Hồ Chí Minh toàn tập - Tập 2

["586 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP trinh s\u00b8t v\u00b5 ph\u00b6i xem l\u00b5 c\u00ac s\u00eb c\u00f1a k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch t\u00b8c chi\u00d5n. Lu\u00e5ng tin t\u00f8c th\u2212\u00eang xuy\u00aan c\u00f1a t\u00d7nh b\u00b8o v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00e8i ph\u2212\u00acng l\u00b5 m\u00e9t y\u00aau c\u00c7u c\u00ac b\u00b6n trong chi\u00d5n tranh du k\u00ddch. Tr\u2212\u00edc m\u00e7i cu\u00e9c t\u00b8c chi\u00d5n, c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n s\u00dc du k\u00ddch c\u00c7n ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng hi\u00d3u bi\u00d5t \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t v\u00d2 m\u00f4c ti\u00aau, ph\u00b6i ch\u00f3 \u00fd t\u00edi nh\u00f7ng chi ti\u00d5t c\u00f9c k\u00fa nh\u00e1 b\u00d0. T\u00b5i li\u00d6u ti\u00d5ng Anh, l\u2212u t\u00b9i Vi\u00d6n H\u00e5 Ch\u00dd Minh.","587 CH\u00f3 TH\u00ddCH V\u00b5 B\u00b6N CH\u00d8 D\u00c9N T\u00a3N NG\u00a6\u00eaI","588 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP","589 CH\u00f3 TH\u00ddCH 1. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 N\u00abng d\u00a9n: M\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n nh\u00bbm \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t r\u00e9ng r\u00b7i giai c\u00cap n\u00abng d\u00a9n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi trong cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 N\u00abng d\u00a9n h\u00e4p H\u00e9i ngh\u00de l\u00c7n th\u00f8 nh\u00cat th\u00b8ng 10-1923, t\u00b9i M\u00b8txc\u00acva. V\u00edi t\u2212 c\u00b8ch l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u n\u00abng d\u00a9n c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 tham d\u00f9 H\u00e9i ngh\u00de v\u00b5 ph\u00b8t bi\u00d3u \u00fd ki\u00d5n. T\u00b9i H\u00e9i ngh\u00de, Ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00c7u l\u00b5m U\u00fb vi\u00aan \u00a7o\u00b5n Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech H\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e5ng Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 N\u00abng d\u00a9n. Tr.1. 2. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n (Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 ba): M\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, trung t\u00a9m l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. Do \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng to l\u00edn c\u00f1a C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai Nga n\u00a8m 1917 v\u00b5 sau khi Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai b\u00de ph\u00b8 s\u00b6n, cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00f1a V.I. L\u00aanin v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n ch\u00e8ng b\u00e4n c\u00ac h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00f3c \u00ae\u00c8y s\u00f9 ra \u00ae\u00eai c\u00f1a c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00eb nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. \u00a7\u00d3 gi\u00f3p c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n n\u00b5y l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00aei theo con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c, th\u00b8ng 1-1919, d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a V.I. L\u00aanin, H\u00e9i ngh\u00de \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u c\u00f1a t\u00b8m \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00b5 nh\u00e3m c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b7 k\u00aau g\u00e4i t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, c\u00b8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca ph\u00b8i t\u00b6 tham gia \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n (Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 ba). H\u2212\u00ebng \u00f8ng l\u00eai k\u00aau g\u00e4i \u00ae\u00e3, th\u00b8ng 3-1919, d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a V.I. L\u00aanin, c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, nh\u00e3m c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00f1a 30 n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00b7 ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n t\u00b9i M\u00b8txc\u00acva.","590 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00e3 vai tr\u00df l\u00dech s\u00f6 v\u00b5 c\u00abng lao r\u00cat to l\u00edn \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi phong tr\u00b5o c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00b5 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. \u00a7\u00e8i l\u00cbp v\u00edi Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai, V.I. L\u00aanin v\u00b5 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n r\u00cat ch\u00f3 tr\u00e4ng \u00ae\u00d5n v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c. S\u00ac th\u00b6o l\u00c7n th\u00f8 nh\u00cat nh\u00f7ng lu\u00cbn c\u2212\u00acng v\u00d2 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c v\u00b5 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f1a V.I. L\u00aanin \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i II Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n (n\u00a8m 1920) th\u00abng qua \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00c6t n\u00d2n t\u00b6ng cho vi\u00d6c gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00ben nh\u00f7ng v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 ph\u00f8c t\u00b9p c\u00f1a c\u00abng cu\u00e9c gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c. \u00a7\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a V.I. L\u00aanin v\u00b5 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m cho Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c kh\u00bcng \u00ae\u00denh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00f8u n\u2212\u00edc, gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00ben nh\u00cat l\u00b5 con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n. Th\u00b8ng 5-1943, c\u00a8n c\u00f8 v\u00b5o ho\u00b5n c\u00b6nh m\u00edi, \u00a7o\u00b5n Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00edi s\u00f9 t\u00b8n th\u00b5nh c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00b9i \u00aea s\u00e8 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00abng qua ngh\u00de quy\u00d5t t\u00f9 gi\u00b6i t\u00b8n. Tr.3. 3. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Nga (C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai Nga): Cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n th\u00beng l\u00eei \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. Ng\u00b5y 7-11-1917 (t\u00f8c ng\u00b5y 25-10, theo l\u00dech Nga), d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng B\u00abns\u00aav\u00ddch Nga, \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u l\u00b5 V.I. L\u00aanin, giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng Nga \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6 ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00b5 b\u00e4n ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 X\u00abvi\u00d5t do V.I. L\u00aanin l\u00b5m Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai n\u00a8m 1917 l\u00b5 cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n th\u00beng l\u00eei \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00cbp tan \u00b8ch th\u00e8ng tr\u00de c\u00f1a c\u00b8c giai c\u00cap b\u00e3c l\u00e9t, l\u00cbp n\u00aan nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc ki\u00d3u m\u00edi - ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n X\u00abvi\u00d5t, m\u00e9t h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c c\u00f1a chuy\u00aan ch\u00ddnh v\u00ab s\u00b6n. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00f8c t\u00d8nh giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 to\u00b5n th\u00d3 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c, soi s\u00b8ng con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang cho c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de n\u00ab d\u00dech \u00aei t\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng v\u00b5 ti\u00d5n l\u00aan ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai Nga \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng to l\u00edn \u00ae\u00d5n s\u00f9 chuy\u00d3n bi\u00d5n t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5 l\u00cbp tr\u2212\u00eang ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de c\u00f1a Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c. Ngay t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 20 c\u00f1a th\u00d5 k\u00fb XX, Ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 s\u00edm kh\u00bcng \u00ae\u00denh con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng cho c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c l\u00b5 con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00f1a C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai. Tr.6. 4. Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u: Th\u00f1 ph\u00f1 c\u00f1a t\u00d8nh Qu\u00b6ng \u00a7\u00abng, \u00ae\u00e5ng th\u00eai l\u00b5 m\u00e9t","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 591 trung t\u00a9m h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh, kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a mi\u00d2n Nam Trung Qu\u00e8c. \u00a7\u00a9y l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00aci \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c b\u00de b\u00e4n th\u00f9c d\u00a9n ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec s\u00edm nh\u00cat v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9y nhi\u00d2u c\u00ac s\u00eb c\u00abng th\u2212\u00acng nghi\u00d6p. Ch\u00ddnh v\u00d7 th\u00d5, Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u c\u00f2ng l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00aci t\u00cbp trung \u00ae\u00abng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, c\u00e3 phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc s\u00abi n\u00e6i v\u00b5 li\u00aan t\u00f4c nh\u00cat. T\u00abn Trung S\u00acn \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00f5ng ch\u00e4n Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u l\u00b5m m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00dea b\u00b5n quan tr\u00e4ng \u00ae\u00d3 ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ch\u00e8ng b\u00e4n phong ki\u00d5n M\u00b7n Thanh. \u00a7\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1923, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec s\u00f9 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c, \u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 thi\u00d5t l\u00cbp \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9y m\u00e9t ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, thi h\u00b5nh nhi\u00d2u ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch ti\u00d5n b\u00e9. Nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u nhi\u00d2u l\u00c7n n\u00e6i d\u00cby \u00ae\u00cau tranh anh d\u00f2ng ch\u00e8ng x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec. Th\u00b8ng 7-1924, cu\u00e9c b\u00b7i c\u00abng c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Sa Di\u00d6n (t\u00ab gi\u00edi c\u00f1a Anh \u00eb Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u), d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 ti\u00d5ng vang r\u00cat l\u00edn. Th\u00b8ng 6-1925, cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00f1a h\u00b5ng ch\u00f4c v\u00b9n c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u ph\u00e8i h\u00eep v\u00edi phong tr\u00b5o b\u00b7i c\u00abng r\u00c7m r\u00e9 \u00eb H\u2212\u00acng C\u00b6ng, Th\u2212\u00eeng H\u00b6i... \u00ae\u00b7 gi\u00b8ng nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00dfn m\u00b9nh m\u00cf v\u00b5o b\u00e4n th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Anh. Phong tr\u00b5o n\u00abng d\u00a9n c\u00f2ng ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n nhanh ch\u00e3ng \u00eb Qu\u00b6ng \u00a7\u00abng v\u00b5 nhi\u00d2u n\u00aci kh\u00b8c. \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c c\u00e3 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng r\u00e9ng r\u00b7i \u00eb v\u00efng n\u00b5y v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nhi\u00d2u c\u00ac s\u00eb v\u00f7ng ch\u00bec trong qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng. T\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00e3 t\u00b9o n\u00aan nh\u00f7ng thu\u00cbn l\u00eei nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00denh cho phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a n\u2212\u00edc ta. Th\u00b8ng 11-1924, \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c t\u00f5 Li\u00aan X\u00ab v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00d5n Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u. T\u00b9i \u00ae\u00a9y, l\u00cay t\u00aan l\u00b5 L\u00fd Th\u00f4y, \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00d7m hi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh h\u00d7nh v\u00b5 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp H\u00e9i Vi\u00d6t Nam C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Thanh ni\u00aan (th\u00b8ng 6-1925) - m\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c ti\u00d2n th\u00a9n c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Vi\u00d6t Nam. Ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00efng c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd trong T\u00e6ng b\u00e9 H\u00e9i tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n, gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c - L\u00aanin, m\u00eb c\u00b8c l\u00edp \u00ae\u00b5o t\u00b9o \u00ae\u00e9i ng\u00f2 c\u00b8n b\u00e9 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a Vi\u00d6t Nam. Tr.9. 5. \u00a7\u00b6ng L\u00cbp hi\u00d5n An Nam: Th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1923, do B\u00efi Quang Chi\u00aau c\u00c7m \u00ae\u00c7u, bao g\u00e5m m\u00e9t s\u00e8 tr\u00dd th\u00f8c, t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1 \u00eb Nam K\u00fa. G\u00e4i l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b6ng, nh\u2212ng s\u00f9 th\u00f9c kh\u00abng c\u00e3 h\u00d6 th\u00e8ng t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 \u00aei\u00d2u l\u00d6, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 c\u00b8n b\u00e9. Ph\u00b9m vi ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a n\u00e3 ch\u00d8 gi\u00edi h\u00b9n trong nh\u00f7ng d\u00dep","592 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP tranh c\u00f6 v\u00b5o H\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e5ng thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, H\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e5ng th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8, Ph\u00dfng th\u2212\u00acng m\u00b9i, Ph\u00dfng canh n\u00abng, tr\u00aan b\u00b8o ch\u00dd v\u00b5 ngh\u00de tr\u2212\u00eang. C\u00ac quan ng\u00abn lu\u00cbn c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00b6ng n\u00b5y l\u00b5 hai t\u00ea b\u00b8o \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng di\u00d4n \u00ae\u00b5n v\u00b5 An Nam h\u2212\u00edng truy\u00d2n. S\u00eb d\u00dc h\u00e4 t\u00f9 g\u00e4i l\u00b5 L\u00cbp hi\u00d5n v\u00d7 h\u00e4 ch\u00d8 mu\u00e8n xin Ph\u00b8p ban h\u00b5nh cho m\u00e9t hi\u00d5n ph\u00b8p, th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n m\u00e9t m\u00f8c \u00ae\u00e9 t\u00f9 tr\u00de n\u00b5o \u00ae\u00e3 \u00eb Vi\u00d6t Nam d\u2212\u00edi quy\u00d2n Ph\u00b8p, v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng \\\"Ph\u00b8p - Vi\u00d6t \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2\\\". \u00a7\u00f8ng tr\u2212\u00edc phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng m\u00b9nh m\u00cf, \u00a7\u00b6ng L\u00cbp hi\u00d5n d\u00c7n d\u00c7n l\u00e9 r\u00e2 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng, c\u00cau k\u00d5t ch\u00c6t ch\u00cf v\u00edi th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 t\u00f5 sau n\u00a8m 1930 n\u00e3 kh\u00abng c\u00dfn l\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00b6ng n\u00f7a. Tr.12. 6. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 V Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n: H\u00e4p t\u00f5 ng\u00b5y 17-6 \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 8-7-1924 t\u00b9i M\u00b8txc\u00acva. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e6ng k\u00d5t, r\u00f3t ra nh\u00f7ng b\u00b5i h\u00e4c kinh nghi\u00d6m v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00cau tranh giai c\u00cap t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1918 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1923 v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d2 ra ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng t\u00a8ng c\u2212\u00eang c\u00abng t\u00b8c x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n m\u00f4c ti\u00aau l\u00a9u d\u00b5i c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00b5 v\u00d7 quy\u00d2n l\u00eei thi\u00d5t th\u00f9c c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i c\u00f2ng ch\u00d8 r\u00e2 ph\u2212\u00acng h\u2212\u00edng, nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00b5 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng, c\u00ac h\u00e9i, ch\u00e8ng nh\u00f7ng ph\u00c7n t\u00f6 ph\u00b8i h\u00f7u v\u00b5 tr\u00e8txk\u00ddt. \u00a7\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 d\u00f9 \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i v\u00b5 ba l\u00c7n tham lu\u00cbn \u00ae\u2212a ra nh\u00f7ng \u00fd ki\u00d5n quan tr\u00e4ng v\u00d2 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c v\u00b5 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. Tr.14. 7. Tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e4c M\u00b8txc\u00acva, t\u00f8c Tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e4c Ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng (t\u00aan g\u00e4i t\u00bet c\u00f1a Tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e4c c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng Ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng), th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp t\u00b9i M\u00b8txc\u00acva (Li\u00aan X\u00ab) n\u00a8m 1921, theo quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00denh c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b5o t\u00b9o c\u00b8n b\u00e9 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng cho c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 ph\u00f4 thu\u00e9c. T\u00b9i \u00ae\u00a9y, c\u00b8c h\u00e4c vi\u00aan \u00ae\u2212\u00eec trang b\u00de nh\u00f7ng nguy\u00aan l\u00fd c\u00ac b\u00b6n c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c - L\u00aanin, ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00b5 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Trong th\u00eai gian h\u00e4c t\u00cbp, h\u00e4c vi\u00aan ph\u00b6i n\u00bem v\u00f7ng c\u00b8c m\u00abn quan tr\u00e4ng nh\u2212 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng, ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca duy v\u00cbt l\u00dech s\u00f6, kinh t\u00d5 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, l\u00dech s\u00f6 phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, l\u00fd lu\u00cbn v\u00d2 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c, v.v..","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 593 Trong g\u00c7n 20 n\u00a8m t\u00e5n t\u00b9i (1921 - 1938), Tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e4c Ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b5o t\u00b9o cho c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng h\u00b5ng ng\u00b5n c\u00b8n b\u00e9, trong \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh c\u00b8n b\u00e9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00e3 uy t\u00ddn c\u00f1a nhi\u00d2u \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc. Quan t\u00a9m s\u00a9u s\u00bec \u00ae\u00d5n phong tr\u00b5o gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c v\u00b5 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 \u00ae\u00b5o t\u00b9o c\u00b8n b\u00e9 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng cho c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 vi\u00d5t nhi\u00d2u b\u00b5i b\u00b8o c\u00e6 v\u00f2, gi\u00edi thi\u00d6u Tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e4c Ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng. Khi v\u00d2 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng t\u00b9i Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u (Trung Qu\u00e8c), c\u00efng v\u00edi vi\u00d6c m\u00eb c\u00b8c l\u00edp hu\u00can luy\u00d6n c\u00b8n b\u00e9 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, Ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00f9a ch\u00e4n v\u00b5 c\u00f6 nhi\u00d2u c\u00b8n b\u00e9 Vi\u00d6t Nam sang h\u00e4c t\u00b9i Tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e4c Ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng v\u00b5 lu\u00abn lu\u00abn quan t\u00a9m theo d\u00e2i vi\u00d6c h\u00e4c t\u00cbp v\u00b5 s\u00f9 ti\u00d5n b\u00e9 c\u00f1a c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd n\u00b5y. Trong s\u00e8 nh\u00f7ng c\u00b8n b\u00e9 Vi\u00d6t Nam \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u00b5o t\u00b9o t\u00b9i Tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e4c Ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng, c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd sau n\u00b5y tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng c\u00b8n b\u00e9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o xu\u00cat s\u00bec c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng ta nh\u2212 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Tr\u00c7n Ph\u00f3, L\u00aa H\u00e5ng Phong, H\u00b5 Huy T\u00cbp, v.v.. Tr.20. 8. B\u00b6n \u00b8n ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p: L\u00b5 m\u00e9t t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m l\u00edn do Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c vi\u00d5t, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00b9n c\u00efng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00edi Ng\u2212\u00eai xu\u00cat b\u00b6n l\u00c7n \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan b\u00bbng ti\u00d5ng Ph\u00b8p t\u00b9i Th\u2212 qu\u00b8n Lao \u00ae\u00e9ng Pari, n\u00a8m 1925. T\u00b8c ph\u00c8m n\u00b5y ra \u00ae\u00eai gi\u00f7a l\u00f3c l\u00b5n s\u00e3ng c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00aeang d\u00a9ng l\u00aan m\u00b9nh m\u00cf \u00eb kh\u00bep c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f1a th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, phong tr\u00b5o y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc \u00eb Vi\u00d6t Nam \u00aeang s\u00abi n\u00e6i di\u00d4n ra kh\u00bep B\u00bec - Trung - Nam; v\u00b5 gi\u00f7a l\u00f3c Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00aeang n\u00e7 l\u00f9c gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng n\u00dfng c\u00e8t c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam theo con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00f1a C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai Nga v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i. Ngay t\u00f5 khi m\u00edi ra \u00ae\u00eai, t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 ti\u00d5ng vang l\u00edn trong nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. V\u00edi l\u00eai v\u00a8n gi\u00b6n d\u00de, trong s\u00b8ng v\u00b5 ch\u00a9m bi\u00d5m s\u00a9u s\u00bec, t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e8 c\u00b8o v\u00b5 l\u00aan \u00b8n \u00aeanh th\u00d0p nh\u00f7ng t\u00e9i \u00b8c t\u00b5y tr\u00eai c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca th\u00f9c d\u00a9n n\u00e3i chung v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p n\u00e3i ri\u00aang tr\u00aan m\u00e4i l\u00dcnh v\u00f9c kinh t\u00d5, ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, v\u00a8n ho\u00b8, x\u00b7 h\u00e9i... V\u00edi nh\u00f7ng b\u00bbng ch\u00f8ng c\u00f4 th\u00d3, t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00b9ch r\u00e2 ngu\u00e5n g\u00e8c c\u00f1a m\u00e4i s\u00f9 \u00b8p b\u00f8c b\u00e3c l\u00e9t, m\u00e4i n\u00e7i kh\u00e6 c\u00f9c c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng \u00eb c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. T\u00b8c ph\u00c8m \u00ae\u00b7 b\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00c7u v\u00b9ch ra \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00ben v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng chi\u00d5n l\u2212\u00eec, s\u00b8ch l\u2212\u00eec c\u00b8ch","594 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP m\u00b9ng cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Vi\u00d6t Nam v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea kh\u00b8c; th\u00f8c t\u00d8nh, c\u00e6 v\u00f2 c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c \u00aei theo l\u00eai k\u00aau g\u00e4i c\u00f1a C\u00b8c M\u00b8c: \\\"V\u00ab s\u00b6n t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc, \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t l\u00b9i!