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00b6o v\u00d6 v\u00b5 ch\u00e7 d\u00f9a c\u00f1a h\u00e4 th\u00d7 hy v\u00e4ng c\u00f1a b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 khi n\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3 s\u00cf \u00ae\u00cbp tan Li\u00aan X\u00ab c\u00b5ng \u00ddt \u00aei.","447 TRONG CU\u00e9C \u00a7\u00caU TRANH V\u00d7 T\u00f9 DO B\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00f1 lo\u00b9i \u00ae\u00bcng c\u00cap, \u00aeang c\u00e8 g\u00beng cho th\u00cay nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen l\u00b5 h\u00d7nh \u00b6nh nh\u00f7ng con v\u00cbt th\u00ab thi\u00d3n kh\u00abng gi\u00e8ng nh\u00f7ng con ng\u2212\u00eai. Nhi\u00d2u tay b\u00e5i b\u00f3t b\u00cat l\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n tr\u00b6 c\u00abng h\u00cbu h\u00dcnh, b\u00abi ra nh\u00f7ng trang b\u00b8o ch\u00dd \u00ae\u00c7y nh\u00f7ng chuy\u00d6n ng\u00f4 ng\u00abn d\u2212\u00eang nh\u2212 ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen thi\u00d5u t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng c\u00b6m x\u00f3c con ng\u2212\u00eai, h\u00e4 d\u00e8i tr\u00b8, h\u00ccn nh\u00b8t, r\u00bbng h\u00e4 ch\u00bcng bi\u00d5t c\u00b6 kh\u00b8i ni\u00d6m v\u00d2 nh\u00f7ng t\u00d7nh c\u00b6m \u201ccao c\u00b6\u201d nh\u2212 t\u00d7nh y\u00aau \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi t\u00f9 do. Ta h\u00b7y xem, th\u00f9c t\u00d5 c\u00e3 nh\u2212 v\u00cby hay kh\u00abng. Ch\u00f3ng ta h\u00b7y b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u t\u00f5 t\u00d7nh y\u00aau \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi t\u00f9 do. Ngay t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1654, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00ab l\u00d6 c\u00f1a c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea B\u00e5 \u00a7\u00b5o Nha \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00f5ng \u00ae\u00b8m \u00ae\u00abng r\u00eai b\u00e1 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e5n \u00aei\u00d2n c\u00f1a b\u00e4n kinh doanh \u00eb Ternambic\u00ab ch\u00b9y tr\u00e8n v\u00b5o nh\u00f7ng c\u00b8nh r\u00f5ng r\u00cbm r\u00b9p. \u00eb \u00ae\u00e3, h\u00e4 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c h\u00e9i \u00aeo\u00b5n t\u00f9 do, tr\u00aan nh\u00f7ng n\u00d0t chung gi\u00e8ng nh\u2212 m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc c\u00e9ng h\u00dfa Spat\u00b8c. Trong m\u00e9t th\u00eai gian d\u00b5i h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00b8ng c\u00f9 v\u00edi m\u00e9t l\u00dfng d\u00f2ng c\u00b6m v\u00b5 m\u00e9t tinh th\u00c7n hy sinh qu\u00aan m\u00d7nh kh\u00abn t\u00b6 xi\u00d5t ch\u00e8ng c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e9i qu\u00a9n c\u00f1a b\u00e4n ch\u00f1 n\u00ab v\u00b5 ch\u00d8 b\u00de chi\u00d5n b\u00b9i do b\u00de \u00ae\u00e3i. H\u00acn 20 ngh\u00d7n n\u00ab l\u00d6 kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca b\u00de b\u00e4n ch\u00f1 n\u00ab n\u00e6i \u00aei\u00aan ch\u00c6t \u00ae\u00c7u. Ch\u00d8 ri\u00aang B\u00bec Phi, khi \u00eb \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00dfn ch\u2212a b\u00b7i b\u00e1 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 n\u00ab l\u00d6, \u00ae\u00b7 x\u00b6y ra 37 cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen. D\u2212\u00edi \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i Ph\u00b8p, n\u00ab l\u00d6 tr\u00aan \u00ae\u00b6o \u00a7\u00abmin\u00ddch \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca. N\u2212\u00edc C\u00e9ng h\u00dfa Ph\u00b8p khi \u00cay \u00ae\u00b8p l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00b7 tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca n\u00bbm ngo\u00b5i lu\u00cbt ph\u00b8p. V\u00b5 n\u00a8m 1794, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 d\u00c9n d\u00bet c\u00f1a Tusen Luv\u00edt \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b8nh tan ng\u2212\u00eai Anh v\u00b5 qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng ph\u00b8i t\u00edi v\u00b5 tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 h\u00dfn \u00ae\u00b6o c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh l\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp.","448 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP \u00a7\u00c6c bi\u00d6t, c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca \u00eb c\u00b8c bang mi\u00d2n Nam n\u2212\u00edc M\u00fc. T\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p v\u00edi m\u00e9t s\u00f9 t\u00b5n b\u00b9o kh\u00abng th\u00d3 t\u2212\u00ebng t\u2212\u00eeng n\u00e6i. Nh\u00f7ng th\u00dd d\u00f4 nh\u2212 th\u00d5 kh\u00b8 nhi\u00d2u, \u00ae\u00f1 \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b6 ph\u00b8 s\u00f9 lan truy\u00d2n c\u00f1a k\u00ce th\u00ef c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng ta r\u00bbng \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen t\u00f9 do l\u00b5 kh\u00abng c\u00c7n thi\u00d5t, r\u00bbng h\u00e4 th\u00cay m\u00d7nh t\u00e8t h\u00acn c\u00b6 l\u00b5 trong t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng n\u00ab l\u00d6. Ng\u2212\u00eec l\u00b9i, kh\u00abng ai l\u00b9i y\u00aau t\u00f9 do \u00ae\u00d5n m\u00f8c nh\u2212 c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c. \u00a7\u00e8i v\u00edi \u00aea s\u00e8 d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng \u00eb ch\u00a9u \u00a2u, ch\u00a9u M\u00fc ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00d3 \u00fd t\u00edi nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca li\u00aan t\u00f4c x\u00b6y ra c\u00f1a c\u00b8c b\u00e9 t\u00e9c da \u00aeen ch\u00a9u Phi. V\u00f2 trang ph\u00c7n l\u00edn b\u00bbng cung n\u00e1, gi\u00b8o m\u00b8c v\u00b5 dao r\u00f9a, h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00f8ng d\u00cby ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i nh\u00f7ng k\u00ce \u00b8p b\u00f8c da tr\u00beng c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh v\u00f2 trang b\u00bbng k\u00fc thu\u00cbt t\u00e8i t\u00a9n nh\u00cat, m\u00c6c d\u00ef h\u00e4 nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c r\u00e2 l\u00b5 cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh n\u00b5y cu\u00e8i c\u00efng th\u00d5 n\u00b5o c\u00f2ng k\u00d5t th\u00f3c b\u00bbng s\u00f9 th\u00cat b\u00b9i c\u00f1a h\u00e4 v\u00b5 h\u00e4 s\u00cf b\u00de ti\u00aau di\u00d6t s\u00b9ch tr\u00acn. Nh\u2212ng nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00ab l\u00d6 kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca th\u00b5 ch\u00deu ch\u00d5t c\u00dfn h\u00acn s\u00e8ng cu\u00e9c s\u00e8ng th\u00b6m h\u00b9i c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. K\u00d5t qu\u00b6 c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca \u00cay l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai Anh, ng\u2212\u00eai Ph\u00b8p, ng\u2212\u00eai T\u00a9y Ban Nha v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c n\u00f7a \u00ae\u00b7 r\u00b6i bom xu\u00e8ng x\u00e3m l\u00b5ng c\u00f1a h\u00e4, thi\u00aau \u00ae\u00e8t h\u00e4, san b\u00bbng m\u00c6t \u00ae\u00cat, kh\u00abng th\u2212\u00acng h\u00b9i \u00ae\u00b5n b\u00b5 c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 tr\u00ce con. C\u00e3 l\u00cf l\u00eai t\u00abi t\u00e8t h\u00acn c\u00b6 n\u00aan kh\u00bcng \u00ae\u00denh b\u00bbng nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 ki\u00d6n \u00eb Mar\u00e8c, Xu\u00ae\u00a8ng, Nam M\u00fc (B\u00ablivi) ch\u00a8ng? T\u00a8m t\u00e8i, khi\u00d5p nh\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5 l\u00b9c h\u00cbu, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 kh\u00b8i ni\u00d6m g\u00d7 v\u00d2 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00a9n s\u00f9, r\u00b8ch r\u2212\u00edi g\u00c7n nh\u2212 \u00eb tr\u00c7n, h\u00c7u nh\u2212 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 v\u00f2 kh\u00dd g\u00d7 c\u00b6, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen th\u00d3 hi\u00d6n trong cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau v\u00d7 t\u00f9 do nh\u00f7ng t\u00cam g\u2212\u00acng d\u00f2ng c\u00b6m tuy\u00d6t v\u00eai. H\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng trong tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00eep may m\u00ben h\u00e4 ph\u00b6i l\u00aan gi\u00b8 treo c\u00e6. H\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 nh\u00d7n th\u00cay nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai anh em c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh b\u00de ch\u00abn s\u00e8ng xu\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00cat v\u00b5 b\u00de thi\u00aau ch\u00b8y trong th\u00eai gian x\u00b6y ra nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca tr\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00a9y. B\u00cat ch\u00cap m\u00e4i \u00aei\u00d2u \u00cay, h\u00e4 v\u00c9n kh\u00abng ng\u00f5ng cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh, d\u00ef bi\u00d5t tr\u2212\u00edc s\u00cf th\u00cat b\u00b9i n\u00d5u nh\u2212 v\u00ab s\u00b6n qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, cu\u00e8i c\u00efng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00f8ng l\u00aan th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat theo g\u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a Li\u00aan X\u00ab, b\u00b6o v\u00d6 qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng lao \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 n\u00f6a thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea b\u00de c\u00efng c\u00f9c v\u00b5 \u00aeau kh\u00e6 b\u00ebi b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5.","449 PH\u00f4 L\u00f4C","450 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP","451 Nh\u00f7ng T\u00b8C PH\u00c8M VI\u00d5T CHUNG TRUNG QU\u00e8C V\u00b5 THANH NI\u00a3N TRUNG QU\u00e8C66 Vi\u00d5t b\u00bbng ti\u00d5ng Ph\u00b8p n\u00a8m 1924, do Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 bi\u00aan, v\u00edi s\u00f9 tham gia c\u00f1a nh\u00e3m sinh vi\u00aan Trung Qu\u00e8c t\u00b9i Tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e4c Ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng. B\u00b6n d\u00dech ti\u00d5ng Nga c\u00f1a P\u00aatr\u00abva Sua, Nxb. N\u00abvaia, M\u00b8txc\u00acva, 1925.","452 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 453 TRUNG QU\u00e8C V\u00b5 D\u00a2N S\u00e8 C\u00f1A N\u00e3 Theo th\u00e8ng k\u00aa g\u00c7n \u00ae\u00a9y nh\u00cat, d\u00a9n s\u00e8 Trung Qu\u00e8c l\u00aan \u00ae\u00d5n 437.000.000 ng\u2212\u00eai. Di\u00d6n t\u00ddch c\u00f1a n\u00e3 l\u00b5 11.138.900 km2 ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 l\u00edn h\u00acn m\u00e9t ch\u00f3t so v\u00edi di\u00d6n t\u00ddch ch\u00a9u \u00a2u v\u00b5 g\u00c7n b\u00bbng 1\/15 t\u00e6ng b\u00d2 m\u00c6t qu\u00b6 \u00ae\u00cat. \u00eb T\u00a9y T\u00b9ng v\u00b5 M\u00abng C\u00e6 gi\u00b8 r\u00d0t r\u00cat d\u00f7 d\u00e9i, v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng v\u00efng sa m\u00b9c k\u00d0o d\u00b5i b\u00cat t\u00cbn. Cho \u00ae\u00d5n t\u00cbn b\u00a9y gi\u00ea \u00eb \u00ae\u00cay d\u00a9n c\u2212 v\u00c9n s\u00e8ng cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00eai du c\u2212, du m\u00f4c. \u00eb mi\u00d2n Nam v\u00b5 mi\u00d2n \u00a7\u00abng, ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat h\u00d5t s\u00f8c ph\u00d7 nhi\u00aau. Nh\u00f7ng con s\u00abng l\u00edn nh\u2212 Ho\u00b5ng H\u00b5, D\u2212\u00acng T\u00f6 v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng con s\u00abng kh\u00b8c ch\u00b9y d\u00b5i m\u00cay ngh\u00d7n kil\u00abm\u00d0t v\u00b5 t\u2212\u00edi n\u2212\u00edc cho c\u00b8c c\u00b8nh \u00ae\u00e5ng l\u00f3a n\u00bbm d\u00e4c theo c\u00b8c d\u00dfng ch\u00b6y c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng. Trung Qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u l\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p. Trung Qu\u00e8c c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u t\u00b5i nguy\u00aan d\u2212\u00edi l\u00dfng \u00ae\u00cat h\u00acn c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c. Ng\u2212\u00eai ta cho r\u00bbng ch\u00d8 ri\u00aang c\u00b8c m\u00e1 than \u00ae\u00b8 c\u00f1a n\u00e3 \u00eb S\u00acn T\u00a9y c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 th\u00d3 \u00ae\u00f1 tho\u00b6 m\u00b7n nhu c\u00c7u c\u00f1a to\u00b5n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi v\u00d2 than \u00ae\u00b8 trong 2 ngh\u00d7n n\u00a8m. T\u00b9i nhi\u00d2u t\u00d8nh c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng m\u00e1 l\u00edn ch\u00f8a k\u00cfm, ch\u00d7, \u00ae\u00e5ng v\u00b5 c\u00b8c kim lo\u00b9i kh\u00b8c m\u00b5 cho \u00ae\u00d5n nay v\u00c9n ch\u2212a \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u khai th\u00b8c. S\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n x\u00b7 h\u00e9i Trung Qu\u00e8c t\u00cbp trung d\u00e4c theo l\u2212u v\u00f9c c\u00b8c con s\u00abng l\u00edn. Ngay t\u00f5 th\u00eai r\u00cat xa x\u2212a, l\u2212u v\u00f9c nh\u00f7ng con s\u00abng \u00cay \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 d\u00a9n c\u2212 \u00ae\u00abng \u00ae\u00f3c, c\u00b8c c\u00ac ch\u00d5 x\u00b7 h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b9t tr\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00e9 v\u00a8n minh cao, trong khi d\u00a9n c\u2212 \u00eb nh\u00f7ng v\u00efng kh\u00b8c v\u00c9n c\u00dfn ch\u00d7m ng\u00cbp trong t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng m\u00abng mu\u00e9i nh\u00cat. T\u00b9i sao Trung Qu\u00e8c, tr\u00b8i v\u00edi c\u00b8c quy lu\u00cbt ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n, cho \u00ae\u00d5n nay v\u00c9n l\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc l\u00b9c h\u00cbu v\u00d2 kinh t\u00d5? C\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n. M\u00e9t m\u00c6t, nh\u00f7ng b\u00e9 l\u00b9c du m\u00f4c hi\u00d5u chi\u00d5n c\u00f1a M\u00abng C\u00e6 v\u00b5 M\u00b7n Thanh th\u2212\u00eang xuy\u00aan t\u00can c\u00abng Trung Qu\u00e8c. M\u00c6t kh\u00b8c, Trung Qu\u00e8c kh\u00abng nh\u00f7ng th\u2212\u00eang hay b\u00de thi\u00aan tai nh\u2212 b\u00b7o l\u00e8c, l\u00f4t l\u00e9i, v.v., m\u00b5 c\u00dfn ch\u00deu kh\u00e6 v\u00d7 b\u00e9 m\u00b8y th\u2212 l\u00b9i r\u00cat t\u00e5i t\u00d6, \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t trong nh\u00f7ng th\u00d5 k\u00fb g\u00c7n \u00ae\u00a9y, g\u00a9y n\u00aan nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c n\u00e6i d\u00cby v\u00b5 n\u00e9i chi\u00d5n li\u00aan mi\u00aan. V\u00de tr\u00dd","454 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP \u00ae\u00dea l\u00fd c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c c\u00f2ng th\u00f3c \u00ae\u00c8y s\u00f9 l\u00b9c h\u00cbu c\u00f1a n\u00e3. Nh\u00f7ng v\u00efng sa m\u00b9c r\u00e9ng l\u00edn \u00eb ph\u00dda B\u00bec, nh\u00f7ng v\u00efng b\u00a8ng tuy\u00d5t v\u00dcnh c\u00f6u \u00eb ph\u00dda T\u00a9y, nh\u00f7ng v\u00efng bi\u00d3n c\u00b6 to l\u00edn \u00eb ph\u00dda Nam v\u00b5 ph\u00dda \u00a7\u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00abng t\u00b9o kh\u00b6 n\u00a8ng c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng quan h\u00d6 v\u00edi c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c kh\u00b8c. N\u00d5u c\u00e9ng v\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3 tinh th\u00c7n \u2212a chu\u00e9ng l\u00e8i s\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00e5ng qu\u00aa v\u00b5 thi\u00d5u tinh th\u00c7n th\u00b8o v\u00b8t, \u00ae\u00c6c tr\u2212ng cho ng\u2212\u00eai Trung Qu\u00e8c, th\u00d7 ch\u00f3ng ta s\u00cf d\u00d4 d\u00b5ng hi\u00d3u r\u00e2 nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n c\u00f1a t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng tr\u00d7 tr\u00d6 c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c. To\u00b5n b\u00e9 \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng tr\u00dd tu\u00d6 c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00d2u th\u00cam \u00ae\u2212\u00eem tinh th\u00c7n tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c v\u00b5 gi\u00b8o l\u00fd c\u00f1a Kh\u00e6ng T\u00f6. L\u00dfng t\u00abn k\u00ddnh cha m\u00d1, t\u00d7nh anh em, t\u00d7nh b\u00b9n trung th\u00b5nh, s\u00f9 ho\u00b5 thu\u00cbn gi\u00f7a m\u00e4i ng\u2212\u00eai, \u00ae\u00d2u ho\u00c6c r\u00f3t t\u00f5 quan \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00f1a Ph\u00cbt - t\u00c8y r\u00f6a con tim v\u00b5 kh\u00e8i \u00e3c, s\u00f9 ki\u00d2m ch\u00d5 nh\u00f7ng d\u00f4c v\u00e4ng v\u00b5 l\u00dfng cu\u00e5ng nhi\u00d6t, v.v.. Ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai m\u00b8cx\u00ddt tr\u00ce tu\u00e6i, cho r\u00bbng, m\u00e4i th\u00f8 \u00ae\u00b9o \u00ae\u00f8c x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00d8 l\u00b5 s\u00f9 ph\u00b6n \u00b8nh c\u00b8c \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 do v\u00cby, nh\u00f7ng ai mu\u00e8n ho\u00b5n thi\u00d6n t\u00a9m h\u00e5n th\u00d7 ph\u00b6i b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u t\u00f5 vi\u00d6c ho\u00b5n thi\u00d6n c\u00b8c \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n v\u00cbt ch\u00cat c\u00f1a cu\u00e9c s\u00e8ng. C\u00b8c truy\u00d6n th\u00c7n tho\u00b9i c\u00e6 \u00ae\u00d2u n\u00e3i \u00ae\u00d5n l\u00dfng nh\u00a9n t\u00f5 kh\u00b8c th\u2212\u00eang c\u00f1a h\u00b5ng lo\u00b9t gia t\u00e9c v\u00b5 c\u00f1a t\u00f5ng c\u00b8 nh\u00a9n, nh\u2212ng t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng c\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e3 kh\u00abng th\u00d3 l\u00b5m tho\u00b6 m\u00b7n ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi, b\u00ebi v\u00d7 ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng, nh\u00f7ng truy\u00d6n c\u00e6 t\u00ddch ch\u2212a bi\u00d5t \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i v\u00b5 kh\u00abng ti\u00aan \u00aeo\u00b8n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh giai c\u00cap. L\u00deCH S\u00f6 L\u00a2U \u00a7\u00eaI C\u00f1A TRUNG QU\u00e8C1) L\u00dech s\u00f6 Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 m\u00eb \u00ae\u00c7u t\u00f5 2.500 n\u00a8m tr\u2212\u00edc C\u00abng nguy\u00aan, nh\u2212ng ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 2357 ch\u00f3ng ta m\u00edi t\u00d7m th\u00cay nh\u00f7ng ch\u00d8 d\u00c9n \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan v\u00d2 con ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 ki\u00d6n. T\u00f5 n\u00a8m 2357 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 2261, Trung Qu\u00e8c n\u00bbm d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 cai tr\u00de c\u00f1a vua Nghi\u00aau l\u00b5 v\u00de Ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5 anh minh v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n t\u00f5. _______________ 1) M\u00e9t s\u00e8 chi ti\u00d5t trong ph\u00c7n n\u00b5y ch\u2212a ph\u00ef h\u00eep v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng th\u00abng tin khoa h\u00e4c ng\u00b5y nay. Ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi d\u00dech theo s\u00b8ch xu\u00cat b\u00b6n n\u00a8m 1925 (BT).","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 455 V\u00b5o kho\u00b6ng n\u00a8m 1740, n\u00b9n l\u00f4t kh\u00f1ng khi\u00d5p \u00ae\u00b7 nh\u00can ch\u00d7m \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc. H\u00e5i \u00ae\u00e3, Th\u2212\u00eeng th\u2212 tr\u00abng coi c\u00b8c c\u00abng vi\u00d6c x\u00b7 h\u00e9i l\u00b5 V\u00f2 \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00beng n\u00b9n l\u00f4t; \u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 9 n\u00a8m \u00ae\u00b5o k\u00aanh v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00bep \u00ae\u00cbp. Nh\u00ea nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng lao c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, \u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ch\u00e4n l\u00b5m Ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5. Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai k\u00d5 v\u00de \u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e1 ra kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00b5i ba l\u00bem v\u00b5 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u00a9n t\u00f5 l\u00bem, v\u00d7 v\u00cby, tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng n\u00a8m 1783 l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6. Sau tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i V\u00f2 \u00ae\u00d5n tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i Th\u2212\u00acng c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1783 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1134. Sau c\u00b8c tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i nh\u00b5 Chu. V\u00b5o nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00eai vua \u00ae\u00c7u c\u00f1a tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i n\u00b5y, ng\u2212\u00eai Tri\u00d2u Ti\u00aan v\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai An Nam ng\u2212\u00ecng m\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00edc s\u00f9 l\u00f5ng l\u00c9y c\u00f1a c\u00b8c v\u00de qu\u00e8c v\u2212\u00acng v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i \u00cay, \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00f6 c\u00b8c s\u00f8 th\u00c7n c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00d5n tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh c\u00f1a Ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5 Trung Hoa. Chu C\u00abng, Th\u00b8i t\u00f6 k\u00d5 ng\u00abi, v\u00f5a l\u00b5 m\u00e9t v\u00de Th\u2212\u00eeng th\u2212 v\u00b5 nh\u00b5 b\u00b8c h\u00e4c v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i, \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00c6ng d\u00a9n An Nam t\u00c6ng ph\u00c8m - \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 chi\u00d5c la b\u00b5n. S\u00f9 ki\u00d6n v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i nh\u00cat di\u00d4n ra v\u00b5o cu\u00e8i c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00eai vua c\u00f1a tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i n\u00b5y l\u00b5 s\u00f9 xu\u00cat hi\u00d6n 3 v\u00dc nh\u00a9n - Kh\u00e6ng T\u00f6, L\u00b7o T\u00f6 v\u00b5 M\u00b9nh T\u00f6. M\u00b9nh T\u00f6 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t l\u00fd lu\u00cbn gia c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a th\u00d5 h\u00d6 \u00abng b\u00ebi v\u00d7 \u00abng l\u00b5 t\u00b8c gi\u00b6 \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a c\u00a9u n\u00e3i: \\\"D\u00a9n l\u00b5 t\u00cat th\u00b6y, vua kh\u00abng l\u00b5 g\u00d7 c\u00b6\u201d. V\u00b5o kho\u00b6ng n\u00a8m 246, tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i nh\u00b5 Chu \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i T\u00c7n thay th\u00d5. Ch\u00f3ng ta ch\u00deu \u00acn nh\u00b5 s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp ra tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i n\u00b5y v\u00d2 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng \\\"k\u00fa quan c\u00f1a th\u00d5 gi\u00edi\\\" - b\u00f8c V\u00b9n l\u00fd tr\u2212\u00eang th\u00b5nh. \u00a4ng l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai r\u00cat c\u00e3 ngh\u00de l\u00f9c v\u00b5 m\u00e9t nh\u00b5 c\u00b8ch t\u00a9n l\u00edn. \u00a4ng \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00f1 ti\u00aau ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 phong ki\u00d5n1) v\u00b5 th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat Trung Qu\u00e8c, \u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b5o k\u00aanh, x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00b8 \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00f3p cho c\u00abng vi\u00d6c giao th\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec d\u00d4 d\u00b5ng. \u00a7\u00d3 th\u00beng b\u00e4n b\u00b6o th\u00f1 ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, \u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 thi h\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng bi\u00d6n ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00acn gi\u00b6n nh\u00cat v\u00b5 t\u00ddch c\u00f9c nh\u00cat: \u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 ra l\u00d6nh \u00ae\u00e8t h\u00d5t s\u00b8ch, tr\u00f5 s\u00b8ch v\u00d2 y h\u00e4c v\u00b5 thi\u00aan v\u00a8n v\u00b5 b\u00bet giam t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng ai ph\u00aa ph\u00b8n m\u00d7nh. Tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e5n t\u00b9i kh\u00abng l\u00a9u, \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 206, n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i H\u00b8n thay th\u00d5. V\u00de vua \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a nh\u00b5 H\u00b8n \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m kh\u00b8c h\u00bcn ng\u2212\u00eai s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp ra tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i T\u00c7n. \u00a4ng vua \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 khuy\u00d5n kh\u00ddch vi\u00d6c nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u th\u00eai _______________ 1) T\u00b8c gi\u00b6 mu\u00e8n n\u00e3i \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 phong ki\u00d5n c\u00b8t c\u00f8 (BT).","456 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP c\u00e6 \u00ae\u00b9i v\u00b5 d\u00b5nh cho c\u00b8c m\u00abn khoa h\u00e4c m\u00e9t v\u00de tr\u00dd quan tr\u00e4ng trong n\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh. Nh\u00ea tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i n\u00b5y, Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng th\u00eai \u00ae\u00b9i ch\u00e3i l\u00e4i nh\u00cat v\u00b5 h\u00b9nh ph\u00f3c nh\u00cat. Ngh\u00d6 thu\u00cbt, v\u00a8n h\u00e4c v\u00b5 tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b9t \u00ae\u00d5n tr\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00e9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n th\u00denh v\u2212\u00eeng nh\u00cat. \u00a7\u00d5n th\u00eai \u00ae\u00b9i ng\u00b5y nay c\u00dfn l\u00b9i chi\u00d5c c\u00c7u treo tuy\u00d6t v\u00eai - di t\u00ddch v\u00d2 ngh\u00d6 thu\u00cbt ki\u00d5n tr\u00f3c th\u00eai nh\u00b5 H\u00b8n - \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 c\u00abng tr\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a ngh\u00d6 thu\u00cbt ki\u00d5n tr\u00f3c. V\u00b5o th\u00eai k\u00fa nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 150 - 108, trong th\u2212 vi\u00d6n qu\u00e8c gia \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00d5n 3.123 t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m kinh \u00aei\u00d3n, 2.705 cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch v\u00d2 tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c v\u00b5 1.383 t\u00cbp th\u00ac ca. Trong th\u00eai k\u00fa tr\u00de v\u00d7 c\u00f1a tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i n\u00b5y c\u00e3 m\u00e9t s\u00f9 ki\u00d6n l\u00dech s\u00f6 \u00ae\u00c6c s\u00bec - \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 s\u00f9 du nh\u00cbp c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00b9o Ph\u00cbt v\u00b5o Trung Qu\u00e8c di\u00d4n ra trong 58 n\u00a8m tr\u2212\u00edc C\u00abng nguy\u00aan. T\u00f5 n\u00a8m 220 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 618, \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 di\u00d4n ra cu\u00e9c n\u00e9i chi\u00d5n k\u00d0o d\u00b5i m\u00b5 h\u00cbu qu\u00b6 l\u00b5 tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i nh\u00b5 H\u00b8n s\u00f4p \u00ae\u00e6 v\u00b5 tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i \u00a7\u2212\u00eang l\u00aan thay. C\u00e3 m\u00e9t nh\u00b5 s\u2212 \u00eb th\u00eai \u00ae\u00b9i \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 m\u00eb cu\u00e9c h\u00b5nh tr\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00d5n \u00can \u00a7\u00e9. Khi \u00aei, \u00abng \u00aei b\u00e9, khi v\u00d2 th\u00d7 b\u00bbng thuy\u00d2n. Cu\u00e9c h\u00b5nh tr\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00b7 k\u00d0o d\u00b5i 14 n\u00a8m. Tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i nh\u00b5 \u00a7\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00f5ng l\u00c9y nh\u00ea n\u00d2n v\u00a8n h\u00e4c \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t ch\u00e3i l\u00e4i. Quan h\u00d6 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00eb r\u00e9ng, v\u00b5 v\u00b5o kho\u00b6ng n\u00a8m 907, \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b9i s\u00f8 Th\u00e6 Nh\u00dc K\u00fa, Ba T\u2212 v\u00b5 La M\u00b7 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng b\u00aan c\u00b9nh tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5. S\u00f9 ki\u00d6n kinh t\u00d5 quan tr\u00e4ng nh\u00cat l\u00b5 s\u00f9 xu\u00cat hi\u00d6n ti\u00d2n gi\u00cay v\u00b5o kho\u00b6ng n\u00a8m 960. Tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i nh\u00b5 T\u00e8ng thay th\u00d5 nh\u00b5 \u00a7\u2212\u00eang v\u00b5 tr\u00de v\u00d7 Trung Qu\u00e8c cho \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1276, l\u00b5 khi n\u00e3 b\u00de ng\u2212\u00eai M\u00abng C\u00e6 l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6. T\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1280 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1290, Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan v\u00edi n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i l\u00b5 Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n. Nh\u00b5 Minh \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00aeu\u00e6i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec qu\u00a9n M\u00abng C\u00e6 v\u00b5 \u00eb l\u00b9i ng\u00abi vua cho \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1644. Ngo\u00b5i vi\u00d6c so\u00b9n th\u00b6o b\u00e9 lu\u00cbt v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng c\u00b6i c\u00b8ch kh\u00b8c, nh\u00b5 Minh \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u trong l\u00dcnh v\u00f9c gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c. B\u00e9 B\u00b8ch khoa to\u00b5n th\u2212 g\u00e5m 22.877 t\u00cbp, c\u00efng v\u00edi danh m\u00f4c 60 t\u00cbp \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec xu\u00cat b\u00b6n n\u00a8m 1407. V\u00b5o nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 1511 - 1517, \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 2 ng\u2212\u00eai B\u00e5 \u00a7\u00b5o Nha l\u00b5 P\u00aar\u00aaxt\u00acrala v\u00b5 \u00a7\u00abn \u00a7\u00ea Anala\u00aea \u00ae\u00d5n Trung Qu\u00e8c. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 b\u2212\u00edc m\u00eb","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 457 \u00ae\u00c7u c\u00f1a s\u00f9 x\u00a9m nh\u00cbp c\u00f1a n\u00d2n th\u2212\u00acng m\u00b9i ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y v\u00b5 l\u00b5 s\u00f9 xu\u00cat hi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i. Trong khi nh\u00f7ng nh\u00a9n v\u00cbt B\u00e5 \u00a7\u00b5o Nha \u00cay k\u00fd k\u00d5t c\u00b8c h\u00eep \u00ae\u00e5ng th\u2212\u00acng m\u00b9i th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b5o c\u00f1a h\u00e4 c\u00e3 m\u00c6t t\u00b9i c\u00b8c c\u00b6ng Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00f5a \u00ae\u00b6o d\u00a9n b\u00b6n x\u00f8 v\u00b5 s\u00f6 d\u00f4ng v\u00f2 kh\u00dd c\u2212\u00ecng b\u00f8c th\u00ab b\u00b9o nh\u00bbm chinh ph\u00f4c h\u00e4: ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00b5n ph\u00b8 h\u00b5ng lo\u00b9t l\u00b5ng m\u00b9c. N\u00a8m 1552, c\u00b8c v\u00efng ngo\u00b9i vi c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de ng\u2212\u00eai Nh\u00cbt t\u00can c\u00abng. Sau 40 n\u00a8m, ng\u2212\u00eai Nh\u00cbt l\u00c6p l\u00b9i nh\u00f7ng h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00cay, nh\u2212ng l\u00c7n n\u00b5y h\u00e4 b\u00a8ng qua ng\u00b6 Tri\u00d2u Ti\u00aan. Cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00b7 k\u00d0o d\u00b5i 3 n\u00a8m v\u00b5 Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00beng. Ch\u00ddnh v\u00b5o th\u00eai k\u00fa n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b7 di\u00d4n ra v\u00f4 t\u00b5n s\u00b8t 20.000 ng\u2212\u00eai Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00eb Philippin do c\u00b8c th\u2212\u00acng gia T\u00a9y Ban Nha th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n. Tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i M\u00b7n Thanh b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1644 v\u00b5 k\u00d5t th\u00f3c v\u00b5o n\u00a8m 1911 v\u00b5o ng\u00b5y n\u00e6 ra cu\u00e9c C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Trung Qu\u00e8c. S\u00f9 X\u00a2M NH\u00cbP C\u00f1A CH\u00f1 NGH\u00dcA T\u00a6 B\u00b6N NGO\u00b9I QU\u00e8C V\u00b5 NH\u00f7NG CU\u00e9C KH\u00ebI NGH\u00dcA \u00a7\u00c7U TI\u00a3N N\u00a8m 1635, Vua n\u2212\u00edc Anh S\u00b8cl\u00ac I \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00f6 thuy\u00d2n tr\u2212\u00ebng V\u00aa\u00aeen v\u00edi gi\u00cay ph\u00d0p \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh c\u00abng vi\u00d6c bu\u00abn b\u00b8n \u00eb Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u. C\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a Anh \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng t\u00b9i h\u00b6i c\u00b6ng n\u00b5y v\u00b5o kho\u00b6ng n\u00a8m 1681. \u00a7\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1728, \u00eb B\u00bec Kinh \u00ae\u00b7 x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng tr\u2212\u00eang trung h\u00e4c \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan \u00ae\u00d3 d\u00b9y ti\u00d5ng Trung Qu\u00e8c cho ng\u2212\u00eai Nga. N\u00a8m 1742, chi\u00d5c t\u00b5u chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a Anh \\\"Xenturi\u00abng\\\" \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00d5n Trung Qu\u00e8c. \u00a7\u00b9i s\u00f8 Anh, Hu\u00a9n t\u2212\u00edc Mac\u00b8cn\u00a9y \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00d5n B\u00bec Kinh n\u00a8m 1792. \u00a7\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1830, m\u00e9t \u00a7\u00b9i s\u00f8 Anh kh\u00b8c, Hu\u00a9n t\u2212\u00edc N\u00aapir\u00ac, \u00ae\u00b7 xin ph\u00d0p \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u00cbp c\u00b6ng thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n. Nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de kh\u2212\u00edc t\u00f5. Nh\u2212ng 6 n\u00a8m sau \u00ae\u00e3 ng\u2212\u00eai Anh nh\u00cbp l\u00cbu 20.280 th\u00efng thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n v\u00b5o nh\u00f7ng v\u00efng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ph\u00d0p bu\u00abn b\u00b8n thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n. \u00a7\u00d3 bu\u00e9c Trung Qu\u00e8c ch\u00cap nh\u00cbn th\u00f8 thu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00e9c n\u00b5y, n\u2212\u00edc Anh \u00ae\u00b7 tuy\u00aan chi\u00d5n v\u00b5o n\u00a8m 1839, v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1841 th\u00d7 Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u b\u00de h\u00b9m \u00ae\u00e9i Anh bao v\u00a9y67. Sau khi k\u00fd h\u00dfa \u2212\u00edc, H\u00e5ng C\u00abng b\u00de t\u00b8ch kh\u00e1i Trung Qu\u00e8c, c\u00dfn","458 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Ph\u00f3 Ch\u00a9u, A M\u00abi, Ninh Ba v\u00b5 Th\u2212\u00eeng H\u00b6i \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00eb c\u00f6a cho ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c th\u00a9m nh\u00cbp v\u00b5o. Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 bu\u00e9c ph\u00b6i tr\u00b6 kho\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d2n b\u00ef chi\u00d5n tranh 21.000.000 \u00ae\u00abla, trong \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 6.000.000 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec d\u00efng \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00ef v\u00b5o gi\u00b8 tr\u00de s\u00e8 thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de hu\u00fb \u00aei. \u00a7\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1856, n\u2212\u00edc Anh l\u00b9i m\u00e9t l\u00c7n n\u00f7a tuy\u00aan chi\u00d5n v\u00edi Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00d3 bu\u00e9c n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5y m\u00eb c\u00f6a 5 h\u00b6i c\u00b6ng m\u00edi d\u00b5nh cho c\u00abng cu\u00e9c bu\u00abn b\u00b8n v\u00b5 h\u00eep ph\u00b8p ho\u00b8 vi\u00d6c mua b\u00b8n thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n. N\u00a8m 1860, qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i Anh - Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00b5n v\u00b5o B\u00bec Kinh, \u00ae\u00e8t ph\u00b8 c\u00b8c cung \u00aei\u00d6n, ng\u00e4n l\u00f6a c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00b8m ch\u00b8y \u00ae\u00b7 ho\u00b5nh h\u00b5nh trong m\u00cay ng\u00b5y li\u00d2n. N\u00a8m 1885, cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh Ph\u00b8p - Trung Qu\u00e8c68 \u00ae\u00b7 ch\u00cam d\u00f8t v\u00edi vi\u00d6c k\u00fd h\u00dfa \u2212\u00edc \u00eb Thi\u00aan T\u00a9n quy \u00ae\u00denh v\u00efng ph\u00dda nam l\u00b5 An Nam thu\u00e9c quy\u00d2n cai tr\u00de c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai Ph\u00b8p. N\u00a8m 1894, cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh do Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00b7 gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng Tri\u00d2u Ti\u00aan kh\u00e1i \u00b8ch th\u00e8ng tr\u00de c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c, nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00c6t n\u00e3 d\u2212\u00edi quy\u00d2n c\u00f1a \\\"\u00a7\u00d5 qu\u00e8c M\u00c6t tr\u00eai m\u00e4c\\\". N\u00a8m 1898, n\u2212\u00edc \u00a7\u00f8c tuy\u00aan chi\u00d5n v\u00edi Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 chi\u00d5m v\u00efng Thanh \u00a7\u00b6o. N\u00a8m 1900, c\u00e3 cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a Ngh\u00dca ho\u00b5 \u00aeo\u00b5n, s\u00f9 ph\u00c9n n\u00e9 c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ph\u00c7n t\u00f6 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca b\u00de \u00ae\u00c8y v\u00b5o t\u00a9m tr\u00b9ng tuy\u00d6t v\u00e4ng do s\u00f9 \u00a8n c\u2212\u00edp c\u00f1a b\u00e4n ng\u2212\u00eai ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c, khi\u00d5n cho Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b6i tr\u00b6 c\u00b8i gi\u00b8 l\u00b5 450.000.000 taen1) b\u00e5i th\u2212\u00eang chi\u00d5n tranh m\u00b5 qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00a7\u00e5ng minh \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00bet n\u00e3 ph\u00b6i g\u00b8nh ch\u00deu. Sau t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c t\u00can c\u00abng k\u00d5 ti\u00d5p nhau \u00cay, Trung Qu\u00e8c b\u00de ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n kh\u00b8nh ki\u00d6t, b\u00de tr\u00e3i bu\u00e9c v\u00d2 kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de b\u00ebi c\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca. V\u00c9n ch\u2212a tho\u00b6 m\u00b7n v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00c6c quy\u00d2n c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, nh\u00f7ng l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00dea t\u00ab nh\u2212\u00eeng, c\u00b8c h\u00b6i c\u00b6ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00ab nh\u2212\u00eeng \u00ae\u00b7 m\u00eb c\u00f6a \u00ae\u00d3 h\u00e4 ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh c\u00abng cu\u00e9c th\u2212\u00acng m\u00b9i, c\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00bem l\u00cay t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c \u00aei\u00d3m chi\u00d5n l\u2212\u00eec, c\u00b8c \u00ae\u2212\u00eang tr\u00aan bi\u00d3n v\u00b5 tr\u00aan b\u00e9, chia nhau nh\u00f7ng kho\u00b6n thu thu\u00d5 h\u00b6i quan v\u00b5 c\u00b8c kho\u00b6n thu\u00d5 gi\u00b8n thu, chi\u00d5m l\u00cay c\u00b8c ngu\u00e5n t\u00b5i nguy\u00aan kinh t\u00d5. T\u00e3m l\u00b9i, Trung Qu\u00e8c bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh con m\u00e5i c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c. _______________ 1) 1 taen = 0,74 \u00ae\u00abla (TG).","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 459 N\u00d2n \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c ch\u00d8 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t danh t\u00f5 tr\u00e8ng r\u00e7ng. Tr\u00aan th\u00f9c t\u00d5 n\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. S\u00f9 cai tr\u00de thu\u00e9c v\u00d2 c\u00b8c c\u00ac quan ngo\u00b9i giao n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i \u00ae\u00e3ng t\u00b9i \u00ae\u00a9y. Kh\u00abng c\u00e3 m\u00e9t h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de n\u00b5o \u00eb trong n\u2212\u00edc ho\u00c6c \u00eb ngo\u00b5i n\u2212\u00edc xu\u00cat ph\u00b8t t\u00f5 Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 Trung Qu\u00e8c m\u00b5 l\u00b9i kh\u00abng th\u00d3 hi\u00d6n \u00fd ch\u00dd c\u00f1a c\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca. N\u00d5u nh\u2212 s\u00f9 k\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00dech nhau v\u00b5 l\u00dfng ghen t\u00f8c c\u00f1a c\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c \u00cay \u00ae\u00b7 khi\u00d5n cho Trung Qu\u00e8c tr\u00b8nh kh\u00e1i b\u00de h\u00b9 xu\u00e8ng h\u00b5ng thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, th\u00d7 d\u00ef sao c\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c \u00cay c\u00f2ng duy tr\u00d7 cu\u00e9c hi\u00d2m th\u00ef b\u00aan trong Trung Qu\u00e8c. M\u00e7i c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 m\u00e9t tay sai \u00a7ugiuyn (Th\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00e8c) n\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3 m\u00b5 th\u00f9c ch\u00cat l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u cho m\u00e9t h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c t\u00e5i t\u00d6 nh\u00cat c\u00f1a ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t Trung Qu\u00e8c. Nh\u00f7ng con ng\u2212\u00eai \u00cay g\u00a9y hi\u00d2m th\u00ef v\u00edi nhau, c\u00ben x\u00d0 nhau, l\u00b5m kh\u00b8nh ki\u00d6t h\u00b5ng lo\u00b9t v\u00efng, qua \u00ae\u00e3, t\u00b9o ra t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng kh\u00abng v\u00f7ng ch\u00bec \u00eb trong n\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5 t\u00b9o duy\u00aan c\u00ed cho ng\u2212\u00eai n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i can thi\u00d6p v\u00b5o c\u00abng vi\u00d6c n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c. Ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch kinh t\u00d5 c\u00f1a Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 Trung Qu\u00e8c tr\u2212\u00edc khi tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i nh\u00b5 M\u00b7n Thanh \u00ae\u00e6, v\u00b5 cho \u00ae\u00d5n t\u00cbn b\u00a9y gi\u00ea, ch\u00d8 quy t\u00f4 v\u00b5o m\u00e9t \u00aei\u00d2u: \u00aei vay \u00ae\u00d3 m\u00b5 s\u00e8ng. S\u00e8 n\u00ee c\u00f1a qu\u00e8c gia v\u00b5o n\u00a8m 1922 l\u00b5 2.500 tri\u00d6u taen (1,9 t\u00fb \u00ae\u00abla). T\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c kho\u00b6n thu nh\u00cbp ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u nh\u00cat l\u00b5: thu\u00d5 c\u00f6a kh\u00c8u, thu\u00d5 mu\u00e8i, \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00bet, h\u00c7m m\u00e1, v.v., \u00ae\u00d2u do ng\u2212\u00eai ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c ki\u00d3m so\u00b8t, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 h\u00e4 mua h\u00d5t. M\u2212\u00eai hai ngh\u00d7n kil\u00abm\u00d0t \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00bet \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng h\u00c7u nh\u2212 ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n b\u00bbng c\u00b8c kho\u00b6n v\u00e8n c\u00f1a n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i. C\u00dfn t\u00d7nh c\u00b6nh c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c th\u00d7 nh\u2212 th\u00d5 n\u00b5o d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f8c \u00d0p c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c? Ch\u00d8 c\u00c7n nh\u00d7n qua s\u00e8 li\u00d6u th\u00e8ng k\u00aa v\u00d2 th\u2212\u00acng m\u00b9i, ch\u00f3ng ta c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 th\u00d3 th\u00cay r\u00e2 to\u00b5n b\u00e9 t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng ngh\u00cco kh\u00e6 c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c. H\u00bbng n\u00a8m, nh\u00cbp si\u00aau \u00ddt nh\u00cat l\u00b5 t\u00f5 100 - 200 tri\u00d6u taen. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng b\u00dfn r\u00f3t th\u2212\u00eang xuy\u00aan ti\u00d2n c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c ra n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i, n\u00e3 kh\u00abng tr\u00b8nh kh\u00e1i \u00ae\u2212a \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00e7 l\u00b5m \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc ngh\u00cco \u00aei, v\u00b5 c\u00dfn d\u00c9n \u00ae\u00d5n m\u00e9t h\u00cbu qu\u00b6 to l\u00edn h\u00acn: h\u00b5ng ho\u00b8 n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i tr\u00b5n ng\u00cbp th\u00de tr\u2212\u00eang n\u00e9i \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 t\u00b9o ra t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng c\u00b9nh tranh kh\u00abng th\u2212\u00acng x\u00e3t g\u00a9y nguy h\u00b9i","460 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP cho h\u00b5ng ho\u00b8 n\u00e9i \u00ae\u00dea, d\u00dc nhi\u00aan \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng h\u00b5ng ho\u00b8 \u00ddt t\u00a9n k\u00fa h\u00acn v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00bet h\u00acn. Nh\u2212 v\u00cby, kh\u00e8i qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng th\u00ee th\u00f1 c\u00abng b\u00de ph\u00b8 s\u00b6n v\u00b5 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh v\u00ab s\u00b6n. B\u00e4n quan cai tr\u00de c\u00f1a M\u00b7n Thanh ki\u00aan quy\u00d5t ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i ti\u00d5n b\u00e9 hi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00b9i. M\u00c6c d\u00ef b\u00de s\u00d8 nh\u00f4c v\u00b5 ch\u00deu nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 thua thi\u00d6t do ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c g\u00a9y ra, b\u00e4n quan l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00abng bi\u00d5t c\u00b8ch v\u00b5 kh\u00abng mu\u00e8n th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n b\u00cat k\u00fa nh\u00f7ng c\u00b6i c\u00b8ch n\u00b5o h\u00d5t. B\u00e4n ch\u00f3ng kh\u00abng ch\u00deu \u00ae\u00d3 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n ti\u00d5p x\u00f3c v\u00edi sinh ho\u00b9t qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ng\u00b5y nay, ch\u00f3ng d\u00can th\u00a9n v\u00b5o ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch ngu d\u00a9n quan li\u00aau ki\u00d3u \\\"ch\u00f3a \u00ae\u00cat\\\" gh\u00aa t\u00ebm. Trong ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e8i ngo\u00b9i, ch\u00f3ng ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh b\u00cat h\u00b9nh; trong ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e8i n\u00e9i, th\u00d7 ch\u00d8 th\u00cay nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c b\u00cat b\u00d7nh v\u00ab t\u00cbn c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n. N\u00a8m 1795, \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00e6 ra cu\u00e9c n\u00e6i lo\u00b9n c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o \\\"B\u00b9ch li\u00aan gi\u00b8o\\\"69. Phong tr\u00b5o \\\"Tam \u00aei\u00d3m\\\" \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00e9ng cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca n\u00a8m 1842. Cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca Th\u00b8i B\u00d7nh n\u00a8m 1849 \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m cho ch\u00ddnh ngai v\u00b5ng c\u00f1a \\\"Thi\u00aan t\u00f6\\\" ph\u00b6i lung lay. Cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a d\u00a9n H\u00e5i gi\u00b8o \u00ae\u00b7 k\u00d5t th\u00f3c b\u00bbng cu\u00e9c ch\u00d0m gi\u00d5t n\u00a8m 1859. Cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o Ngh\u00dca ho\u00b5 \u00aeo\u00b5n n\u00a8m 1900 \u00ae\u00b7 k\u00d5t th\u00f3c r\u00cat bi th\u00b6m \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 r\u00cat nh\u00f4c nh\u00b7 cho b\u00e4n chi\u00d5n th\u00beng. B\u00bec Kinh \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh mi\u00d5ng m\u00e5i cho b\u00e4n binh l\u00ddnh hung h\u00b7n c\u00f1a 8 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c \\\"v\u00a8n minh\\\". C\u00e3 th\u00d3 th\u00cay \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00b8c \u00abng tai to m\u00c6t l\u00edn v\u00edi c\u00b8c s\u00f8 m\u00b9ng v\u00ce vang nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng t\u00aan c\u00c7m \u00ae\u00c7u c\u00b8c b\u00a8ng c\u2212\u00edp b\u00e3c. Nh\u00f7ng quan ch\u00f8c cao c\u00cap \u00ae\u00b7 ngang nhi\u00aan c\u2212\u00edp \u00aei c\u00b8c t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m ngh\u00d6 thu\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d3 \u00aeem v\u00d2 trang ho\u00b5ng cho c\u00b8c b\u00b6o t\u00b5ng qu\u00e8c gia n\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh ho\u00c6c cho nh\u00f7ng t\u2212 nh\u00a9n ham m\u00aa s\u2212u t\u00cbp. Cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o Ngh\u00dca ho\u00b5 \u00aeo\u00b5n n\u00e6 ra do b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00b5 do th\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e9 h\u00e8ng h\u00b8ch kh\u00abng th\u00d3 ch\u00deu n\u00e6i c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i. Nh\u2212ng do thi\u00d5u k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch v\u00b5 thi\u00d5u s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o s\u00b8ng su\u00e8t cho n\u00aan phong tr\u00b5o n\u00b5y, v\u00d2 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat mang t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat ch\u00e8ng qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t v\u00b5 mang t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat d\u00a9n t\u00e9c, l\u00b9i \u00aei v\u00b5o con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca cu\u00e5ng t\u00ddn t\u00abn gi\u00b8o. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 s\u00f9 l\u00c7m l\u00b9c kh\u00abng th\u00d3 tr\u00b8nh kh\u00e1i v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00c6c tr\u2212ng cho t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea ho\u00c6c \u00aeang b\u00de \u00aee do\u00b9 bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, c\u00b8c d\u00a9n","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 461 t\u00e9c \u00cay ra s\u00f8c, m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch tuy\u00d6t v\u00e4ng v\u00b5 v\u00f4ng v\u00d2, tho\u00b8t ra kh\u00e1i \u00b8ch th\u00e8ng tr\u00de c\u00f1a ngo\u00b9i bang! Kho\u00b6ng n\u00a8m 1867, \u00ae\u00f8ng tr\u2212\u00edc nguy c\u00ac b\u00de Nga - M\u00fc x\u00a9m l\u00can, ng\u2212\u00eai Nh\u00cbt \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00e9ng phong tr\u00b5o \\\"ch\u00e8ng d\u00b7 man\u201d c\u00f2ng mang t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat cu\u00e5ng t\u00ddn nh\u2212 th\u00d5, y nh\u2212 phong tr\u00b5o n\u00a8m 1900 c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c. \u00eb mi\u00d2n Nam, ng\u2212\u00eai Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 quan h\u00d6 v\u00edi ng\u2212\u00eai ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c t\u00f5 s\u00edm h\u00acn nhi\u00d2u so v\u00edi \u00eb mi\u00d2n B\u00bec: h\u00e4 xu\u00cat d\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00d3 di c\u2212 \u00ae\u00abng \u00ae\u00d5n h\u00b5ng v\u00b9n ng\u2212\u00eai, h\u00e4 l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c v\u00b5 sinh s\u00e8ng t\u00b9i c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc t\u2212 b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca. Do v\u00cby, h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 hi\u00d3u r\u00e2 h\u00acn - so v\u00edi \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b5o c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u00eb mi\u00d2n B\u00bec - v\u00d2 \u00fd ngh\u00dca cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh gi\u00f7a b\u00e4n \u00aei b\u00e3c l\u00e9t v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de b\u00e3c l\u00e9t. H\u00e4 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai tr\u2212\u00edc nh\u00cat hi\u00d3u r\u00e2 t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat v\u00ab hi\u00d6u c\u00f1a uy quy\u00d2n ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5 v\u00b5 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng b\u00b6o th\u00f1 c\u00f1a ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5, nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u d\u00c9n \u00ae\u00d5n t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng suy y\u00d5u c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5 s\u00f9 th\u00e8ng tr\u00de c\u00f1a ngo\u00b9i bang. Nh\u2212 v\u00cby, h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00d7m \u00ae\u00d5n t\u00cbn c\u00e9i r\u00d4 c\u00f1a b\u00cat h\u00b9nh. H\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 d\u00efng c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 qu\u00a9n ch\u00f1. Gi\u00ea \u00ae\u00a9y h\u00e4 c\u00e8 t\u00d7m c\u00b8ch tho\u00b8t kh\u00e1i nanh vu\u00e8t c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i b\u00bbng c\u00abng t\u00b8c t\u00f9 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00d2 kinh t\u00d5. \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9y ch\u00f8a \u00ae\u00f9ng nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n cho th\u00cay t\u00b9i sao c\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c t\u2212 b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u2212a th\u00ddch Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 mi\u00d2n B\u00bec h\u00acn. Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 n\u00b5y lu\u00abn lu\u00abn tho\u00b8i h\u00e3a v\u00b5 th\u2212\u00eang hay b\u00de mua chu\u00e9c, m\u00b5 l\u00b9i kh\u00abng th\u00ddch Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 mi\u00d2n Nam, l\u00b5 m\u00e9t Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 \u00ddt b\u00de c\u00b8m d\u00e7 h\u00acn v\u00b5 s\u00b8ng su\u00e8t h\u00acn. CH\u00f1 NGH\u00dcA \u00a7\u00d5 QU\u00e8C C\u00a6\u00edP B\u00e3C TRUNG QU\u00e8C Nh\u2212 ch\u00f3ng ta \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00cay, s\u00f9 m\u00c7u m\u00ec c\u00f1a ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat, t\u00b5i nguy\u00aan d\u2212\u00edi l\u00dfng \u00ae\u00cat, tinh th\u00c7n c\u00c7n c\u00ef lao \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d5n Trung Qu\u00e8c th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i c\u00e3 kh\u00b6 n\u00a8ng \u00ae\u00f1 nu\u00abi s\u00e8ng d\u00a9n c\u2212 n\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh. N\u00f3i cao, c\u00b8c mi\u00d2n \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00bbng s\u00a9u th\u00bcm, nh\u00f7ng v\u00efng bi\u00d3n c\u00b6 bao la v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng mi\u00d2n sa m\u00b9c b\u00cat t\u00cbn bao b\u00e4c n\u00e3 v\u00b5 kh\u00abng cho n\u00e3 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc th\u2212\u00acng m\u00b9i. N\u00d0t n\u00e6i b\u00cbt trong t\u00ddnh c\u00b8ch ng\u2212\u00eai Trung Qu\u00e8c l\u00b5 t\u00ddnh th\u00ddch ng\u00e5i \u00eb nh\u00b5, th\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e9 gh\u00aa t\u00ebm s\u00f9 xa hoa, \u00ae\u00b9o \u00ae\u00f8c c\u00f1a h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00c6t vai tr\u00df th\u2212\u00acng","462 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP nh\u00a9n xu\u00e8ng v\u00de tr\u00dd cu\u00e8i c\u00efng trong n\u00cac thang x\u00b7 h\u00e9i, \u00ae\u00c7u \u00e3c b\u00b6o th\u00f1 trong t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c c\u00abng vi\u00d6c c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng - t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 d\u00f9ng l\u00aan b\u00f8c t\u2212\u00eang h\u00b5ng ngh\u00d7n n\u00a8m v\u00b5 h\u00c7u nh\u2212 kh\u00abng th\u00d3 xuy\u00aan th\u00f1ng, l\u00b5m cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c t\u00b8ch r\u00eai kh\u00e1i nh\u00f7ng n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u2212\u00acng th\u00eai n\u00a8ng \u00ae\u00e9ng h\u00acn. M\u00c6c d\u00ef \u00ae\u00b7 h\u00acn m\u2212\u00eai hai n\u00a8m tr\u00abi qua k\u00d3 t\u00f5 khi c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng n\u00e6 ra, nh\u2212ng ng\u2212\u00eai Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00c9n ch\u2212a t\u00f9 th\u00d3 hi\u00d6n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00d7nh. H\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b8 \u00ae\u00e6, nh\u2212ng ch\u2212a x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng. T\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng tai \u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 c\u00f2 v\u00c9n c\u00dfn. Ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1 v\u00b5 ch\u00f3a \u00ae\u00cat v\u00b5 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 phong ki\u00d5n v\u00c9n ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c t\u00e5n t\u00b9i. M\u00e9t ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5 \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6, nh\u2212ng c\u00b6 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00b8m ti\u00d3u ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5 \u00ae\u00b7 xu\u00cat hi\u00d6n thay v\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3 \u00eb m\u00e7i t\u00d8nh m\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9i di\u00d6n l\u00b5 c\u00b8c vi\u00aan th\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00e8c c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh. B\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t, c\u00abng c\u00f4 c\u00f1a b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c, \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng ch\u00f1 nh\u00a9n c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc. Cu\u00e9c n\u00e9i chi\u00d5n k\u00d0o d\u00b5i t\u00f5 ng\u00b5y n\u00e6 ra c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, c\u00b5ng ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00c8y \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d5n g\u00c7n s\u00f9 di\u00d6t vong. D\u2212\u00edi s\u00f8c \u00d0p c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng n\u2212\u00edc l\u00b8ng gi\u00d2ng m\u00edi, nh\u00ea s\u00f9 c\u00c7n c\u00ef v\u00b5 s\u00f9 d\u00e5i d\u00b5o c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, nh\u00ea nh\u00f7ng t\u00b5i nguy\u00aan thi\u00aan nhi\u00aan m\u00b5 n\u00e3 c\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec, n\u2212\u00edc Trung Hoa l\u00cf ra c\u00e3 th\u00d3 ph\u00e5n vinh, n\u00d5u nh\u2212 c\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c t\u2212 b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca kh\u00abng c\u00b6n tr\u00eb n\u00e3 trong v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 n\u00b5y m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch \u00a9n c\u00c7n nh\u00cat v\u00b5 n\u00d5u nh\u2212 b\u00b6n th\u00a9n ng\u2212\u00eai Trung Qu\u00e8c kh\u00abng gi\u00f3p cho s\u00f9 ph\u00b8 ho\u00b9i \u00cay, tuy kh\u00abng t\u00f9 gi\u00b8c nh\u2212ng th\u00cbt l\u00b5 ngu ng\u00e8c. B\u00bbng nh\u00f7ng bi\u00d6n ph\u00b8p n\u00b5o, t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c c\u00b6n tr\u00eb \u00ae\u2212\u00eec s\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n kinh t\u00d5 c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c? Ch\u00f3ng l\u00b5m n\u00b6y sinh c\u00b8c kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, g\u00a9y ra nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 hi\u00d2m th\u00ef n\u00e9i b\u00e9 v\u00b5 t\u00b9o ra nh\u00f7ng v\u00f4 r\u00bec r\u00e8i ngo\u00b9i giao, ch\u00f3ng c\u00c7n \u00ae\u00d5n \u00aei\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3. Vi\u00d6n v\u00b5o ch\u00e7 n\u00bem trong tay c\u00b8c h\u00b6i c\u00b6ng th\u2212\u00acng m\u00b9i, ch\u00f3ng chi\u00d5m gi\u00f7 c\u00b8c th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 quan tr\u00e4ng v\u00d2 m\u00c6t chi\u00d5n l\u2212\u00eec, khuy\u00d5n kh\u00ddch nh\u00f7ng v\u00f4 vay m\u2212\u00een, v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00dfi ph\u00b6i ph\u00f4c h\u00e5i nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00c6c quy\u00d2n. Ch\u00f3ng chi\u00d5m c\u00b8c th\u00de tr\u2212\u00eang, ki\u00d3m so\u00b8t c\u00b8c ngu\u00e5n t\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh, chi\u00d5m \u00aeo\u00b9t c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00c6c quy\u00d2n. T\u00e3m l\u00b9i, ch\u00f3ng can thi\u00d6p v\u00b5o m\u00e4i c\u00abng vi\u00d6c c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c. D\u00f9a v\u00b5o c\u00b8c t\u00b5u chi\u00d5n v\u00b5 qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i, ch\u00f3ng \u00aei\u00d2u khi\u00d3n v\u00cbn m\u00d6nh c\u00f1a n\u2212\u00edc n\u00b5y theo c\u00b8ch c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng. T\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00e4i h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00d2u nh\u00bbm t\u00b9o ra c\u00b8c tr\u00eb ng\u00b9i tr\u00aan con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang ti\u00d5n l\u00aan c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c.","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 463 Nh\u00f7ng bi\u00d3u \u00ae\u00e5 d\u2212\u00edi \u00ae\u00a9y minh h\u00e4a ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch \u00a8n c\u2212\u00edp m\u00b5 b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c thi h\u00b5nh. Nh\u00f7ng kho\u00b6n cho vay d\u00b5nh cho Trung Qu\u00e8c N\u2212\u00edc cho vay S\u00e8 ti\u00d2n cho vay Ngu\u00e5n b\u00b6o \u00ae\u00b6m Th\u00eai gian cho vay Nga, Ph\u00b8p 15.820.000 b\u00b6ng Thu\u00d5 quan 1895 1896 Anh, \u00a7\u00f8c 16.000.000 b\u00b6ng -nt- 1898 Anh, \u00a7\u00f8c 16.000.000 b\u00b6ng Thu\u00d5 quan v\u00b5 1911-1912- 1914 thu\u00d5 thu 7 th\u00de tr\u2212\u00eang 1913 Anh 6.694.000 b\u00b6ng Thu\u00d5 mu\u00e8i, quy\u00d2n 1914 1901 khai th\u00b8c \u00ae\u2212\u00eang 1918 s\u00bet B\u00bec Kinh - 1901 1916 H\u00b8n Kh\u00c8u 1919 1901 Anh, Ph\u00b8p, \u00a7\u00f8c, 25.000.000 b\u00b6ng Thu\u00d5 mu\u00e8i Nh\u00cbt, Nga Ti\u00d2n thu\u00aa c\u00b8c Ph\u00b8p 50.000.000 phr\u00a8ng x\u00dd nghi\u00d6p c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p, thu\u00d5 n\u2212\u00edc \u00a8n Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n 11.900.000 y\u00aan Thu\u00d5 nh\u00cbp b\u2212u ch\u00ddnh Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n 40.000.000 y\u00aan Thu\u00d5 \u00ae\u00cat, c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e5 qu\u00fd gi\u00b8, mu\u00e8i, c\u00b8c lo\u00b9i gi\u00b6i tr\u00dd, thu\u00d5 quan M\u00fc 7.500.000 \u00ae\u00abla Thu\u00d5 thu\u00e8c l\u00b8 5.500.000 \u00ae\u00abla Thu nh\u00cbp t\u00f5 4 t\u00d8nh 5.500.000 \u00ae\u00abla Thu\u00d5 quan, thu\u00d5 mu\u00e8i Italia 5.882.046 b\u00b6ng Thu\u00d5 quan, thu\u00d5 n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p","464 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 ki\u00d6n ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u c\u00f1a qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c x\u00a9m nh\u00cbp Trung Qu\u00e8c (1842 - 1919) C\u00b8c kho\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d2n b\u00ef Nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u N\u2212\u00edc chi\u00d5n L\u00b7nh th\u00e6 kho\u00b6n L\u00fd do kh\u00b8c t\u00can c\u00abng N\u00a8m t\u00can tranh do m\u00b5 Trung Qu\u00e8c c\u00abng Trung ph\u00b6i nh\u2212\u00eeng l\u00b9i Qu\u00e8c g\u00b8nh ch\u00deu (tri\u00d6u) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1840- Anh 21 tr. \u00ae\u00abla C\u00b8c t\u00ab nh\u2212\u00eeng \u00a7\u00b6o Trung Qu\u00e8c kh\u00abng 1842 t\u00b9i c\u00b8c th\u00b5nh Suxun cho ph\u00d0p nh\u00cbp ph\u00e8: Qu\u00b6ng kh\u00abng kh\u00c8u thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n Ch\u00a9u, Th\u2212\u00eeng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec H\u00b6i, Ninh Ba, nh\u2212\u00eeng l\u00b9i Ph\u00e8 Ch\u00a9u; cho n\u2212\u00edc H\u00e5ng C\u00abng kh\u00b8c ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n thu\u00e9c s\u00f9 cai qu\u00b6n c\u00f1a Anh 1856- Anh - 8 tr. taen M\u00eb th\u00aam 5 C\u00b8c cha c\u00e8 Trung Qu\u00e8c b\u00bet 1858 Ph\u00b8p 10 tr. b\u00b6ng gi\u00f7 t\u00b5u ch\u00eb thu\u00e8c c\u00b6ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00f9 do phi\u00d6n c\u00e3 treo c\u00ea cho n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i truy\u00d2n n\u2212\u00edc Anh bu\u00abn b\u00b8n \u00ae\u00b9o, x\u00d0t l\u00b9i bi\u00d3u thu\u00d5 quan c\u00e3 l\u00eei cho c\u00b8c th\u2212\u00acng gia ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 465 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1877- Ph\u00b8p Trung Qu\u00e8c T\u00ab nh\u2212\u00eeng \u00ae\u2212\u00eang 1885 th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn s\u00bet cho Ph\u00b8p t\u00b9i quy\u00d2n l\u00eei c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh ph\u00dda c\u00f1a Nam Trung Qu\u00e8c Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi x\u00f8 An Nam v\u00b5 m\u00eb c\u00f6a th\u00aam 2 th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 cho ng\u2212\u00eai ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c 1894- Nh\u00cbt 200 tr. taen \u00a7\u00b6o \u00a7\u00b5i Loan, Trung Qu\u00e8c 1895 B\u00b6n qu\u00c7n \u00ae\u00b6o x\u00a9m ph\u00b9m n\u00d2n \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp P\u00aaxca\u00aeo, b\u00b8n \u00ae\u00b6o c\u00f1a Tri\u00d2u Li\u00aau \u00a7\u00abng Ti\u00aan c\u00efng v\u00edi h\u00b6i c\u00b6ng L\u00f7 Thu\u00cbn v\u00b5o tay n\u2212\u00edc Nh\u00cbt Nga C\u00e3 quy\u00d2n V\u00d7 l\u00b5m x\u00a9y con trung gian \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00bet gi\u00f7a Nh\u00cbt v\u00b5 \u00a7\u00abng Trung Trung Qu\u00e8c Qu\u00e8c ch\u00b9y v\u00b5 v\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b7 ho\u00b5n qua ph\u00dda l\u00b9i cho Trung B\u00bec M\u00b7n Qu\u00e8c b\u00b8n Ch\u00a9u L\u00fd \u00ae\u00b6o Li\u00aau \u00a7\u00abng","466 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1897 \u00a7\u00f8c \u00a7\u2212\u00eec thu\u00aa C\u00b8c t\u00ab nh\u2212\u00eeng Hai nh\u00b5 Thanh \u00a7\u00b6o \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00bet v\u00b5 khai truy\u00d2n gi\u00b8o trong 99 n\u00a8m th\u00b8c m\u00e1 \u00eb t\u00d8nh b\u00de gi\u00d5t S\u00acn \u00a7\u00abng Nga \u00a7\u2212\u00eec thu\u00aa ph\u00b8o \u00ae\u00b5i L\u00f7 Thu\u00cbn 1898 Anh \u00a7\u2212\u00eec thu\u00aa \u00a7\u00e5ng b\u00bbng s\u00abng \u00a7\u00d3 l\u00cbp l\u00b9i s\u00f9 h\u00b6i c\u00b6ng Uy H\u00b6i V\u00d6, m\u00eb D\u2212\u00acng T\u00f6 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00a9n b\u00bbng gi\u00f7a r\u00e9ng th\u00aam th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn l\u00b5 khu c\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang l\u00b7nh th\u00e6 H\u00e5ng C\u00abng v\u00f9c l\u00eei \u00ddch c\u00f1a qu\u00e8c n\u2212\u00edc Anh Ph\u00b8p C\u00b8c t\u00ab nh\u2212\u00eeng C\u00f2ng v\u00d7 l\u00fd do v\u00d2 \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00bet \u00eb c\u00b8c tr\u00aan t\u00d8nh ph\u00dda Nam v\u00b5 c\u00b8c m\u00e1, v\u00b5 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u2212\u00eeng l\u00b9i cho c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c th\u00f8 ba 1900- Anh, 450 Qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i n\u2212\u00edc Cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi 1901 Nga, tr. taen ngo\u00b5i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00f8c, Ngh\u00dca ho\u00b5 Ph\u00b8p, th\u2212\u00eang xuy\u00aan M\u00fc, \u00ae\u00e3ng \u00eb B\u00bec Kinh; \u00aeo\u00b5n \u00b8o, Nh\u00cbt Nga h\u2212\u00ebng c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00c6c quy\u00d2n \u00eb M\u00b7n Ch\u00a9u L\u00fd","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 467 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1905 (Chi\u00d5n C\u00b8c l\u00b7nh th\u00e6 do 1910 1915 tranh Nga - ng\u2212\u00eai Nga 1919 Nh\u00cbt) chi\u00d5m th\u00d7 nay chuy\u00d3n sang tay ng\u2212\u00eai Nh\u00cbt Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n Tri\u00d2u Ti\u00aan Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec Trung Qu\u00e8c ch\u00cap h\u2212\u00ebng \u201cc\u00b8c \u00ae\u00c6c nh\u00cbn m\u00e9t s\u00e8 \u00aei\u00d2u l\u00eei\u201d \u00eb Nam M\u00b7n kho\u00b6n trong \u201c21 Ch\u00a9u L\u00fd v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00dfi h\u00e1i\u201d t\u00b9o cho \u00a7\u00abng M\u00abng C\u00e6 Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00c6c quy\u00d2n kinh t\u00d5 Ho\u00b5 \u2212\u00edc C\u00b8c quy\u00d2n l\u00eei V\u00d0cx\u00a9y c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00f8c \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n chuy\u00d3n v\u00b5o tay Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n Ghi ch\u00f3: Bi\u00d3u \u00ae\u00e5 n\u00b5y h\u00d5t s\u00f8c b\u00e6 \u00ddch, n\u00e3 ch\u00d8 r\u00e2 r\u00bbng: 1. Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n da tr\u00beng, nh\u00bbm m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch l\u00b5m gi\u00b5u, \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00abng ng\u00c7n ng\u00b9i v\u00b5 s\u00bdn s\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00e9c c\u00b6 m\u00e9t d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00bbng thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n; \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00b8n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00f8 thu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00e9c \u00cay, n\u00e3 kh\u00abng ng\u00c7n ng\u00b9i tuy\u00aan chi\u00d5n v\u00b5 gi\u00d5t h\u00b9i h\u00b5ng tr\u00a8m v\u00b5 h\u00b5ng ngh\u00d7n binh l\u00ddnh. 2. Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c da tr\u00beng g\u00a9y g\u00e6, vin v\u00b5o nh\u00f7ng c\u00ed nh\u00e1 m\u00e4n nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00d3 bu\u00e9c Trung Qu\u00e8c d\u00b5nh cho n\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng t\u00ab nh\u2212\u00eeng v\u00d2 l\u00b7nh th\u00e6 v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng nh\u2212\u00eeng b\u00e9 kh\u00b8c. Nh\u00f7ng l\u00fd do \u00ae\u00e3 th\u2212\u00eang do b\u00b6n th\u00a9n c\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c h\u00f7u quan g\u00a9y n\u00aan; \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00eep ph\u00b8i c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 truy\u00d2n gi\u00b8o \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00f7ng v\u00efng m\u00b5 h\u00e4 th\u00f5a bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng, \u00eb \u00ae\u00cay d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng c\u00e3 th\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e9 th\u00ef \u00ae\u00dech \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng nh\u00b5 truy\u00d2n gi\u00b8o. 3. M\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca k\u00aau g\u00e4i n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c h\u00b7y d\u00efng v\u00f2 l\u00f9c chi\u00d5m m\u00e9t th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 ho\u00c6c h\u00b6i c\u00b6ng c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00d3 r\u00e5i d\u2212\u00edi","468 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP chi\u00aau b\u00b5i duy tr\u00d7 th\u00d5 c\u00a9n b\u00bbng, n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c n\u00e4 c\u00e3 th\u00d3 c\u00f2ng l\u00b5m c\u00b8i vi\u00d6c nh\u2212 th\u00d5. 4. S\u00f9 \u00ae\u00aa ti\u00d6n v\u00b5 t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng b\u00cat l\u2212\u00acng kh\u00abng c\u00e3 gi\u00edi h\u00b9n. N\u00a8m 1895, Nga, Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 \u00a7\u00f8c \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00d2 ngh\u00de v\u00edi Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00d3 h\u00e4 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec l\u00b5m trung gian gi\u00f7a Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n. Do s\u00f9 n\u00e7 l\u00f9c c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc tr\u00aan, Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de m\u00cat l\u00b7nh th\u00e6 v\u00b5 20 tri\u00d6u taen. \u00a7i\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng c\u00b6n tr\u00eb h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00dfi Trung Qu\u00e8c ph\u00b6i tr\u00b6 3.000.000 taen ti\u00d2n \\\"ch\u00cc thu\u00e8c\\\" v\u00d2 nh\u00f7ng d\u00dech v\u00f4 \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t - y nh\u2212 c\u00b8c c\u00ab g\u00b8i \u00aei\u00d5m \u00ae\u00dfi ti\u00d2n. 5. Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00f7ng ch\u00a9n \u00eb \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng, l\u00b9i t\u00d7m c\u00b8ch th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n, qua c\u00b8c giai \u00aeo\u00b9n tu\u00c7n t\u00f9, qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh th\u00f9c d\u00a9n ho\u00b8 \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi c\u00b6 v\u00efng Trung B\u00e9 c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c. N\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00beng v\u00efng \u00ae\u00e3 v\u00d2 ph\u2212\u00acng di\u00d6n kinh t\u00d5, v\u00b5 ch\u00d8 ch\u00ea th\u00eai c\u00ac thu\u00cbn ti\u00d6n \u00ae\u00d3 ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n chi\u00d5n th\u00beng v\u00efng n\u00b5y. \u00fd ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c bi\u00d3u \u00ae\u00e5 \u00cay l\u00b5 \u00eb ch\u00e7 n\u00b5o? L\u00b5 \u00eb ch\u00e7: ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y \u00aeang tr\u00b6i qua cu\u00e9c kh\u00f1ng ho\u00b6ng: c\u00c7n c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u h\u00acn n\u00f7a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea \u00ae\u00d3 ph\u00a9n chia v\u00edi nhau, c\u00c7n c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u h\u00acn n\u00f7a c\u00b8c th\u00de tr\u2212\u00eang m\u00edi \u00ae\u00d3 khu\u00cat ph\u00f4c, song d\u00c9u sao n\u00e3 v\u00c9n c\u00b6m th\u00cay ch\u00cbt ch\u00e9i m\u00e7i khi ph\u00b6i h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9ng. V\u00b5 trong tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00eep \u00cay t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan trong gia \u00ae\u00d7nh t\u2212 b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca h\u00efa nhau lao v\u00b5o n\u2212\u00edc trung b\u00d7nh v\u00b5 b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u gi\u00bbng x\u00d0 n\u00e3 t\u00efy theo \u00fd m\u00d7nh. N\u00bem \u00ae\u2212\u00eec chi\u00d5c ch\u00d7a kho\u00b8 m\u00eb c\u00f6a v\u00b5o nh\u00b5, b\u00e4n k\u00ce c\u2212\u00edp \u00cay l\u00cay \u00aei t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng g\u00d7 qu\u00fd gi\u00b8 nh\u00cat, v\u00b5 Trung Qu\u00e8c b\u00de tr\u00e3i tay tr\u00e3i ch\u00a9n v\u00b5 t\u00efy thu\u00e9c v\u00b5o l\u00dfng nh\u00a9n t\u00f5 c\u00f1a b\u00e4n \u00a8n c\u2212\u00edp \u00ae\u00e3. V\u00d7 \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng kinh t\u00d5 c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc b\u00de r\u00aci v\u00b5o tay ngo\u00b9i bang, n\u00aan \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de c\u00f1a n\u00e3 c\u00f2ng r\u00aci v\u00b5o s\u00e8 ph\u00cbn nh\u2212 th\u00d5 m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch tai h\u00b9i. Sau khi tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc b\u00de ngh\u00cco kh\u00e6 v\u00b5 mang g\u00b8nh n\u00c6ng nh\u00f7ng kho\u00b6n n\u00ee to l\u00edn, nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c th\u2212\u00eang xuy\u00aan b\u00de l\u00e9t da do nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00dfi h\u00e1i kh\u00abng \u00abn ho\u00b5 c\u00f1a gi\u00edi qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t b\u00b6n x\u00f8. Nh\u00f7ng d\u00cau hi\u00d6u ph\u00b8 s\u00b6n ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng \u00b6m \u00ae\u00b9m t\u00ddch t\u00f4 \u00eb ch\u00a9n tr\u00eai c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 d\u2212\u00edi nh\u00f7ng b\u2212\u00edc \u00aei kh\u00abng v\u00f7ng ch\u00bec","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 469 c\u00f1a n\u00e3, ng\u2212\u00eai ta th\u00cay hi\u00d6n ra v\u00f9c th\u00bcm v\u00ab t\u00cbn c\u00f1a s\u00f9 ngh\u00cco kh\u00e6 v\u00b5 ph\u00b8 s\u00b6n. V\u00b5 n\u00d5u c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00d5n k\u00dep th\u00eai \u00ae\u00d3 c\u00f8u nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c, th\u00d7 n\u00e3 c\u00e3 nguy c\u00ac r\u00aci xu\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00b8y v\u00f9c th\u00bcm kh\u00abng c\u00e3 l\u00e8i tr\u00eb l\u00aan. Do s\u00f8c m\u00b9nh c\u00f1a k\u00ce \u00ae\u00dech, c\u00f1a t\u2212 b\u00b6n n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i, v\u00b5 do t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng thi\u00d5u kinh nghi\u00d6m c\u00f1a b\u00b6n th\u00a9n m\u00d7nh, n\u00aan ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n b\u00b6n x\u00f8 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 kh\u00b6 n\u00a8ng ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. V\u00ab s\u00b6n th\u00b5nh th\u00de v\u00b5 n\u00abng th\u00abn, trong nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n c\u00f1a h\u00e4, \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00abng th\u00d3 c\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00e9t quan ni\u00d6m r\u00e2 r\u00b5ng v\u00d2 ph\u00a9n ho\u00b8 giai c\u00cap. Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c, v\u00edi vi\u00d6c du nh\u00cbp ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, h\u00b5ng ho\u00b8 c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh v\u00b5 c\u00b8c t\u2212 b\u00b6n c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m tan r\u00b7 - m\u00b5 n\u00e3 kh\u00abng h\u00d2 mu\u00e8n \u00aei\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 - c\u00b8c truy\u00d2n th\u00e8ng v\u00b5 t\u00cbp qu\u00b8n gia tr\u2212\u00ebng. B\u00b6n th\u00a9n s\u00e8ng \u00a8n b\u00b8m v\u00b5 ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh b\u00e3c l\u00e9t, ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c l\u00b5m n\u00b6y n\u00eb nh\u00f7ng k\u00ce \u00a8n b\u00b8m kh\u00b8c v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng k\u00ce b\u00e3c l\u00e9t kh\u00b8c \u00ae\u00d3 ph\u00f4c v\u00f4 cho m\u00d7nh: b\u00e4n m\u00e8i l\u00b8i, b\u00e4n quan li\u00aau, b\u00e4n \u00b8p phe. C\u00b8C GIAI C\u00caP Khi tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i c\u00f2 b\u00de l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6, nhi\u00d2u vi\u00aan th\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00bem trong tay nh\u00f7ng trung \u00aeo\u00b5n c\u00cap t\u00d8nh. D\u00f9a v\u00b5o binh l\u00ddnh, h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 duy tr\u00d7 c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh v\u00b5 b\u00bbng c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e3 m\u00b5 bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh c\u00b8c t\u00aan phong ki\u00d5n trong ch\u00ddnh th\u00d3 c\u00e9ng ho\u00b5. C\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i nu\u00abi c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e9i qu\u00a9n \u00cay, v\u00f2 trang cho ch\u00f3ng v\u00b5 duy tr\u00d7 s\u00f9 t\u00e5n t\u00b9i c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng. C\u00b8c c\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c s\u00f6 d\u00f4ng nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00e9i qu\u00a9n \u00cay \u00ae\u00d3 th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n \u00fd ch\u00dd c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. Gi\u00edi qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t n\u00b5y l\u00b5 tai ho\u00b9 \u00ae\u00ddch th\u00f9c c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. B\u00e4n l\u00b7nh ch\u00f3a, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 b\u00e4n quan l\u00b9i, c\u00f2ng c\u00dfn l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng b\u00e3ng ma c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i Trung Qu\u00e8c ng\u00b5y x\u2212a, v\u00b5 c\u00f2ng c\u00dfn l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng con chong ch\u00e3ng, gi\u00e3 chi\u00d2u n\u00b5o xoay chi\u00d2u \u00cay, mi\u00d4n l\u00b5 b\u00e4n ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u2212\u00ebng l\u00eei. B\u00e4n n\u00b5y ho\u00b5 nh\u00cbp v\u00edi b\u00cat k\u00fa tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b9i n\u00b5o, v\u00b5 v\u00edi b\u00cat k\u00fa ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 n\u00b5o. Trong s\u00e8 b\u00e4n h\u00e4 c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng nh\u00a9n v\u00cbt kh\u00b6 k\u00ddnh m\u00b5 l\u00dfng d\u00f2ng c\u00b6m v\u00b5 s\u00f9 nh\u00a9n t\u00f5 c\u00f1a c\u00b8 nh\u00a9n h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b8ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec k\u00ddnh tr\u00e4ng.","470 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ngo\u00b9i l\u00d6. Nh\u00ea h\u00e4, Trung Qu\u00e8c c\u00e3 th\u00d3 t\u00f9 h\u00b5o r\u00bbng n\u00e3 c\u00e3 m\u00e9t gi\u00edi quan li\u00aau c\u00e6 x\u2212a nh\u00cat. Nh\u00f7ng k\u00ce gian gi\u00b6o kh\u00d0o h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9ng b\u00bbng c\u00b6 ng\u00dfi b\u00f3t, b\u00bbng c\u00b6 \u00ae\u00c7u l\u2212\u00eci, \u00ae\u00d2u l\u00b5 con ch\u00b8u c\u00f1a c\u00b8c ch\u00f3a \u00ae\u00cat ho\u00c6c l\u00b5 con ch\u00b8u c\u00f1a c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1 h\u00b9ng trung v\u00edi t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng th\u00a8ng quan ti\u00d5n ch\u00f8c r\u00cat m\u00b9nh m\u00cf. Song l\u00b9i kh\u00abng v\u2212\u00eet qu\u00b8 \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de c\u00f1a m\u00e9t ch\u00f8c c\u00e8 v\u00can khu ho\u00c6c t\u00d8nh. M\u00f4c ti\u00aau c\u00f1a h\u00e4 l\u00b5 c\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ch\u00e7 \u00cam \u00b8p \u00ae\u00e3 b\u00bbng m\u00e4i c\u00b8ch v\u00b5 m\u00e4i th\u00f1 \u00aeo\u00b9n. Gi\u00edi th\u2212\u00acng nh\u00a9n l\u00b5 giai c\u00cap m\u00edi \u00aeang ra \u00ae\u00eai m\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9o l\u00fd c\u00f1a n\u00e3 th\u00d7 v\u00f5a ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p, l\u00b9i v\u00f5a mang t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat tr\u00e9m c\u2212\u00edp. Ch\u00bec ch\u00ben l\u00b5 giai c\u00cap n\u00b5y l\u00cf ra kh\u00abng th\u00d3 ra \u00ae\u00eai \u00ae\u2212\u00eec, kh\u00abng ph\u00e5n th\u00denh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec n\u00d5u kh\u00abng c\u00e3 s\u00f9 th\u00a9m nh\u00cbp c\u00f1a t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c m\u00b5 v\u00d2 ph\u2212\u00acng di\u00d6n n\u00b5y th\u00d7 t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00cay l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai cha \u00ae\u00ec \u00ae\u00c7u v\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00c7y c\u00f1a n\u00e3. Nh\u2212ng, sau khi ra \u00ae\u00eai v\u00b5 tr\u2212\u00ebng th\u00b5nh, ph\u00c7n n\u00b5o n\u00e3 v\u00c9n c\u00b6m th\u00cay m\u00d7nh b\u00de ng\u2212\u00eai cha \u00ae\u00ec \u00ae\u00c7u \u00cay g\u00b9t b\u00e1, h\u00c7u nh\u2212 b\u00e3p ngh\u00d1t v\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh k\u00ce c\u00b9nh tranh v\u00edi n\u00e3, c\u00b6n \u00ae\u2212\u00eang kh\u00abng cho n\u00e3 ti\u00d5n l\u00aan th\u00cbt xa nh\u2212 n\u00e3 mong mu\u00e8n. \u00eb trong t\u2212 th\u00d5 nh\u2212 hi\u00d6n nay, Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 kh\u00abng th\u00d3 d\u00b5nh cho n\u00e3 m\u00e9t s\u00f9 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec n\u00b5o c\u00b6. V\u00b5 Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 mu\u00e8n c\u00e3 m\u00e9t t\u00c7ng l\u00edp kh\u00b8c xu\u00cat hi\u00d6n, h\u00efng m\u00b9nh h\u00acn, c\u00e3 s\u00f8c h\u00acn, c\u00e3 kh\u00b6 n\u00a8ng h\u00cbu thu\u00c9n cho Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 t\u00e8t h\u00acn. V\u00cby nh\u00ea c\u00cby v\u00b5o ai \u00ae\u00a9y? Nh\u00ea c\u00cby gi\u00edi qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t ch\u00a8ng? Nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng t\u00aan m\u00e3c ti\u00d2n v\u00ab \u00ae\u00e9 v\u00b5 ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n t\u00e1 ra b\u00cat l\u00f9c tr\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b9i bang. Tr\u00abng c\u00cby v\u00b5o qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng \u2212? B\u00b6n n\u00a8ng \u00fd th\u00f8c b\u00b6o th\u00f1 khuy\u00aan b\u00b6o b\u00e4n th\u2212\u00acng nh\u00a9n r\u00bbng, \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi ch\u00f3ng v\u00edi t\u2212 c\u00b8ch l\u00b5 b\u00e4n ng\u2212\u00eai \u00aei b\u00e3c l\u00e9t, ho\u00c6c c\u00e6 v\u00f2 b\u00e4n \u00aei b\u00e3c l\u00e9t, tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00acn h\u00d5t l\u00b5 h\u00b7y b\u00bbng c\u00b8ch n\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3 s\u00e8ng l\u00c7n h\u00e5i theo \\\"v\u00cbn may\\\", c\u00dfn h\u00acn l\u00b5 ch\u00aci v\u00edi th\u00f8 v\u00f2 kh\u00dd h\u00d5t s\u00f8c \u00ae\u00b8ng nghi ng\u00ea l\u00b5 s\u00f8c m\u00b9nh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng. H\u00e4 r\u00aci v\u00b5o t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng tuy\u00d6t v\u00e4ng gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c v\u00dfng lu\u00c8n qu\u00c8n m\u00b5 ch\u2212a nh\u00d7n th\u00cay l\u00e8i tho\u00b8t ra kh\u00e1i \u00ae\u00e3. \u00a7\u00f8ng gi\u00f7a hai m\u00bet x\u00ddch kh\u00e6ng l\u00e5 l\u00b5 b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n, nh\u00e3m \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00eb gi\u00f7a b\u00de \u00ae\u00c8y v\u00b5o t\u2212 th\u00d5 ti\u00aau vong d\u00c7n d\u00c7n, b\u00de ho\u00b5 tan l\u00f3c th\u00d7 v\u00b5o h\u00b5ng ng\u00f2 c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n, l\u00f3c th\u00d7 v\u00b5o h\u00b5ng ng\u00f2 giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n. Ng\u2212\u00eai ti\u00d3u s\u00eb h\u00f7u d\u00d4 c\u00e3","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 471 nguy c\u00ac b\u00de ng\u2212\u00eai s\u00eb h\u00f7u l\u00edn nu\u00e8t ch\u00f6ng nhi\u00d2u h\u00acn l\u00b5 t\u00f9 b\u00b6n th\u00a9n ng\u2212\u00eai ti\u00d3u s\u00eb h\u00f7u bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh ng\u2212\u00eai s\u00eb h\u00f7u l\u00edn. V\u00d7 v\u00cby, nh\u00e3m ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00b5y t\u00f9 ph\u00a9n t\u00b8n th\u00b5nh b\u00e9t v\u00b5 ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng b\u00de nghi\u00d2n nh\u00e1 th\u00b5nh b\u00f4i, ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng ph\u00b6i chuy\u00d3n giao c\u00ac nghi\u00d6p ho\u00c6c c\u00f6a hi\u00d6u b\u00d0 nh\u00e1 c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh cho m\u00e9t \u00abng ch\u00f1 v\u00f7ng v\u00b5ng h\u00acn anh ta, c\u00dfn b\u00b6n th\u00a9n anh ta th\u00d7 gia nh\u00cbp v\u00b5o gia \u00ae\u00d7nh v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00e8n \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6o, nh\u2212ng v\u00c9n c\u00dfn mang tinh th\u00c7n m\u00d5n kh\u00b8ch. Nh\u2212ng ng\u2212\u00eai ti\u00d3u s\u00eb h\u00f7u mang tinh th\u00c7n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i v\u00d7 l\u00fd do t\u00a9m l\u00fd m\u00b5 v\u00d7 t\u00cat y\u00d5u. D\u00dc nhi\u00aan, tinh th\u00c7n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a h\u00e4 mang t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat ti\u00d3u t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00b5 th\u00cam \u00ae\u2212\u00eem tinh th\u00c7n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca d\u00a9n t\u00e9c, ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 t\u00ddnh \u00abn ho\u00b5. T\u00a9m tr\u00b9ng \u00cay c\u00f1a c\u00b8c giai c\u00cap h\u00b9ng trung \u00ae\u00d2u th\u00cay bi\u00d3u hi\u00d6n t\u00b9i t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 n\u00f6a thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. C\u00b8c th\u00ee th\u00f1 c\u00abng b\u00de m\u00cat ngh\u00d2 do m\u00b8y m\u00e3c \u00ae\u2212\u00eec s\u00f6 d\u00f4ng, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ti\u00d3u n\u00abng b\u00de ph\u00b8 s\u00b6n do m\u00efa m\u00b5ng th\u00cat thu v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b6i \u00aeem b\u00b8n ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00abng nh\u00a9n kh\u00abng ki\u00d5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00b9o th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t t\u00c7ng l\u00edp \u00ae\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6o nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai s\u00e8ng lang thang. H\u00e4 \u00aei lang thang t\u00f5 t\u00d8nh n\u00b5y sang t\u00d8nh kh\u00b8c, t\u00f5 th\u00b5nh th\u00de v\u00d2 n\u00abng th\u00abn v\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eec tr\u00eb l\u00b9i. \u00a7\u00d3 kh\u00e1i b\u00de ch\u00d5t \u00ae\u00e3i, h\u00e4 nh\u00cbn l\u00b5m l\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b8nh thu\u00aa trong \u00ae\u00e9i qu\u00a9n c\u00f1a m\u00e9t vi\u00aan t\u00d8nh tr\u2212\u00ebng \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan m\u00b5 h\u00e4 g\u00c6p ho\u00c6c bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng t\u00aan c\u2212\u00edp. Nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00a9y xin n\u00e3i r\u00bbng c\u00e3 r\u00cat \u00ddt s\u00f9 kh\u00b8c bi\u00d6t gi\u00f7a nh\u00f7ng k\u00ce l\u00b5m l\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b8nh thu\u00aa v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng t\u00aan c\u2212\u00edp. M\u00e7i khi c\u00b8c nh\u00a9n v\u00cbt c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n \u00eb c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh c\u00c7n c\u00e3 qu\u00a9n l\u00ddnh, h\u00e4 thu g\u00e3p b\u00e4n c\u2212\u00edp l\u00b9i v\u00b5 b\u00bbng c\u00b8ch \u00cay b\u00e4n kia tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh \\\"qu\u00a9n ch\u00ddnh quy\\\". C\u00b6 hai lo\u00b9i ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u00d2u c\u00e3 h\u00b9i cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng. SINH VI\u00a3N Sinh vi\u00aan \u00ae\u00e3ng m\u00e9t vai tr\u00df h\u00d5t s\u00f8c quan tr\u00e4ng trong \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng n\u2212\u00edc Trung Hoa \u00aeang th\u00f8c t\u00d8nh, cho n\u00aan t\u00c7ng l\u00edp n\u00b5y ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec xem x\u00d0t ri\u00aang. M\u00c6c d\u00ef h\u00e4 xu\u00cat th\u00a9n l\u00b5 con ch\u00b8u c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n l\u00edn ho\u00c6c","472 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP nh\u00e1, nh\u2212ng h\u00e4 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00e6 v\u00f2 b\u00ebi nh\u00f7ng t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng m\u00edi \u00ae\u00c6c tr\u2212ng cho th\u00d5 h\u00d6 hi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00b9i. B\u00b7o t\u00b8p c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, th\u00d5 gi\u00edi b\u00de \u00ae\u00b6o l\u00e9n \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m cho \u00ae\u00c7u \u00e3c h\u00e4 tho\u00b8t kh\u00e1i nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00denh ki\u00d5n, c\u00b8c truy\u00d2n th\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00b8m r\u00d4 qu\u00b8 s\u00a9u v\u00b5o \u00fd th\u00f8c c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng. H\u00e4 c\u00b6m th\u00cay \u00aeau kh\u00e6 khi ph\u00b6i ch\u00f8ng ki\u00d5n s\u00f9 b\u00cat t\u00b5i c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng k\u00ce c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n, s\u00f9 d\u00e8t n\u00b8t c\u00f1a b\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t, t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng h\u00ccn y\u00d5u c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc, th\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e9 ng\u00b9o m\u00b9n c\u00f1a b\u00e4n ng\u2212\u00eai ngo\u00b9i bang, c\u00b6nh c\u00efng kh\u00e6 c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n. H\u00e4 c\u00e3 tinh th\u00c7n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00d7 h\u00e4 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec gi\u00b8c ng\u00e9 v\u00b5 l\u00dfng th\u2212\u00acng x\u00e3t \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b5o, n\u00d5u ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 th\u00d3 n\u00e3i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u2212 v\u00cby. H\u00e4 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng nh\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng duy t\u00a9m. H\u00e4 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai cu\u00e5ng nhi\u00d6t theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca Uynx\u00acn, nh\u2212ng H\u00dfa \u2212\u00edc V\u00d0cx\u00a9y \u00ae\u00b7 nh\u2212 g\u00b8o n\u2212\u00edc l\u00b9nh gi\u00e9i l\u00aan \u00ae\u00c7u h\u00e4, c\u00dfn cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Nga th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b7 chi\u00d5u r\u00e4i con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00ben cho h\u00e4 \u00aei. H\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u k\u00fc l\u2212\u00ecng h\u00e4c thuy\u00d5t c\u00f1a Kh\u00e6ng T\u00f6, h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng th\u00f6 nghi\u00d6m v\u00edi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca Uynx\u00acn v\u00b5 nh\u00ea k\u00d5t qu\u00b6 th\u00f6 nghi\u00d6m c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 nh\u00ea s\u00f9 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u s\u00a9u s\u00bec n\u00aan h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00d5n v\u00edi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c ho\u00c6c nh\u2212 b\u00b6n th\u00a9n h\u00e4 g\u00e4i l\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca L\u00aanin. H\u00e4 r\u00cat t\u00ddch c\u00f9c ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng. H\u00e4 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng nh\u00e3m c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng nh\u00cat v\u00b5 c\u00e3 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c nh\u00cat \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c. N\u00a4NG D\u00a2N V\u00d7 Trung Qu\u00e8c th\u00cbt ra l\u00b5 m\u00e9t n\u2212\u00edc n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p, n\u00aan h\u00acn 85% d\u00a9n c\u2212 s\u00e8ng \u00eb n\u00abng th\u00abn. C\u00e3 th\u00d3 ph\u00a9n h\u00e4 th\u00b5nh b\u00e8n lo\u00b9i: \u00ae\u00b9i \u00aei\u00d2n ch\u00f1, \u00aei\u00d2n ch\u00f1 h\u00b9ng trung, ti\u00d3u \u00aei\u00d2n ch\u00f1, b\u00c7n n\u00abng v\u00b5 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p. 1) \u00a7\u00b9i \u00aei\u00d2n ch\u00f1. Ph\u00c7n l\u00edn g\u00e5m nh\u00f7ng ch\u00f3a \u00ae\u00cat v\u00b5 c\u00b8c ph\u00c7n t\u00f6 qu\u00fd t\u00e9c c\u00f2. S\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng lo\u00b9i n\u00b5y c\u00e3 t\u00f5 250 \u00ae\u00d5n 300, m\u00e7i t\u00aan chi\u00d5m gi\u00f7 h\u00acn 10.000 m\u00c9u1); c\u00e3 g\u00c7n 30.000 h\u00e9 chi\u00d5m gi\u00f7 h\u00acn 1.000 m\u00c9u m\u00e7i h\u00e9, v\u00b5 c\u00e3 300.000 h\u00e9 chi\u00d5m gi\u00f7 h\u00acn 100 m\u00c9u m\u00e7i h\u00e9. _______________ 1) M\u00e9t m\u00c9u = 667 m\u00d0t vu\u00abng; 100 m\u00c9u = 6,6 ha hay 5,5 \u00ae\u00aaixiatin (TG).","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 473 2) \u00a7\u00dea v\u00de x\u00b7 h\u00e9i c\u00f1a c\u00b8c ti\u00d3u ch\u00f1, c\u00e3 t\u00f5 10 - 100 m\u00c9u th\u00d7 th\u00cbt ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p v\u00b5 bi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00e9ng. V\u00edi m\u00e9t s\u00e8 ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat t\u00f5ng \u00cay, ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00abng d\u00a9n c\u00e3 th\u00d3 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh k\u00ce b\u00e3c l\u00e9t, l\u00b9i c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 th\u00d3 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de b\u00e3c l\u00e9t: a\/ N\u00d5u gia \u00ae\u00d7nh kh\u00b8 \u00ae\u00abng ng\u2212\u00eai, c\u00e3 th\u00d3 d\u00efng s\u00f8c c\u00f1a b\u00b6n th\u00a9n \u00ae\u00d3 c\u00b5y c\u00cay, th\u00d7 anh ta thu\u00e9c lo\u00b9i trung gian; b\/ N\u00d5u gia \u00ae\u00d7nh kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00f1 \u00ae\u00abng th\u00d7 ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00abng d\u00a9n \u00cay ph\u00b6i ph\u00b8t canh m\u00e9t ph\u00c7n s\u00e8 ru\u00e9ng c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh v\u00b5 nh\u2212 th\u00d5 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh k\u00ce b\u00e3c l\u00e9t; c\/ N\u00d5u gia \u00ae\u00d7nh qu\u00b8 \u00ae\u00abng v\u00b5 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00f1 ru\u00e9ng cho t\u00f5ng \u00cay nh\u00a9n kh\u00c8u, th\u00d7 ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00abng d\u00a9n th\u2212\u00eang bu\u00e9c ph\u00b6i c\u00b5y c\u00cay th\u00aam ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00b8c ngo\u00b5i s\u00e8 ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, v\u00b5 nh\u2212 v\u00cby anh ta tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de b\u00e3c l\u00e9t. C\u00e3 g\u00c7n 44.000.000 h\u00e9 \u00eb v\u00b5o \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de nh\u2212 v\u00cby. 3) R\u00cat nhi\u00d2u n\u00abng d\u00a9n ngh\u00cco tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh c\u00b8c t\u00b8 \u00aei\u00d2n ho\u00c6c b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u nh\u00cbn c\u00cay r\u00cf. Ng\u2212\u00eai t\u00b8 \u00aei\u00d2n thu\u00aa ru\u00e9ng, tr\u00b6 m\u00e9t kho\u00b6n ti\u00d2n trong m\u00e9t th\u00eai gian nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh. V\u00b5o n\u00a8m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00efa, s\u00e8 l\u00b7i c\u00f1a anh ta c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng nhi\u00d2u, b\u00ebi v\u00d7 ch\u00f1 ru\u00e9ng bi\u00d5t r\u00e2 ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh v\u00b5 t\u00ddnh to\u00b8n ch\u00ddnh x\u00b8c c\u00b8c kho\u00b6n thu nh\u00cbp tr\u00aan s\u00e8 ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00e3. N\u00d5u m\u00cat m\u00efa th\u00d7 ng\u2212\u00eai t\u00b8 \u00aei\u00d2n ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n ph\u00b8 s\u00b6n, c\u00dfn ch\u00f1 \u00ae\u00cat th\u00d7 kh\u00abng b\u00de m\u00cat g\u00d7. V\u00edi h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c c\u00cay r\u00cf, ch\u00f1 \u00ae\u00cat thu \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00f5 40% \u00ae\u00d5n 50% s\u00b6n l\u2212\u00eeng c\u00f1a m\u00e7i v\u00f4 thu ho\u00b9ch. 4) C\u00abng nh\u00a9n n\u00abng nghi\u00d6p. Tr\u2212\u00edc kia ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 s\u00eb h\u00f7u ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c mang t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat h\u00d5t s\u00f8c manh m\u00f3n, m\u00e7i n\u00abng d\u00a9n, th\u00cbm ch\u00dd ngay c\u00b6 ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00abng d\u00a9n ngh\u00cco nh\u00cat, c\u00f2ng c\u00e3 m\u00e9t m\u00b6nh \u00ae\u00cat c\u00e1n con. Nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00d5n nay nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00abng c\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \\\"ngay c\u00b6 m\u00b6nh \u00ae\u00cat c\u00e1n con \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u00d3 c\u00bem d\u00efi\\\". \u00a7\u00e8i v\u00edi h\u00e4, \u00ae\u00abi b\u00b5n tay l\u00b5 ngu\u00e5n s\u00e8ng duy nh\u00cat. \u00a7\u00d3 ki\u00d5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec mi\u00d5ng c\u00acm, h\u00e4 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh ng\u2212\u00eai h\u00c7u h\u00b9 trong c\u00b8c gia \u00ae\u00d7nh ho\u00c6c tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00b5m theo m\u00efa. C\u00abng nh\u00a9n theo m\u00efa kh\u00abng c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00e5ng l\u2212\u00acng \u00e6n \u00ae\u00denh, c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng c\u00e3 vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m th\u2212\u00eang xuy\u00aan. Do v\u00cby, cu\u00e9c s\u00e8ng c\u00f1a h\u00e4 r\u00cat kh\u00e6 s\u00eb. Nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00edn tu\u00e6i m\u00e7i n\u00a8m ki\u00d5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00f5 20 \u00ae\u00d5n 30","474 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP pi\u00b8t1) k\u00ccm theo c\u00acm \u00a8n v\u00b5 ch\u00e7 \u00eb. C\u00dfn c\u00b8c tr\u00ce em l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c ch\u00a8n s\u00f3c v\u00cbt th\u00d7 m\u00e7i n\u00a8m ki\u00d5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00f5 3 \u00ae\u00d5n 5 pi\u00b8t. S\u00f9 x\u00a9m nh\u00cbp c\u00f1a t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng h\u00d5t s\u00f8c tai h\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00abng th\u00abn. N\u00d5p s\u00e8ng gia tr\u2212\u00ebng truy\u00d2n th\u00e8ng b\u00de ph\u00b8 h\u00f1y. B\u00de th\u00abi th\u00f3c b\u00ebi l\u00dfng h\u00b8m l\u00eei v\u00b5 b\u00ebi t\u00cam g\u2212\u00acng c\u00b8c ng\u2212\u00eai anh em c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u00eb th\u00b5nh th\u00de, \u00aei\u00d2n ch\u00f1 \u00eb n\u00abng th\u00abn c\u00f2ng ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng t\u00d7m c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e9c quy\u00d2n chi\u00d5m ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat. C\u00b8c c\u00abng ty khai th\u00b8c ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u00d7nh th\u00b5nh v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e9c chi\u00d5m \u00ae\u00d5n 300.000 m\u00c9u, l\u00b5m cho h\u00b5ng lo\u00b9t n\u00abng d\u00a9n b\u00de m\u00cat ru\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cat. N\u00a8m 1918 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 h\u00acn 15.500.000 n\u00abng d\u00a9n b\u00e1 th\u00abn x\u00e3m ra \u00aei v\u00d7 c\u00b6nh ngh\u00cco t\u00f3ng. N\u00b9n l\u00f4t l\u00e9i, m\u2212a b\u00b7o, \u00ae\u00e3i kh\u00b8t, ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t, t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng d\u00e8t n\u00b8t - t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng c\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5m cho t\u00d7nh c\u00b6nh c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00abng d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng tr\u00eb n\u00aan th\u00aa th\u00b6m h\u00acn. C\u00a4NG NH\u00a2N C\u00a8n c\u00f8 theo c\u00b8c s\u00e8 li\u00d6u th\u00e8ng k\u00aa th\u00d7 s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c l\u00aan \u00ae\u00d5n 5.056.000 ng\u2212\u00eai. G\u00c7n 15 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c t\u00cbp h\u00eep 300.000 th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan. C\u00b8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ph\u00a9n chia nh\u2212 sau: Ngh\u00d2 S\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng \u00a7\u2212\u00eec t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c l\u00b9i Th\u00ee \u00aei\u00d6n 100.000 5.000 L\u00b5m c\u00abng trong nh\u00b5 400.000 8.000 Th\u00ee may 300.000 7.000 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n m\u00e1 \u00ae\u00b8 300.000 8.000 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n m\u00e1 mu\u00e8i 300.000 Th\u00ee k\u00d0o xe 200.000 10.000 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n x\u2212\u00ebng in 10.000 Th\u00ee d\u00d6t 80.000 10.000 Th\u00ee c\u00bet t\u00e3c 180.000 10.000 200.000 14.000 _______________ 1) \u00a7\u00acn v\u00de ti\u00d2n t\u00d6 c\u00f1a m\u00e9t s\u00e8 n\u2212\u00edc T\u00a9y v\u00b5 Nam \u00b8; 1 pi\u00b8t = 1\/100 b\u00b6ng Anh (BT).","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 475 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n thu\u00e8c l\u00b8 100.000 18.000 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng 800.000 30.000 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n m\u00e1 420.000 26.000 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00bet 100.000 42.000 V\u00cbn t\u00b6i \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00bet 45.000 C\u00abng nh\u00a9n kim kh\u00dd 80.000 50.000 C\u00b8c lo\u00b9i kh\u00b8c 200.000 7.000 M\u00c6c d\u00ef ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh ch\u00a9u \u00a2u, giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c m\u00edi b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u th\u00cbt s\u00f9 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c l\u00b9i, nh\u2212ng n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00f8ng v\u00f7ng trong m\u00e9t s\u00e8 tr\u00cbn chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau, v\u00f5a ch\u00deu nh\u00f7ng th\u00cat b\u00b9i, v\u00f5a gi\u00b5nh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00beng l\u00eei. C\u00abng nh\u00a9n c\u00b8c ng\u00b5nh kim kh\u00dd, ho\u00b8 ch\u00cat v\u00b5 ng\u00b5nh bi\u00d3n lu\u00abn lu\u00abn t\u00e1 ra r\u00cat v\u00f7ng v\u00b5ng v\u00d2 ph\u2212\u00acng di\u00d6n t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00b5 tinh th\u00c7n s\u00bdn s\u00b5ng h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9ng. C\u00b8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00f1a h\u00e4 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t s\u00f8c m\u00b9nh th\u00f9c t\u00d5 m\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 b\u00b6n x\u00f8 ph\u00b6i t\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00d5n. Giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n c\u00e3 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c \u00ae\u2212a ra y\u00aau s\u00b8ch: 1) T\u00f9 do h\u00e9i h\u00e4p; 2) Quy\u00d2n b\u00b7i c\u00abng v\u00b5 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp c\u00b8c hi\u00d6p h\u00e9i; 3) Ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 ng\u00b5y lao \u00ae\u00e9ng 8 gi\u00ea d\u00b5nh cho ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00edn v\u00b5 ng\u00b5y lao \u00ae\u00e9ng 6 gi\u00ea d\u00b5nh cho thi\u00d5u ni\u00aan; 4) B\u00b6o v\u00d6 nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2n ch\u00f1 h\u00b9ng nh\u00e1; 5) C\u00cam lao \u00ae\u00e9ng th\u00aam gi\u00ea trong c\u00b8c ng\u00b5nh s\u00b6n xu\u00cat nguy hi\u00d3m; 6) C\u00cam lao \u00ae\u00e9ng ban \u00ae\u00aam \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 v\u00b5 tr\u00ce em; 7) Ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 ngh\u00d8 ph\u00d0p 2 tu\u00c7n, m\u00e7i n\u00a8m 2 l\u00c7n, c\u00e3 tr\u00b6 l\u2212\u00acng; Ngh\u00d8 8 tu\u00c7n l\u00d4 tr\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5 ngh\u00d8 8 tu\u00c7n l\u00d4 sau sinh con \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 l\u00b5m c\u00b8c c\u00abng vi\u00d6c n\u00c6ng nh\u00e4c; Ngh\u00d8 6 tu\u00c7n l\u00d4 tr\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5 6 tu\u00c7n l\u00d4 sau khi sinh con \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 l\u00b5m c\u00abng vi\u00d6c nh\u00d1. 8) Ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 ki\u00d3m so\u00b8t c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi vi\u00d6c thi h\u00b5nh b\u00b6o hi\u00d3m c\u00abng nh\u00a9n; 9) Nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc tr\u00ee c\u00cap cho c\u00b8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00d3 \u00b8p d\u00f4ng ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c ngo\u00b5i nh\u00b5 tr\u2212\u00eang cho c\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00edn tu\u00e6i.","476 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP LAO \u00a7\u00e9NG TR\u00ce EM 80 n\u00a8m v\u00d2 tr\u2212\u00edc, khi ch\u2212a x\u00b6y ra cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n, \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 ng\u00f9 tr\u00de ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 gia tr\u2212\u00ebng chuy\u00aan ch\u00d5. Sau cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh n\u00b5y (1840) ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c chi\u00d5n th\u00beng \u00ae\u00b7 thay th\u00d5 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 gia tr\u2212\u00ebng b\u00bbng ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p. Cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh s\u00e8ng m\u00b8i \u00ae\u00b7 di\u00d4n ra gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c s\u00b6n ph\u00c8m n\u00e9i \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 s\u00b6n ph\u00c8m nh\u00cbp n\u00e9i; c\u00e3 th\u00d3 d\u00d4 d\u00b5ng th\u00cay tr\u2212\u00edc k\u00d5t c\u00f4c cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh: s\u00f9 suy s\u00f4p c\u00f1a n\u00d2n c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p b\u00b6n x\u00f8 v\u00b5 s\u00f9 to\u00b5n th\u00beng c\u00f1a n\u00d2n s\u00b6n xu\u00cat c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c. C\u00b8c ngh\u00d2 th\u00f1 c\u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de gi\u00d5t ch\u00d5t. M\u00e9t s\u00e8 c\u00ac s\u00eb s\u00b6n xu\u00cat h\u00b9ng trung \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00b6 gan th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat l\u00b9i, t\u00cbp h\u00eep l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d3 ch\u00e8ng ngo\u00b9i bang. Nh\u2212ng cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh kh\u00abng c\u00a9n s\u00f8c, v\u00d7 v\u00cby n\u00d2n s\u00b6n xu\u00cat c\u00ac gi\u00edi ho\u00b5n h\u00b6o \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00abng g\u00c6p kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n l\u00bem \u00ae\u00d3 h\u00cat n\u00d2n c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p b\u00b6n x\u00f8 xu\u00e8ng v\u00f9c th\u00bcm. Sau khi \u00ae\u00b7 d\u00e4n ch\u00e7 cho m\u00d7nh b\u00bbng c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e3, t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c ch\u00d8 c\u00dfn m\u00e9t vi\u00d6c l\u00b5 xu\u00cat hi\u00d6n \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00d3 h\u2212\u00ebng s\u00f9 th\u00denh v\u2212\u00eeng. Kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i m\u00eai n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00d5n l\u00c7n th\u00f8 hai. B\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n b\u00b6n x\u00f8 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00c6t quan h\u00d6 \u00aam thu\u00cbn v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00b9n m\u00edi, nh\u2212ng trong b\u00f4ng ch\u00d8 hy v\u00e4ng c\u00e3 d\u00dep n\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3 tho\u00b8t kh\u00e1i nh\u00f7ng \u00abng b\u00b9n \u00cay. Nh\u2212ng h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00c7m to. Thay v\u00d7 d\u00dep may m\u00b5 h\u00e4 h\u00bbng mong \u00ae\u00eei, h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b6i nh\u00d7n th\u00cay b\u00b6n th\u00a9n m\u00d7nh b\u00de l\u00e9t kh\u00e8, m\u00e9t m\u00c6t - b\u00ebi b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ngo\u00b9i bang, m\u00c6t kh\u00b8c - b\u00ebi ch\u00ddnh b\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t n\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh. Cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi n\u00e6 ra. B\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y qu\u00b8 b\u00cbn r\u00e9n v\u00edi c\u00abng vi\u00d6c c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, n\u00aan kh\u00abng th\u00d3 quan t\u00a9m \u00ae\u00d5n v\u00efng Vi\u00d4n \u00a7\u00abng. Ch\u00f3ng gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng c\u00b8c th\u00de tr\u2212\u00eang v\u00b5 r\u00f3t c\u00b8c con t\u00b5u c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh ra kh\u00e1i c\u00b8c h\u00b6i c\u00b6ng Trung Qu\u00e8c. C\u00b8c m\u00c6t h\u00b5ng c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p tr\u00eb n\u00aan khan hi\u00d5m. T\u2212\u00ebng ch\u00f5ng cu\u00e8i c\u00efng th\u00d7 ng\u00abi sao v\u00cbn may \u00ae\u00b7 r\u00e4i s\u00b8ng \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00d2n c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p v\u00b5 c\u00b8c ngh\u00d2 th\u00f1 c\u00abng b\u00b6n x\u00f8. Ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00d7 l\u00eei d\u00f4ng s\u00f9 v\u00beng m\u00c6t c\u00f1a k\u00ce c\u00b9nh tranh \u00ae\u00b8ng nghi ng\u00ea c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00d3 m\u00eb c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y m\u00edi v\u00b5 c\u00b8c c\u00f6a h\u00b5ng m\u00edi. C\u00e3 ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b9i mu\u00e8n l\u00eei d\u00f4ng s\u00f9 non y\u00d5u v\u00b5 s\u00f9 thi\u00d5u kinh nghi\u00d6m c\u00f1a lo\u00b9i v\u00f5a n\u00e3i \u00eb tr\u00aan \u00ae\u00d3 kh\u00abi ph\u00f4c l\u00b9i nh\u00f7ng","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 477 c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de ph\u00b8 h\u00f1y c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh v\u00b5 t\u00d7m \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00f7ng kh\u00b8ch h\u00b5ng c\u00f2. Than \u00abi! \u00a7i\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 kh\u00abng h\u00acn g\u00d7 m\u00e9t gi\u00cac m\u00ac \u00ae\u00d1p. Nh\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 th\u00ee th\u00f1 c\u00abng ch\u00d8 v\u00f5a m\u00edi k\u00dep ch\u00f3c m\u00f5ng nhau l\u00b5 n\u00e7i th\u00cat v\u00e4ng chua ch\u00b8t \u00ae\u00b7 hi\u00d6n l\u00aan tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00e4. Cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh k\u00d5t th\u00f3c. B\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c l\u00b9i quay tr\u00eb l\u00b9i. V\u00b5 ch\u00f3ng tr\u00eb l\u00b9i v\u00edi s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng \u00ae\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6o h\u00acn, v\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212a ra nhi\u00d2u \u00ae\u00dfi h\u00e1i h\u00acn tr\u2212\u00edc. Ch\u00f3ng c\u00e8 g\u00beng kh\u00abng ch\u00d8 g\u00ec l\u00b9i nh\u00f7ng g\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de m\u00cat \u00aei \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c trong th\u00eai gian v\u00beng b\u00e3ng, m\u00b5 c\u00dfn mu\u00e8n g\u00ec l\u00b9i c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng g\u00d7 b\u00de m\u00cat \u00aei trong th\u00eai gian chi\u00d5n tranh \u00eb ch\u00a9u \u00a2u. C\u00f2ng h\u00d6t nh\u2212 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00f5ng c\u00e3 ngh\u00dca v\u00f4 ph\u00f4c v\u00f4 chi\u00d5n tranh, b\u00a9y gi\u00ea l\u00b9i c\u00e3 ngh\u00dca v\u00f4 ph\u00f4c h\u00e5i ch\u00ddnh qu\u00e8c. Trung Qu\u00e8c c\u00f2ng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c cho ch\u00a9u \u00a2u \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de ki\u00d6t qu\u00d6. N\u00d2n c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p b\u00b6n x\u00f8 \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de \u00ae\u00c6t l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, c\u00dfn c\u00b8c th\u00ee th\u00f1 c\u00abng th\u00d7 b\u00de l\u00b7ng qu\u00aan v\u00b5 \u00aei v\u00b5o \u00ae\u00aam t\u00e8i. Trong cu\u00e9c ch\u00aci tr\u00df \u00f3 tim \u00cay gi\u00f7a b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t l\u00b5 thi\u00d5u ni\u00aan, b\u00de r\u00aci v\u00b5o c\u00b6nh l\u00b5 k\u00ce ph\u00b6i l\u00e3t \u00ae\u00ec. S\u00e8 l\u00eei nhu\u00cbn m\u00b5 b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00f1 s\u00f8c b\u00dfn r\u00f3t do thi\u00d5u t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 do m\u00b8y m\u00e3c kh\u00abng ho\u00b5n h\u00b6o th\u00d7 b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n b\u00b6n x\u00f8 l\u00b9i b\u00bet ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00abng nh\u00a9n ph\u00b6i g\u00b8nh ch\u00deu. Do \u00ddt kinh nghi\u00d6m h\u00acn, \u00ddt c\u00e3 kh\u00b6 n\u00a8ng \u00ae\u00cau tranh v\u00b5 h\u00cbu qu\u00b6 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng thi\u00d5u ni\u00aan d\u00d4 b\u00de thu\u00cbn l\u00dfng l\u00b9i ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n n\u00bbm trong tay b\u00e4n ch\u00f1. Th\u2212\u00eang x\u00b6y ra t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng l\u00b5, c\u00f2ng c\u00efng l\u00b5m m\u00e9t c\u00abng vi\u00d6c trong c\u00efng m\u00e9t th\u00eai gian, nh\u2212ng c\u00b8c em thi\u00d5u ni\u00aan nh\u00cbn ti\u00d2n c\u00abng \u00ddt h\u00acn nhi\u00d2u so v\u00edi c\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00edn tu\u00e6i. N\u00d5u c\u00b8c em t\u00e1 \u00fd b\u00cat b\u00d7nh, th\u00d7 t\u00aan ch\u00f1 n\u00e3i v\u00edi h\u00e4: \\\"T\u00b9i sao ch\u00f3ng m\u00b5y, nh\u00f7ng k\u00ce kh\u00abng c\u00e3 s\u00f8c l\u00f9c v\u00b5 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 tay ngh\u00d2, l\u00b9i kh\u00abng c\u00b6m th\u00cay may m\u00ben m\u00e9t khi ch\u00f3ng m\u00b5y \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ng\u2212\u00eai ta cho mi\u00d5ng c\u00acm v\u00b5 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00d3 ch\u00d5t \u00ae\u00e3i \u00eb ngo\u00b5i ph\u00e8?\\\". Tr\u00aan th\u00f9c t\u00d5, b\u00e4n ch\u00f1 th\u00ddch s\u00f6 d\u00f4ng c\u00b8c em thi\u00d5u ni\u00aan l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai d\u00d4 cam ch\u00deu b\u00de b\u00e3c l\u00e9t m\u00b5 v\u00c9n ho\u00b5n th\u00b5nh c\u00efng m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00denh m\u00f8c c\u00abng vi\u00d6c. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh trong ng\u00b5nh s\u00b6n xu\u00cat l\u00f4a v\u00edi c\u00abng vi\u00d6c kh\u00abng ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p, c\u00dfn m\u00b8y m\u00e3c th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00acn gi\u00b6n, kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00dfi h\u00e1i ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 s\u00f8c v\u00e3c v\u00b5 tay ngh\u00d2.","478 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP B\u00bbng c\u00b8ch s\u00f6 d\u00f4ng lao \u00ae\u00e9ng tr\u00ce em, ch\u00f1 nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y ti\u00d5t ki\u00d6m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u. Th\u2212\u00eeng H\u00b6i l\u00b5 th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 \u00aei\u00d3n h\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00d3 nghi\u00aan c\u00f8u s\u00f9 b\u00e3c l\u00e9t lao \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ddt tu\u00e6i. \u00eb th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 n\u00b5y, c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n m\u00b9nh nh\u00cat v\u00b5 mang t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat hi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00b9i nh\u00cat so v\u00edi b\u00cat c\u00f8 n\u00aci n\u00b5o \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c. C\u00b8c ng\u00b5nh s\u00b6n xu\u00cat ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u l\u00b5: v\u00b6i s\u00eei, l\u00f4a v\u00b5 thu\u00e8c l\u00b8. S\u00e8 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c trong c\u00b8c ng\u00b5nh n\u00b5y l\u00aan \u00ae\u00d5n 200.000 ng\u2212\u00eai, trong \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 50% l\u00b5 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 v\u00b5 tr\u00ce em. Ti\u00d2n c\u00abng c\u00f1a 2 lo\u00b9i c\u00abng nh\u00a9n n\u00b5y r\u00cat th\u00cap, t\u00f5 10 \u00ae\u00d5n 20 xu\/ng\u00b5y. \u00a7\u00e9 d\u00b5i c\u00f1a ng\u00b5y lao \u00ae\u00e9ng l\u00b5 t\u00f5 12 gi\u00ea \u00ae\u00d5n 13 gi\u00ea. \u00a7\u00e9 tu\u00e6i trung b\u00d7nh c\u00f1a tr\u00ce em t\u00f5 7 \u00ae\u00d5n 14 tu\u00e6i. V\u00edi th\u00d3 ch\u00cat c\u00dfn non y\u00d5u, v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng c\u00ac quan c\u00f1a c\u00ac th\u00d3 c\u00dfn m\u00b6nh mai, c\u00b8c em \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b6i lao \u00ae\u00e9ng su\u00e8t nh\u00f7ng gi\u00ea l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c k\u00d0o d\u00b5i trong c\u00b8c c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng, trong nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n v\u00d6 sinh r\u00cat t\u00e5i t\u00d6. Su\u00e8t c\u00b6 ng\u00b5y, c\u00b8c em ph\u00b6i h\u00ddt th\u00eb v\u00b5o ph\u00e6i nh\u00f7ng m\u00efi n\u00e5ng n\u00c6c, kh\u00abng kh\u00dd h\u00abi th\u00e8i v\u00b5 b\u00f4i b\u00cbm. Sau m\u00e9t th\u00eai gian ng\u00ben lao \u00ae\u00e9ng t\u00b9i c\u00b8c c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng, s\u00f8c kho\u00ce nh\u00f7ng tr\u00ce em kh\u00e8n kh\u00e6 n\u00b5y b\u00de h\u00f1y ho\u00b9i v\u00ab ph\u2212\u00acng c\u00f8u ch\u00f7a, th\u00cbm ch\u00dd lao \u00ae\u00e9ng ban ng\u00b5y c\u00f2ng l\u00b5m cho m\u00d6t m\u00e1i. Nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m ban \u00ae\u00aam c\u00dfn t\u00e5i t\u00d6 h\u00acn; s\u00f9 m\u00d6t nh\u00e4c v\u00b5 t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng thi\u00d5u ng\u00f1 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c tra t\u00can th\u00f9c s\u00f9 \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi tr\u00ce em. S\u00f9 tra t\u00can \u00cay tr\u00eb n\u00aan kh\u00f1ng khi\u00d5p khi di\u00d4n ra 10 ng\u00b5y li\u00d2n. Tr\u00aan th\u00f9c t\u00d5, v\u00edi ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c 20 ng\u00b5y \u00ae\u00aam th\u00d7 tr\u00ce em ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m 10 ng\u00b5y ca ban ng\u00b5y v\u00b5 10 ng\u00b5y ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m theo ca \u00ae\u00aam. Nhi\u00d2u khi b\u00cat ch\u00cap c\u00b8c n\u00e7 l\u00f9c v\u00d7 b\u00de m\u00d6t nh\u00e4c qu\u00b8 s\u00f8c, c\u00b8c em \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b6i nh\u00bem nghi\u00d2n m\u00bet l\u00b9i. V\u00ab s\u00e8 tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00eep tai n\u00b9n \u00ae\u00b7 x\u00b6y ra v\u00d7 thi\u00d5u ng\u00f1. Trong ng\u00b5nh s\u00b6n xu\u00cat t\u00ac l\u00f4a, \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c th\u00cbt kinh t\u00ebm. Em g\u00b8i b\u00d0 nh\u00e1 l\u00b5m c\u00abng vi\u00d6c \\\"k\u00d0o t\u00ac\\\" ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00b6m \u00ae\u2212\u00acng 2 n\u00e5i ch\u00f8a \u00ae\u00c7y n\u2212\u00edc s\u00abi v\u00b5 ch\u00f8a m\u00e9t s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng k\u00d0n nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh. B\u00bbng 2 chi\u00d5c \u00ae\u00f2a nh\u00e1, ng\u2212\u00eai k\u00d0o t\u00ac xe nh\u00f7ng s\u00eei t\u00ac \u00ae\u2212\u00eec k\u00d0o ra t\u00f5 nh\u00f7ng k\u00d0n t\u00ac v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00c6t nh\u00f7ng s\u00eei t\u00ac \u00cay l\u00aan chi\u00d5c khung gu\u00e5ng. V\u00d7 lu\u00abn lu\u00abn c\u00e3 k\u00d0n t\u00ac b\u00de \u00ae\u00f8t qu\u00b7ng v\u00b5 s\u00eei t\u00ac b\u00de \u00ae\u00f8t n\u00aan ng\u2212\u00eai ta li\u00aan t\u00f4c ph\u00b6i n\u00e8i ch\u00f3ng l\u00b9i b\u00bbng 2 chi\u00d5c \u00ae\u00f2a. Nh\u2212 v\u00cby, m\u00e9t m\u00c6t, em g\u00b8i k\u00d0o t\u00ac b\u00de n\u00e3ng b\u00f8c do ng\u00e5i s\u00b8t n\u2212\u00edc s\u00abi b\u00e8c h\u00aci, v\u00b5 m\u00c6t kh\u00b8c, em l\u00b9i b\u00de l\u00b9nh","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 479 b\u00ebi lu\u00e5ng kh\u00abng kh\u00dd chuy\u00d3n \u00ae\u00e9ng t\u00f5 chi\u00d5c khung quay t\u00ddt. S\u00f9 \u00e5n \u00b5o \u00ae\u00d5n \u00aei\u00d5c tai c\u00f1a m\u00b8y m\u00e3c, r\u00e5i m\u00d6t nh\u00e4c do hai b\u00b5n tay ph\u00b6i li\u00aan t\u00f4c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng, h\u00aci n\u2212\u00edc, m\u00efi h\u00abi th\u00e8i \u00ae\u00d5n l\u00e9n m\u00f6a c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng chi\u00d5c k\u00d0n t\u00bbm \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00e8i r\u00f7a - t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng c\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec quy\u00d6n l\u00b9i v\u00edi nhau \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00b5m r\u00b7 n\u00b8t kh\u00abng th\u2212\u00acng x\u00e3t nh\u00f7ng s\u00eei d\u00a9y th\u00c7n kinh c\u00f1a c\u00ab th\u00ee b\u00d0 b\u00e1ng. Kh\u00abng h\u00d2 c\u00e3 qu\u00b9t gi\u00e3 th\u00abng h\u00aci, kh\u00abng h\u00d2 c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng thi\u00d5t b\u00de b\u00b6o h\u00e9 v\u00d6 sinh. M\u00efa h\u00cc c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 m\u00efa \u00ae\u00abng \u00ae\u00d2u n\u00e3ng b\u00f8c kh\u00abng th\u00d3 ch\u00deu n\u00e6i v\u00d7 b\u00c7u kh\u00abng kh\u00dd ng\u00e9t ng\u00b9t. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c c\u00f1a c\u00b8c em g\u00b8i \u00eb \u00ae\u00e9 tu\u00e6i t\u00f5 8 \u00ae\u00d5n 15 tu\u00e6i. B\u00f4i t\u00ac bay v\u00b5o mi\u00d6ng, v\u00b5o m\u00f2i l\u00b5m t\u00bec c\u00b6 l\u00e7 tai. C\u00b8c ng\u00e3n tay v\u00b5 m\u00c6t th\u2212\u00eang b\u00de t\u00cay \u00ae\u00e1 do n\u2212\u00edc b\u00c8n n\u00e3ng b\u00e1ng ch\u00b6y t\u00f5 c\u00b8c n\u00e5i n\u2212\u00edc. Nh\u2212ng ch\u2212a h\u00d5t. \u00a7\u00d3 \u00aei \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00aci l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c v\u00b5 sau \u00ae\u00e3 tr\u00eb v\u00d2 nh\u00b5, c\u00b8c em ph\u00b6i \u00aei b\u00e9 nhi\u00d2u kil\u00abm\u00d0t. R\u00cat \u00ddt khi \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ch\u00eb \u00aei b\u00bbng nh\u00f7ng chi\u00d5c xe ng\u00f9a b\u00d0 nh\u00e1 l\u00ccn c\u00b8c em nh\u2212 l\u00ccn c\u00b8 trong th\u00efng. C\u00b8c em ph\u00b6i \u00a8n v\u00b5o gi\u00f7a tr\u2212a (ho\u00c6c v\u00b5o n\u00f6a \u00ae\u00aam) \u00eb ngay t\u00b9i c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng, b\u00ebi v\u00d7 ng\u2212\u00eai ta kh\u00abng cho c\u00b8c em h\u2212\u00ebng 15 - 20 ph\u00f3t \u00ae\u00d3 \u00a8n u\u00e8ng. Kh\u00abng c\u00e3 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 gi\u00b6i lao, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 ngh\u00d8 h\u00bbng tu\u00c7n. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00eai c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u00f7 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n b\u00d0 nh\u00e1 kh\u00e8n kh\u00e6 \u00cay. T\u00f5 7 - 8 tu\u00e6i \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b6i lao \u00ae\u00e9ng m\u00e7i ng\u00b5y 12 - 13 gi\u00ea trong su\u00e8t c\u00b6 n\u00a8m, c\u00b8c em kh\u00abng c\u00dfn th\u00eai gian v\u00b5 kh\u00b6 n\u00a8ng \u00ae\u00d3 h\u00e4c t\u00cbp. C\u00b8c em h\u00c7u nh\u2212 nh\u00cat lo\u00b9t m\u00ef ch\u00f7, \u00aea s\u00e8 m\u00bec b\u00d6nh lao. V\u00b5 b\u00cat k\u00d3 t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng \u00aei\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3, c\u00b8c em v\u00c9n t\u00f9 coi m\u00d7nh l\u00b5 g\u00c6p may. T\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng ngh\u00cco kh\u00e6 qu\u00b8 gh\u00aa g\u00edm, s\u00e8 ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00cat nghi\u00d6p qu\u00b8 \u00ae\u00abng, khi\u00d5n cho ch\u00d8 ngh\u00dc \u00ae\u00d5n s\u00f9 m\u00cat vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00f1 \u00ae\u00d3 cho ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00f7 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n tr\u00ce tu\u00e6i kh\u00abng d\u00b8m \u00ae\u00cau tranh ho\u00c6c \u00ae\u00dfi h\u00e1i th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n nh\u00f7ng s\u00f9 c\u00b6i thi\u00d6n n\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3. B\u00e4n ch\u00f1 bi\u00d5t r\u00e2 \u00aei\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 v\u00b5 khai th\u00b8c n\u00e7i s\u00ee h\u00b7i c\u00f1a c\u00b8c em. Nh\u2212ng t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1920, c\u00b8c n\u00f7 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n nh\u00e1 tu\u00e6i, noi g\u2212\u00acng nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n nam l\u00edn tu\u00e6i, \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n m\u00e9t s\u00e8 cu\u00e9c b\u00b7i c\u00abng \u00ae\u00dfi t\u00a8ng l\u2212\u00acng. D\u00dc nhi\u00aan, phong tr\u00b5o n\u00b5y c\u00dfn ch\u2212a \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c t\u00e8t, l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o ch\u2212a t\u00e8t v\u00b5 b\u00de th\u00cat b\u00b9i. B\u00e4n ch\u00f1 c\u00e3 th\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e9 khoan dung \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3, coi \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 tr\u00df tr\u00ce con m\u00b5 th\u00abi.","480 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP C\u00b8c x\u2212\u00ebng d\u00d6t v\u00b5 c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00f2 kh\u00dd l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng x\u00dd nghi\u00d6p duy nh\u00cat \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch hi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00b9i. C\u00b8c em thi\u00d5u ni\u00aan trong c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p d\u00d6t chi\u00d5m 7% t\u00e6ng s\u00e8 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, t\u00b9i c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00f2 kh\u00dd c\u00b8c em chi\u00d5m 5%. C\u00b8c em \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ph\u00a9n th\u00b5nh 3 lo\u00b9i: h\u00e4c sinh h\u00e4c ngh\u00d2, th\u00ee b\u00b9n v\u00b5 lao c\u00abng. Lo\u00b9i h\u00e4c ngh\u00d2 lao \u00ae\u00e9ng 10 - 11 gi\u00ea\/ng\u00b5y, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec tr\u00b6 10 - 20 xu. Th\u00eai gian h\u00e4c ngh\u00d2 k\u00d0o d\u00b5i 2 - 3 n\u00a8m. Sau \u00ae\u00e3 h\u00e4 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh th\u00ee b\u00b9n. Th\u00ee b\u00b9n h\u2212\u00ebng ti\u00d2n c\u00abng nhi\u00d2u h\u00acn c\u00b8c em h\u00e4c ngh\u00d2, nh\u2212ng l\u00b9i \u00ddt h\u00acn so v\u00edi c\u00b8c c\u00abng nh\u00a9n th\u00f9c th\u00f4. Lo\u00b9i lao c\u00abng h\u2212\u00ebng ti\u00d2n c\u00abng b\u00bbng c\u00b8c em h\u00e4c ngh\u00d2, nh\u2212ng kh\u00abng c\u00e3 t\u2212\u00acng lai b\u00ebi v\u00d7 h\u00e4 s\u00cf kh\u00abng bao gi\u00ea tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh th\u00ee c\u00b6. Nh\u00d7n chung, ho\u00b5n c\u00b6nh c\u00f1a c\u00b8c em thi\u00d5u ni\u00aan - c\u00abng nh\u00a9n c\u00e3 t\u00e8t h\u00acn ho\u00b5n c\u00b6nh c\u00b8c em g\u00b8i trong ng\u00b5nh s\u00b6n xu\u00cat t\u00ac l\u00f4a. S\u00e8 gi\u00ea l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c c\u00f1a c\u00b8c em nam ng\u00ben h\u00acn v\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nhi\u00d2u t\u00f9 do h\u00acn, nh\u2212ng c\u00b8c em c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c l\u00b9i. Do \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc r\u00e9ng l\u00edn bao la v\u00b5 thi\u00d5u ph\u2212\u00acng ti\u00d6n \u00aei l\u00b9i, cho n\u00aan qu\u00b8 tr\u00d7nh n\u00d2n c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p ph\u00b8 hu\u00fb ngh\u00d2 th\u00f1 c\u00abng v\u00c9n ch\u2212a k\u00d5t th\u00f3c. \u00eb mi\u00d2n qu\u00aa xa x\u00abi kh\u00abng \u00eb g\u00c7n c\u00b8c con s\u00abng v\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00bet, d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng lu\u00abn lu\u00abn c\u00c7n \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b8c s\u00b6n ph\u00c8m \u00ae\u00dea ph\u2212\u00acng. Trong c\u00b8c v\u00efng \u00ae\u00e3, ngh\u00d2 th\u00f1 c\u00abng t\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00e8i ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00b9t, c\u00efng v\u00edi n\u00e3 l\u00b5 vi\u00d6c d\u00b9y ngh\u00d2. C\u00b8c nam n\u00f7 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n nh\u00e1 tu\u00e6i ph\u00c7n nhi\u00d2u l\u00b5 con c\u00b8i c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n th\u00b5nh th\u00de. M\u00e9t s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00b8ng k\u00d3 xu\u00cat th\u00a9n t\u00f5 n\u00abng th\u00abn; nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai trong s\u00e8 \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 theo h\u00e4c c\u00b8c tr\u2212\u00eang c\u00cap I, m\u00e9t s\u00e8 \u00ae\u00b7 h\u00e4c c\u00b8c tr\u2212\u00eang c\u00cap II - \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 con c\u00b8i c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ti\u00d3u ch\u00f1 \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh v\u00ab s\u00b6n. R\u00cat kh\u00e3 x\u00b8c \u00ae\u00denh con s\u00e8 ch\u00ddnh x\u00b8c c\u00b8c c\u00abng nh\u00a9n thi\u00d5u ni\u00aan, nh\u2212ng d\u00ef sao c\u00a8n c\u00f8 theo t\u00fb l\u00d6 ph\u00c7n tr\u00a8m, ta c\u00e3 th\u00d3 n\u00e3i r\u00bbng, trong c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p d\u00d6t c\u00e3 7% s\u00e8 c\u00b8c em \u00cay, trong c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00f2 kh\u00dd c\u00e3 5%, trong ng\u00b5nh t\u00ac l\u00f4a c\u00e3 25%, qua \u00ae\u00e3 ch\u00f3ng ta th\u00cay c\u00b8c em gi\u00f7 v\u00de tr\u00dd quan tr\u00e4ng nh\u2212 th\u00d5 n\u00b5o trong gia \u00ae\u00d7nh v\u00ab s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c. Trong c\u00b8c x\u2212\u00ebng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c t\u00e8t, c\u00b8c em h\u00e4c sinh c\u00dfn ki\u00d5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u00abi ch\u00f3t, trong khi \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00b8c em h\u00e4c sinh \u00eb n\u00abng th\u00abn kh\u00abng","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 481 nh\u00cbn \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u00e5ng n\u00b5o, m\u00b5 th\u00eai h\u00b9n h\u00e4c l\u00b9i k\u00d0o d\u00b5i h\u00acn. Trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m \u00ae\u00c7u c\u00b8c em kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u00e4c g\u00d7 c\u00b6, c\u00b8c em l\u00b5m c\u00b8c c\u00abng vi\u00d6c sai v\u00c6t, qu\u00d0t nh\u00b5, \u00ae\u00e8t l\u00df, g\u00b8nh n\u2212\u00edc, t\u00e3m l\u00b9i, l\u00b5m h\u00b5ng ngh\u00d7n c\u00abng vi\u00d6c trong nh\u00b5. \u00a7\u00abi khi \u00abng ch\u00f1 b\u00b6o h\u00e4c tr\u00df d\u00bet con c\u00b8i h\u00ben \u00aei d\u00b9o ch\u00aci nh\u2212 ng\u2212\u00eai h\u00c7u. Sau khi h\u00e4c xong, ng\u2212\u00eai h\u00e4c tr\u00df kh\u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec l\u00cbp t\u00f8c r\u00eai kh\u00e1i nh\u00b5 \u00abng ch\u00f1 c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. Theo t\u00f4c l\u00d6 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00a8n s\u00a9u, ng\u2212\u00eai h\u00e4c tr\u00df ph\u00b6i \u00eb l\u00b9i trong v\u00dfng 2 - 3 n\u00a8m \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00f3p vi\u00d6c c\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u2212\u00ebng c\u00abng, m\u00f8c ti\u00d2n c\u00abng do \u00abng ch\u00f1 t\u00efy \u00fd \u00can \u00ae\u00denh, t\u00efy theo \\\"l\u00dfng t\u00e8t\\\". M\u00edi \u00ae\u00a9y, \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00bet \u00ae\u00e1 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00c8y c\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c trong c\u00b8c ngh\u00d2 th\u00f1 c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00b6o v\u00d6 l\u00eei \u00ddch c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. Hi\u00d6n th\u00eai, \u00ae\u00a9y v\u00c9n c\u00dfn l\u00b5 m\u00e9t phong tr\u00b5o y\u00d5u \u00edt, v\u00b5 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00dfi h\u00e1i c\u00f1a n\u00e3 c\u00dfn r\u00cat \u00abn ho\u00b5. Ph\u00b6i th\u00cay r\u00bbng, c\u00abng nh\u00a9n thi\u00d5u ni\u00aan v\u00b5 c\u00b8c em h\u00e4c ngh\u00d2 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00b6m nh\u00cbn th\u00cay s\u00f9 ph\u00b8 s\u00b6n \u00aeang t\u00edi g\u00c7n c\u00f6a c\u00b8c x\u00dd nghi\u00d6p th\u00f1 c\u00abng, n\u00aan \u00ae\u00b7 d\u00c7n d\u00c7n r\u00eai b\u00e1 x\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00d3 v\u00b5o l\u00b5m t\u00b9i c\u00b8c x\u2212\u00ebng m\u00b8y. T\u00d7nh c\u00b6nh c\u00f1a lao \u00ae\u00e9ng tr\u00ce tu\u00e6i r\u00cat th\u00b6m h\u00b9i. H\u00e4 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 c\u00abng vi\u00d6c \u00e6n \u00ae\u00denh, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00e5ng l\u2212\u00acng t\u00b9m ph\u00b6i ch\u00a8ng, c\u00f2ng kh\u00abng c\u00e3 s\u00f9 b\u00b6o \u00ae\u00b6m cho t\u2212\u00acng lai. Khi c\u00e3 vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m th\u00d7 h\u00e4 c\u00dfn s\u00e8ng l\u00c7n h\u00e5i cho qua ng\u00b5y, nh\u2212ng khi kh\u00abng c\u00e3 vi\u00d6c l\u00b5m th\u00d7 l\u00a9m v\u00b5o c\u00b6nh ngh\u00cco \u00ae\u00e3i. Nh\u00f7ng con ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00abng nh\u00b5 \u00cay \u00aei lang thang trong c\u00b8c th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8, t\u00b9i c\u00b8c t\u00f4 \u00aei\u00d3m th\u2212\u00acng m\u00b9i v\u00b5 trang ho\u00b5ng nh\u00f7ng n\u00aci \u00ae\u00e3 b\u00bbng nh\u00f7ng m\u00b6nh qu\u00c7n \u00b8o r\u00b8ch n\u00b8t c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh v\u00b5 b\u00bbng t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c h\u00d7nh d\u00b8ng ngh\u00cco kh\u00e6, ph\u00aci b\u00b5y ra tr\u2212\u00edc m\u00bet ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t v\u00b5 giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n h\u00d7nh \u00b6nh s\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00d2 t\u00e9i \u00b8c c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng. THANH NI\u00a3N TRUNG QU\u00e8C V\u00b5 \u00a7\u00eaI S\u00e8NG C\u00f1A H\u00e4 C\u00f2ng nh\u2212 thanh ni\u00aan c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c, thanh ni\u00aan Trung Qu\u00e8c ch\u00deu \u00ae\u00f9ng g\u00b8nh n\u00c6ng h\u00cbu qu\u00b6 c\u00f1a ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 t\u2212 b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca v\u00b5 qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t. V\u00edi s\u00f9 ngh\u00cco n\u00b5n tinh th\u00c7n, s\u00f9 th\u00ab b\u00d8 v\u00b5 v\u00ab s\u00d8, b\u00cat ch\u00cap nh\u00f7ng ph\u00c8m gi\u00b8 ti\u00aau bi\u00d3u cho t\u00cat c\u00b6 nh\u00f7ng t\u00aan tay sai c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212","482 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP b\u00b6n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec trang ho\u00b5ng b\u00bbng c\u00b8c t\u2212\u00edc hi\u00d6u, b\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t Trung Qu\u00e8c kh\u00abng c\u00e3 m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch, c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai anh em c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng \u00eb ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y, ch\u00f3ng kh\u00abng th\u00d3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u2212\u00ebng s\u00f9 tha th\u00f8. B\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y ch\u00dd \u00ddt c\u00dfn bi\u00d5t r\u00bbng, ch\u00f3ng t\u00b5n s\u00b8t thanh ni\u00aan v\u00ab s\u00b6n n\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00b6o v\u00d6 t\u00f3i ti\u00d2n c\u00f1a b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n, ho\u00c6c nh\u00bbm m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch chinh ph\u00f4c c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, duy tr\u00d7 l\u00eei \u00ddch kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n l\u00b5 giai c\u00cap c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng. B\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00c8y m\u00e9t s\u00e8 thanh ni\u00aan Trung Qu\u00e8c n\u00b5y \u00aei gi\u00d5t h\u00b9i nh\u00f7ng thanh ni\u00aan Trung Qu\u00e8c kh\u00b8c nh\u00bbm ph\u00f4c v\u00f4 l\u00eei \u00ddch c\u00f1a b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n ngo\u00b9i qu\u00e8c m\u00b5 ch\u00f3ng ph\u00f4c t\u00efng. B\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t \u00cay th\u00cbm ch\u00dd kh\u00abng t\u00d7m \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b8c chi\u00aau b\u00b5i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca s\u00abvanh v\u00b5 b\u00b6o v\u00d6 giai c\u00cap m\u00d7nh. C\u00f2ng c\u00c7n n\u00e3i th\u00aam r\u00bbng, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 \u00eb n\u00aci n\u00b5o m\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00ddnh l\u00b9i b\u00de \u00ae\u00e8i x\u00f6 t\u00e5i t\u00d6 nh\u2212 th\u00d5 v\u00b5 b\u00de m\u00cat quy\u00d2n nh\u2212 \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c. Nh\u2212 ch\u00f3ng ta \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00cay, c\u00e3 l\u00cf t\u00d7nh c\u00b6nh c\u00f1a h\u00e4c sinh \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c th\u00cbm ch\u00dd c\u00dfn t\u00e5i t\u00d6 h\u00acn nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai anh em c\u00f1a h\u00e4 \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c. B\u00aan c\u00b9nh ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 qu\u00a9n d\u00dech v\u00b5 h\u00e4c ngh\u00d2, c\u00dfn c\u00e3 t\u00abn gi\u00b8o v\u00b5 n\u00d2n h\u00e4c v\u00can t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng \u00fd th\u00f8c gi\u00b6 d\u00e8i c\u00f1a n\u00e3. Ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 t\u2212 b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m thanh ni\u00aan b\u00de bi\u00d5n d\u00b9ng v\u00d2 ph\u2212\u00acng di\u00d6n tinh th\u00c7n v\u00b5 v\u00cbt ch\u00cat, khi thanh ni\u00aan ch\u2212a k\u00dep ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n. C\u00dfn v\u00d2 gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c th\u00d7 quy t\u00bec chung l\u00b5: tr\u00ce em \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u00e4c h\u00b5nh t\u00efy theo m\u00f8c s\u00e8ng v\u00cbt ch\u00cat c\u00f1a b\u00e8 m\u00d1. N\u00d5u b\u00e8 m\u00d1 gi\u00b5u c\u00e3, con c\u00b8i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u00e4c h\u00b5nh chu \u00ae\u00b8o. N\u00d5u b\u00e8 m\u00d1 ngh\u00cco, con c\u00b8i ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n th\u00cat h\u00e4c. Nh\u2212 v\u00cby, con c\u00b8i giai c\u00cap \u00ae\u00b9i t\u2212 s\u00b6n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ra n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i \u00a8n h\u00e4c. Khi ch\u00f3ng tr\u00eb v\u00d2 T\u00e6 qu\u00e8c v\u00edi t\u00cat c\u00b6 h\u00b5nh trang khoa h\u00e4c c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, th\u00d7 ch\u00f3ng gi\u00f7 nh\u00f7ng c\u2212\u00acng v\u00de quan tr\u00e4ng trong c\u00b8c c\u00ac quan ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de v\u00b5 kinh t\u00d5 c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc. Con c\u00b8i c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n h\u00b9ng trung \u00ae\u2212\u00eec h\u00e4c h\u00b5nh r\u00cat chu \u00ae\u00b8o khi\u00d5n cho ch\u00f3ng c\u00e3 th\u00d3 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai lao \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de t\u00e8t v\u00b5 l\u00b5m c\u00b8c ngh\u00d2 t\u00f9 do. Sau khi t\u00e8t nghi\u00d6p c\u00b8c tr\u2212\u00eang c\u00cap I v\u00b5 c\u00cap II, con em c\u00f1a c\u00b8c ti\u00d3u ch\u00f1, do kh\u00abng c\u00e3 ti\u00d2n, n\u00aan kh\u00abng th\u00d3","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 483 ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c ti\u00d5n l\u00aan c\u00b8c n\u00cac ki\u00d5n th\u00f8c cao h\u00acn. H\u00e4 bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng vi\u00aan ch\u00f8c h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh, c\u00b8c ch\u00f1 ti\u00d6m bu\u00abn \u00eb n\u00abng th\u00abn v\u00b5 v.v.. \u00a7\u00abi khi h\u00e4 \u00aei t\u00d7m v\u00cbn may trong qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i. \\\"Con vua th\u00d7 l\u00b9i l\u00b5m vua, con s\u00b7i \u00eb ch\u00efa l\u00b9i qu\u00d0t l\u00b8 \u00aea\\\" - C\u00a9u t\u00f4c ng\u00f7 \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00e3i nh\u2212 v\u00cby. M\u00c6c d\u00ef h\u00d5t s\u00f8c mong mu\u00e8n, nh\u2212ng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 b\u00c7n n\u00abng kh\u00abng th\u00d3 g\u00f6i con em m\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00d5n tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. N\u00d5u nh\u2212 h\u00e4 l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00aei\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 th\u00d7 c\u00f2ng ch\u00d8 l\u00b5m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00e9t ho\u00c6c hai n\u00a8m, kh\u00abng th\u00d3 l\u00a9u h\u00acn \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. T\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng ngh\u00cco \u00ae\u00e3i \u00ae\u00cc h\u00e4 xu\u00e8ng nh\u2212 nh\u00f7ng g\u00e4ng k\u00d7m. V\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng tr\u00ce em n\u00b5o ch\u00cbt v\u00cbt l\u00bem m\u00edi h\u00e4c \u00ae\u00b8nh v\u00c7n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u00abi ba ch\u00f7 th\u00d7 l\u00b9i ghi t\u00aan v\u00b5o l\u00b5m t\u00b9i c\u00b8c x\u2212\u00ebng ho\u00c6c ra l\u00b5m \u00eb ngo\u00b5i \u00ae\u00e5ng ru\u00e9ng. PHONG TR\u00b5O THANH NI\u00a3N C\u00f2ng nh\u2212 phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, phong tr\u00b5o thanh ni\u00aan Trung Qu\u00e8c ra \u00ae\u00eai v\u00b5o cu\u00e8i chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, hay n\u00e3i \u00ae\u00f3ng h\u00acn, t\u00f5 khi H\u00dfa \u2212\u00edc V\u00d0cx\u00a9y \u00ae\u2212\u00eec k\u00fd k\u00d5t. Phong tr\u00b5o n\u00b5y ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n kh\u00b8c phong tr\u00b5o thanh ni\u00aan \u00eb ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y. Phong tr\u00b5o thanh ni\u00aan \u00eb ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u t\u00cbp h\u00eep thanh ni\u00aan n\u00abng th\u00abn v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c, phong tr\u00b5o thanh ni\u00aan ch\u00d8 t\u00cbp h\u00eep sinh vi\u00aan. \u00eb ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y, thanh ni\u00aan n\u00abng th\u00abn c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 thanh ni\u00aan th\u00b5nh th\u00de \u00ae\u00d2u \u00ae\u00cau tranh v\u00d7 nh\u00f7ng nguy\u00aan nh\u00a9n kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 ch\u00e8ng b\u00e4n qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t, b\u00ebi v\u00d7 tr\u00aan c\u00ac s\u00eb \u00ae\u00e3, l\u00eei \u00ddch c\u00f1a h\u00e4 tr\u00efng h\u00eep v\u00edi nhau. C\u00dfn \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c, tr\u00f5 m\u00e9t v\u00b5i ngo\u00b9i l\u00d6 h\u00b7n h\u00f7u, cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh l\u00b9i do thanh ni\u00aan tr\u00dd th\u00f8c ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh. Cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh n\u00b5y th\u2212\u00eang mang t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de nhi\u00d2u h\u00acn t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat kinh t\u00d5, h\u00acn n\u00f7a, nh\u00f7ng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cau tranh \u00cay ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u nh\u00bbm ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t phong ki\u00d5n. S\u00f9 kh\u00b8c nhau n\u00b5y c\u00e3 th\u00d3 gi\u00b6i th\u00ddch \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. T\u00b9i c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y, n\u00aci ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n h\u00acn, n\u00d2n gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c mang t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n h\u00acn. Thanh ni\u00aan c\u00abng nh\u00a9n ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n h\u00acn v\u00b5 quen \u00ae\u00cau tranh h\u00acn. N\u00e3 c\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec kinh nghi\u00d6m - \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 di s\u00b6n c\u00f1a c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c c\u00e6 \u00ae\u00b9i. C\u00dfn \u00eb","484 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Trung Qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n c\u00dfn non tr\u00ce. C\u00abng nh\u00a9n quen v\u00edi l\u00e8i s\u00e8ng ki\u00d3u ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 gia tr\u2212\u00ebng. S\u00f9 h\u00e4c h\u00b5nh ch\u00d8 h\u00b9n ch\u00d5 \u00eb m\u00e9t s\u00e8 \u00ddt con c\u00b8i c\u00b8c t\u00c7ng l\u00edp c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00c6c quy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00c6c l\u00eei. \u00a7a s\u00e8 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n kh\u00abng bi\u00d5t ch\u00f7 v\u00b5 b\u00de t\u00b8ch kh\u00e1i phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n to\u00b5n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. H\u00e4 b\u00de \u00aeau kh\u00e6, h\u00e4 nh\u00d7n th\u00cay r\u00e2 t\u00cat c\u00b6 t\u00d7nh c\u00b6nh kh\u00e8n kh\u00e3 c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. Nh\u2212ng h\u00e4 kh\u00abng bi\u00d5t, do \u00ae\u00a9u m\u00b5 h\u00e4 b\u00de ngh\u00cco kh\u00e6 v\u00b5 b\u00bbng c\u00b8ch n\u00b5o tho\u00b8t kh\u00e1i t\u00d7nh tr\u00b9ng \u00ae\u00e3. Ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 t\u00c7ng l\u00edp sinh vi\u00aan l\u00b5 c\u00e3 th\u00d3 nghe th\u00cay nh\u00f7ng h\u00e5i \u00a9m c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00eb ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y. Ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 h\u00e4 m\u00edi c\u00e3 th\u00d3 nh\u00d7n th\u00cay, suy ng\u00c9m, so s\u00b8nh v\u00b5 hi\u00d3u \u00ae\u2212\u00eec v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2. V\u00d7 v\u00cby, h\u00e4 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan tham gia \u00ae\u00cau tranh. M\u00c6t kh\u00b8c, sinh vi\u00aan kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i ch\u00deu nh\u00f7ng thi\u00d5u th\u00e8n v\u00d2 v\u00cbt ch\u00cat nh\u2212 ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. Do v\u00cby, h\u00e4 ph\u00b8t \u00ae\u00e9ng tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t v\u00b5 ch\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. Kinh nghi\u00d6m ch\u00d8 cho h\u00e4 th\u00cay r\u00bbng, ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c l\u00b5 ngu\u00e5n g\u00e8c c\u00f1a t\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00e4i c\u00a8n b\u00d6nh m\u00b5 ch\u00d8 c\u00e3 s\u00f9 th\u00f8c t\u00d8nh c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n m\u00edi ch\u00f7a kh\u00e1i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. H\u00e4 y\u00aau t\u00f9 do v\u00b5 trung th\u00f9c, h\u00e4 ki\u00aan quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00cau tranh v\u00d7 s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. Trong t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c c\u00e6 \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00b5 bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh g\u00c7n \u00ae\u00a9y, sinh vi\u00aan \u00ae\u00b7 d\u00b5nh v\u00de tr\u00dd to l\u00edn cho c\u00b8c y\u00aau s\u00b8ch c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. Tr\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00a9y \u00eb t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc, trong th\u00eai k\u00fa tr\u2212\u00edc c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, ch\u00f3ng ta th\u00cay tr\u00dd th\u00f8c \u00ae\u00b6m nh\u00cbn vai tr\u00df ti\u00d2n phong, m\u00b7i cho \u00ae\u00d5n khi t\u00f9 b\u00b6n th\u00a9n ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb n\u00aan gi\u00b8c ng\u00e9 h\u00acn v\u00b5 c\u00e3 h\u00e4c v\u00can h\u00acn, \u00ae\u00f1 s\u00f8c lo li\u00d6u cho v\u00cbn m\u00d6nh c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh. Khi \u00cay, t\u00c7ng l\u00edp tr\u00dd th\u00f8c th\u00cbt s\u00f9 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng s\u00cf t\u00f9 h\u00dfa nh\u00cbp v\u00b5 \u00aei v\u00b5o phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. Khi m\u00edi ra \u00ae\u00eai, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c t\u00f9 \u00ae\u00c6t t\u00aan cho m\u00d7nh l\u00b5 \\\"Li\u00aan \u00aeo\u00b5n Thanh ni\u00aan x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca\\\". N\u00e3 bao g\u00e5m t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c khuynh h\u2212\u00edng v\u00b5 t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c s\u00bec th\u00b8i. Trong \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 c\u00b6 ph\u00b8i v\u00ab ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, ph\u00b8i c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, ph\u00b8i R\u00f3tx\u00ab, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai \u00aei theo C\u00b8c M\u00b8c. S\u00f9 pha tr\u00e9n nh\u2212 v\u00cby c\u00b8c khuynh h\u2212\u00edng kh\u00b8c nhau \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00abng th\u00d3 k\u00d0o d\u00b5i l\u00a9u \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. Ng\u2212\u00eai ta tranh c\u00b7i nhi\u00d2u, nh\u2212ng kh\u00abng l\u00b5m g\u00d7 c\u00b6. K\u00d5t c\u00f4c l\u00b5, h\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00b8ch kh\u00e1i nhau.","Trung qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan trung qu\u00e8c 485 Nh\u00e3m m\u00b8cx\u00ddt l\u00b5 nh\u00e3m duy nh\u00cat c\u00dfn t\u00e5n t\u00b9i v\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c l\u00b9i. T\u00f5 \u00ae\u00e3 n\u00e3 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng th\u00cbt s\u00f9, d\u00b5nh m\u00e4i s\u00f8c m\u00b9nh cho t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c m\u00d7nh, v\u00b5 cho vi\u00d6c gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c thanh ni\u00aan n\u00abng d\u00a9n v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. V\u00b5o th\u00b8ng 5-1919, ng\u2212\u00eai ta th\u00cay r\u00e2 l\u00b5, Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n kh\u00abng mu\u00e8n tr\u00b6 Thanh \u00a7\u00b6o cho Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b9i di\u00d6n c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00eb H\u00e9i ngh\u00de ho\u00b5 b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00b7 do d\u00f9 trong vi\u00d6c k\u00fd t\u00aan v\u00b5o H\u00dfa \u2212\u00edc V\u00d0cx\u00a9y. Khi \u00cay, t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c sinh vi\u00aan Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00e6 ra \u00ae\u2212\u00eang ph\u00e8. H\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00e8t c\u00b8c dinh th\u00f9 c\u00f1a ba vi\u00aan b\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n, ch\u00c6n \u00ae\u2212\u00eang m\u00e9t vi\u00aan b\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng \u00ae\u00e3 v\u00b5 ch\u00d8 sau khi \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b8nh cho nh\u00f5 t\u00f6 m\u00edi bu\u00abng tha. Thanh ni\u00aan trong to\u00b5n Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 noi theo t\u00cam g\u2212\u00acng c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u00eb B\u00bec Kinh, v\u00b5 cu\u00e9c bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00b7 lan r\u00e9ng ra to\u00b5n qu\u00e8c. H\u00e4 \u00ae\u00b7 g\u00f6i c\u00b8c b\u00f8c \u00aei\u00d6n \u00ae\u00d5n Pari thuy\u00d5t ph\u00f4c \u00ae\u00b9i di\u00d6n c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00f5ng k\u00fd v\u00b5o b\u00b6n h\u00dfa \u2212\u00edc chia c\u00bet n\u00b5y. H\u00e4 \u00ae\u00dfi tri\u00d6u h\u00e5i l\u00cbp t\u00f8c ba b\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng ph\u00b6n b\u00e9i, \u00ae\u2212a y\u00aau s\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00dfi th\u00b6 c\u00b8c sinh vi\u00aan b\u00de b\u00bet trong th\u00eai gian c\u00e3 bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh, tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 t\u00c8y chay h\u00b5ng ho\u00b8 c\u00f1a Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n. H\u00e4 h\u00d5t s\u00f8c nhi\u00d6t th\u00b5nh, v\u00b5 phong tr\u00b5o r\u00cat ki\u00aan c\u2212\u00eang, v\u00d7 v\u00cby \u00ae\u00b7 nhanh ch\u00e3ng \u00aeem l\u00b9i k\u00d5t qu\u00b6. C\u00b6 ba b\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng b\u00de tri\u00d6u h\u00e5i, \u00ae\u00b9i di\u00d6n Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00abng ch\u00deu k\u00fd v\u00b5o b\u00b6n h\u00dfa \u2212\u00edc, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de b\u00bet gi\u00f7 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00b6 ra. Cu\u00e9c t\u00c8y chay h\u00b5ng ho\u00b8 Nh\u00cbt B\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb n\u00aan r\u00e9ng kh\u00bep. Sau th\u00b5nh c\u00abng n\u00b5y, anh em sinh vi\u00aan \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00cbt s\u00f9 \u00aei v\u00b5o h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00cau tranh. Nh\u00bbm truy\u00d2n b\u00b8 c\u00b8c t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng ti\u00aan ti\u00d5n, ng\u2212\u00eai ta \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00cbp ra c\u00b8c c\u00a9u l\u00b9c b\u00e9 tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c, v\u00a8n h\u00e4c v\u00b5 ngh\u00d6 s\u00dc; l\u00cbp ra h\u00e9i li\u00aan hi\u00d6p t\u00cbp h\u00eep h\u00b5ng v\u00b9n sinh vi\u00aan. Nh\u00f7ng sinh vi\u00aan ti\u00aan ti\u00d5n nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00b7 quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00denh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng h\u00e3a sinh ho\u00b9t truy\u00d2n th\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00c7y t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat \u00f1y m\u00de c\u00f1a gi\u00edi sinh vi\u00aan Trung Qu\u00e8c. H\u00e4 l\u00cbp ra c\u00b8c nh\u00e3m m\u00b5 t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan trong \u00ae\u00e3 ph\u00b6i l\u00b5m c\u00abng vi\u00d6c ch\u00a9n tay m\u00e7i ng\u00b5y 3 - 4 gi\u00ea. C\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u sinh vi\u00aan ra n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i \u00ae\u00d3 ban ng\u00b5y l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c, c\u00dfn ban \u00ae\u00aam h\u00e4c h\u00b5nh. H\u00e4 t\u00f9 ki\u00d5m ti\u00d2n \u00ae\u00d3 s\u00e8ng v\u00b5 kh\u00abng nh\u00ea \u00ae\u00d5n s\u00f9 h\u00e7 tr\u00ee v\u00cbt ch\u00cat c\u00f1a gia \u00ae\u00d7nh, c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 c\u00f1a Nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc. L\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng \u00ae\u00b8ng ch\u00f3 \u00fd v\u00d2 s\u00f8c m\u00b9nh v\u00b5 v\u00d2 s\u00e8 l\u2212\u00eeng, sinh vi\u00aan th\u2212\u00eang hay can d\u00f9 v\u00b5o c\u00b8c v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de v\u00b5 x\u00b7 h\u00e9i."]