\\\" v\u00b5 \u00aei theo con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00f1a C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai Nga, ch\u00f1 \u00ae\u00e9ng ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00ae\u00d3 t\u00f9 gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng m\u00d7nh. T\u00b8c ph\u00c8m B\u00b6n \u00b8n ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p ra \u00ae\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 gi\u00b8ng \u00ae\u00dfn ti\u00d5n c\u00abng quy\u00d5t li\u00d6t v\u00b5o ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00d5t l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Ph\u00b8p, v\u00b9ch ra con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00b5 t\u2212\u00acng lai t\u2212\u00aci s\u00b8ng cho c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c. \u00a7\u00a9y l\u00b5 m\u00e9t c\u00e8ng hi\u00d5n quan tr\u00e4ng c\u00f1a Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi phong tr\u00b5o gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, g\u00e3p ph\u00c7n t\u00ddch c\u00f9c v\u00b5o vi\u00d6c truy\u00d2n b\u00b8 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c - L\u00aanin v\u00b5o Vi\u00d6t Nam v\u00b5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea kh\u00b8c. N\u00e3 kh\u00abng nh\u00f7ng c\u00e3 gi\u00b8 tr\u00de l\u00edn v\u00d2 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn - ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, m\u00b5 c\u00dfn c\u00e3 gi\u00b8 tr\u00de l\u00edn v\u00d2 v\u00a8n h\u00e4c - ngh\u00d6 thu\u00cbt. Nh\u00f7ng t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng l\u00edn c\u00f1a t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m kh\u00abng ch\u00d8 soi \u00ae\u2212\u00eang cho c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam v\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea ph\u00f4 thu\u00e9c n\u00e3i chung m\u00b5 ng\u00b5y nay v\u00c9n c\u00dfn gi\u00f7 nguy\u00aan gi\u00b8 tr\u00de \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng n\u2212\u00edc ta v\u00b5 cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh b\u00b6o v\u00d6 n\u00d2n \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp d\u00a9n t\u00e9c tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. Tr.23. 9. H\u00e9i ch\u00ee tri\u00d3n l\u00b7m thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea \u00eb M\u00b8cx\u00a9y: N\u00a8m 1922, t\u00b9i th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 M\u00b8cx\u00a9y (mi\u00d2n Nam n\u2212\u00edc Ph\u00b8p), Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 Ph\u00b8p m\u00eb H\u00e9i ch\u00ee tri\u00d3n l\u00b7m thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, tr\u2212ng b\u00b5y c\u00b8c s\u00b6n v\u00cbt mang t\u00f5 c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f1a Ph\u00b8p sang, \u00ae\u00d3 n\u00e3i l\u00aan s\u00f9 gi\u00b5u c\u00e3 c\u00f1a thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 c\u00abng lao \\\"khai ho\u00b8\\\" c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai Ph\u00b8p, \u00ae\u00e5ng th\u00eai k\u00aau g\u00e4i b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p b\u00e1 v\u00e8n kinh doanh v\u00b5 khai th\u00b8c \u00eb c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. Tr.41. 10. H\u00e9i Nh\u00a9n quy\u00d2n: C\u00dfn g\u00e4i l\u00b5 H\u00e9i Nh\u00a9n quy\u00d2n v\u00b5 C\u00abng d\u00a9n quy\u00d2n - m\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 t\u2212 s\u00b6n nh\u00bbm \u00ae\u00cau tranh \u00ae\u00dfi b\u00b6o v\u00d6 nh\u00f7ng quy\u00d2n t\u00f9 do t\u2212 s\u00b6n. T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c n\u00b5y \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1898 \u00eb Ph\u00b8p do s\u00b8ng ki\u00d5n c\u00f1a nh\u00b5 v\u00a8n Ph\u00b8p T\u00acrari\u00ac (Ludovie Trarieu) nh\u00a9n v\u00f4 nh\u00b5 c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n Ph\u00b8p x\u00f6 ph\u00b9t nh\u00b5 v\u00a8n Emin D\u00abla (Emile Zola). Tr.54. 11. Kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca Th\u00b8i Nguy\u00aan: Th\u00b8ng 8-1917, d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00e9i C\u00can (t\u00f8c Tr\u00denh V\u00a8n C\u00can) v\u00b5 L\u2212\u00acng Ng\u00e4c Quy\u00d5n, binh l\u00ddnh Vi\u00d6t Nam trong qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p \u00eb Th\u00b8i Nguy\u00aan n\u00e6i d\u00cby, chi\u00d5m th\u00de x\u00b7. Sau s\u00b8u ng\u00b5y c\u00c7m c\u00f9 v\u00edi qu\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p k\u00d0o t\u00f5 H\u00b5 N\u00e9i v\u00b5 nhi\u00d2u n\u00aci kh\u00b8c l\u00aan \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p,","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 595 L\u2212\u00acng Ng\u00e4c Quy\u00d5n \u00ae\u00b7 anh d\u00f2ng hy sinh, ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n r\u00f3t kh\u00e1i t\u00d8nh l\u00fe, chuy\u00d3n v\u00d2 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00eb v\u00efng r\u00f5ng n\u00f3i c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh Th\u00b8i Nguy\u00aan, V\u00dcnh Y\u00aan, Ph\u00f3c Y\u00aan, Ho\u00b5 B\u00d7nh, S\u00acn T\u00a9y. Do b\u00de \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p r\u00b8o ri\u00d5t, cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca y\u00d5u d\u00c7n. Ng\u00b5y 11-1-1918, \u00a7\u00e9i C\u00can t\u00f9 s\u00b8t \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00f7 tr\u00e4n kh\u00dd ti\u00d5t. Cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca th\u00cat b\u00b9i. Tr.54. 12. \u00a7\u00e5ng M\u00b6 ng\u00f4y: T\u00aan m\u00e9t c\u00b8nh \u00ae\u00e5ng thu\u00e9c t\u00d8nh Gia \u00a7\u00denh x\u2212a (ti\u00d5ng Ph\u00b8p g\u00e4i l\u00b5 Plaine des Tombeaux). \u00a7\u00a9y l\u00b5 n\u00aci m\u00b5 n\u00a8m 1835 b\u00e4n phong ki\u00d5n tri\u00d2u Nguy\u00d4n v\u00efi ch\u00abn h\u00acn 1.000 ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00abng ph\u00a9n bi\u00d6t gi\u00b5 tr\u00ce, l\u00edn b\u00d0, nam n\u00f7, binh l\u00ddnh hay th\u2212\u00eang d\u00a9n trong s\u00e8 ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n c\u00f1a L\u00aa V\u00a8n Kh\u00abi \u00ae\u00d3 tr\u00b6 th\u00ef v\u00d7 \u00ae\u00b7 ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i ch\u00f3ng. S\u00f9 ki\u00d6n n\u00b5y x\u00b6y ra sau khi th\u00b5nh Gia \u00a7\u00denh - do ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e3ng gi\u00f7 - b\u00de ch\u00f3ng chi\u00d5m l\u00b9i. Tr.70. 13. Con r\u00e5ng tre: \u00b8m ch\u00d8 vua Kh\u00b6i \u00a7\u00denh, xu\u00cat ph\u00b8t t\u00f5 s\u00f9 vi\u00d6c sau \u00ae\u00a9y: N\u00a8m 1922, Kh\u00b6i \u00a7\u00denh sang Ph\u00b8p d\u00f9 H\u00e9i ch\u00ee tri\u00d3n l\u00b7m thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea t\u00b9i M\u00b8cx\u00a9y, \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 vi\u00d5t v\u00eb k\u00dech Con r\u00e5ng tre \u00ae\u00d3 v\u00b9ch tr\u00c7n b\u00e9 m\u00c6t b\u00b8n n\u2212\u00edc h\u00b9i d\u00a9n c\u00f1a Kh\u00b6i \u00a7\u00denh. \u00a7\u00b9i \u00fd: c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng c\u00a9y tre th\u00a9n h\u00d7nh cong queo, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00aci \u00ae\u00e5 c\u00e6 l\u00cay v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00cfo g\u00e4t th\u00b5nh con r\u00e5ng. N\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00e5 ch\u00aci, m\u00e9t kh\u00f3c tre nh\u2212ng l\u00b9i \u00ae\u2212\u00eec mang t\u00aan v\u00b5 c\u00e3 h\u00d7nh d\u00b8ng con r\u00e5ng. Th\u00f9c ra n\u00e3 ch\u00d8 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t v\u00cbt v\u00ab d\u00f4ng. Tr.75. 14. Nh\u00f7ng v\u00f4 phi\u00d5n lo\u00b9n n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng n\u00a8m 1908 ho\u00c6c n\u00a8m 1916: Trong b\u00b5i n\u00b5y, \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c n\u00e3i t\u00edi phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng s\u2212u thu\u00d5 \u00eb Trung K\u00fa v\u00b5 c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca v\u00f2 trang \u00eb Th\u00f5a Thi\u00aan Hu\u00d5, Qu\u00b6ng Nam v\u00b5 m\u00e9t s\u00e8 \u00ae\u00dea ph\u2212\u00acng. - N\u00a8m 1908 \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00efng n\u00e6 phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh quy\u00d5t li\u00d6t c\u00f1a n\u00abng d\u00a9n c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh Trung K\u00fa. H\u00b5ng v\u00b9n n\u00abng d\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 r\u00c7m r\u00e9 \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng s\u2212u cao thu\u00d5 n\u00c6ng, ch\u00e8ng \u00aei lao d\u00dech d\u00b5i h\u00b9n, li\u00aan t\u00f4c t\u00f5 cu\u00e8i th\u00b8ng 2 \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i th\u00b8ng 5-1908 phong tr\u00b5o b\u00de th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p d\u00cbp t\u00bet trong m\u00b8u l\u00f6a. - Th\u00b8ng 6-1908 l\u00b9i x\u00b6y ra v\u00f4 \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00ddnh Ph\u00b8p \u00eb H\u00b5 N\u00e9i. M\u00e9t s\u00e8 s\u00dc phu y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc c\u00efng v\u00edi ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n Ho\u00b5ng Hoa Th\u00b8m \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00bet li\u00aan l\u00b9c v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng l\u00ddnh kh\u00e8 \u00ae\u00e1 y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc trong qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p, ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00f3p H\u00b5 N\u00e9i. Theo k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch, \u00ae\u00d5n b\u00f7a \u00a8n t\u00e8i ng\u00b5y 27-6-1908, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00c7u b\u00d5p trong tr\u00b9i l\u00ddnh Ph\u00b8p s\u00cf b\u00e1 thu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00e9c v\u00b5o th\u00f8c \u00a8n \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00d5t","596 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP b\u00e4n quan qu\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, sau \u00ae\u00e3 ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n s\u00cf c\u2212\u00edp kho v\u00f2 kh\u00dd \u00ae\u00b8nh chi\u00d5m c\u00b8c c\u00abng s\u00eb, ph\u00e8i h\u00eep v\u00edi ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n Ho\u00b5ng Hoa Th\u00b8m t\u00f5 ngo\u00b5i \u00ae\u00b8nh v\u00b5o H\u00b5 N\u00e9i. K\u00d5t qu\u00b6 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t s\u00e8 l\u00ddnh Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de tr\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00e9c. Nh\u2212ng v\u00d7 k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch b\u00de l\u00e9 n\u00aan \u00ae\u00dech \u00ae\u00b7 k\u00dep th\u00eai \u00ae\u00e8i ph\u00e3; nh\u00f7ng binh s\u00dc y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc l\u00b5m n\u00e9i \u00f8ng b\u00de ch\u00f3ng x\u00f6 ch\u00d0m, nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00b8c b\u00de ch\u00f3ng b\u00bet giam v\u00b5 k\u00d5t \u00b8n. \u00a7\u00c7u th\u00b8ng 1-1909, ch\u00f3ng l\u00b9i m\u00eb cu\u00e9c t\u00can c\u00abng quy m\u00ab v\u00b5o c\u00a8n c\u00f8 Y\u00aan Th\u00d5 nh\u00bbm d\u00cbp t\u00bet phong tr\u00b5o. - Th\u00b8ng 5-1916, t\u00b9i Hu\u00d5 v\u00b5 hai t\u00d8nh Qu\u00b6ng Nam, Qu\u00b6ng Ng\u00b7i \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00efng n\u00e6 cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n v\u00b5 binh l\u00ddnh ng\u2212\u00eai Vi\u00d6t b\u00de th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p t\u00cbp trung ch\u00ea ng\u00b5y \u00ae\u2212a xu\u00e8ng t\u00b5u sang ch\u00d5t thay cho ch\u00f3ng tr\u00aan chi\u00d5n tr\u2212\u00eang ch\u00a9u \u00a2u. - T\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u n\u00a8m 1916, phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh t\u00f9 ph\u00b8t c\u00f1a n\u00abng d\u00a9n mi\u00d2n Nam tr\u00aan \u00ae\u00b5 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n m\u00b9nh. Li\u00aan ti\u00d5p n\u00e6 ra c\u00b8c v\u00f4 \u00ae\u00b8nh ph\u00b8 c\u00abng s\u00eb, \u00ae\u00e8t s\u00e6 s\u00b8ch, gi\u00cay t\u00ea, b\u00bet ch\u00f8c d\u00dech trong l\u00b5ng v\u00b5 b\u00e4n ph\u00f3 h\u00e9 \u00ae\u00c7u s\u00e1, \u00ae\u00b8nh ch\u00d5t b\u00e4n c\u00abng sai \u00aei b\u00bet l\u00ddnh \u00ae\u2212a sang Ph\u00b8p, ph\u00b8 nh\u00b5 t\u00ef... Nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh ch\u00e8ng b\u00bet l\u00ddnh c\u00f2ng di\u00d4n ra \u00eb Tr\u00b5 Vinh (ng\u00b5y 20-1-1916), \u00eb Bi\u00aan Ho\u00b5 (ng\u00b5y 23-1-1916). \u00a7\u00d8nh cao c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o l\u00b5 cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00b8nh ph\u00b8 kh\u00b8m l\u00edn S\u00b5i G\u00dfn v\u00b5o \u00ae\u00aam 14 r\u00b9ng s\u00b8ng 15-2-1916. Tr.99. 15. Phong tr\u00b5o ph\u00f4c qu\u00e8c \u00eb \u00a1ngchi\u00abs\u00ac v\u00b5 Al\u00d5chx\u00a8ng\u00aer\u00d0t: \u00a1ngchi\u00abs\u00ac v\u00b5 Al\u00d5chx\u00a8ng\u00aer\u00d0t l\u00b5 hai th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 c\u00e6 n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng c\u00f1a n\u2212\u00edc Xyri, b\u00de Th\u00e6 Nh\u00dc K\u00fa x\u00a9m chi\u00d5m n\u00a8m 1516. Sau Chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi th\u00f8 nh\u00cat (1914 - 1918), Th\u00e6 Nh\u00dc K\u00fa thua tr\u00cbn, theo Hi\u00d6p \u2212\u00edc Xevr\u00ac ng\u00b5y 10-8-1920, Xyri b\u00de giao cho Ph\u00b8p \\\"u\u00fb tr\u00de\\\". Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai trong phong tr\u00b5o ph\u00f4c qu\u00e8c (n\u00a8m 1922) \u00eb hai th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 n\u00b5y l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 \\\"u\u00fb tr\u00de\\\" (th\u00f9c ch\u00cat l\u00b5 \u00b8ch th\u00f9c d\u00a9n) c\u00f1a Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp. Tr.125. 16. H\u00e9i ngh\u00de L\u00abdann\u00ac: H\u00e9i ngh\u00de gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00a7\u00e5ng minh v\u00b5 Th\u00e6 Nh\u00dc K\u00fa h\u00e4p \u00eb L\u00abdann\u00ac, Thu\u00fe S\u00dc (1922 - 1923). H\u00e9i ngh\u00de n\u00b5y \u00aei \u00ae\u00d5n k\u00fd Ho\u00b5 \u2212\u00edc L\u00abdann\u00ac v\u00d2 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 c\u00b8c eo bi\u00d3n \u00a7\u00b8c\u00aeanen, ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9, quy\u00d2n l\u00eei c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai theo \u00ae\u00b9o Thi\u00aan ch\u00f3a tr\u00aan \u00ae\u00cat H\u00e5i gi\u00b8o v\u00b5 x\u00d0t l\u00b9i Hi\u00d6p \u2212\u00edc Xevr\u00ac. Tr.126.","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 597 17. H\u00e9i Qu\u00e8c li\u00aan (Soci\u00d0t\u00d0 des Nations - S.D.N): M\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1919 t\u00b9i H\u00e9i ngh\u00de ho\u00b5 b\u00d7nh Pari c\u00f1a c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c th\u00beng tr\u00cbn trong Chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi th\u00f8 nh\u00cat. T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c n\u00b5y l\u00f3c \u00ae\u00c7u c\u00e3 44 n\u2212\u00edc tham gia, g\u00e5m h\u00c7u h\u00d5t c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c l\u00edn, tr\u00f5 M\u00fc. Trong b\u00b5i V\u00d2 c\u00a9u chuy\u00d6n Xiki \u00ae\u00a8ng tr\u00aan b\u00b8o Le Paria, ng\u00b5y 1-12- 1922... t\u00b8c gi\u00b6 c\u00f2ng vi\u00d5t t\u00bet l\u00b5 S.D.N, nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00e4c ch\u00d6ch \u00aei l\u00b5 Sagesse des Nations n\u00aan c\u00e3 ngh\u00dca kh\u00b8c, c\u00e3 th\u00d3 hi\u00d3u l\u00b5 s\u00f9 kh\u00abn ngoan hay s\u00f9 tinh kh\u00abn c\u00f1a c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c l\u00b5 c\u00e3 \u00fd \u00ae\u00b6 k\u00ddch, m\u00d8a mai. Tr.127. 18. Qu\u00b6 bom n\u00e6 \u00eb Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u: Ng\u00b5y 19-6-1924, ng\u2212\u00eai thanh ni\u00aan y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc Ph\u00b9m H\u00e5ng Th\u00b8i, th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan c\u00f1a t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc T\u00a9m T\u00a9m x\u00b7 c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai Vi\u00d6t Nam th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \u00eb Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u n\u00a8m 1923, \u00ae\u00b7 d\u00f2ng c\u00b6m n\u00d0m t\u00b9c \u00ae\u00b9n gi\u00d5t t\u00aan To\u00b5n quy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng M. M\u00d0clanh t\u00b9i Sa Di\u00d6n (Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u), tr\u00aan \u00ae\u2212\u00eang h\u00ben \u00aei li\u00aan k\u00d5t v\u00edi b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t \u00eb ch\u00a9u \u00b8 \u00ae\u00d3 ch\u00e8ng ph\u00b8 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam. Vi\u00d6c kh\u00abng th\u00b5nh, Ph\u00b9m H\u00e5ng Th\u00b8i \u00ae\u00b7 hy sinh tr\u00aan s\u00abng Ch\u00a9u Giang (Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u). S\u00f9 ki\u00d6n n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b7 g\u00e3p ph\u00c7n th\u00f8c t\u00d8nh l\u00dfng y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00b5o ta, th\u00f3c \u00ae\u00c8y phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 ti\u00d5ng vang l\u00edn \u00eb n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i. Tr.129. 19. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i Bacu: H\u00e4p t\u00f5 ng\u00b5y 1 \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 7-9-1920, t\u00b9i Bacu (Th\u00f1 \u00ae\u00ab n\u2212\u00edc C\u00e9ng ho\u00b5 Ad\u00d0cbaidan, Li\u00aan X\u00ab). Tham d\u00f9 \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i c\u00e3 1.891 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u c\u00f1a 37 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng (trong \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 1.273 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n). \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i h\u00e4p nh\u00bbm bi\u00d3u d\u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 t\u00a8ng c\u2212\u00eang t\u00d7nh \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng, gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng v\u00edi giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n Nga v\u00b5 giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, \u00aeang \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n nh\u00cat tr\u00dd v\u00edi Ngh\u00de quy\u00d5t v\u00d2 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c v\u00b5 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i II c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n (1920). Tr.130. 20. H\u00e9i Li\u00aan hi\u00d6p thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea: M\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, do \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c c\u00efng m\u00e9t s\u00e8 ng\u2212\u00eai y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea Ph\u00b8p s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp th\u00b8ng 7-1921, t\u00b9i Pari. L\u00f3c \u00ae\u00c7u, H\u00e9i c\u00e3 200 h\u00e9i vi\u00aan, ph\u00c7n l\u00edn l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan H\u00e9i nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai Vi\u00d6t Nam y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5 H\u00e9i \u00ae\u00cau tranh cho quy\u00d2n c\u00abng d\u00a9n c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai Ma\u00aeag\u00b8txca. Ban Th\u2212\u00eang v\u00f4 c\u00f1a H\u00e9i g\u00e5m 7 ng\u2212\u00eai, trong \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c.","598 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP C\u00ac quan tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n c\u00f1a H\u00e9i l\u00b5 b\u00b8o Le Paria. \u00a7\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1926, H\u00e9i ng\u00f5ng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng. Tr.137. 21. L\u00aanin v\u00b5 c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea: B\u00b5i b\u00b8o do \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c vi\u00d5t nh\u00bbm k\u00fb ni\u00d6m m\u00e9t n\u00a8m ng\u00b5y V.I. L\u00aanin qua \u00ae\u00eai, m\u00efa xu\u00a9n n\u00a8m 1925. V\u00edi l\u00dfng kh\u00a9m ph\u00f4c v\u00b5 k\u00ddnh y\u00aau v\u00de l\u00b7nh t\u00f4 v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, Ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00aau r\u00e2 s\u00f9 quan t\u00a9m \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t c\u00f1a V.I. L\u00aanin \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c, l\u00cbp lu\u00cbn c\u00e3 s\u00f8c thuy\u00d5t ph\u00f4c v\u00b5 c\u00b8ch gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t th\u00f9c t\u00d5 \u00eb n\u2212\u00edc Nga X\u00abvi\u00d5t l\u00b5m cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c \u00ae\u00d2u h\u2212\u00edng v\u00d2 V.I. L\u00aanin, tin t\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5 \u00aei theo con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a Ng\u2212\u00eai. Qua b\u00b5i b\u00b8o, \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00bcng \u00ae\u00denh c\u00abng lao v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i c\u00f1a V.I. L\u00aanin \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c v\u00b5 t\u00d7nh c\u00b6m ch\u00a9n th\u00b5nh c\u00f1a h\u00b5ng tri\u00d6u ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi V.I. L\u00aanin, v\u00de l\u00b7nh t\u00f4 thi\u00aan t\u00b5i c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 phong tr\u00b5o gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. Tr.147. 22. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n (Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00abng h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e1): T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c li\u00aan hi\u00d6p qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f1a c\u00b8c c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp ng\u00b5y 3-7-1921, t\u00e5n t\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e8i n\u00a8m 1937. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n (Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00abng h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e1) ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng theo \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. N\u00e3 li\u00aan k\u00d5t c\u00b8c trung t\u00a9m c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n kh\u00abng gia nh\u00cbp t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 li\u00aan k\u00d5t c\u00b8c nh\u00e3m, c\u00b8c khuynh h\u2212\u00edng \u00ae\u00e8i l\u00cbp ti\u00d5n b\u00e9 trong n\u00e9i b\u00e9 c\u00b8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n \u00ae\u00cau tranh \u00ae\u00d3 thi\u00d5t l\u00cbp m\u00e9t s\u00f9 th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat trong phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n tr\u00aan c\u00ac s\u00eb \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng nh\u00bbm b\u00b6o v\u00d6 nh\u00f7ng y\u00aau s\u00b8ch c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, ch\u00e8ng nguy c\u00ac chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t v\u00edi giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n n\u2212\u00edc Nga X\u00abvi\u00d5t. N\u00a8m 1925, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n trong giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n c\u00f1a g\u00c7n 50 n\u2212\u00edc, trong \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00a9u \u00b8. Tr.147. 23. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n: T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f1a thanh ni\u00aan c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Theo s\u00b8ng ki\u00d5n c\u00f1a V.I. L\u00aanin, \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 nh\u00cat c\u00f1a thanh ni\u00aan x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u2212\u00eec tri\u00d6u t\u00cbp \u00eb B\u00d0clin (\u00a7\u00f8c), t\u00f5 ng\u00b5y 20 \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 26-11-1919 (c\u00e3 29 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u c\u00f1a 13 n\u2212\u00edc tham d\u00f9) \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00abng qua ngh\u00de","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 599 quy\u00d5t th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b7 gia nh\u00cbp Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00edi t\u2212 c\u00b8ch l\u00b5 m\u00e9t ph\u00a9n b\u00e9. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00e3 nh\u00f7ng ph\u00a9n b\u00e9 ri\u00aang c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh \u00eb 56 n\u2212\u00edc. C\u00b8c c\u00ac quan l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n l\u00b5 \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5 Ban Ch\u00cap h\u00b5nh. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o v\u00d2 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. N\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 t\u00b8c d\u00f4ng quan tr\u00e4ng trong vi\u00d6c tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n, gi\u00b8c ng\u00e9 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c - L\u00aanin trong thanh ni\u00aan, \u00ae\u00d2 ra m\u00f4c ti\u00aau, ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00cau tranh cho thanh ni\u00aan trong s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p \u00ae\u00cau tranh chung c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. N\u00a8m 1943, c\u00efng v\u00edi vi\u00d6c gi\u00b6i t\u00b8n Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00f2ng t\u00f9 gi\u00b6i t\u00b8n. Tr.147. 24. Phong tr\u00b5o Ngh\u00dca ho\u00b5 \u00aeo\u00b5n: Cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca ch\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c n\u00a8m 1898 - 1900. N\u00a8m 1898, phong tr\u00b5o Ngh\u00dca ho\u00b5 \u00aeo\u00b5n b\u00efng n\u00e6 \u00eb S\u00acn \u00a7\u00abng, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n \u00f1ng h\u00e9, ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 m\u00eb r\u00e9ng cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh t\u00edi Tr\u00f9c L\u00d6, S\u00acn T\u00a9y, v\u00b5o c\u00b6 B\u00bec Kinh. L\u00f3c \u00ae\u00c7u, tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh M\u00b7n Thanh h\u00eep t\u00b8c v\u00edi Ngh\u00dca ho\u00b5 \u00aeo\u00b5n ch\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. Sau v\u00d7 th\u00cay li\u00aan qu\u00a9n t\u00b8m n\u2212\u00edc t\u2212 b\u00b6n Anh, Ph\u00b8p, \u00a7\u00f8c, Nh\u00cbt, M\u00fc, Nga, Italia, \u00b8o - Hung h\u00eep l\u00f9c \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p Ngh\u00dca h\u00dfa \u00aeo\u00b5n, nh\u00b5 Thanh quay sang c\u00cau k\u00d5t v\u00edi \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca. Th\u00b8ng 8-1900, phong tr\u00b5o b\u00de d\u00cbp t\u00bet. Tr.160. 25. K\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch \u00a7aox\u00ac: K\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch b\u00bet n\u2212\u00edc \u00a7\u00f8c b\u00e5i th\u2212\u00eang chi\u00d5n tranh cho c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00a7\u00e5ng minh th\u00beng tr\u00cbn trong cu\u00e9c Chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi th\u00f8 nh\u00cat. K\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch n\u00b5y do \u00a7aox\u00ac, m\u00e9t nh\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n ng\u00a9n h\u00b5ng M\u00fc c\u00e3 th\u00d5 l\u00f9c v\u00b5 c\u00e3 quan h\u00d6 ch\u00c6t ch\u00cf v\u00edi t\u00cbp \u00aeo\u00b5n t\u00b5i phi\u00d6t Mo\u00e3cg\u00a8ng l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o vi\u00d6c so\u00b9n th\u00b6o v\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00abng qua t\u00b9i H\u00e9i ngh\u00de \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc th\u00beng tr\u00cbn h\u00e4p \u00eb Lu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00abn n\u00a8m 1924. M\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u c\u00f1a k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch n\u00b5y l\u00b5 d\u00e4n \u00ae\u2212\u00eang cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i, tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00d5t l\u00b5 M\u00fc, \u00ae\u00c7u t\u2212 v\u00b5o n\u2212\u00edc \u00a7\u00f8c; \u00ae\u00c8y m\u00b9nh vi\u00d6c kh\u00abi ph\u00f4c ti\u00d2m l\u00f9c c\u00abng nghi\u00d6p qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c \u00a7\u00f8c, h\u2212\u00edng ch\u00f3ng v\u00b5o con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang chi\u00d5n tranh x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec Li\u00aan X\u00ab, \u00ae\u00e5ng th\u00eai t\u00a8ng c\u2212\u00eang ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch b\u00e3c l\u00e9t, \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n \u00a7\u00f8c. Tr.160.","600 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP 26. H\u00e9i ngh\u00de Oasinht\u00acn: H\u00e9i ngh\u00de v\u00d2 vi\u00d6c h\u00b9n ch\u00d5 h\u00b6i qu\u00a9n v\u00b5 c\u00b8c v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 thu\u00e9c Th\u00b8i B\u00d7nh D\u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 Vi\u00d4n \u00a7\u00abng, h\u00e4p t\u00f5 ng\u00b5y 12-11-1921 \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 6-2-1922 t\u00b9i Oasinht\u00acn (M\u00fc) c\u00e3 M\u00fc, Anh, Ph\u00b8p, Nh\u00cbt, Italia, Trung Qu\u00e8c, B\u00d8, H\u00b5 Lan, B\u00e5 \u00a7\u00b5o Nha tham gia. M\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch c\u00f1a H\u00e9i ngh\u00de n\u00b5y l\u00b5 nh\u00bbm chia l\u00b9i thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 ph\u00b9m vi \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c sau Chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi th\u00f8 nh\u00cat, c\u2212\u00edp b\u00e3c, n\u00ab d\u00dech c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i n\u2212\u00edc Nga X\u00abvi\u00d5t. Gi\u00edi c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n M\u00fc \u00ae\u00b7 kh\u00ebi x\u2212\u00edng H\u00e9i ngh\u00de n\u00b5y. Th\u00abng qua H\u00e9i ngh\u00de, M\u00fc \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00f5ng b\u2212\u00edc bu\u00e9c Anh ph\u00b6i t\u00f5 b\u00e1 quy\u00d2n th\u00e8ng tr\u00de tr\u00aan m\u00c6t bi\u00d3n, l\u00b5m cho li\u00aan minh Anh - Nh\u00cbt b\u00de th\u00f1 ti\u00aau; Nh\u00cbt ch\u00cam d\u00f8t \u00ae\u00e9c quy\u00d2n ki\u00d3m so\u00b8t Trung Qu\u00e8c, t\u00b9o \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n cho t\u2212 b\u00b6n M\u00fc nh\u00b6y v\u00b5o thay ch\u00a9n n\u00ab d\u00dech Trung Qu\u00e8c. Tr.161. 27. H\u00e9i ngh\u00de \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c: C\u00b8c cu\u00e9c h\u00e9i ngh\u00de g\u00e5m nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u (theo quy \u00ae\u00denh l\u00b5 c\u00b8c Th\u00f1 t\u2212\u00edng) c\u00f1a Anh v\u00b5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc t\u00f9 tr\u00de thu\u00e9c Anh. Th\u00d8nh tho\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00b9i di\u00d6n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh nh\u00f7ng thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea quan tr\u00e4ng nh\u00cat c\u00f2ng tham d\u00f9 h\u00e9i ngh\u00de. T\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1887 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1907, nh\u00f7ng h\u00e9i ngh\u00de nh\u2212 th\u00d5 l\u00cay t\u00aan l\u00b5 H\u00e9i ngh\u00de thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1911 g\u00e4i l\u00b5 H\u00e9i ngh\u00de \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1948 l\u00cay t\u00aan l\u00b5 H\u00e9i ngh\u00de c\u00b8c h\u00e9i vi\u00aan Li\u00aan hi\u00d6p Anh. Nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c h\u00e9i ngh\u00de n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00d2u nh\u00bbm m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch c\u00f1ng c\u00e8 quan h\u00d6 gi\u00f7a Anh v\u00b5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Anh. Tr.162. 28. \u00a7\u00b6ng Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b9i \u00can \u00a7\u00e9: Th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1885 \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng n\u00d2n th\u00e8ng tr\u00de c\u00f1a Anh. T\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng ch\u00ddnh th\u00e8ng c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng th\u00d3 hi\u00d6n trong c\u2212\u00acng l\u00dcnh \\\"kh\u00b8ng c\u00f9 kh\u00abng b\u00bbng b\u00b9o l\u00f9c\\\", do nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c \u00can \u00a7\u00e9, nh\u00b5 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng l\u00b5 M.K. G\u00a8ng\u00aei \u00ae\u00d2 x\u2212\u00edng. Th\u00b8ng 12-1929, t\u00b9i H\u00e9i ngh\u00de h\u00bbng n\u00a8m c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng \u00eb Pungi\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00abng b\u00e8 y\u00aau s\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00dfi \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp. Trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 30 c\u00f1a th\u00d5 k\u00fb XX, \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a c\u00b8nh t\u00b6 trong \u00a7\u00b6ng Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b9i \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng t\u00a8ng, c\u00b8nh t\u00b6 y\u00aau s\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00dfi ph\u00b6i cho ng\u2212\u00eai \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec tham gia r\u00e9ng r\u00b7i h\u00acn v\u00b5o b\u00e9 m\u00b8y h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh. Do Anh t\u00f5 ch\u00e8i th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n y\u00aau s\u00b8ch th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \\\"ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 qu\u00e8c gia\\\", \u00a7\u00b6ng Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b9i d\u00e4a m\u00eb chi\u00d5n d\u00dech qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng kh\u00abng ph\u00f4c t\u00efng, v\u00d7 v\u00cby, n\u00a8m 1942,","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 601 \u00a7\u00b6ng b\u00de \u00ae\u00c6t ra ngo\u00b5i v\u00dfng ph\u00b8p lu\u00cbt. Nhi\u00d2u l\u00b7nh t\u00f4 c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng b\u00de b\u00bet, trong \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 M.K. G\u00a8ng\u00aei v\u00b5 G. N\u00aaru. N\u00a8m 1947, sau khi \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 chia th\u00b5nh hai n\u2212\u00edc \u00f1y tr\u00de: \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 v\u00b5 Pakixtan, \u00a7\u00b6ng Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b9i \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh \u00a7\u00b6ng c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n \u00eb \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 v\u00b5 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 do G. N\u00aaru \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u. Tr.168. 29. Ng\u00b5y Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Lao \u00ae\u00e9ng: Ng\u00b5y 1-5-1886, c\u00abng nh\u00a9n th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 Chicag\u00ab (M\u00fc) \u00ae\u00cau tranh b\u00b7i c\u00abng \u00ae\u00dfi gi\u00edi ch\u00f1 t\u00a8ng ti\u00d2n l\u2212\u00acng, gi\u00b6m gi\u00ea l\u00b5m, c\u00b6i thi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng... Giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n kh\u00abng ch\u00deu gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t y\u00aau s\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e3 v\u00b5 l\u00b9i ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh sa th\u00b6i nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o. Cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh b\u00efng n\u00e6 gay g\u00bet d\u00c9n \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00f7ng v\u00f4 xung \u00ae\u00e9t \u00ae\u00c9m m\u00b8u. M\u00c6c d\u00ef b\u00de \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p, tinh th\u00c7n \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Chicag\u00ab \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00abng nh\u00a9n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi kh\u00a9m ph\u00f4c. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 I c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai (n\u00a8m 1889) \u00ae\u00b7 quy\u00d5t ngh\u00de l\u00cay ng\u00b5y 1-5 h\u00bbng n\u00a8m l\u00b5m ng\u00b5y \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t, bi\u00d3u d\u2212\u00acng l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng to\u00b5n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi - Ng\u00b5y Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Lao \u00ae\u00e9ng. Tr.181. 30. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5ng Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam (Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f1a c\u00b8c C\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n v\u00b5ng), do c\u00b8c th\u00f1 l\u00dcnh c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a m\u00e9t s\u00e8 n\u2212\u00edc th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp t\u00b9i H\u00e9i ngh\u00de \u00eb Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam (H\u00b5 Lan), h\u00e4p t\u00f5 ng\u00b5y 26-7 \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 2-8-1919. Ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c n\u00b5y g\u00ben li\u00d2n v\u00edi ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch c\u00f1a c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00ac h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca thu\u00e9c Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5ng Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng h\u00eep t\u00b8c giai c\u00cap gi\u00f7a v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00edi t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00b5 b\u00b8c b\u00e1 c\u00b8c h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, khai tr\u00f5 ra kh\u00e1i t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n t\u00b6. C\u00b8c th\u00f1 l\u00dcnh Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5ng Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam \u00f1ng h\u00e9 ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch th\u00ef \u00ae\u00dech v\u00edi Li\u00aan X\u00ab. Sau khi Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n (Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00abng h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e1) ra \u00ae\u00eai (th\u00b8ng 7-1921), \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 v\u00b5ng Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam trong phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n d\u00c7n d\u00c7n b\u00de \u00ae\u00c8y l\u00efi v\u00b5 ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n ng\u00f5ng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng trong th\u00eai gian x\u00b6y ra Chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi th\u00f8 hai. Tr.182. 31. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai: Th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1889 t\u00b9i \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i Li\u00aan minh qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c t\u00b9i Pari (Ph\u00b8p) theo s\u00b8ng ki\u00d5n c\u00f1a Ph. \u00a1ngghen. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 t\u00b8c d\u00f4ng ph\u00e6 bi\u00d5n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c v\u00d2 b\u00d2 r\u00e9ng, \u00ae\u00b8nh d\u00cau th\u00eai k\u00fa chu\u00c8n b\u00de c\u00ac s\u00eb \u00ae\u00d3 cho phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n r\u00e9ng r\u00b7i trong nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00eb nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc.","602 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Sau khi Ph. \u00a1ngghen m\u00cat, c\u00ac quan l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai do c\u00b8c ph\u00c7n t\u00f6 c\u00ac h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca thao t\u00f3ng. H\u00e4 \u00ae\u00dfi x\u00d0t l\u00b9i h\u00e4c thuy\u00d5t c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a M\u00b8c, ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e8i chuy\u00aan ch\u00ddnh v\u00ab s\u00b6n, thay th\u00d5 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u00ae\u00cau tranh giai c\u00cap b\u00bbng lu\u00cbn \u00aei\u00d3m h\u00f7u khuynh \u201ch\u00eep t\u00b8c giai c\u00cap\u201d, \u201cch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n\u201d, \u201ch\u00dfa b\u00d7nh ti\u00d5n l\u00aan ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i\u201d. B\u00b6n ch\u00cat c\u00f1a c\u00b8c lu\u00cbn \u00aei\u00d3m \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 ph\u00b8 ho\u00b9i phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, gi\u00b8n ti\u00d5p \u00f1ng h\u00e9 nh\u00f7ng ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c m\u00b5 b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00aeang th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. Tr.216. 32. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng T\u00a9n H\u00eei: Cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 t\u2212 s\u00b6n d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00a7\u00e5ng minh h\u00e9i (cu\u00e8i n\u00a8m 1912 \u00ae\u00e6i th\u00b5nh Trung Hoa Qu\u00e8c d\u00a9n \u00a7\u00b6ng), \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u l\u00b5 T\u00abn Trung S\u00acn. Cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng n\u00e6 ra ng\u00b5y 10-10-1911 (n\u00a8m T\u00a9n H\u00eei) \u00eb V\u00f2 X\u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 nhanh ch\u00e3ng lan ra c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh \u00eb Hoa Nam v\u00b5 Hoa Trung. \u00a7\u00c7u th\u00b8ng 12-1911, qu\u00a9n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng chi\u00d5m Nam Kinh. Ng\u00b5y 1-1-1912, n\u00d2n c\u00e9ng ho\u00b5 c\u00f1a Trung Hoa d\u00a9n qu\u00e8c ra \u00ae\u00eai, T\u00abn Trung S\u00acn \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00c7u l\u00b5m T\u00e6ng th\u00e8ng l\u00a9m th\u00eai. D\u00f9a v\u00b5o th\u00d5 l\u00f9c c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc t\u2212 b\u00b6n M\u00fc, Anh, Ph\u00b8p, \u00a7\u00f8c, Vi\u00aan Th\u00d5 Kh\u00b6i t\u00f5ng b\u2212\u00edc thi\u00d5t l\u00cbp ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 \u00ae\u00e9c t\u00b5i, \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Th\u00b8ng 3-1913, C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng T\u00a9n H\u00eei k\u00d5t th\u00f3c. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng T\u00a9n H\u00eei \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6 n\u00d2n qu\u00a9n ch\u00f1 chuy\u00aan ch\u00d5 M\u00b7n Thanh, ch\u00cam d\u00f8t \u00b8ch th\u00e8ng tr\u00de l\u00a9u \u00ae\u00eai c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap phong ki\u00d5n. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00e6i b\u00efng ng\u00e4n gi\u00e3 d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 v\u00b5o tinh th\u00c7n nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c, khi\u00d5n sau \u00ae\u00e3 m\u00e4i \u00a9m m\u2212u ph\u00f4c h\u00e5i ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 qu\u00a9n ch\u00f1, t\u00f9 t\u00abn m\u00d7nh l\u00b5m vua \u00ae\u00d2u b\u00de th\u00cat b\u00b9i. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00ae\u00b7 thi\u00d5t l\u00cbp Nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc C\u00e9ng ho\u00b5 Trung Hoa d\u00a9n qu\u00e8c, nh\u2212ng ch\u2212a th\u00f1 ti\u00aau ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n \u00b8ch th\u00e8ng tr\u00de c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap phong ki\u00d5n v\u00d2 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 v\u00d2 kinh t\u00d5, ch\u2212a \u00ae\u00f4ng ch\u00b9m \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c \u00aeang \u00aeua nhau x\u00a9u x\u00d0 Trung Qu\u00e8c. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng T\u00a9n H\u00eei l\u00b5 m\u00e9t cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng d\u00a9n ch\u00f1, \u00ae\u00b8nh d\u00cau s\u00f9 th\u00f8c t\u00d8nh c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n ch\u00a9u \u00b8 \u00ae\u00c7u th\u00d5 k\u00fb XX trong cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh gi\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp, t\u00f9 do v\u00b5 c\u00b8c quy\u00d2n d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n. Tr.231. 33. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat (H\u00e9i Li\u00aan hi\u00d6p lao \u00ae\u00e9ng qu\u00e8c t\u00d5): T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n, th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1864 t\u00b9i H\u00e9i ngh\u00de c\u00abng nh\u00a9n qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 \u00eb Lu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00abn (Anh), do C. M\u00b8c v\u00b5 Ph. \u00a1ngghen l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o. C\u00ac quan l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o cao nh\u00cat c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat l\u00b5 H\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e5ng Trung","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 603 \u2212\u00acng H\u00e9i Li\u00aan hi\u00d6p lao \u00ae\u00e9ng qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 do C. M\u00b8c l\u00b5 \u00f1y vi\u00aan th\u2212\u00eang tr\u00f9c. B\u00bbng c\u00b8ch kh\u00bec ph\u00f4c nh\u00f7ng \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng ti\u00d3u t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng khuynh h\u2212\u00edng b\u00cc ph\u00b8i l\u00f3c \u00ae\u00e3 \u00aeang t\u00e5n t\u00b9i trong phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, C. M\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b7 \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t xung quanh m\u00d7nh nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai gi\u00b8c ng\u00e9 nh\u00cat c\u00f1a H\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e5ng Trung \u2212\u00acng. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5 c\u00f1ng c\u00e8 s\u00f9 \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f1a h\u00e4. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00e3ng vai tr\u00df to l\u00edn trong s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p truy\u00d2n b\u00b8 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c v\u00b5 trong vi\u00d6c k\u00d5t h\u00eep ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00edi phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. Sau khi C\u00abng x\u00b7 Pari th\u00cat b\u00b9i, m\u00e9t nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u00c6t ra l\u00b5 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00eb m\u00e7i n\u2212\u00edc, tr\u00aan c\u00ac s\u00eb nh\u00f7ng nguy\u00aan t\u00bec m\u00b5 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00d2 ra. N\u00a8m 1876, t\u00b9i H\u00e9i ngh\u00de Phila\u00aeenphia (M\u00fc), Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat ch\u00ddnh th\u00f8c gi\u00b6i t\u00b8n. Tr.233. 34. Nh\u00f7ng lu\u00cbn c\u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a V.I. L\u00aanin v\u00d2 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, t\u00f8c l\u00b5 S\u00ac th\u00b6o l\u00c7n th\u00f8 nh\u00cat nh\u00f7ng lu\u00cbn c\u2212\u00acng v\u00d2 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c v\u00b5 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, do V.I. L\u00aanin vi\u00d5t v\u00b5 tr\u00d7nh b\u00b5y t\u00b9i \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 II c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, h\u00e4p t\u00f5 ng\u00b5y 19-7 \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 7-8-1920. N\u00e9i dung c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng lu\u00cbn c\u2212\u00acng n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b7 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng r\u00cat s\u00a9u s\u00bec \u00ae\u00d5n nh\u00cbn th\u00f8c t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c. T\u00f5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc, Ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00d5n v\u00edi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c - L\u00aanin v\u00b5 kh\u00bcng \u00ae\u00denh: C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam mu\u00e8n th\u00b5nh c\u00abng ph\u00b6i \u00aei theo con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00f1a V.I. L\u00aanin - con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai Nga; mu\u00e8n c\u00f8u n\u2212\u00edc, gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c kh\u00abng c\u00e3 con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang n\u00b5o kh\u00b8c con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n. Tr.234. 35. Tr\u2212\u00eang Tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n: Cu\u00e8i n\u00a8m 1924, l\u00cay t\u00aan l\u00b5 L\u00fd Th\u00f4y, \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c t\u00f5 Li\u00aan X\u00ab \u00ae\u00d5n ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00eb Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u (Trung Qu\u00e8c) nh\u00bbm chu\u00c8n b\u00de cho vi\u00d6c th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Vi\u00d6t Nam. M\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng vi\u00d6c chu\u00c8n b\u00de \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c, m\u00eb c\u00b8c l\u00edp hu\u00can luy\u00d6n c\u00b8n b\u00e9. T\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u n\u00a8m 1925 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1927, c\u00b8c l\u00edp hu\u00can luy\u00d6n c\u00b8n b\u00e9 do \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd trong T\u00e6ng b\u00e9 H\u00e9i Vi\u00d6t Nam C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Thanh ni\u00aan m\u00eb t\u00b9i nh\u00b5 s\u00e8 13 v\u00b5 13A, \u00ae\u2212\u00eang V\u00a8n Minh (nay l\u00b5 nh\u00b5 s\u00e8 248 v\u00b5 250, \u00ae\u2212\u00eang V\u00a8n Minh), Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u. Th\u00eai gian m\u00e7i l\u00edp hu\u00can","604 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP luy\u00d6n t\u00f5 1 th\u00b8ng r\u2212\u00eci \u00ae\u00d5n 2 th\u00b8ng. Ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b5 gi\u00b6ng vi\u00aan ch\u00ddnh, \u00ae\u00e5ng th\u00eai m\u00eai c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd trong T\u00d8nh u\u00fb Qu\u00b6ng \u00a7\u00abng c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c, c\u00b8c gi\u00b6ng vi\u00aan Tr\u2212\u00eang Qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 Ho\u00b5ng Ph\u00e8 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00e3i chuy\u00d6n v\u00b5 gi\u00b6ng b\u00b5i. Nh\u00f7ng b\u00b5i gi\u00b6ng c\u00f1a Ng\u2212\u00eai sau \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec t\u00cbp h\u00eep xu\u00cat b\u00b6n th\u00b5nh s\u00b8ch \u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh. Th\u00b8ng 4-1927, T\u2212\u00ebng Gi\u00edi Th\u00b9ch ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh bi\u00d5n ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, kh\u00f1ng b\u00e8 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 c\u00b8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai Vi\u00d6t Nam \u00eb Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u, v\u00d7 v\u00cby c\u00b8c l\u00edp hu\u00can luy\u00d6n kh\u00abng th\u00d3 ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c m\u00eb t\u00b9i \u00ae\u00a9y n\u00f7a. T\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u n\u00a8m 1925 \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 9-1927, Ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00f9c ti\u00d5p m\u00eb \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 3 l\u00edp hu\u00can luy\u00d6n, t\u00e6ng s\u00e8 h\u00e4c vi\u00aan c\u00e3 kho\u00b6ng 75 ng\u2212\u00eai (c\u00e3 t\u00b5i li\u00d6u th\u00e8ng k\u00aa l\u00b5 c\u00e3 10 l\u00edp, hu\u00can luy\u00d6n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec tr\u00aan 200 h\u00e4c vi\u00aan). Sau khi h\u00e4c xong, m\u00e9t s\u00e8 h\u00e4c vi\u00aan \u00ae\u2212\u00eec gi\u00edi thi\u00d6u v\u00b5o h\u00e4c Tr\u2212\u00eang Qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 Ho\u00b5ng Ph\u00e8, m\u00e9t s\u00e8 v\u00d2 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng g\u00a9y c\u00ac s\u00eb c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng trong n\u2212\u00edc, m\u00e9t s\u00e8 \u00ddt \u00eb l\u00b9i tham gia c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Trung Qu\u00e8c... Vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c m\u00eb tr\u2212\u00eang hu\u00can luy\u00d6n c\u00b8n b\u00e9 \u00eb Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u c\u00e3 \u00fd ngh\u00dca r\u00cat to l\u00edn, \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b5o t\u00b9o cho c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam nh\u00f7ng l\u00edp c\u00b8n b\u00e9 \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan theo \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c - L\u00aanin v\u00b5 g\u00e3p ph\u00c7n quan tr\u00e4ng v\u00b5o vi\u00d6c th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Vi\u00d6t Nam (n\u00a8m 1930). Tr.238. 36. H\u00e9i Li\u00aan hi\u00d6p c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea t\u00f8c H\u00e9i Li\u00aan hi\u00d6p c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c: T\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c do \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 m\u00e9t s\u00e8 nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00a9u \u00b8 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp ng\u00b5y 9-7-1925. Trong H\u00e9i n\u00b5y c\u00e3 ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc Vi\u00d6t Nam, Trung Qu\u00e8c, Tri\u00d2u Ti\u00aan, \u00can \u00a7\u00e9, v.v.. Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a H\u00e9i l\u00b5 \u00abng Li\u00aau Tr\u00e4ng Kh\u00b6i - ng\u2212\u00eai thu\u00e9c c\u00b8nh t\u00b6 Qu\u00e8c d\u00a9n \u00a7\u00b6ng Trung Qu\u00e8c. M\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch c\u00f1a H\u00e9i l\u00b5 \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c \u00eb ch\u00a9u \u00b8 trong m\u00e9t m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn chung ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c kh\u00e1i \u00b8ch \u00b8p b\u00f8c, b\u00e3c l\u00e9t c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. N\u00a8m 1926, H\u00e9i c\u00b6i t\u00e6 v\u00b5 c\u00f6 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech l\u00b5 \u00abng Bao Hu\u00d6 T\u00a8ng - m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c. Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c (l\u00f3c \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00cay b\u00dd danh l\u00b5 L\u00fd Th\u00f4y) \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00f6 l\u00b5 B\u00dd th\u2212 ki\u00aam \u00f1y vi\u00aan T\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh c\u00f1a H\u00e9i v\u00b5 tr\u00f9c ti\u00d5p","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 605 ph\u00f4 tr\u00b8ch Chi h\u00e9i Vi\u00d6t Nam, t\u00f8c H\u00e9i Vi\u00d6t Nam C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Thanh ni\u00aan. Tr.239. 37. B\u00b8o Le Paria: C\u00ac quan tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n c\u00f1a H\u00e9i Li\u00aan hi\u00d6p thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, do Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 m\u00e9t s\u00e8 nh\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1922 t\u00b9i Pari (Ph\u00b8p). B\u00b8o xu\u00cat b\u00b6n b\u00bbng ti\u00d5ng Ph\u00b8p, l\u00f3c \u00ae\u00c7u m\u00e7i th\u00b8ng m\u00e9t k\u00fa, sau t\u00a8ng l\u00aan hai k\u00fa. S\u00e8 \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan ra ng\u00b5y 1-4-1922 v\u00edi ti\u00aau \u00ae\u00d2: Di\u00d4n \u00ae\u00b5n c\u00f1a c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 1-1924 \u00ae\u00e6i th\u00b5nh Di\u00d4n \u00ae\u00b5n c\u00f1a v\u00ab s\u00b6n thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. M\u00e7i s\u00e8 b\u00b8o ra 5.000 b\u00b6n. \u00a7\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c l\u00b5 ch\u00f1 nhi\u00d6m ki\u00aam ch\u00f1 b\u00f3t v\u00b5 qu\u00b6n l\u00fd c\u00f1a t\u00ea b\u00b8o. Sau khi Ng\u2212\u00eai sang Li\u00aan X\u00ab ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng (gi\u00f7a n\u00a8m 1923) b\u00b8o ra kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00d2u k\u00fa, v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5n s\u00e8 38 (th\u00b8ng 4-1926) th\u00d7 \u00ae\u00d7nh b\u00b6n. D\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00b9o tr\u00f9c ti\u00d5p c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c, nh\u00f7ng b\u00b5i \u00ae\u00a8ng tr\u00aan b\u00b8o Le Paria \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00b9ch tr\u00c7n ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p, b\u00e3c l\u00e9t d\u00b7 man c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c n\u00e3i chung v\u00b5 c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Ph\u00b8p n\u00e3i ri\u00aang, g\u00e3p ph\u00c7n quan tr\u00e4ng v\u00b5o vi\u00d6c truy\u00d2n b\u00b8 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c - L\u00aanin v\u00b5o \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea kh\u00b8c, th\u00f8c t\u00d8nh c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c v\u00efng d\u00cby \u00ae\u00cau tranh t\u00f9 gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng. M\u00c6c d\u00ef b\u00de nh\u00b5 c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n th\u00f9c d\u00a9n ra s\u00f8c c\u00cam \u00aeo\u00b8n, b\u00b8o Le Paria v\u00c9n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec m\u00e9t s\u00e8 thu\u00fb th\u00f1 ng\u2212\u00eai Vi\u00d6t Nam y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc tr\u00aan c\u00b8c tuy\u00d5n h\u00b5ng h\u00b6i qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 b\u00dd m\u00cbt chuy\u00d3n v\u00d2 n\u2212\u00edc, l\u2212u h\u00b5nh kh\u00b8 r\u00e9ng r\u00b7i \u00eb S\u00b5i G\u00dfn, H\u00b6i Ph\u00dfng, H\u00b5 N\u00e9i, Nam \u00a7\u00denh, Hu\u00d5, \u00a7\u00b5 N\u00bdng. Nh\u00ea t\u00ea b\u00b8o n\u00b5y, nhi\u00d2u ng\u2212\u00eai Vi\u00d6t Nam y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc th\u00cay r\u00e2 h\u00acn t\u00e9i \u00b8c c\u00f1a th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, b\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00c7u hi\u00d3u \u00ae\u2212\u00eec C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai Nga v\u00b5 V.I. L\u00aanin, n\u00a9ng cao \u00fd th\u00f8c gi\u00b8c ng\u00e9 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Tr.239. 38. B\u00b8o Thanh ni\u00aan: T\u00ea b\u00b8o do \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp v\u00b5 tr\u00f9c ti\u00d5p ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00b9o, l\u00b5 c\u00ac quan trung \u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a H\u00e9i Vi\u00d6t Nam C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Thanh ni\u00aan. B\u00b8o ra h\u00bbng tu\u00c7n b\u00bbng ti\u00d5ng Vi\u00d6t, s\u00e8 \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan xu\u00cat b\u00b6n v\u00b5o th\u00b8ng 6-1925. \u00a7\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 4-1927 b\u00b8o ra \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 88 s\u00e8. \u00a7\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c v\u00f5a l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai ph\u00f4 tr\u00b8ch ch\u00f1 ch\u00e8t, v\u00f5a l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai vi\u00d5t nhi\u00d2u b\u00b5i cho b\u00b8o Thanh ni\u00aan. V\u00edi n\u00e9i dung ng\u00ben g\u00e4n, l\u00eai v\u00a8n gi\u00b6n d\u00de, trong s\u00b8ng, c\u00b8c b\u00b5i \u00ae\u00a8ng tr\u00aan b\u00b8o Thanh ni\u00aan ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u nh\u00bbm","606 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP ph\u00f4c v\u00f4 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng n\u2212\u00edc ta, tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n t\u00abn ch\u00d8, m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch c\u00f1a H\u00e9i Vi\u00d6t Nam C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Thanh ni\u00aan; tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca L\u00aanin v\u00b5 C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai Nga; n\u00aau l\u00aan c\u00b8c v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 v\u00d2 \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i chi\u00d5n l\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5 s\u00b8ch l\u2212\u00eec c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam. B\u00b8o Thanh ni\u00aan \u00ae\u00b7 g\u00e3p ph\u00c7n quan tr\u00e4ng v\u00b5o vi\u00d6c truy\u00d2n b\u00b8 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c - L\u00aanin v\u00b5o Vi\u00d6t Nam; chu\u00c8n b\u00de v\u00d2 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c ti\u00d5n t\u00edi th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Vi\u00d6t Nam \u00ae\u00c7u n\u00a8m 1930. Tr.239. 39. Nh\u00e3m thi\u00d5u nhi An Nam - T\u00f8c nh\u00e3m thi\u00d5u ni\u00aan c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Vi\u00d6t Nam do \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c. Sau khi th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp H\u00e9i Vi\u00d6t Nam C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Thanh ni\u00aan (n\u00a8m 1925), \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c m\u00e9t nh\u00e3m thi\u00d5u nhi Vi\u00d6t Nam \u00eb Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u (Trung Qu\u00e8c), g\u00e5m c\u00e3 7 th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan trong \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 L\u00fd T\u00f9 Tr\u00e4ng, ng\u2212\u00eai \u00aeo\u00b5n vi\u00aan \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a \u00a7o\u00b5n Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Vi\u00d6t Nam sau n\u00b5y. Ng\u2212\u00eai m\u00eb l\u00edp h\u00e4c, d\u00b9y cho c\u00b8c em v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00dea l\u00fd, l\u00dech s\u00f6 Vi\u00d6t Nam; v\u00d2 n\u00e7i kh\u00e6 c\u00f9c c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai d\u00a9n m\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc; v\u00d2 nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam v\u00b5 nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 c\u00f1a thi\u00d5u nhi Vi\u00d6t Nam trong cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. \u00a7\u00d3 c\u00b8c em \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ti\u00d5p th\u00f4 s\u00f9 gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, ng\u00b5y 22-7-1926, Ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 vi\u00d5t th\u2212 g\u00f6i U\u00fb ban Trung \u2212\u00acng Thi\u00d5u nhi Li\u00aan X\u00ab v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd \u00ae\u00b9i di\u00d6n \u00a7o\u00b5n Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p t\u00b9i Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Thanh ni\u00aan C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d2 ngh\u00de gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec \u00ae\u2212a m\u00e9t s\u00e8 thi\u00d5u nhi Vi\u00d6t Nam sang h\u00e4c t\u00cbp \u00eb Li\u00aan X\u00ab. Do vi\u00d6c \u00aei l\u00b9i kh\u00e3 kh\u00a8n, d\u00f9 \u00ae\u00denh c\u00f1a Ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00abng th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. Tr.240. 40. Cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00e3n r\u2212\u00edc B\u00efi Quang Chi\u00aau: L\u00eei d\u00f4ng k\u00d5t qu\u00b6 c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh \u00ae\u00dfi quy\u00d2n t\u00f9 do d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng Nam K\u00fa trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 1923 - 1925, n\u00a8m 1925, B\u00efi Quang Chi\u00aau l\u00cay t\u2212 c\u00b8ch l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9i di\u00d6n c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng L\u00cbp hi\u00d5n sang Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00d3 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 Ph\u00b8p ban h\u00b5nh c\u00b6i c\u00b8ch t\u00f9 do d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 \u00eb \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng. Cu\u00e9c v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng mang t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00e3 th\u00cat b\u00b9i. Th\u00b8ng 3-1926, B\u00efi Quang Chi\u00aau v\u00d2 n\u2212\u00edc. Nh\u00a9n d\u00dep n\u00b5y, ng\u00b5y 24-3-1926, m\u00e9t s\u00e8 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc c\u00f1a tr\u00dd th\u00f8c, ti\u00d3u t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan, h\u00e4c sinh \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c m\u00e9t cu\u00e9c bi\u00d3u d\u2212\u00acng l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00e8ng b\u00e4n th\u00f9c d\u00a9n ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng d\u2212\u00edi danh","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 607 ngh\u00dca cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00e3n r\u2212\u00edc B\u00efi Quang Chi\u00aau. Trong ng\u00b5y n\u00b5y, cu\u00e9c bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh r\u00c7m r\u00e9 c\u00f1a s\u00b8u v\u00b9n ng\u2212\u00eai \u00eb S\u00b5i G\u00dfn v\u00b5 s\u00b8u t\u00d8nh Nam K\u00fa, v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u ch\u00e8ng th\u00f9c d\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00b5m cho b\u00e4n l\u00b7nh t\u00f4 c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng L\u00cbp hi\u00d5n - nh\u00f7ng k\u00ce \u00ae\u00b9i di\u00d6n cho giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n, \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1 - ho\u00b6ng s\u00ee. \u00a7\u00f8ng tr\u2212\u00edc cu\u00e9c bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh, B\u00efi Quang Chi\u00aau \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b6n b\u00e9i l\u00b9i phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng; tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 \u00aei theo ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch \\\"Ph\u00b8p - Vi\u00d6t \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2\\\", m\u00e9t ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng do th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00d2 ra nh\u00bbm xoa d\u00deu phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n ta. B\u00e9 m\u00c6t th\u00cbt c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng L\u00cbp hi\u00d5n b\u00de l\u00e9t tr\u00c7n, ng\u00e4n c\u00ea qu\u00e8c gia c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n b\u00de s\u00f4p \u00ae\u00e6. T\u00f5 ch\u00e7 l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e8i t\u2212\u00eeng c\u00f1a cu\u00e9c \\\"\u00ae\u00e3n r\u2212\u00edc\\\", B\u00efi Quang Chi\u00aau tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e8i t\u2212\u00eeng \u00ae\u00b6 k\u00ddch c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng. Tr.246. 41. H\u00e9i Ph\u00f4c Vi\u00d6t: M\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp v\u00b5o m\u00efa h\u00cc n\u00a8m 1925, do s\u00f9 k\u00d5t h\u00eep nh\u00e3m c\u00f9u ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de ph\u00b9m c\u00f2 \u00eb Trung K\u00fa (th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p ph\u00b6i th\u00b6 ra d\u2212\u00edi \u00b8p l\u00f9c c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng v\u00b5 phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00dfi t\u00f9 do d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n m\u00b9nh \u00eb Vi\u00d6t Nam t\u00f5 sau Chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi th\u00f8 nh\u00cat) v\u00edi nh\u00e3m sinh vi\u00aan Tr\u2212\u00eang cao \u00ae\u00bcng S\u2212 ph\u00b9m H\u00b5 N\u00e9i. C\u00ac s\u00eb c\u00f1a H\u00e9i ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u \u00eb v\u00efng Thanh - Ngh\u00d6 - T\u00dcnh. Trong phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh s\u00abi n\u00e6i c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n ta \u00ae\u00dfi th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p th\u00b6 nh\u00b5 \u00b8i qu\u00e8c Phan B\u00e9i Ch\u00a9u n\u00a8m 1925, h\u00e9i vi\u00aan c\u00f1a H\u00e9i n\u00b5y \u00ae\u00b7 r\u00b6i truy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00acn \u00eb c\u00b8c th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 H\u00b5 N\u00e9i, H\u00b6i Ph\u00dfng, Nam \u00a7\u00denh, th\u00de x\u00b7 H\u00b6i D\u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 m\u00e9t s\u00e8 \u00ae\u00dea ph\u2212\u00acng \u00eb Nam K\u00fa k\u00aau g\u00e4i tham gia \u00ae\u00cau tranh. C\u00ac s\u00eb c\u00f1a H\u00e9i b\u00de l\u00e9 v\u00b5 H\u00e9i ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00e6i t\u00aan l\u00b5 H\u2212ng Nam. Ch\u00deu \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng m\u00b9nh m\u00cf c\u00f1a H\u00e9i Vi\u00d6t Nam C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Thanh ni\u00aan - t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng do \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1925 \u00eb Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u (Trung Qu\u00e8c), H\u2212ng Nam \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00e6i t\u00aan th\u00b5nh T\u00a9n Vi\u00d6t C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00a7\u00b6ng (th\u00b8ng 7-1928), sau \u00ae\u00e3 ph\u00a9n ho\u00b8 v\u00b5 d\u00c9n t\u00edi s\u00f9 ra \u00ae\u00eai c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Li\u00aan \u00aeo\u00b5n (th\u00b8ng 9-1929), l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong ba t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b7 h\u00eep nh\u00cat th\u00b5nh \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Vi\u00d6t Nam v\u00b5o \u00ae\u00c7u n\u00a8m 1930. Tr.247. 42. Tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n: T\u00b8c ph\u00c8m do C. M\u00b8c v\u00b5 Ph. \u00a1ngghen vi\u00d5t t\u00f5 th\u00b8ng 12-1847 \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 1-1848; \u00ae\u2212\u00eec xu\u00cat b\u00b6n l\u00c7n \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan v\u00b5o th\u00b8ng 2-1848 \u00eb Lu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00abn; sau \u00ae\u00e3 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec d\u00dech ra nhi\u00d2u th\u00f8 ti\u00d5ng v\u00b5 xu\u00cat b\u00b6n \u00eb nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi.","608 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Trong Tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, C. M\u00b8c v\u00b5 Ph. \u00a1ngghen \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00a9n t\u00ddch m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch khoa h\u00e4c t\u00ddnh t\u00cat y\u00d5u l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 s\u00f8 m\u00d6nh l\u00dech s\u00f6 c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b5o m\u00e5 ch\u00abn ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n, s\u00b8ng t\u00b9o x\u00b7 h\u00e9i m\u00edi - x\u00b7 h\u00e9i c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca. Mu\u00e8n v\u00cby, giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n ph\u00b6i x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh, th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n, thi\u00d5t l\u00cbp chuy\u00aan ch\u00ddnh v\u00ab s\u00b6n, ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. Tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b8nh d\u00cau s\u00f9 ra \u00ae\u00eai c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n khoa h\u00e4c, tr\u00d7nh b\u00b5y m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch ho\u00b5n ch\u00d8nh v\u00b5 c\u00e3 h\u00d6 th\u00e8ng (L\u00aanin) h\u00e4c thuy\u00d5t v\u00d2 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i khoa h\u00e4c c\u00f1a C. M\u00b8c, l\u00b5 c\u2212\u00acng l\u00dcnh chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n to\u00b5n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. Th\u00f9c ti\u00d4n c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng th\u00d5 gi\u00edi h\u00acn m\u00e9t th\u00d5 k\u00fb qua \u00ae\u00b7 ch\u00f8ng minh s\u00f9 \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00ben c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng lu\u00cbn \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00ac b\u00b6n trong Tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00b5 g\u00e3p ph\u00c7n l\u00b5m phong ph\u00f3 th\u00aam nh\u00f7ng lu\u00cbn \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00ac b\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e3. \u00eb Vi\u00d6t Nam, Tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b7 s\u00edm \u00ae\u2212\u00eec truy\u00d2n b\u00b8 r\u00e9ng r\u00b7i. N\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00f9c s\u00f9 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh ng\u00e4n \u00aeu\u00e8c soi \u00ae\u2212\u00eang cho giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng n\u2212\u00edc ta trong s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p \u00ae\u00cau tranh gi\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp d\u00a9n t\u00e9c v\u00b5 \u00aei l\u00aan ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i. Tr.247. 43. Cu\u00e9c b\u00b7i c\u00abng giam ch\u00a9n t\u00b5u Mis\u00acl\u00aa: Th\u00b8ng 8-1925, chi\u00d5c t\u00b5u chi\u00d5n Mis\u00acl\u00aa c\u00f1a th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p tr\u00aan \u00ae\u2212\u00eang t\u00f5 Ph\u00b8p sang \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Trung Qu\u00e8c gh\u00d0 v\u00b5o S\u00b5i G\u00dfn \u00ae\u00d3 s\u00f6a ch\u00f7a t\u00b9i x\u2212\u00ebng Ba Son. \u00a7\u00d3 \u00f1ng h\u00e9 cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c, h\u00acn 1.000 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n x\u2212\u00ebng Ba Son d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a C\u00abng h\u00e9i S\u00b5i G\u00dfn - Ch\u00ee L\u00edn \u00ae\u00b7 nh\u00cat lo\u00b9t b\u00b7i c\u00abng t\u00f5 bu\u00e6i s\u00b8ng ng\u00b5y 4-8-1925. \u00a7\u2212\u00eec s\u00f9 \u00f1ng h\u00e9 m\u00b9nh m\u00cf c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n c\u00b8c c\u00ac s\u00eb v\u00b5 x\u2212\u00ebng \u00eb S\u00b5i G\u00dfn - Ch\u00ee L\u00edn, c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Ba Son \u00ae\u00b7 \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t nh\u00cat tr\u00dd, ki\u00aan tr\u00d7 v\u00b5 d\u00f2ng c\u00b6m b\u00b7i c\u00abng, b\u00cat ch\u00cap m\u00e4i s\u00f9 \u00aee d\u00e4a v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00dech. Ng\u00b5y 12-8-1925, b\u00e4n ch\u00d8 huy x\u2212\u00ebng ph\u00b6i nh\u2212\u00eeng b\u00e9. Cu\u00e9c b\u00b7i c\u00abng th\u00beng l\u00eei. Sau \u00ae\u00e3, c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Ba Son c\u00dfn ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c \u00ae\u00cau tranh b\u00bbng h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c l\u00b7n c\u00abng, k\u00d0o d\u00b5i vi\u00d6c s\u00f6a ch\u00f7a v\u00b5 giam ch\u00a9n chi\u00d5c t\u00b5u Mis\u00acl\u00aa \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 28-11-1925. Tr.270. 44. \u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh l\u00b5 cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch t\u00cbp h\u00eep nh\u00f7ng b\u00b5i gi\u00b6ng c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c t\u00b9i c\u00b8c l\u00edp hu\u00can luy\u00d6n c\u00b8n b\u00e9 c\u00f1a H\u00e9i Vi\u00d6t Nam","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 609 C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Thanh ni\u00aan, do Ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00b5 T\u00e6ng b\u00e9 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c t\u00b9i Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u (Trung Qu\u00e8c) trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 1925 - 1927. Cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch n\u00b5y do B\u00e9 Tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n c\u00f1a H\u00e9i Li\u00aan hi\u00d6p c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c \u00eb \u00b8 \u00a7\u00abng xu\u00cat b\u00b6n n\u00a8m 1927 \u00ae\u00d3 l\u00b5m t\u00b5i li\u00d6u h\u00e4c t\u00cbp v\u00b5 tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n. \u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh l\u00b5 t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m l\u00edn, m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng d\u00cau m\u00e8c quan tr\u00e4ng trong cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00eai ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00e5ng ch\u00dd Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c. N\u00e9i dung cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch th\u00d3 hi\u00d6n r\u00e2 quan \u00aei\u00d3m t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a Ng\u2212\u00eai trong th\u00eai k\u00fa chu\u00c8n b\u00de v\u00d2 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c ti\u00d5n t\u00edi vi\u00d6c th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Vi\u00d6t Nam, \u00ae\u00e5ng th\u00eai l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng v\u00a8n ki\u00d6n l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng ta, \u00ae\u00c6t c\u00ac s\u00eb t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng cho \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Vi\u00d6t Nam. Tr.277. 45. Ng\u00b5y 4-7-1776, n\u2212\u00edc M\u00fc tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp: Trong cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh gi\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp (1775 - 1781), c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f1a Anh \u00eb B\u00bec M\u00fc \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u \u00ae\u00d3 th\u00b6o lu\u00cbn nh\u00f7ng bi\u00d6n ph\u00b8p ch\u00e8ng th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Anh. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 hai h\u00e4p \u00eb Phila\u00aeenphia (M\u00fc) n\u00a8m 1776 \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00f6 ra m\u00e9t \u00f1y ban do T. Gi\u00d0pph\u00d0cx\u00acn l\u00b5m Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech \u00ae\u00d3 d\u00f9 th\u00b6o m\u00e9t ngh\u00de quy\u00d5t tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 c\u00b8c x\u00f8 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng n\u2212\u00edc t\u00f9 do, \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp, t\u00b8ch kh\u00e1i ph\u00b9m vi quy\u00d2n l\u00f9c c\u00f1a n\u2212\u00edc Anh. B\u00b6n d\u00f9 \u00b8n ngh\u00de quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u 13 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea \u00eb B\u00bec M\u00fc th\u00abng qua ng\u00b5y 4-7-1776 v\u00b5 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh b\u00b6n Tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp c\u00f1a M\u00fc v\u00b5 ng\u00b5y 4-7 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh Ng\u00b5y qu\u00e8c kh\u00b8nh c\u00f1a H\u00eep ch\u00f3ng qu\u00e8c Hoa K\u00fa. Sau khi n\u00aau l\u00aan nh\u00f7ng nguy\u00aan t\u00bec v\u00d2 quy\u00d2n b\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00bcng, quy\u00d2n m\u2212u c\u00c7u h\u00b9nh ph\u00f3c c\u00f1a m\u00e7i th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan, th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00e3 quy\u00d2n l\u00b5m c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng l\u00cbp ra m\u00e9t ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n m\u00edi thay th\u00d5 ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n c\u00f2 khi ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n c\u00f2 ph\u00b6n l\u00b9i nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n, b\u00b6n Tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn kh\u00bcng \u00ae\u00denh quy\u00d2n t\u00f9 do, \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp, t\u00b8ch kh\u00e1i n\u2212\u00edc Anh c\u00f1a c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea \u00eb B\u00bec M\u00fc. B\u00b6n Tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1776 ti\u00aau bi\u00d3u cho nguy\u00d6n v\u00e4ng c\u00f1a nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea B\u00bec M\u00fc \u00ae\u00cau tranh gi\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp, t\u00f9 do. Tr.291. 46. C\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh Ph\u00b8p (1789 - 1794): Cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n \u00aei\u00d3n h\u00d7nh nh\u00cat \u00eb ch\u00a9u \u00a2u, n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00b7 x\u00e3a b\u00e1 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 qu\u00a9n ch\u00f1 phong ki\u00d5n, m\u00eb \u00ae\u2212\u00eang cho ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n \u00eb Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 m\u00e9t s\u00e8 n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00a9u \u00a2u. Ng\u00b5y 14-7-1789, qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng Pari \u00ae\u00b8nh chi\u00d5m ng\u00f4c Baxti \u00ae\u00b8nh d\u00cau","610 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP th\u00beng l\u00eei c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Vua Lui XVI v\u00b5 tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh phong ki\u00d5n ch\u00b9y v\u00d2 V\u00d0cx\u00a9y, ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c c\u00c7m \u00ae\u00c7u b\u00e4n qu\u00fd t\u00e9c trong n\u2212\u00edc, li\u00aan k\u00d5t v\u00edi c\u00b8c th\u00d5 l\u00f9c phong ki\u00d5n b\u00aan ngo\u00b5i \u00ae\u00d3 ch\u00e8ng ph\u00b8 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, v\u00d7 v\u00cby nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n r\u00cat c\u00a8m ph\u00c9n, ng\u00b5y 5-10-1789 \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00f9 \u00ae\u00e9ng n\u00e6i d\u00cby k\u00d0o \u00ae\u00d5n cung \u00aei\u00d6n V\u00d0cx\u00a9y bu\u00e9c vua v\u00b5 b\u00cc l\u00f2 ph\u00b6i tr\u00eb v\u00d2 Pari \u00ae\u00d3 d\u00d4 ki\u00d3m so\u00b8t. \u00a7\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 21-1-1793, Lui XVI b\u00de x\u00f6 t\u00f6. Cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng n\u00b5y c\u00e3 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng l\u00edn \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n \u00eb ch\u00a9u \u00a2u trong th\u00d5 k\u00fb XIX. Nh\u2212ng v\u00d7 l\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n, cho n\u00aan n\u00e3 v\u00c9n duy tr\u00d7 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 t\u2212 h\u00f7u v\u00b5 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 b\u00e3c l\u00e9t. Th\u00f9c ch\u00cat c\u00f1a n\u00e3 ch\u00d8 l\u00b5 vi\u00d6c \u00ae\u2212a m\u00e9t nh\u00e3m ng\u2212\u00eai thu\u00e9c giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n b\u00e3c l\u00e9t n\u00b5y v\u00b5o ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n thay th\u00d5 m\u00e9t nh\u00e3m ng\u2212\u00eai thu\u00e9c giai c\u00cap phong ki\u00d5n tr\u2212\u00edc kia m\u00b5 th\u00abi. \u00a7\u00e3 ch\u00ddnh l\u00b5 \u00aei\u00d2u kh\u00b8c nhau c\u00a8n b\u00b6n gi\u00f7a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n v\u00edi b\u00cat c\u00f8 cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n n\u00b5o. Tr.293. 47. C\u00abng x\u00b7 Pari: T\u00f5 nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 60 c\u00f1a th\u00d5 k\u00fb XIX, m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00edi t\u2212 s\u00b6n trong x\u00b7 h\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng tr\u00eb n\u00aan gay g\u00bet. Tr\u2212\u00edc cu\u00e9c t\u00can c\u00abng x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec c\u00f1a qu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00f8c, Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 t\u2212 s\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00c7u h\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00bet nh\u2212\u00eeng cho \u00a7\u00f8c hai t\u00d8nh And\u00b8tx\u00ac v\u00b5 Loren, ch\u00deu b\u00e5i th\u2212\u00eang 5 t\u00fb phr\u00a8ng, m\u00eb \u00ae\u2212\u00eang cho l\u00ddnh \u00a7\u00f8c ti\u00d5n v\u00b5o s\u00b8t Th\u00f1 \u00ae\u00ab Pari. C\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Pari \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00f9 v\u00f2 trang v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c b\u00e8 ph\u00dfng \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00b6o v\u00d6 th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8. Nh\u2212ng Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 t\u2212 s\u00b6n, \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u l\u00b5 t\u00aan B\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng Chie, \u00ae\u00b7 ra l\u00d6nh t\u2212\u00edc v\u00f2 kh\u00dd c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, gi\u00b6i gi\u00b8p c\u00b8c tuy\u00d5n ph\u00dfng th\u00f1. \u00a7i\u00d2u \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5m nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00a8m ph\u00c9n n\u00e6i d\u00cby kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca ng\u00b5y 18-3-1871, \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00aeu\u00e6i giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n, th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n m\u00edi \u00eb Pari, g\u00e4i l\u00b5 C\u00abng x\u00b7 Pari - ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n. C\u00abng x\u00b7 Pari n\u00a8m 1871 l\u00b5 cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan thi\u00d5t l\u00cbp nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n, \u00ae\u00b8nh d\u00cau m\u00e9t b\u2212\u00edc ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n m\u00edi c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. Nh\u2212ng giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p l\u00f3c n\u00b5y ch\u2212a c\u00e3 m\u00e9t ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng ti\u00d2n phong l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o, ch\u2212a th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec li\u00aan minh v\u00edi n\u00abng d\u00a9n v\u00b5 ch\u2212a ki\u00aan quy\u00d5t tr\u00can \u00b8p k\u00ce th\u00ef \u00ae\u00d5n c\u00efng, l\u00b9i b\u00de giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p c\u00a9u k\u00d5t v\u00edi b\u00e4n x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec \u00a7\u00f8c ph\u00b6n c\u00abng quy\u00d5t li\u00d6t, cho n\u00aan sau 72 ng\u00b5y t\u00e5n t\u00b9i, C\u00abng x\u00b7 \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00de th\u00cat b\u00b9i (th\u00b8ng 5-1871). Tr.295.","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 611 48. \u00a7\u00b6ng Lao \u00ae\u00e9ng t\u00f9 do: Do G.V. Pl\u00aakhan\u00e8p th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1883 - t\u00f8c nh\u00e3m Gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng lao \u00ae\u00e9ng - nh\u00e3m m\u00b8cx\u00ddt \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan \u00eb Nga v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca d\u00a9n tu\u00fd, truy\u00d2n b\u00b8 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c \u00eb n\u2212\u00edc Nga. Nh\u2212ng nh\u00e3m Gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng lao \u00ae\u00e9ng l\u00b9i m\u00bec ph\u00b6i m\u00e9t s\u00e8 sai l\u00c7m nghi\u00aam tr\u00e4ng nh\u2212 c\u00dfn mang nh\u00f7ng t\u00b5n t\u00ddch c\u00f1a quan \u00aei\u00d3m d\u00a9n tu\u00fd, \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00b8 th\u00cap tinh th\u00c7n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a n\u00abng d\u00a9n, \u00ae\u00b8nh gi\u00b8 qu\u00b8 cao vai tr\u00df c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n t\u00f9 do. Nh\u00f7ng sai l\u00c7m \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 m\u00c7m m\u00e8ng c\u00f1a c\u00b8c quan \u00aei\u00d3m mens\u00aav\u00ddch sau n\u00b5y c\u00f1a Pl\u00aakhan\u00e8p v\u00b5 c\u00f1a c\u00b8c th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan kh\u00b8c trong nh\u00e3m. Ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a nh\u00e3m Gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng lao \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00e3 t\u00b8c d\u00f4ng trong vi\u00d6c h\u00d7nh th\u00b5nh \u00fd th\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Nga, m\u00c6c d\u00ef trong th\u00f9c ti\u00d4n, nh\u00e3m \u00ae\u00e3 kh\u00abng li\u00aan h\u00d6 v\u00edi phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. V.I. L\u00aanin \u00ae\u00b7 ch\u00d8 r\u00e2, nh\u00e3m Gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng lao \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00d8 m\u00edi \u00ae\u00c6t c\u00ac s\u00eb l\u00fd lu\u00cbn cho \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00abng nh\u00a9n x\u00b7 h\u00e9i - d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 v\u00b5 ti\u00d5n m\u00e9t b\u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00d3 x\u00ddch l\u00b9i v\u00edi phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. T\u00b9i \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i II c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00abng nh\u00a9n x\u00b7 h\u00e9i - d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 Nga (th\u00b8ng 8-1903), nh\u00e3m Gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng lao \u00ae\u00e9ng tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 gi\u00b6i t\u00b8n. Tr.299. 49. N\u00a8m 1898, \u00a7\u00b6ng (Lao \u00ae\u00e9ng t\u00f9 do) khai h\u00e9i: \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9y, t\u00b8c gi\u00b6 n\u00e3i t\u00edi s\u00f9 ki\u00d6n \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u c\u00f1a Li\u00aan minh chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00eb c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh v\u00b5 th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 c\u00f1a Nga \u00ae\u00b7 h\u00e4p t\u00b9i Minxc\u00ac \u00ae\u00d3 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00abng nh\u00a9n x\u00b7 h\u00e9i - d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 Nga, V.I. L\u00aanin kh\u00abng d\u00f9 \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i n\u00b5y v\u00d7 \u00aeang b\u00de \u00ae\u00b5y \u00eb Xibia. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i ra b\u00b6n tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng n\u00aau r\u00e2: \\\"Giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n Nga s\u00cf l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6 \u00b8ch chuy\u00aan ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00d3 r\u00e5i l\u00b9i ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c \u00ae\u00cau tranh, v\u00edi nhi\u00d2u ngh\u00de l\u00f9c h\u00acn, ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n cho \u00ae\u00d5n khi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i th\u00beng l\u00eei ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n\\\". Ngay sau \u00ae\u00e3, c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u \u00ae\u00d2u b\u00de b\u00bet n\u00aan tr\u00aan th\u00f9c t\u00d5, \u00a7\u00b6ng ch\u2212a ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec. N\u00a8m 1903, \u00a7\u00b6ng h\u00e4p \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 hai. \u00a7\u00d5n \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i n\u00b5y, \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00abng nh\u00a9n x\u00b7 h\u00e9i - d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 Nga m\u00edi th\u00f9c s\u00f9 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Nga. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00abng qua c\u2212\u00acng l\u00dcnh, \u00aei\u00d2u l\u00d6 v\u00b5 b\u00c7u ra c\u00ac quan trung \u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng. Tr.300. 50. Ng\u00b5y 9-1-1905: Ng\u00b5y cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 t\u2212 s\u00b6n l\u00c7n th\u00f8 nh\u00cat \u00eb Nga b\u00efng n\u00e6. L\u00eei d\u00f4ng s\u00f9 b\u00cat m\u00b7n ng\u00b5y c\u00b5ng t\u00a8ng c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, vi\u00aan th\u00c7y tu tay sai c\u00f1a c\u00b6nh s\u00b8t l\u00b5 Gap\u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n ti\u00d5n","612 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP h\u00b5nh m\u00e9t cu\u00e9c bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh ho\u00b5 b\u00d7nh, mang c\u00ea x\u00dd c\u00f1a nh\u00b5 th\u00ea v\u00b5 r\u2212\u00edc \u00b6nh nh\u00b5 vua \u00ae\u00d5n Cung \u00aei\u00d6n M\u00efa \u00a7\u00abng, \u00ae\u00d6 \u00ae\u00acn th\u00d8nh nguy\u00d6n xin c\u00b6i thi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng. M\u00c6t kh\u00b8c, Gap\u00abng m\u00cbt b\u00b8o cho c\u00b6nh s\u00b8t c\u00f1a Nga ho\u00b5ng b\u00e8 ph\u00dfng c\u00c8n m\u00cbt. N\u00bem \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00a9m m\u2212u \u00ae\u00e3, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00abns\u00aav\u00ddch ra s\u00f8c khuy\u00aan c\u00abng nh\u00a9n kh\u00abng tham gia cu\u00e9c bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh. Nh\u2212ng l\u00f3c n\u00b5y, ph\u00c7n l\u00edn c\u00abng nh\u00a9n c\u00dfn tin v\u00b5o Sa ho\u00b5ng, n\u00aan cu\u00e9c bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh v\u00c9n di\u00d4n ra theo k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch. Khi h\u00e4 v\u00f5a xu\u00cat hi\u00d6n \u00eb qu\u00b6ng tr\u2212\u00eang Cung \u00aei\u00d6n M\u00efa \u00a7\u00abng th\u00d7 Sa ho\u00b5ng h\u00b9 l\u00d6nh x\u00b6 s\u00f3ng b\u00ben gi\u00d5t. Tr\u00aan 1.000 ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00d5t v\u00b5 h\u00acn 5.000 ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de th\u2212\u00acng. Ng\u00b5y n\u00b5y \u00ae\u2212\u00eec g\u00e4i l\u00b5 \\\"Ng\u00b5y ch\u00f1 nh\u00cbt \u00ae\u00c9m m\u00b8u\\\". B\u00e9 m\u00c6t th\u00cbt c\u00f1a Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 Nga ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00e9 r\u00e2. Nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00a8m ph\u00c9n n\u00e6i d\u00cby \u00ae\u00cau tranh, n\u00aau cao kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u \\\"\u00a7\u00b6 \u00ae\u00b6o ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 chuy\u00aan ch\u00d5!\\\", m\u00eb \u00ae\u00c7u cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 Nga 1905 - 1907. Tr.300. 51. Nh\u00a9n quy\u00d2n h\u00e9i: N\u00a8m 1836, c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00a7\u00f8c th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \u00eb Pari m\u00e9t h\u00e9i b\u00dd m\u00cbt l\u00cay t\u00aan l\u00b5 H\u00e9i \u00a7\u00e5ng minh nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00ddnh ngh\u00dca. N\u00a8m 1840, tr\u00f4 s\u00eb c\u00f1a H\u00e9i chuy\u00d3n sang Lu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00abn (Anh), m\u00eb r\u00e9ng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng, thu n\u00b9p c\u00b6 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c. M\u00f4c ti\u00aau c\u00f1a H\u00e9i l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00cau tranh cho nh\u00a9n quy\u00d2n (n\u00aan c\u00dfn g\u00e4i l\u00b5 H\u00e9i Nh\u00a9n quy\u00d2n). \u00a7\u00c7u n\u00a8m 1847, C. M\u00b8c v\u00b5 Ph. \u00a1ngghen tham gia \u00a7\u00e5ng minh nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00ddnh ngh\u00dca v\u00edi m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch c\u00b6i t\u00e6 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c n\u00b5y th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Do nh\u00f7ng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng t\u00ddch c\u00f9c c\u00f1a C. M\u00b8c v\u00b5 Ph. \u00a1ngghen, th\u00b8ng 6-1847, \u00a7\u00e5ng minh nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00ddnh ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00b7 h\u00e4p h\u00e9i ngh\u00de t\u00b9i Lu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00abn v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e6i t\u00aan th\u00b5nh \u00a7\u00e5ng minh nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u c\u00f2: \\\"T\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00e4i ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00d2u l\u00b5 anh em!\\\" \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec thay b\u00bbng kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau: \\\"V\u00ab s\u00b6n t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc, \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t l\u00b9i!\\\". \u00a7\u00e5ng minh nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d2 ra m\u00f4c ti\u00aau c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh l\u00b5 l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6 giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n, th\u00f1 ti\u00aau x\u00b7 h\u00e9i c\u00f2 d\u00f9a tr\u00aan c\u00ac s\u00eb \u00ae\u00e8i kh\u00b8ng giai c\u00cap v\u00b5 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp m\u00e9t x\u00b7 h\u00e9i m\u00edi, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 giai c\u00cap v\u00b5 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 t\u2212 h\u00f7u. \u00a7\u00e5ng minh nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00e3ng m\u00e9t vai tr\u00df l\u00dech s\u00f6 to l\u00edn, l\u00b5 tr\u2212\u00eang h\u00e4c c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00ab s\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, l\u00b5 m\u00c7m m\u00e8ng c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00b6ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n, l\u00b5 ti\u00d2n th\u00a9n c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat. Tr.306.","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 613 52. Trong kho\u00b6ng 15 n\u00a8m (t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1874 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1889): \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9y, t\u00b8c gi\u00b6 n\u00e3i t\u00edi nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m nhi\u00d2u ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp. Ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \u00eb \u00a7\u00f8c n\u00a8m 1869 - \u00a7\u00b6ng X\u00b7 h\u00e9i d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 \u00a7\u00f8c. Ch\u00d8 v\u00b5i n\u00a8m sau khi C\u00abng x\u00b7 Pari th\u00cat b\u00b9i v\u00b5 Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat gi\u00b6i t\u00b8n, phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00eb ch\u00a9u \u00a2u l\u00b9i ph\u00f4c h\u00e5i v\u00b5 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n nhanh ch\u00e3ng. Nhi\u00d2u ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \u00eb M\u00fc (1877), Ph\u00b8p (1879), B\u00d8, Italia (1885), \u00b8o (1888)... Vi\u00d6c xu\u00cat hi\u00d6n c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00b8nh d\u00cau m\u00e9t b\u2212\u00edc ti\u00d5n m\u00edi c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u00d2 ra y\u00aau c\u00c7u th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp m\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 m\u00edi. Tr.307. 53. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 hai c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n: H\u00e4p v\u00b5o th\u00b8ng 7 v\u00b5 th\u00b8ng 8-1920. T\u00b9i \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i n\u00b5y, L\u00aanin \u00ae\u00b7 nh\u00can m\u00b9nh nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00ac h\u00e9i trong phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00f7 v\u00f7ng nguy\u00aan t\u00bec m\u00b8cx\u00ddt trong c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 th\u00abng qua 21 \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n gia nh\u00cbp Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00b5 th\u00abng qua b\u00b6n S\u00ac th\u00b6o l\u00c7n th\u00f8 nh\u00cat nh\u00f7ng lu\u00cbn c\u2212\u00acng v\u00d2 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c v\u00b5 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea do V.I. L\u00aanin d\u00f9 th\u00b6o, nh\u00bbm v\u00b9ch ra \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i \u00ae\u00cau tranh gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c cho nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c. Tinh th\u00c7n c\u00ac b\u00b6n c\u00f1a 21 \u00aei\u00d2u ki\u00d6n gia nh\u00cbp Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00dfi h\u00e1i c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc mu\u00e8n \u00ae\u2212\u00eec k\u00d5t n\u00b9p v\u00b5o Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 th\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e9 d\u00f8t kho\u00b8t ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai, ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00cau tranh ki\u00aan quy\u00d5t v\u00d2 m\u00c6t t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f2ng nh\u2212 v\u00d2 nh\u00f7ng bi\u00d6n ph\u00b8p ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f4 th\u00d3, ch\u00e8ng m\u00e4i h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00ac h\u00e9i v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00d0t l\u00b9i. C\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00e3 ph\u00b6i nghi\u00aam ch\u00d8nh th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n v\u00b5 tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng v\u00d2 \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i v\u00b5 quan \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c, ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00e6i t\u00aan l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 k\u00fb lu\u00cbt ch\u00c6t ch\u00cf v\u00b5 tri\u00d6t \u00ae\u00d3 tu\u00a9n theo nh\u00f7ng ngh\u00de quy\u00d5t c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. V\u00d2 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c, \u00aei\u00d2u 8 c\u00f1a v\u00a8n ki\u00d6n ghi r\u00e2: \\\"\u00a7\u00b6ng n\u00b5o mu\u00e8n \u00eb trong Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 ba \u00ae\u00d2u bu\u00e9c ph\u00b6i th\u00bcng tay v\u00b9ch m\u00c6t nh\u00f7ng th\u00f1 \u00aeo\u00b9n x\u00b6o tr\u00b8 c\u00f1a b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c \\\"n\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh\\\" trong c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, \u00f1ng h\u00e9 tr\u00aan th\u00f9c t\u00d5 ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i b\u00bbng l\u00eai n\u00e3i m\u00e4i phong tr\u00b5o gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng \u00eb thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea, \u00ae\u00dfi h\u00e1i ph\u00b6i tr\u00f4c xu\u00cat b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c n\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh ra kh\u00e1i c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea \u00cay; g\u00a9y trong l\u00dfng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n n\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh th\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e9 anh em ch\u00a9n th\u00b5nh v\u00edi nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de \u00b8p b\u00f8c; ti\u00d5n","614 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP h\u00b5nh tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n th\u2212\u00eang xuy\u00aan trong qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i n\u2212\u00edc m\u00d7nh ch\u00e8ng m\u00e4i s\u00f9 \u00b8p b\u00f8c c\u00b8c d\u00a9n t\u00e9c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea\\\". Tr.309. 54. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 ba c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n: H\u00e4p v\u00b5o th\u00b8ng 6 v\u00b5 th\u00b8ng 7-1921. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00d2 ra nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 c\u00cap thi\u00d5t c\u00f1a c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n l\u00b5 ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00b8nh tan \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a b\u00e4n x\u00b7 h\u00e9i d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 trong qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng, ph\u00b6i tranh th\u00f1 qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00aei theo c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. T\u00b9i \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i, V.I. L\u00aanin n\u00aau r\u00e2: N\u00d5u kh\u00abng tranh th\u00f1 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng th\u00d7 kh\u00abng th\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b8nh \u00ae\u00e6 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 do \u00ae\u00e3 kh\u00abng thi\u00d5t l\u00cbp \u00ae\u2212\u00eec chuy\u00aan ch\u00ddnh v\u00ab s\u00b6n. Mu\u00e8n tranh th\u00f1 qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng, ph\u00b6i tham gia t\u00ddch c\u00f9c nh\u00cat v\u00b5o cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh kinh t\u00d5 h\u00bbng ng\u00b5y c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, ph\u00b6i chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau ki\u00aan tr\u00d7 trong c\u00b8c c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n \u00ae\u00d3 bi\u00d5n n\u00e3 th\u00b5nh t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 tr\u00f4c xu\u00cat b\u00e4n c\u00ac h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca kh\u00e1i phong tr\u00b5o, ph\u00b6i chu\u00c8n b\u00de cho qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00cau tranh \u00ae\u00d3 th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n chuy\u00aan ch\u00ddnh v\u00ab s\u00b6n. V.I. L\u00aanin c\u00dfn \u00ae\u00d2 ra s\u00b8ch l\u2212\u00eec v\u00d2 m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat nh\u00bbm \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t c\u00b8c l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n trong cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh chung. Tr.309. 55. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 t\u2212 c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n: H\u00e4p v\u00b5o th\u00b8ng 11 v\u00b5 th\u00b8ng 12-1922. Khi \u00ae\u00e3, ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n X\u00abvi\u00d5t \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00e5n t\u00b9i v\u00b5 l\u00edn m\u00b9nh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec 5 n\u00a8m, phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n r\u00c7m r\u00e9, \u00ae\u00e5ng th\u00eai, b\u00e4n ph\u00b8t x\u00ddt \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng trong nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00a9u \u00a2u. \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i nh\u00can m\u00b9nh nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u c\u00f1a c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n l\u00b5 ki\u00aan tr\u00d7 ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh c\u00abng t\u00b8c qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng tr\u00aan c\u00ac s\u00eb c\u00f1a s\u00b8ch l\u2212\u00eec v\u00d2 m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn c\u00abng nh\u00a9n th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat. Tr.309. 56. Ng\u00b5y \u201c\u00a7\u00b5n b\u00b5 con g\u00b8i\u201d t\u00f8c Ng\u00b5y Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7: Ng\u00b5y 8-3-1899, n\u00f7 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n ng\u00b5nh d\u00d6t v\u00b5 ng\u00b5nh may \u00eb Chicag\u00ab (m\u00e9t th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8 l\u00edn \u00eb M\u00fc) \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00f8ng l\u00aan b\u00b7i c\u00abng, bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh \u00ae\u00dfi t\u00a8ng l\u2212\u00acng, gi\u00b6m gi\u00ea l\u00b5m. M\u00c6c d\u00ef b\u00de b\u00e4n ch\u00f1 \u00aee d\u00e4a v\u00b5 kh\u00f1ng b\u00e8, ch\u00de em c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00c9n ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c b\u00b7i c\u00abng, \u00ae\u00cau tranh. Cu\u00e8i c\u00efng, b\u00e4n ch\u00f1 \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00b6i nh\u2212\u00eeng b\u00e9 v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b8p \u00f8ng ph\u00c7n l\u00edn nh\u00f7ng y\u00aau s\u00b8ch c\u00f1a ch\u00de em. N\u00a8m 1910, H\u00e9i ngh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca l\u00c7n th\u00f8 II h\u00e4p \u00eb C\u00abpenhagen (\u00a7an M\u00b9ch), theo \u00ae\u00d2 ngh\u00de c\u00f1a b\u00b5 Clara D\u00d0tkin, \u00ae\u00b7 quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00denh h\u00bbng n\u00a8m l\u00cay ng\u00b5y 8-3 l\u00b5m Ng\u00b5y Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. Tr.314. 57. Cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00f1a ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 Nga ng\u00b5y 23-2: Ng\u00b5y 23-2 theo l\u00dech Nga (t\u00f8c l\u00b5 Ng\u00b5y Ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 8-3), h\u2212\u00ebng \u00f8ng l\u00eai k\u00aau g\u00e4i c\u00f1a Ban","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 615 Ch\u00cap h\u00b5nh b\u00abns\u00aav\u00ddch P\u00aatr\u00abgr\u00b8t, c\u00b8c n\u00f7 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00efng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y \u00eb Th\u00f1 \u00ae\u00ab b\u00b7i c\u00abng, xu\u00e8ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eang bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh gi\u2212\u00acng cao c\u00b8c kh\u00c8u hi\u00d6u: \\\"\u00a7\u00b6 \u00ae\u00b6o chi\u00d5n tranh!\\\", \\\"B\u00b8nh m\u00fa!\\\", \\\"Ho\u00b5 b\u00d7nh!\\\", \\\"T\u00f9 do\\\", \\\"\u00a7\u00b6 \u00ae\u00b6o ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 chuy\u00aan ch\u00d5\\\". Trong ng\u00b5y h\u00abm \u00ae\u00e3, h\u00acn 128.000 ng\u2212\u00eai (ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u l\u00b5 n\u00f7 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n ng\u00b5nh d\u00d6t v\u00b5 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n luy\u00d6n kim) \u00ae\u00b7 tham gia b\u00b7i c\u00abng. Cu\u00e9c b\u00b7i c\u00abng ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de \u00ae\u00b7 bi\u00d5n th\u00b5nh cu\u00e9c t\u00e6ng bi\u00d3u t\u00d7nh ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de ch\u00e8ng ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 Nga ho\u00b5ng, l\u00b5m ng\u00dfi cho cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 t\u2212 s\u00b6n, l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 Nga ho\u00b5ng chuy\u00aan ch\u00d5, trong \u00ae\u00e3 n\u00f7 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n P\u00aatr\u00abgr\u00b8t \u00ae\u00b7 gi\u00f7 vai tr\u00df n\u00e6i b\u00cbt. Tr.314. 58. V\u00b9n qu\u00e8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i: \u00a7\u00a9y l\u00b5 m\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i c\u00e3 xu h\u2212\u00edng c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, \u00aei ng\u2212\u00eec v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng nguy\u00aan l\u00fd ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c. V\u00b9n qu\u00e8c c\u00abng h\u00e9i ch\u00deu \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a b\u00e4n c\u00ac h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca trong Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai, ch\u00d8 k\u00d5t n\u00b9p c\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00edp tr\u00aan \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00a2u, M\u00fc, \u00ae\u00e8i l\u00cbp v\u00edi quy\u00d2n l\u00eei c\u00f1a t\u00c7ng l\u00edp c\u00abng nh\u00a9n c\u00ac b\u00b6n, kh\u00abng li\u00aan h\u00d6 v\u00edi phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc \u00b8, Phi, \u00f3c l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng v\u00efng thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. N\u00a8m 1919, nh\u00f7ng c\u00abng h\u00e9i n\u00b5y tham gia th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Amxt\u00d0c\u00aeam. Tr.316. 59. C\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n v\u00ab ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1: M\u00e9t tr\u00b5o l\u2212u c\u00ac h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca trong phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, ch\u00deu \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng v\u00d2 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca v\u00ab ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1. Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n v\u00ab ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 cho r\u00bbng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n kh\u00abng c\u00c7n ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, ph\u00f1 nh\u00cbn s\u00f9 c\u00c7n thi\u00d5t ph\u00b6i c\u00e3 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00b6ng ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, ph\u00f1 nh\u00cbn c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n ph\u00b6i \u00ae\u00c6t d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00b6ng, ph\u00f1 nh\u00cbn s\u00f9 t\u00cat y\u00d5u c\u00f1a chuy\u00aan ch\u00ddnh v\u00ab s\u00b6n. H\u00e4 cho r\u00bbng c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n l\u00b5 h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c cao nh\u00cat c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00cau tranh kinh t\u00d5 l\u00b5 ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00cau tranh duy nh\u00cat ph\u00ef h\u00eep v\u00edi l\u00eei \u00ddch c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, coi t\u00e6ng \u00ae\u00d7nh c\u00abng kinh t\u00d5 l\u00b5 h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c \u00ae\u00cau tranh cao nh\u00cat gi\u00f3p cho c\u00b8c c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n c\u00e3 th\u00d3 th\u00f1 ti\u00aau \u00ae\u2212\u00eec ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n m\u00b5 kh\u00abng c\u00c7n \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng, \u00ae\u00d3 t\u2212\u00edc \u00aeo\u00b9t c\u00b8c t\u2212 li\u00d6u s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00b5 n\u00bem l\u00cay quy\u00d2n \u00aei\u00d2u khi\u00d3n n\u00d2n s\u00b6n xu\u00cat. C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai Nga th\u00b5nh c\u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 gi\u00b8ng m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00dfn m\u00b9nh m\u00cf","616 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP v\u00b5o ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00abng \u00aeo\u00b5n v\u00ab ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, v\u00b9ch r\u00e2 s\u00f9 v\u00ab c\u00a8n c\u00f8 v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng h\u00cbu qu\u00b6 n\u00c6ng n\u00d2 c\u00f1a n\u00e3 \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. Tr.316. 60. Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng: Tr\u00b5o l\u2212u ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de trong phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, \u00ae\u00e8i l\u00cbp v\u00edi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng l\u00eei \u00ddch c\u00a8n b\u00b6n c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n. Nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00cau tranh \u00ae\u00dfi th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n nh\u00f7ng c\u00b6i c\u00b8ch, trong khu\u00abn kh\u00e6 c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n \u00ae\u00d3 thay th\u00d5 cho cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n. Th\u00f9c ch\u00cat ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng l\u00b5 l\u00f5a b\u00dep giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, \u00aei\u00d2u ho\u00b5 m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n gi\u00f7a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 t\u2212 s\u00b6n, th\u00f9c h\u00b5nh \\\"l\u00fd lu\u00cbn\\\" h\u00eep t\u00b8c giai c\u00cap, h\u00dfng \u00aeem giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n ph\u00f4c v\u00f4 quy\u00d2n l\u00eei c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n, l\u00b5m cho c\u00abng nh\u00a9n r\u00eai b\u00e1 cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh giai c\u00cap tri\u00d6t \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00b5nh th\u00beng l\u00eei cho chuy\u00aan ch\u00ddnh v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 cho ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i. V.I. L\u00aanin v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng ch\u00a9n ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00cau tranh kh\u00abng khoan nh\u2212\u00eeng ch\u00e8ng m\u00e4i h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng, b\u00e3c tr\u00c7n b\u00b6n ch\u00cat t\u2212 s\u00b6n c\u00f1a n\u00e3 v\u00b5 ch\u00e8ng m\u00e4i \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u c\u00f1a n\u00e3 \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc. Tr.316. 61. Trung l\u00cbp ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca: C\u00e3 th\u00d3 \u00eb \u00ae\u00a9y t\u00b8c gi\u00b6 n\u00e3i \u00ae\u00d5n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca ph\u00b8i gi\u00f7a, m\u00e9t bi\u00d5n t\u2212\u00edng c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00ac h\u00e9i trong phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, \u00ae\u00e8i l\u00cbp v\u00edi ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c - L\u00aanin m\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u v\u00d2 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn c\u00f1a n\u00e3 l\u00b5 C. Cauxky. Trong Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai, C. Cauxky v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e5ng b\u00e4n, v\u00d2 h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c \u00ae\u00b7 gi\u00f7 l\u00cbp tr\u2212\u00eang trung gian gi\u00f7a ph\u00b8i c\u00abng khai theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00ac h\u00e9i (B\u00d0cxtanh) v\u00b5 ph\u00b8i x\u00b7 h\u00e9i - d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 c\u00b8nh t\u00b6 (Ph. M\u00aarinh, R. L\u00f3cx\u00a8mbua v\u00b5 C. L\u00ddpn\u00d5ch), do \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 t\u00aan g\u00e4i l\u00b5 ph\u00b8i gi\u00f7a. Nh\u2212ng trong th\u00f9c t\u00d5 h\u00e4 \u00f1ng h\u00e9 v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00c7u h\u00b5ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00ac h\u00e9i, ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c v\u00b5 phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. L\u00eei d\u00f4ng nh\u00f7ng l\u00eai l\u00cf m\u00b8cx\u00ddt gi\u00b6 hi\u00d6u v\u00b5 n\u00f3p d\u2212\u00edi chi\u00aau b\u00b5i \\\"nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai m\u00b8cx\u00ddt ch\u00ddnh th\u00e8ng\\\", nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca ph\u00b8i gi\u00f7a m\u2212u toan xo\u00b8 nho\u00b5 b\u00b6n ch\u00cat c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c, l\u00b5m lu m\u00ea m\u00a9u thu\u00c9n giai c\u00cap gi\u00f7a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 t\u2212 s\u00b6n, ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng \u00aeem quy\u00d2n l\u00eei giai c\u00cap c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n ph\u00f4c t\u00efng quy\u00d2n l\u00eei c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n, ph\u00f1 nh\u00cbn s\u00f9 t\u00cat y\u00d5u c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 chuy\u00aan ch\u00ddnh v\u00ab s\u00b6n.","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 617 L\u00aanin v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n ch\u00a9n ch\u00ddnh \u00ae\u00b7 ph\u00aa ph\u00b8n k\u00dech li\u00d6t b\u00e4n c\u00ac h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca Cauxky, v\u00b9ch tr\u00c7n s\u00f9 tr\u00b8 h\u00d7nh, gi\u00cau m\u00c6t h\u00d5t s\u00f8c nguy hi\u00d3m c\u00f1a ch\u00f3ng. Tr.316. 62. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 Gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec: T\u00f8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c \u201cGi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n qu\u00e8c t\u00d5\u201d, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp th\u00b8ng 9-1921 t\u00b9i B\u00d0clin theo s\u00b8ng ki\u00d5n c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n, t\u00f5 cu\u00e9c H\u00e9i ngh\u00de qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 c\u00f1a c\u00b8c u\u00fb ban gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00b8c v\u00efng b\u00de \u00ae\u00e3i \u00eb n\u2212\u00edc Nga X\u00abvi\u00d5t, sau \u00ae\u00e3 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c n\u00b5y tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh trung t\u00a9m qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec c\u00b8c n\u00b9n nh\u00a9n c\u00f1a ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 t\u2212 b\u00b6n. N\u00a8m 1935, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 n\u00b5y ng\u00f5ng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng; c\u00b8c chi b\u00e9 c\u00f1a n\u00e3 tham gia v\u00b5o c\u00b8c m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n ho\u00c6c \u00ae\u00cau tranh \u00ae\u00d3 th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp c\u00b8c m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc. Tr.324. 63. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1: M\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp n\u00a8m 1923 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng theo \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. M\u00f4c ti\u00aau ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 l\u00b5 \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t c\u00b8c l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng s\u00f9 kh\u00f1ng b\u00e8 c\u00f1a ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c, \u00ae\u00dfi tr\u00b6 t\u00f9 do cho nh\u00f7ng nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c b\u00de gi\u00edi c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n b\u00bet b\u00ed, giam c\u00c7m; \u00ae\u00e9ng vi\u00aan s\u00f9 \u00ae\u00e3ng g\u00e3p c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng lao \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00d3 gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec v\u00d2 tinh th\u00c7n v\u00b5 v\u00cbt ch\u00cat cho nh\u00f7ng gia \u00ae\u00d7nh c\u00e3 ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00a9n hy sinh hay b\u00de t\u00ef \u00ae\u00b5y v\u00d7 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 c\u00e3 chi nh\u00b8nh \u00eb nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi. Trong t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m \u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh, Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 gi\u00edi thi\u00d6u t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c n\u00b5y v\u00b5 n\u00aau l\u00aan s\u00f9 c\u00c7n thi\u00d5t ph\u00b6i th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp m\u00e9t chi nh\u00b8nh C\u00f8u t\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e1 \u00eb \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng. Tr.327. 64. H\u00eep t\u00b8c x\u00b7: \u00a7\u2212\u00eec t\u00b8c gi\u00b6 kh\u00b8i l\u2212\u00eec trong t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m n\u00b5y l\u00b5 m\u00ab h\u00d7nh ra \u00ae\u00eai trong ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 t\u2212 b\u00b6n ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca. \u00a7\u00e3 l\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c li\u00aan h\u00eep t\u00f9 nguy\u00d6n c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai lao \u00ae\u00e9ng trong c\u00b8c l\u00dcnh v\u00f9c s\u00b6n xu\u00cat, mua b\u00b8n, ti\u00aau d\u00efng..., nh\u00bbm chung s\u00f8c, chung v\u00e8n li\u00d5ng c\u00efng nhau s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00b5 c\u00b6i thi\u00d6n \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng. N\u00aau b\u00cbt l\u00eei \u00ddch c\u00f1a h\u00eep t\u00b8c x\u00b7, t\u00b8c gi\u00b6 mu\u00e8n h\u2212\u00edng nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00aeo\u00b5n k\u00d5t \u00aei v\u00b5o con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00b5m \u00a8n t\u00cbp th\u00d3, c\u00e3 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c. Khi ch\u2212a \u00ae\u2212\u00eec gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng, h\u00eep t\u00b8c x\u00b7 v\u00f5a l\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c kinh t\u00d5, nh\u00bbm n\u00a9ng cao s\u00b6n xu\u00cat v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng, gi\u00b6m b\u00edt s\u00f9 b\u00e3c l\u00e9t c\u00f1a b\u00e4n t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 phong ki\u00d5n, v\u00f5a l\u00b5 m\u00e9t h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c \u00ae\u00d3 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng, t\u00cbp h\u00eep nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00ae\u00cau tranh nh\u2212 c\u00b8c h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c kh\u00b8c c\u00f1a qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng.","618 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP T\u00b8c ph\u00c8m \u00a7\u2212\u00eang c\u00b8ch m\u00d6nh ra \u00ae\u00eai c\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00a9y h\u00acn 80 n\u00a8m, nh\u2212ng tinh th\u00c7n c\u00ac b\u00b6n c\u00f1a h\u00eep t\u00b8c x\u00b7 trong t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m v\u00c9n c\u00dfn c\u00e3 \u00fd ngh\u00dca th\u00f9c ti\u00d4n l\u00edn. Tr.342. 65. Ch\u00f1ng t\u00e9c da \u00aeen: T\u00b8c ph\u00c8m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech H\u00e5 Ch\u00dd Minh vi\u00d5t b\u00bbng ti\u00d5ng Ph\u00b8p trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 1924 - 1925, k\u00fd t\u00aan Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c. N\u00a8m 1928, d\u00dech gi\u00b6 V. Phin d\u00dech ra ti\u00d5ng Nga, ph\u00f4 tr\u2212\u00acng b\u00b8o M\u00b8txc\u00acva Gu\u00aeok (Ti\u00d5ng c\u00dfi M\u00b8txc\u00acva) xu\u00cat b\u00b6n l\u00c7n \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan. \u00a7\u00d5n nay, ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi ch\u2212a s\u2212u t\u00c7m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec nguy\u00aan b\u00b6n ti\u00d5ng Ph\u00b8p. \u00a7\u00a9y l\u00b5 l\u00c7n \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00abng b\u00e8 b\u00bbng ti\u00d5ng Vi\u00d6t d\u00dech t\u00f5 b\u00b6n ti\u00d5ng Nga, m\u00eb \u00ae\u00c7u t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m c\u00e3 in l\u00eai gi\u00edi thi\u00d6u c\u00f1a d\u00dech gi\u00b6 V. Phin. D\u00dech gi\u00b6 nh\u00cbn x\u00d0t: \u201cT\u00b8c gi\u00b6 c\u00f1a cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch nh\u00e1 n\u00b5y kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai quan s\u00b8t b\u00d7nh th\u2212\u00eang, kh\u00abng ph\u00b6i l\u00b5 m\u00e9t ng\u2212\u00eai ngo\u00b5i cu\u00e9c. Ch\u00ddnh b\u00b6n th\u00a9n Anh \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00b6i nghi\u00d6m m\u00e4i v\u00ce m\u00fc mi\u00d2u c\u00f1a n\u00d2n v\u00a8n minh t\u2212 b\u00b6n v\u00b5 v\u00d7 th\u00d5 cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch nh\u00e1 n\u00b5y l\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00aei\u00d2u th\u00f3 v\u00de \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t. B\u00bbng m\u00e9t ng\u00abn ng\u00f7 b\u00d7nh d\u00de v\u00b5 s\u00b8ng s\u00f1a, Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c k\u00d3 cho ch\u00f3ng ta nghe v\u00d2 nh\u00f7ng t\u00e9i \u00b8c kh\u00f1ng khi\u00d5p c\u00f1a b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5\u201d. \u201cNguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c cho th\u00cay r\u00bbng, \u00b8ch n\u00ab l\u00d6 ch\u00d8 b\u00de b\u00b7i b\u00e1 tr\u00aan l\u00eai n\u00e3i, r\u00bbng cho t\u00edi ng\u00b5y nay n\u00e3 v\u00c9n \u00aeang th\u00denh h\u00b5nh, tuy c\u00e3 mang m\u00e9t h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c kh\u00b8c\u201d. B\u00bbng nh\u00f7ng s\u00e8 li\u00d6u v\u00b5 d\u00c9n ch\u00f8ng thuy\u00d5t ph\u00f4c, Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c cho bi\u00d5t, trong cu\u00e9c Chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi th\u00f8 nh\u00cat (1914 - 1918), ch\u00d8 ri\u00aang gi\u00edi c\u00c7m quy\u00d2n Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b7 bu\u00e9c h\u00acn 1.000.000 ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen (v\u00b5 da v\u00b5ng) t\u00f5 c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea \u00aei l\u00b5m bia \u00ae\u00ec \u00ae\u00b9n cho ch\u00f3ng, nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec che \u00ae\u00cby d\u2212\u00edi c\u00b8i t\u00aan m\u00fc mi\u00d2u \u201cl\u00ddnh t\u00d7nh nguy\u00d6n\u201d \u00aei tham gia cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh \u201cv\u00d7 c\u00abng l\u00fd\u201d. Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c c\u00dfn cho bi\u00d5t: \u201cCh\u00ddnh n\u2212\u00edc M\u00fc - n\u00aci m\u00b5 vi\u00d6c \u00aei gi\u00d5t ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen th\u00cbm ch\u00dd kh\u00abng coi l\u00b5 t\u00e9i l\u00e7i\u201d c\u00f2ng \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00bet 400.000 ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen \u00aei \u00ae\u00b8nh nhau \u00eb c\u00b8c chi\u00d5n tr\u2212\u00eang, c\u00efng h\u00b5ng lo\u00b9t t\u00e9i \u00b8c \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen m\u00b5 \u00aei\u00d3n h\u00d7nh l\u00b5 l\u00e8i \u201ch\u00b5nh x\u00f6 ki\u00d3u Lins\u00ac\u201d. V\u00d2 c\u00b6 th\u00eai gian v\u00b5 n\u00e9i dung, t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m Ch\u00f1ng t\u00e9c da \u00aeen l\u00b5 b\u2212\u00edc n\u00e8i ti\u00d5p t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m B\u00b6n \u00b8n ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, l\u00b5 b\u00b6n \u00b8n \u00ae\u00e8i v\u00edi ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 ph\u00a9n bi\u00d6t ch\u00f1ng t\u00e9c tr\u00aan th\u00d5 gi\u00edi v\u00edi l\u00eai tuy\u00aan \u00b8n: \u201cT\u00a8m t\u00e8i, khi\u00d5p nh\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5 l\u00b9c h\u00cbu, kh\u00abng c\u00e3 kh\u00b8i ni\u00d6m g\u00d7 v\u00d2 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00a9n s\u00f9, r\u00b8ch r\u2212\u00edi","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 619 g\u00c7n nh\u2212 \u00eb tr\u00c7n, h\u00c7u nh\u2212 kh\u00abng c\u00e3 v\u00f2 kh\u00dd g\u00d7 c\u00b6, nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai da \u00aeen th\u00d3 hi\u00d6n trong cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau v\u00d7 t\u00f9 do nh\u00f7ng t\u00cam g\u2212\u00acng d\u00f2ng c\u00b6m tuy\u00d6t v\u00eai\u201d. Cu\u00e8i c\u00efng, h\u00e4 s\u00cf \u00ae\u00f8ng l\u00aan, t\u00cbp h\u00eep l\u00b9i \u201cth\u00b5nh m\u00e9t m\u00c6t tr\u00cbn th\u00e8ng nh\u00cat theo g\u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a Li\u00aan X\u00ab, b\u00b6o v\u00d6 qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng lao \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 n\u00f6a thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea b\u00de c\u00efng c\u00f9c v\u00b5 \u00aeau kh\u00e6 b\u00ebi b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c qu\u00e8c t\u00d5\u201d. Tr.399. 66. Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 thanh ni\u00aan Trung Qu\u00e8c: L\u00b5 t\u00b8c ph\u00c8m do nh\u00e3m thanh ni\u00aan Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00aeang h\u00e4c t\u00cbp t\u00b9i Tr\u2212\u00eang \u00ae\u00b9i h\u00e4c Ph\u2212\u00acng \u00a7\u00abng vi\u00d5t b\u00bbng ti\u00d5ng Ph\u00b8p n\u00a8m 1924, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec Nh\u00b5 xu\u00cat b\u00b6n M\u00b8txc\u00acva xu\u00cat b\u00b6n b\u00bbng ti\u00d5ng Nga n\u00a8m 1925. Cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch gi\u00edi thi\u00d6u kh\u00b8i qu\u00b8t l\u00dech s\u00f6, \u00ae\u00dea l\u00fd, kinh t\u00d5, v\u00a8n ho\u00b8, x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00b5 con ng\u2212\u00eai Trung Qu\u00e8c; tr\u00d7nh b\u00b5y t\u00d7nh c\u00b6nh c\u00b8c t\u00c7ng l\u00edp nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c qua c\u00b8c giai \u00aeo\u00b9n l\u00dech s\u00f6, nh\u00cat l\u00b5 trong th\u00eai k\u00fa Trung Qu\u00e8c b\u00de ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 x\u00a9u x\u00d0, c\u00efng th\u00e8ng tr\u00de. B\u00bbng c\u00b8c lu\u00cbn c\u00f8 thuy\u00d5t ph\u00f4c, cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch kh\u00bcng \u00ae\u00denh: Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c x\u00a9m nh\u00cbp v\u00b5o Trung Qu\u00e8c, b\u00e3c l\u00e9t, n\u00ab d\u00dech c\u00b8c t\u00c7ng l\u00edp nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n l\u00b5 ngu\u00e5n g\u00e8c c\u00f1a \u00ae\u00e3i kh\u00e6, b\u00d6nh t\u00cbt, ch\u00d5t ch\u00e3c; n\u00abng d\u00a9n b\u00de b\u00e3c l\u00e9t h\u00b5 kh\u00bec, c\u00abng nh\u00a9n b\u00de \u00ae\u00b5y \u00ae\u00e4a trong c\u00b8c c\u00abng x\u2212\u00ebng nh\u00b5 m\u00b8y, thanh ni\u00aan b\u00de \u00ae\u00c7u \u00ae\u00e9c, b\u2212ng b\u00ddt. Cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch c\u00f2ng ch\u00d8 r\u00e2 nh\u00f7ng n\u00d0t \u00ae\u00c6c tr\u2212ng v\u00d2 phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Trung Qu\u00e8c, s\u00f9 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d2 ra nh\u00f7ng nhi\u00d6m v\u00f4 ch\u00f1 y\u00d5u c\u00f1a tu\u00e6i tr\u00ce Trung Qu\u00e8c trong s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. Tr.451. 67. N\u2212\u00edc Anh tuy\u00aan chi\u00d5n v\u00b5o n\u00a8m 1839 v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1841 th\u00d7 Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u b\u00de h\u00b9m \u00ae\u00e9i Anh bao v\u00a9y l\u00b5 n\u00e3i v\u00d2 cu\u00e9c Chi\u00d5n tranh thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n (1840 - 1842). Vi\u00d6c c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 t\u2212 b\u00b6n ph\u2212\u00acng T\u00a9y \u00ae\u2212a thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n b\u00b8n tr\u00b5n lan \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 g\u00a9y ra h\u00cbu qu\u00b6 v\u00d2 kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 x\u00b7 h\u00e9i r\u00cat n\u00c6ng n\u00d2. N\u00a8m 1839, tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh M\u00b7n Thanh c\u00f6 Kh\u00a9m sai L\u00a9m T\u00bec T\u00f5 xu\u00e8ng Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u \u00ae\u00d3 th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n l\u00d6nh c\u00cam bu\u00abn b\u00b8n v\u00b5 h\u00f3t thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n. L\u00a9m T\u00bec T\u00f5 \u00ae\u00b7 ra l\u00d6nh x\u00f6 ch\u00d0m m\u00e9t s\u00e8 th\u2212\u00acng nh\u00a9n Trung Qu\u00e8c c\u00a9u k\u00d5t v\u00edi th\u2212\u00acng nh\u00a9n n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i bu\u00abn b\u00b8n thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n; b\u00bet c\u00b8c th\u2212\u00acng nh\u00a9n n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i ph\u00b6i giao n\u00e9p h\u00d5t thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n trong ba ng\u00b5y.","620 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP T\u00f8c t\u00e8i tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9ng ki\u00aan quy\u00d5t n\u00b5y, qu\u00a9n Anh \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212a h\u00b9m \u00ae\u00e9i bao v\u00a9y, n\u00e6 s\u00f3ng ti\u00d5n \u00ae\u00b8nh Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u v\u00b5 nhi\u00d2u th\u00b5nh ph\u00e8, h\u00b6i c\u00b6ng c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c, bu\u00e9c tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh M\u00b7n Thanh ph\u00b6i ch\u00cap thu\u00cbn t\u00cat c\u00b6 c\u00b8c y\u00aau s\u00b8ch do ph\u00dda Anh \u00ae\u2212a ra. Cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n n\u00e6 ra c\u00e3 kh\u00ebi ngu\u00e5n t\u00f5 vi\u00d6c bu\u00abn b\u00b8n thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n n\u00aan l\u00dech s\u00f6 g\u00e4i l\u00b5 \u201cchi\u00d5n tranh thu\u00e8c phi\u00d6n\u201d. Ng\u00b5y 29-8-1842, m\u00e9t hi\u00d6p \u2212\u00edc gi\u00f7a Anh v\u00b5 Trung Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec k\u00fd k\u00d5t t\u00b9i Nam Kinh, Trung Qu\u00e8c cam k\u00d5t: c\u00bet v\u00efng H\u2212\u00acng C\u00b6ng cho Anh; m\u00eb n\u00a8m c\u00f6a kh\u00c8u l\u00b5 Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u, H\u00b9 M\u00abn, Ph\u00f3c Ch\u00a9u, Ninh Ba v\u00b5 Th\u2212\u00eeng H\u00b6i cho Anh v\u00b5o bu\u00abn b\u00b8n; b\u00e5i th\u2212\u00eang cho ph\u00dda Anh 21 tri\u00d6u b\u00b6ng Anh chi\u00d5n ph\u00dd. Tr.457. 68. Chi\u00d5n tranh Trung - Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 Hi\u00d6p \u2212\u00edc Thi\u00aan T\u00a9n: N\u00a8m 1858, th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p b\u00bet \u00ae\u00c7u cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec Vi\u00d6t Nam. N\u00a8m 1884, nh\u00b5 Nguy\u00d4n m\u00e9t m\u00c6t k\u00fd hi\u00d6p \u2212\u00edc \u00ae\u00c7u h\u00b5ng, c\u00c7u vi\u00d6n nh\u00b5 Thanh k\u00d0o qu\u00a9n v\u00b5o B\u00bec K\u00fa, g\u00a9y n\u00aan cu\u00e9c xung \u00ae\u00e9t Trung - Ph\u00b8p, nh\u2212ng qu\u00a9n Thanh b\u00de th\u00cat b\u00b9i. N\u00a8m 1885, Ph\u00b8p - Thanh k\u00fd Hi\u00d6p \u2212\u00edc Thi\u00aan T\u00a9n v\u00edi nh\u00f7ng n\u00e9i dung c\u00ac b\u00b6n l\u00b5 Ph\u00b8p th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn c\u00b8c \u00ae\u2212\u00eang bi\u00aan gi\u00edi hi\u00d6n t\u00b9i c\u00f1a Trung Qu\u00e8c. Nh\u00b5 Thanh ph\u00b6i th\u00f5a nh\u00cbn quy\u00d2n th\u00e8ng tr\u00de c\u00f1a Ph\u00b8p \u00eb \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng, bao g\u00e5m c\u00b6 v\u00efng Qu\u00b6ng Ch\u00a9u Loan thu\u00e9c t\u00d8nh Qu\u00b6ng \u00a7\u00abng (Trung Qu\u00e8c). Tr.458. 69. B\u00b9ch li\u00aan gi\u00b8o: S\u00f9 kh\u00f1ng ho\u00b6ng s\u00a9u s\u00bec c\u00f1a ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 phong ki\u00d5n \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5o cu\u00e8i th\u00d5 k\u00fb XIX \u00ae\u00c7u th\u00d5 k\u00fb XX \u00ae\u00b7 d\u00c9n \u00ae\u00d5n cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh giai c\u00cap gay g\u00bet. C\u00b8c h\u00e9i k\u00ddn nh\u00bbm m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6 tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh M\u00b7n Thanh xu\u00cat hi\u00d6n \u00eb nhi\u00d2u n\u00aci, trong \u00ae\u00e3 n\u00e6i b\u00cbt l\u00b5 B\u00b9ch li\u00aan gi\u00b8o v\u00b5 Tam \u00aei\u00d3m h\u00e9i. B\u00b9ch li\u00aan gi\u00b8o ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng m\u00b9nh m\u00cf \u00eb mi\u00d2n B\u00bec Trung Qu\u00e8c. Tam \u00aei\u00d3m h\u00e9i ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00eb c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh mi\u00d2n Nam v\u00b5 v\u00efng duy\u00aan h\u00b6i. B\u00b9ch li\u00aan gi\u00b8o thu n\u00b9p \u00ae\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6o n\u00abng d\u00a9n, th\u00ee th\u00f1 c\u00abng, d\u00a9n ngh\u00cco th\u00b5nh th\u00de, c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 th\u00ee c\u00abng tr\u2212\u00eang th\u00f1 c\u00abng. Tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh M\u00b7n Thanh \u00ae\u00b7 d\u00efng c\u00b6 l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng v\u00f2 trang c\u00f1a b\u00e4n \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1, t\u2212\u00edng c\u2212\u00edp, l\u2212u manh \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p. N\u00a8m 1805, qu\u00a9n B\u00b9ch li\u00aan gi\u00b8o b\u00de \u00ae\u00b8nh tan, m\u00cay ch\u00f4c v\u00b9n ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00de gi\u00d5t h\u00b9i. Tr.460. 70. C\u00abng t\u00b8c qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng trong n\u00abng d\u00a9n: L\u00b5 b\u00b5i gi\u00b6ng c\u00f1a Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c t\u00b9i tr\u2212\u00eang qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00a7\u00f8c \u00eb","Ch\u00f3 th\u00ddch 621 M\u00b8txc\u00acva v\u00b5o cu\u00e8i n\u00a8m 1927 v\u00b5 \u00ae\u2212\u00eec xu\u00cat b\u00b6n l\u00c7n \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan \u00eb \u00a7\u00f8c v\u00b5o n\u00a8m 19281). N\u00a8m 1970 trong cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch Kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca v\u00f2 trang do A. Neuberg tuy\u00d3n ch\u00e4n, bi\u00aan t\u00cbp v\u00b5 xu\u00cat b\u00b6n \u00eb Lu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00abn, t\u00cbp b\u00b5i gi\u00b6ng n\u00b5y c\u00f1a Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u2212\u00eec x\u00d5p v\u00b5o ch\u2212\u00acng XII, ch\u2212\u00acng cu\u00e8i c\u00efng c\u00f1a cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch. \u00eb ph\u00c7n gi\u00edi thi\u00d6u t\u00cbp s\u00b8ch v\u00edi t\u00f9a \u00ae\u00d2 Ch\u00f3ng t\u00abi \u00ae\u00b7 vi\u00d5t \\\"kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca v\u00f2 trang\\\" nh\u2212 th\u00d5 n\u00b5o, Erich Wollenberg, m\u00e9t ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00a7\u00f8c, t\u00f5ng l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c c\u00efng v\u00edi Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c t\u00b9i Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n n\u00a8m 1924, \u00ae\u00b7 vi\u00d5t v\u00d2 t\u00cbp b\u00b5i gi\u00b6ng c\u00f1a Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c nh\u2212 sau: \\\"T\u00b8c gi\u00b6 c\u00f1a ch\u2212\u00acng XII: C\u00abng t\u00b8c qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng trong n\u00abng d\u00a9n, l\u00b5 m\u00e9t nh\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng khi\u00aam t\u00e8n, th\u00a9n thi\u00d5t, ng\u2212\u00eai d\u00c7n d\u00c7n b\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5o l\u00dech s\u00f6 \u00ae\u00cau tranh gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00b5 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i c\u00f1a th\u00eai \u00ae\u00b9i ch\u00f3ng ta, d\u2212\u00edi t\u00aan H\u00e5 Ch\u00dd Minh\\\". \u00a7\u2212\u00eec bi\u00d5t \u00ae\u00d5n nay, \u00ae\u00a9y l\u00b5 t\u00b5i li\u00d6u l\u00fd lu\u00cbn \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan H\u00e5 Ch\u00dd Minh b\u00b5n v\u00d2 qu\u00a9n s\u00f9, trong \u00ae\u00e3 th\u00d3 hi\u00d6n nh\u00f7ng quan \u00aei\u00d3m quan tr\u00e4ng c\u00f1a Ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00d2 vai tr\u00df c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap n\u00abng d\u00a9n trong c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n d\u00a9n quy\u00d2n v\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n, v\u00d2 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c, c\u00cau tr\u00f3c v\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng du k\u00ddch trong ti\u00d5n tr\u00d7nh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng. \u00a7\u00a9y c\u00f2ng l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng c\u00ac s\u00eb \u00ae\u00d3 Ng\u2212\u00eai vi\u00d5t m\u00e9t s\u00e8 cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch v\u00d2 du k\u00ddch v\u00b5 chi\u00d5n thu\u00cbt du k\u00ddch l\u00b5m t\u00b5i li\u00d6u hu\u00can luy\u00d6n c\u00b8n b\u00e9, x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng c\u00b8c l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng v\u00f2 trang Vi\u00d6t Nam trong th\u00eai k\u00fa chu\u00c8n b\u00de l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng cho C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng T\u00b8m n\u00a8m 1945. Tr.564. _______________ 1) Theo Hu\u00fanh Kim Kh\u00b8nh: Vietnamese Communism 1925 - 1945, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1972, p. 168 (BT).","622 B\u00b6N CH\u00d8 D\u00c9N T\u00a3N NG\u00a6\u00eaI A \u00a1NGGHEN, Phri\u00aerich (1820 - 1895): Ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00c7y v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n, ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00b9n chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau th\u00a9n thi\u00d5t c\u00f1a C. M\u00b8c. C\u00efng v\u00edi C. M\u00b8c, Ph. \u00a1ngghen \u00ae\u00b7 x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng l\u00fd lu\u00cbn ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n khoa h\u00e4c v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00cau tranh cho s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n. Ph. \u00a1ngghen kh\u00abng nh\u00f7ng l\u00b5 m\u00e9t nh\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i m\u00b5 c\u00dfn l\u00b5 m\u00e9t nh\u00b5 tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c, nh\u00b5 kinh t\u00d5 h\u00e4c, nh\u00b5 s\u00f6 h\u00e4c, nh\u00b5 khoa h\u00e4c t\u00f9 nhi\u00aan v\u00b5 khoa h\u00e4c qu\u00a9n s\u00f9; nh\u00b5 v\u00a8n, nh\u00b5 ng\u00abn ng\u00f7 h\u00e4c, v.v.. Ph. \u00a1ngghen \u00ae\u00b7 k\u00d5t h\u00eep s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o th\u00f9c ti\u00d4n phong tr\u00b5o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng th\u00d5 gi\u00edi v\u00edi c\u00abng t\u00b8c l\u00fd lu\u00cbn s\u00a9u s\u00bec. Sau khi C. M\u00b8c m\u00cat, \u00abng ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c ho\u00b5n th\u00b5nh v\u00b5 xu\u00cat b\u00b6n c\u00b8c c\u00abng tr\u00d7nh l\u00fd lu\u00cbn c\u00f1a C. M\u00b8c; l\u00b5m c\u00e8 v\u00can v\u00b5 l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca ch\u00a9u \u00a2u. Ph. \u00a1ngghen \u00ae\u00b7 ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh kh\u00abng khoan nh\u2212\u00eeng ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00ac h\u00e9i trong c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n, v\u00b9ch tr\u00c7n v\u00b5 ph\u00aa ph\u00b8n k\u00dech li\u00d6t nh\u00f7ng khuy\u00d5t \u00aei\u00d3m c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00e3, gi\u00f3p c\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b6ng \u00ae\u00e3 c\u00e3 m\u00e9t ph\u2212\u00acng h\u2212\u00edng c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00ben. B BACUNIN, Mikhain Al\u00d5chx\u00a8ng\u00aer\u00abv\u00ddc (1814 - 1876): Nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de ng\u2212\u00eai Nga, th\u00f1 l\u00dcnh ph\u00b8i v\u00ab ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 trong Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat. M.A. Bacunin \u00aei\u00aan cu\u00e5ng ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i l\u00fd lu\u00cbn c\u00f1a C. M\u00b8c v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00cau tranh giai c\u00cap, chuy\u00aan ch\u00ddnh v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng b\u00cc ph\u00b8i. N\u00a8m 1872, M.A. Bacunin b\u00de khai tr\u00f5 kh\u00e1i Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat. C\u00b8c quan \u00aei\u00d3m v\u00ab","B\u00b6n ch\u00d8 d\u00c9n t\u00aan ng\u2212\u00eai 623 ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 c\u00f1a Bacunin th\u00d3 hi\u00d6n r\u00e2 trong cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch Nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc v\u00b5 v\u00ab ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 xu\u00cat b\u00b6n n\u00a8m 1913. BLUM, L\u00aa\u00abng (1872 - 1950): Ng\u2212\u00eai thu\u00e9c ph\u00b8i h\u00f7u trong \u00a7\u00b6ng X\u00b7 h\u00e9i, l\u00b5 ch\u00f1 b\u00f3t b\u00b8o Le Populaire c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng X\u00b7 h\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p. N\u00a8m 1936, L. Blum l\u00b5m T\u00e6ng th\u00e8ng Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 thi h\u00b5nh nh\u00f7ng ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch l\u00b5m suy y\u00d5u M\u00c6t tr\u00cbn b\u00d7nh d\u00a9n. N\u00a8m 1946, L. Blum l\u00b5 th\u00b5nh vi\u00aan trong \u00a7o\u00b5n \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b5m ph\u00b8n v\u00edi Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 ta. B\u00a4, Phil\u00ddp: \u00a7\u2212\u00eec B\u00e9 Thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f6 l\u00b5m To\u00b5n quy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng ng\u00b5y 1-7-1902, ch\u00ddnh th\u00f8c nh\u00cbm ch\u00f8c ng\u00b5y 15-10-1902. Ph. B\u00ab l\u00b5m To\u00b5n quy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00d5n ng\u00b5y 25-6-1908. B\u00a4\u00a7OANH, P\u00abn: Ch\u00ddnh kh\u00b8ch th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p; quy\u00d2n To\u00b5n quy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng t\u00f5 th\u00b8ng 4 \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00b8ng 9-1922, t\u00f5 khi M\u00abrix\u00ac L\u00abng v\u00d2 Ph\u00b8p cho \u00ae\u00d5n khi M\u00d0clanh sang thay. B\u00ab\u00aeoanh l\u00b5m T\u00e6ng Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c nh\u00b5 b\u00a8ng n\u00a8m 1931, l\u00b5 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 b\u00a8ng \u00eb \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1941 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1944. B\u00a4N\u00a7UIN, St\u00aanli (1867 - 1947): L\u00b7nh t\u00f4 c\u00f1a nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00b6o th\u00f1 Anh; l\u00b5 Th\u00f1 t\u2212\u00edng Anh trong c\u00b8c n\u00a8m 1923 - 1924, 1924 - 1929 v\u00b5 1935 - 1937; l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai \u00f1ng h\u00e9 ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 khuy\u00d5n kh\u00ddch can thi\u00d6p v\u00f2 trang ch\u00e8ng c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Trung Qu\u00e8c nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 1924 - 1927. S. B\u00abn\u00aeuin \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00c7m \u00ae\u00c7u v\u00f4 \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p cu\u00e9c t\u00e6ng b\u00b7i c\u00abng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 cu\u00e9c b\u00b7i c\u00abng c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n m\u00e1 n\u00a8m 1926; c\u00e3 th\u00b8i \u00ae\u00e9 th\u00ef \u00ae\u00dech v\u00edi Li\u00aan X\u00ab n\u00a8m 1927; th\u00f9c h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch khuy\u00d5n kh\u00ddch b\u00e4n x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec Italia, \u00a7\u00f8c v\u00b5 c\u00e3 \u00a9m m\u2212u c\u00cau k\u00d5t v\u00edi n\u2212\u00edc \u00a7\u00f8c H\u00ddtle ch\u00dca m\u00f2i nh\u00e4n x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00f8c v\u00b5o Li\u00aan X\u00ab. B\u00efI QUANG CHI\u00a3U (1873 - 1945): L\u00b7nh t\u00f4 \u00a7\u00b6ng L\u00cbp hi\u00d5n, ng\u2212\u00eai theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca qu\u00e8c gia c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng c\u00e6 s\u00f3y lu\u00cbn \u00aei\u00d6u l\u00f5a b\u00dep \\\"Ph\u00b8p - Vi\u00d6t \u00ae\u00d2 hu\u00d2\\\" c\u00f1a th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p. N\u00a8m 1925, v\u00edi t\u2212 c\u00b8ch l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan \u00a7\u00b6ng L\u00cbp hi\u00d5n, B\u00efi Quang Chi\u00aau sang Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00d3 v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00ddnh gi\u00edi Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00dfi Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 Ph\u00b8p ban h\u00b5nh c\u00b6i c\u00b8ch t\u00f9 do, d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 \u00eb \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng, nh\u2212ng th\u00cat b\u00b9i. B\u00de th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p mua chu\u00e9c, B\u00efi Quang Chi\u00aau \u00ae\u00b7 ngoan ngo\u00b7n \u00aei theo ch\u00f3ng, ph\u00b6n b\u00e9i d\u00a9n t\u00e9c, c\u00abng k\u00ddch phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00f1a thanh ni\u00aan, h\u00e4c sinh. Sau n\u00b5y, B\u00efi Quang Chi\u00aau ti\u00d5p","624 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP t\u00f4c con \u00ae\u2212\u00eang ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00b5 b\u00de \u00ae\u00d2n t\u00e9i trong C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng T\u00b8m n\u00a8m 1945. C CASANH, M\u00b8cxen (1869 - 1958): Nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng xu\u00cat s\u00bec c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5; bi\u00aan t\u00cbp vi\u00aan b\u00b8o L'Humanit\u00d0, c\u00ac quan trung \u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng X\u00b7 h\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 n\u00a8m 1918 l\u00b5m ch\u00f1 b\u00f3t t\u00ea b\u00b8o \u00ae\u00e3. M. Casanh l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai t\u00ddch c\u00f9c gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c trong th\u00eai gian ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00eb Ph\u00b8p. N\u00a8m 1920, v\u00edi t\u2212 c\u00b8ch l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng X\u00b7 h\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p, M. Casanh tham gia \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i l\u00c7n th\u00f8 II Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n; t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1924 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1943, l\u00b5 U\u00fb vi\u00aan Ban Ch\u00cap h\u00b5nh Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. T\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1921, M. Casanh li\u00aan t\u00f4c \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00c7u l\u00b5m U\u00fb vi\u00aan Ban Ch\u00cap h\u00b5nh Trung \u2212\u00acng v\u00b5 U\u00fb vi\u00aan B\u00e9 Ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p. N\u00a8m 1957, M. Casanh \u00ae\u2212\u00eec \u00a7\u00b6ng v\u00b5 Nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc Li\u00aan X\u00ab t\u00c6ng Hu\u00a9n ch\u2212\u00acng L\u00aanin. C\u00a4L\u00a4NG, Crixt\u00e8p (1451 - 1506): Nh\u00b5 h\u00b5ng h\u00b6i ng\u2212\u00eai Italia ph\u00f4c v\u00f4 cho tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh T\u00a9y Ban Nha, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec coi l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai ph\u00b8t hi\u00d6n ra l\u00f4c \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00a9u M\u00fc v\u00b5o n\u00a8m 1492. CR\u00a4MOEN, \u00a4liv\u00ac (1599 - 1658): Nh\u00a9n v\u00cbt ch\u00f1 ch\u00e8t c\u00f1a c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng t\u2212 s\u00b6n Anh (1640 - 1660), ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u c\u00abng lao \u00ae\u2212a cu\u00e9c c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00ae\u00d5n th\u00beng l\u00eei v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00bem ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00e9c t\u00b5i qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 1653 - 1658; l\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00dea ch\u00f1, \u00ae\u00b9i di\u00d6n cho t\u00c7ng l\u00edp qu\u00fd t\u00e9c m\u00edi, c\u00e3 kh\u00b6 n\u00a8ng t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00b5 ch\u00d8 huy qu\u00a9n s\u00f9. N\u00a8m 1640, \u00a4. Cr\u00abmoen \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00c7u l\u00b5m \u00ae\u00b9i bi\u00d3u Qu\u00e8c h\u00e9i Anh, h\u00a8ng h\u00b8i ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i nh\u00b5 vua v\u00b5 gi\u00b8o h\u00e9i Anh. Sau khi vua Anh S\u00b8cl\u00ac I b\u00de x\u00f6 t\u00f6 (n\u00a8m 1649), ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 c\u00e9ng h\u00dfa \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp. C\u00b8c s\u00dc quan cao c\u00cap v\u00b5 t\u00c7ng l\u00edp \u00ae\u00b9i t\u2212 s\u00b6n \u00eb Lu\u00a9n \u00a7\u00abn \u00ae\u00b7 \u00f1ng h\u00e9 Cr\u00abmoen th\u00f9c hi\u00d6n ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 \u00ae\u00e9c t\u00b5i qu\u00a9n s\u00f9. N\u00a8m 1653, H\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e5ng S\u00dc quan b\u00c7u Cr\u00abmoen l\u00b5m ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 v\u00b5 phong cho \u00abng ch\u00f8c v\u00f4 su\u00e8t \u00ae\u00eai l\u00b5m B\u00b6o h\u00e9 c\u00abng. L\u00f3c \u00ae\u00c7u, Cr\u00abmoen c\u00dfn chia s\u00ce quy\u00d2n l\u00eei v\u00edi h\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e5ng qu\u00e8c gia, nh\u2212ng t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1655, \u00abng n\u00bem t\u00cat c\u00b6 m\u00e4i quy\u00d2n h\u00b5nh, kh\u00abng tri\u00d6u t\u00cbp c\u00b6 Qu\u00e8c h\u00e9i. Cr\u00abmoen m\u00cat ng\u00b5y 3-9-1658.","B\u00b6n ch\u00d8 d\u00c9n t\u00aan ng\u2212\u00eai 625 C\u00f6 CAN (1854 - 1927): T\u00aan th\u00cbt l\u00b5 L\u2212\u00acng V\u00a8n Can, t\u00f9 l\u00b5 \u00a4n Nh\u2212, hi\u00d6u l\u00b5 S\u00acn L\u00b7o, qu\u00aa \u00eb huy\u00d6n Th\u2212\u00eang T\u00ddn, H\u00b5 N\u00e9i. N\u00a8m 1871, L\u2212\u00acng V\u00a8n Can thi H\u2212\u00acng, v\u00b5o t\u00edi tam tr\u2212\u00eang; n\u00a8m 1875, thi \u00ae\u00e7 C\u00f6 nh\u00a9n n\u00aan g\u00e4i l\u00b5 C\u00f6 Can. \u00a4ng l\u00b5 nh\u00b5 nho y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc, ch\u00deu \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5 h\u00e4c t\u00cbp t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng duy t\u00a9n c\u00f1a Khang H\u00f7u Vi, L\u2212\u00acng Kh\u00b6i Si\u00aau v\u00b5 c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 khai s\u00b8ng th\u00d5 k\u00fb VIII nh\u2212: M\u00abngtexki\u00ac, G. R\u00f3tx\u00ab, V\u00abnte. N\u00a8m 1907, \u00abng c\u00efng m\u00e9t s\u00e8 nh\u00a9n s\u00dc l\u00cbp tr\u2212\u00eang \u00a7\u00abng Kinh ngh\u00dca th\u00f4c \u00eb H\u00b5 N\u00e9i. T\u00f5 \u00ae\u00e3, phong tr\u00b5o \u00a7\u00abng Kinh ngh\u00dca th\u00f4c lan r\u00e9ng ra c\u00b8c t\u00d8nh. Th\u00b8ng 12- 1907, \u00a7\u00abng Kinh ngh\u00dca th\u00f4c b\u00de ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n th\u00f9c d\u00a9n gi\u00b6i t\u00b8n v\u00b5 \u00abng b\u00de b\u00bet giam nh\u2212ng kh\u00abng c\u00e3 ch\u00f8ng c\u00ed k\u00d5t t\u00e9i n\u00aan ph\u00b6i th\u00b6. N\u00a8m 1913, \u00abng b\u00de k\u00d5t \u00b8n \u00aei \u00ae\u00b5y bi\u00d6t x\u00f8 \u00eb Cao Mi\u00aan (Campuchia). N\u00a8m 1924, \u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec tha v\u00d2 v\u00b5 m\u00cat t\u00b9i H\u00b5 N\u00e9i n\u00a8m 1927. D D\u00d0TKIN, C. (1857 - 1933): N\u00f7 chi\u00d5n s\u00dc c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00a7\u00f8c, nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00a7\u00f8c v\u00b5 phong tr\u00b5o ph\u00f4 n\u00f7 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. B\u00b5 l\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b6ng vi\u00aan \u00a7\u00b6ng X\u00b7 h\u00e9i - D\u00a9n ch\u00f1 \u00a7\u00f8c (1891 - 1916), \u00ae\u00f8ng v\u00d2 ph\u00b8i Xp\u00b8ctaqu\u00fdt v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e3ng g\u00e3p t\u00ddch c\u00f9c v\u00b5o vi\u00d6c th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00a7\u00f8c. \u00a7 \u00a7AOX\u00a5, S\u00b8cl\u00ac Ghit\u00ac (1865 - 1951): Nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de M\u00fc. N\u00a8m 1925, \u00a7aox\u00ac \u00ae\u00d2 ra k\u00d5 ho\u00b9ch \u00ae\u00c7u t\u2212 t\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh ra n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i d\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 ch\u00d8 \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a m\u00e9t u\u00fb ban do \u00abng \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u nh\u00bbm thao t\u00f3ng t\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh v\u00b5 kinh t\u00d5 c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc kh\u00b8c. \u00a7\u00b8CL\u00a5, \u00a4guytxt\u00ac \u00a3\u00aeua (1875 - 1940): Ng\u2212\u00eai Ph\u00b8p, c\u00f6 nh\u00a9n v\u00a8n ch\u2212\u00acng. N\u00a8m 1906, sang \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng; l\u00b5m C\u00abng s\u00f8 t\u00d8nh Th\u00b8i Nguy\u00aan v\u00b5 l\u00b5 k\u00ce \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p \u00ae\u00c9m m\u00b8u cu\u00e9c n\u00e6i d\u00cby c\u00f1a binh l\u00ddnh ng\u2212\u00eai Vi\u00d6t do \u00a7\u00e9i C\u00can (Tr\u00denh V\u00a8n C\u00can) v\u00b5 L\u2212\u00acng Ng\u00e4c Quy\u00d5n ch\u00d8 huy (th\u00b8ng 8-1917). \u00a7\u00b8CUYN, S\u00b8cl\u00ac R\u00abb\u00edc (1809 - 1882): Nh\u00b5 sinh v\u00cbt h\u00e4c v\u00b5 t\u00f9 nhi\u00aan h\u00e4c ng\u2212\u00eai Anh, ng\u2212\u00eai s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp ra khoa sinh v\u00cbt h\u00e4c duy v\u00cbt ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, n\u00aau ra l\u00fd thuy\u00d5t v\u00d2 s\u00f9 ti\u00d5n ho\u00b8 c\u00f1a gi\u00e8ng lo\u00b5i v\u00b5 cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh sinh t\u00e5n gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c gi\u00e8ng lo\u00b5i. H\u00e4c thuy\u00d5t c\u00f1a \u00abng b\u00b8c b\u00e1 nh\u00f7ng","626 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP quan \u00aei\u00d3m duy t\u00a9m c\u00f1a gi\u00b8o h\u00e9i v\u00d2 ngu\u00e5n g\u00e8c lo\u00b5i ng\u2212\u00eai v\u00b5 c\u00b8c sinh v\u00cbt. \u00a4ng \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00d7nh b\u00b5y nh\u00f7ng lu\u00cbn \u00aei\u00d3m khoa h\u00e4c c\u00f1a m\u00d7nh trong cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch Ngu\u00e5n g\u00e8c c\u00b8c lo\u00b5i (1859). \u00a7\u00d2 TH\u00b8M (1858 - 1913): T\u00aan th\u00cbt l\u00b5 Ho\u00b5ng Hoa Th\u00b8m, l\u00b7nh t\u00f4 c\u00f1a ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n Y\u00aan Th\u00d5. Xu\u00cat th\u00a9n t\u00f5 m\u00e9t gia \u00ae\u00d7nh n\u00abng d\u00a9n qu\u00aa g\u00e8c \u00eb huy\u00d6n Ti\u00aan L\u00f7, t\u00d8nh H\u2212ng Y\u00aan, \u00ae\u00b7 tham gia nhi\u00d2u cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca ch\u00e8ng Ph\u00b8p. N\u00a8m 1888, \u00abng tham gia phong tr\u00b5o kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca n\u00abng d\u00a9n Y\u00aan Th\u00d5 (B\u00bec Giang), m\u00e9t phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc quy\u00d5t li\u00d6t v\u00b5 b\u00d2n b\u00d8 c\u00f1a n\u00abng d\u00a9n Vi\u00d6t Nam. D\u00f2ng c\u00b6m, c\u00e3 t\u00b5i, bi\u00d5t thu ph\u00f4c l\u00dfng ng\u2212\u00eai n\u00aan \u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh th\u00f1 l\u00dcnh c\u00f1a ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n. D\u2212\u00edi s\u00f9 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00f1a \u00abng, ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 g\u00a9y cho \u00ae\u00dech r\u00cat nhi\u00d2u t\u00e6n th\u00cat v\u00b5 l\u00b5m cho ch\u00f3ng ph\u00b6i lo ng\u00b9i. \u00a4ng b\u00de b\u00e4n tay sai c\u00f1a th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p \u00b8m h\u00b9i n\u00a8m 1913. \u00a7\u00e9I V\u00a1N: M\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00d8 huy cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca B\u00b7i S\u00cby (1885 - 1889) thu\u00e9c t\u00d8nh H\u2212ng Y\u00aan, do Nguy\u00d4n Thi\u00d6n Thu\u00cbt l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o. N\u00a8m 1889, b\u00de kh\u00f1ng b\u00e8, \u00a7\u00e9i V\u00a8n tr\u00b8 h\u00b5ng, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec Ph\u00b8p c\u00cap cho 500 qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00d3 \u00ae\u00b8nh l\u00b9i ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n, nh\u2212ng \u00a7\u00e9i V\u00a8n \u00ae\u00b7 mang to\u00b5n b\u00e9 qu\u00a9n l\u00ddnh v\u00b5 v\u00f2 kh\u00dd gia nh\u00cbp ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n Ho\u00b5ng Hoa Th\u00b8m \u00ae\u00b8nh l\u00b9i qu\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p. \u00a7UME, P\u00abn (1857 - 1932): Nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de Ph\u00b8p; l\u00b5 To\u00b5n quy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1896 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1902; t\u00f5ng l\u00b5 B\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng B\u00e9 T\u00b5i ch\u00ddnh Ph\u00b8p, Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech Qu\u00e8c h\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p (n\u00a8m 1927), T\u00e6ng th\u00e8ng Ph\u00b8p (n\u00a8m 1931). N\u00a8m 1932, \u00a7ume b\u00de \u00b8m s\u00b8t. G GALIL\u00a3, Galil\u00aa\u00ab (1564 - 1642): Nh\u00b5 v\u00cbt l\u00fd, nh\u00b5 thi\u00aan v\u00a8n h\u00e4c xu\u00cat s\u00bec ng\u2212\u00eai Italia. \u00a4ng ph\u00b8t hi\u00d6n ra quy lu\u00cbt v\u00d2 s\u00f9 r\u00aci c\u00f1a v\u00cbt th\u00d3, n\u00aau ra l\u00fd thuy\u00d5t v\u00d2 qu\u00b8n t\u00ddnh v\u00b5 s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp ra khoa h\u00e4c v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00e9ng l\u00f9c. \u00a4ng s\u00b8ng ch\u00d5 ra k\u00ddnh vi\u00d4n v\u00e4ng \u00ae\u00d3 quan s\u00b8t b\u00c7u tr\u00eai, ph\u00b8t hi\u00d6n quy lu\u00cbt v\u00cbn \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a m\u00c6t tr\u00eai, m\u00c6t tr\u00a8ng v\u00b5 h\u00d6 th\u00e8ng h\u00b5nh tinh trong v\u00f2 tr\u00f4. GAP\u00a4NG, Gh\u00aao\u00e3cghi Ap\u00abl\u00abn\u00abv\u00ddc (1870 - 1906): Linh m\u00f4c ng\u2212\u00eai Nga, ng\u2212\u00eai tham gia t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c \\\"Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i c\u00b6nh s\u00b8t\\\" c\u00f1a Dubat\u00e8p - t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c nh\u00f7ng h\u00e9i c\u00abng nh\u00a9n do c\u00b6nh s\u00b8t b\u00b6o tr\u00ee \u00eb Xanhp\u00aat\u00d0cbua, nh\u00bbm m\u00f4c \u00ae\u00ddch \u00ae\u00b8nh l\u00b9c h\u2212\u00edng c\u00abng nh\u00a9n trong cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng.","B\u00b6n ch\u00d8 d\u00c9n t\u00aan ng\u2212\u00eai 627 G\u00b8CNI\u00a3, Phr\u00a8ngxi (1839 - 1873): Thi\u00d5u t\u00b8 h\u00b6i qu\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p tham gia \u00ae\u00b8nh chi\u00d5m B\u00bec K\u00fa l\u00c7n th\u00f8 nh\u00cat, b\u00de qu\u00a9n c\u00f1a Ho\u00b5ng T\u00b8 Vi\u00aam v\u00b5 qu\u00a9n C\u00ea \u00aeen c\u00f1a L\u2212u V\u00dcnh Ph\u00f3c gi\u00d5t ch\u00d5t \u00eb g\u00c7n C\u00c7u Gi\u00cay (H\u00b5 N\u00e9i) n\u00a8m 1873. G\u00a1NG\u00a7I, M\u00abhan\u00ae\u00b8t Karamsan (1869 - 1948): Nh\u00b5 tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c, nh\u00b5 v\u00a8n, nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c \u00can \u00a7\u00e9. Trong cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Anh, gi\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp d\u00a9n t\u00e9c, M.K. G\u00a8ng\u00aei ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng kh\u00abng d\u00efng b\u00b9o l\u00f9c v\u00b5 kh\u00abng coi b\u00b9o l\u00f9c l\u00b5 ph\u2212\u00acng th\u00f8c \u00ae\u00cau tranh. Trong phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c \u00eb \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 (1919 - 1922), M.K. G\u00a8ng\u00aei tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh l\u00b7nh t\u00f4 c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b9i v\u00b5 gi\u00f7 vai tr\u00df quan tr\u00e4ng trong vi\u00d6c bi\u00d5n \u00a7\u00b6ng n\u00b5y th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c qu\u00c7n ch\u00f3ng ch\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. H\u00e4c thuy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00d2 kh\u00b8ng ti\u00aau c\u00f9c c\u00f1a M.K. G\u00a8ng\u00aei tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng ch\u00ddnh th\u00e8ng c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng Qu\u00e8c \u00ae\u00b9i trong cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh cho n\u00d2n \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp \u00can \u00a7\u00e9. N\u00a8m 1946, M.K. G\u00a8ng\u00aei tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 kh\u00abng nh\u00cat thi\u00d5t ch\u00d8 d\u00efng ph\u2212\u00acng ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00cau tranh kh\u00abng b\u00b9o l\u00f9c. M.K. G\u00a8ng\u00aei c\u00e3 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5 uy t\u00ddn l\u00edn \u00eb \u00can \u00a7\u00e9. Nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n \u00can \u00a7\u00e9 suy t\u00abn l\u00b5 Mah\u00b8tma ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 \\\"t\u00a9m h\u00e5n v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i\\\". N\u00a8m 1948, \u00abng b\u00de b\u00e4n ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00b8m s\u00b8t. GI\u00e3PPHR\u00a5, Gi\u00abd\u00d0p Gi\u00becc\u00ac X\u00aaxer\u00ac (1852 - 1931): Th\u00e8ng ch\u00d5 Ph\u00b8p, \u00ae\u00b7 t\u00f5ng \u00eb B\u00bec K\u00fa, Xu\u00ae\u00a8ng, Ma\u00aeag\u00b8txca t\u00f5 nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m \u00ae\u00c7u th\u00d5 k\u00fb XX; T\u00e6ng tham m\u2212u tr\u2212\u00ebng qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i v\u00b5 Ph\u00e3 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech H\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e5ng Qu\u00e8c ph\u00dfng t\u00e8i cao Ph\u00b8p n\u00a8m 1911. Sau khi \u00ae\u2212\u00eec phong Th\u00e8ng ch\u00d5 n\u00a8m 1917, Gi\u00e3pphr\u00ac sang c\u00abng c\u00b8n \u00eb M\u00fc. GI\u00a5NUIY, S\u00b8cl\u00ac Rig\u00abn \u00ae\u00ac (1807 - 1873): \u00a7\u00ab \u00ae\u00e8c h\u00b6i qu\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, k\u00ce \u00aeem chi\u00d5n thuy\u00d2n \u00ae\u00d5n b\u00ben ph\u00b8 c\u00b6ng \u00a7\u00b5 N\u00bdng n\u00a8m 1858, m\u00eb \u00ae\u00c7u cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec c\u00f1a th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p \u00eb Vi\u00d6t Nam; B\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng H\u00b6i qu\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1867. H H\u00b9 LONG (1896 - 1969): T\u00aan th\u00cbt l\u00b5 V\u00a8n Th\u2212\u00eang, t\u00f9 V\u00a9n Khanh, sinh t\u00b9i Tang Th\u00f9c, H\u00e5 Nam. N\u00a8m 1914, gia nh\u00cbp Trung Hoa C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng \u00a7\u00b6ng c\u00f1a T\u00abn Trung S\u00acn. N\u00a8m 1926, tham gia B\u00bec ph\u00b9t v\u00edi ch\u00f8c danh S\u2212 tr\u2212\u00ebng. N\u00a8m 1927, H\u00b9 Long gia nh\u00cbp \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Trung Qu\u00e8c. T\u00f5","628 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP n\u00a8m 1927 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1936, \u00abng gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c T\u00e6ng ch\u00d8 huy Ph\u2212\u00acng di\u00d6n qu\u00a9n s\u00e8 2 c\u00f1a H\u00e5ng qu\u00a9n. Th\u00eai k\u00fa Qu\u00e8c - C\u00e9ng h\u00eep t\u00b8c l\u00c7n th\u00f8 hai ch\u00e8ng Nh\u00cbt (1937 - 1946), H\u00b9 Long l\u00b5 S\u2212 tr\u2212\u00ebng ki\u00aam Ch\u00ddnh \u00f1y S\u2212 \u00aeo\u00b5n 120 c\u00f1a B\u00b8t L\u00e9 qu\u00a9n. N\u00a8m 1949, khi n\u2212\u00edc C\u00e9ng h\u00dfa nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n Trung Hoa th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp, H\u00b9 Long gi\u00f7 ch\u00f8c Ph\u00e3 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech Qu\u00a9n \u00f1y Trung \u2212\u00acng, Ph\u00e3 Th\u00f1 t\u2212\u00edng Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1, Ph\u00e3 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech \u00f1y ban Qu\u00e8c ph\u00dfng. N\u00a8m 1955, \u00ae\u2212\u00eec phong h\u00b5m Nguy\u00aan so\u00b8i. N\u00a8m 1956, \u00abng l\u00b5 \u00f1y vi\u00aan B\u00e9 Ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de. T\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1959, \u00abng l\u00b5 Ph\u00e3 Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech Th\u2212\u00eang tr\u00f9c Qu\u00a9n \u00f1y Trung \u2212\u00acng, Ch\u00f1 nhi\u00d6m \u00f1y ban C\u00abng nghi\u00d6p qu\u00e8c ph\u00dfng. H\u00b9 Long l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00b9n nh\u00a9n c\u00f1a C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00a8n h\u00e3a \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c. H\u00b5M NGHI (1871 - 1944)1): T\u00f8c Nguy\u00d4n Ph\u00f3c \u00a6ng L\u00dech, c\u00dfn c\u00e3 t\u00aan g\u00e4i l\u00b5 Nguy\u00d4n Ph\u00f3c Minh, vua th\u00f8 t\u00b8m c\u00f1a tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh nh\u00b5 Nguy\u00d4n, ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u phe ch\u00f1 chi\u00d5n ch\u00e8ng th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec trong tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh Hu\u00d5. Nguy\u00d4n Ph\u00f3c \u00a6ng L\u00dech l\u00aan ng\u00abi l\u00f3c m\u00edi 13 tu\u00e6i (1884), \u00ae\u00c6t ni\u00aan hi\u00d6u l\u00b5 H\u00b5m Nghi. Th\u00b8ng 7-1885, H\u00b5m Nghi c\u00efng T\u00abn Th\u00cat Thuy\u00d5t v\u00b5 nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai ch\u00f1 chi\u00d5n r\u00eai b\u00e1 Kinh \u00ae\u00ab Hu\u00d5 ra S\u00acn Ph\u00dfng (Qu\u00b6ng Tr\u00de), nh\u2212ng v\u00c9n b\u00de th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p l\u00efng b\u00bet, ph\u00b6i l\u00b8nh \u00eb v\u00efng r\u00f5ng n\u00f3i t\u00d8nh Qu\u00b6ng B\u00d7nh. T\u00b9i \u00ae\u00a9y, \u00abng xu\u00e8ng Chi\u00d5u C\u00c7n V\u2212\u00acng k\u00aau g\u00e4i v\u00a8n th\u00a9n, s\u00dc phu v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n ch\u00e8ng Ph\u00b8p. Th\u00b8ng 11-1888, \u00abng b\u00de th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p b\u00bet, sau \u00ae\u00e3 b\u00de \u00ae\u00b5y sang Angi\u00aa (th\u00f1 ph\u00f1 c\u00f1a Angi\u00aari \u00eb B\u00bec Phi). HEN\u00a7\u00d0CX\u00a4N, A. (1863 - 1935): L\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng l\u00b7nh t\u00f4 c\u00f1a C\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6ng Anh; B\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng B\u00e9 N\u00e9i v\u00f4 (n\u00a8m 1924); B\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng B\u00e9 Ngo\u00b9i giao trong Ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 M\u00b8c\u00ae\u00abnan (1924 - 1931) thi h\u00b5nh ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch \u00ae\u00e8i n\u00e9i v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00e8i ngo\u00b9i ph\u00b6n \u00ae\u00e9ng. K KH\u00b6I \u00a7\u00deNH (1882 - 1925): T\u00f8c Nguy\u00d4n Ph\u00f3c B\u00f6u \u00a7\u00b6o, c\u00dfn c\u00e3 t\u00aan l\u00b5 Nguy\u00d4n Ph\u00f3c Tu\u00can vua th\u00f8 12 c\u00f1a tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh nh\u00b5 Nguy\u00d4n. N\u00a8m 1916, \u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u2212a l\u00aan ng\u00abi v\u00b5 t\u00b9i v\u00de \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1925. Kh\u00b6i \u00a7\u00denh l\u00b5 m\u00e9t ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5 b\u00b9c nh\u2212\u00eec, ho\u00b5n to\u00b5n ph\u00f4 thu\u00e9c v\u00b5o ng\u2212\u00eai Ph\u00b8p. _______________ 1) C\u00e3 t\u00b5i li\u00d6u ghi vua H\u00b5m Nghi (1871 - 1943) ho\u00c6c (1872 - 1944) (BT).","B\u00b6n ch\u00d8 d\u00c9n t\u00aan ng\u2212\u00eai 629 KH\u00e6NG T\u00f6 (511-479 Tr.CN): Kh\u00e6ng T\u00f6 c\u00dfn g\u00e4i l\u00b5 Kh\u00e6ng Phu T\u00f6, t\u00aan th\u00cbt l\u00b5 Kh\u00e6ng Kh\u00a9u, t\u00aan ch\u00f7 l\u00b5 Kh\u00e6ng Tr\u00e4ng Ni, ng\u2212\u00eai n\u2212\u00edc L\u00e7, th\u00eai Xu\u00a9n Thu. \u00a4ng l\u00b5 nh\u00b5 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng, nh\u00b5 gi\u00b8o d\u00f4c n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng c\u00f1a n\u2212\u00edc Trung Qu\u00e8c c\u00e6 \u00ae\u00b9i. Kh\u00e6ng gi\u00b8o hay c\u00dfn g\u00e4i l\u00b5 Nho gi\u00b8o ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng x\u00b7 h\u00e9i Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00d2 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de, x\u00b7 h\u00e9i, \u00ae\u00b9o \u00ae\u00f8c theo Tam c\u2212\u00acng (qu\u00a9n - th\u00c7n, phu - ph\u00f4, ph\u00f4 - t\u00f6) v\u00b5 Ng\u00f2 th\u2212\u00eang (nh\u00a9n, ngh\u00dca, l\u00d4, tr\u00dd, t\u00ddn), vua l\u00b5 ph\u00b6i \u201cminh qu\u00a9n\u201d, c\u00dfn b\u00d2 t\u00abi ph\u00b6i ph\u00can \u00ae\u00cau theo \u00ae\u00b9o \u201ctu th\u00a9n, t\u00d2 gia, tr\u00de qu\u00e8c, b\u00d7nh thi\u00aan h\u00b9\u201d \u00ae\u00d3 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh ng\u2212\u00eai \u201cqu\u00a9n t\u00f6\u201d. T\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00f1a Kh\u00e6ng T\u00f6 v\u00d2 c\u00ac b\u00b6n th\u00d3 hi\u00d6n r\u00e2 trong cu\u00e8n Lu\u00cbn ng\u00f7. Su\u00e8t h\u00acn 20 th\u00d5 k\u00fb qua, Kh\u00e6ng gi\u00b8o \u00ae\u00b7 tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh h\u00d6 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng, l\u00fd lu\u00cbn v\u00b5 m\u00e9t \u00ae\u00b9o gi\u00b8o c\u00e3 \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng s\u00a9u s\u00bec \u00ae\u00d5n m\u00e4i m\u00c6t \u00ae\u00eai s\u00e8ng c\u00f1a x\u00b7 h\u00e9i Trung Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00a9u \u00b8. L L\u00b7O T\u00f6: T\u00f8c L\u00fd \u00a7am, ng\u2212\u00eai n\u2212\u00edc S\u00eb (Trung Qu\u00e8c), l\u00b5 quan coi kho s\u00b8ch trong tri\u00d2u \u00ae\u00d7nh nh\u00b5 Chu v\u00b5 s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp ra \u00ae\u00b9o L\u00b7o - m\u00e9t trong ba gi\u00b8o ph\u00b8i l\u00edn nh\u00cat \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c. \u00a7\u00b9o L\u00b7o \u00ae\u2212\u00eec Trang T\u00f6 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n theo ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca y\u00d5m th\u00d5, tho\u00b8t t\u00f4c. \u00a7\u00b9o L\u00b7o khuy\u00aan con ng\u2212\u00eai kh\u00abng n\u00aan l\u00b5m tr\u00b8i v\u00edi \\\"\u00ae\u00b9o\\\" (v\u00ab vi), t\u00f8c l\u00b5 thu\u00cbn theo quy lu\u00cbt t\u00f9 nhi\u00aan. Sau n\u00b5y, c\u00b8c m\u00abn \u00ae\u00d6 c\u00f1a L\u00b7o T\u00f6 bi\u00d5n \\\"v\u00ab vi\\\" th\u00b5nh \\\"xu\u00cat th\u00d5\\\" - c\u00e3 t\u00ddnh ch\u00cat m\u00aa t\u00ddn, huy\u00d2n b\u00dd, d\u00efng b\u00efa ch\u00f3, thu\u00cbt ph\u00b8p m\u00aa ho\u00c6c d\u00a9n ch\u00f3ng. L\u00a3\u00a4P\u00a4N II (1835 - 1909): Qu\u00e8c v\u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a B\u00d8 t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1865, l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c t\u00can c\u00abng \u00ae\u00b8nh chi\u00d5m v\u00efng Trung Phi v\u00b5 C\u00abngg\u00ab. L\u00a3NIN, Vla\u00aeimia Il\u00ddch (1870 - 1924): L\u00b7nh t\u00f4 thi\u00aan t\u00b5i c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n v\u00b5 nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n lao \u00ae\u00e9ng to\u00b5n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, ng\u2212\u00eai s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n B\u00abns\u00aav\u00ddch Nga v\u00b5 Nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc x\u00b7 h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan trong l\u00dech s\u00f6 lo\u00b5i ng\u2212\u00eai, \u00abng c\u00f2ng l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. K\u00d5 t\u00f4c s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p c\u00f1a C. M\u00b8c v\u00b5 Ph. \u00a1ngghen, V.I. L\u00aanin \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00cau tranh ki\u00aan quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00d3 b\u00b6o v\u00d6 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c, ch\u00e8ng l\u00b9i m\u00e4i s\u00f9 xuy\u00aan t\u00b9c c\u00f1a b\u00e4n c\u00ac h\u00e9i ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca v\u00b5 ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n m\u00e9t c\u00b8ch thi\u00aan t\u00b5i c\u00b6 ba b\u00e9 ph\u00cbn h\u00eep th\u00b5nh ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca M\u00b8c (tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c m\u00b8cx\u00ddt, kinh t\u00d5 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de h\u00e4c m\u00b8cx\u00ddt v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i","630 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP khoa h\u00e4c), gi\u00b6i quy\u00d5t \u00ae\u00f3ng \u00ae\u00ben v\u00d2 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn v\u00b5 th\u00f9c ti\u00d4n c\u00b8c v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 \u00ae\u00c6t ra cho c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00ab s\u00b6n trong th\u00eai \u00ae\u00b9i \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca. V.I. L\u00aanin \u00ae\u00c6c bi\u00d6t quan t\u00a9m v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u2212a ra nhi\u00d2u lu\u00cbn \u00aei\u00d3m quan tr\u00e4ng v\u00d2 phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 ph\u00f4 thu\u00e9c. Trong b\u00b6n S\u00ac th\u00b6o l\u00c7n th\u00f8 nh\u00cat nh\u00f7ng lu\u00cbn c\u2212\u00acng v\u00d2 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 d\u00a9n t\u00e9c v\u00b5 v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea tr\u00d7nh b\u00b5y t\u00b9i \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i II c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n (n\u00a8m 1920), V.I. L\u00aanin \u00ae\u00b7 n\u00aau ra nh\u00f7ng v\u00can \u00ae\u00d2 c\u00ac b\u00b6n c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c. LI\u00a4T\u00a2Y, Lui Uybe G\u00abngdav\u00ac (1854 - 1934): Th\u00e8ng ch\u00d5 Ph\u00b8p, nhi\u00d2u n\u00a8m l\u00b5 quan ch\u00f8c \u00eb c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f1a Ph\u00b8p. N\u00a8m 1894, Li\u00abt\u00a9y sang \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng. N\u00a8m 1912, l\u00b5m T\u2212 l\u00d6nh qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p \u00eb Mar\u00e8c. N\u00a8m 1916 - 1917, l\u00b5m B\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng B\u00e9 Chi\u00d5n tranh. Li\u00abt\u00a9y tr\u00f9c ti\u00d5p ch\u00d8 huy nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p \u00ae\u00c9m m\u00b8u c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c n\u00e6i d\u00cby \u00ae\u00dfi gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng, ch\u00e8ng th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p \u00eb c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea. L\u00ddPN\u00d5CH, C\u00b8c (1871 - 1919): Nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng xu\u00cat s\u00bec c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00a7\u00f8c v\u00b5 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, chi\u00d5n s\u00dc \u00ae\u00cau tranh t\u00ddch c\u00f9c ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00ac h\u00e9i, ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t v\u00b5 chi\u00d5n tranh \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c. C. L\u00ddpn\u00d5ch l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng nh\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c v\u00b5 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o nh\u00e3m Xp\u00b8ctaqu\u00fdt; l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00a7\u00f8c v\u00b5 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a c\u00abng nh\u00a9n n\u00a8m 1919. C\u00f2ng n\u00a8m 1919, \u00abng b\u00de b\u00bet v\u00b5 b\u00de k\u00ce th\u00ef gi\u00d5t h\u00b9i trong nh\u00b5 t\u00ef. L\u00a4NG, M\u00abrix\u00ac (? - 1923): Th\u00b8ng 12-1919, B\u00e9 Thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea Ph\u00b8p c\u00f6 M. L\u00abng l\u00b5m To\u00b5n quy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng; khi v\u00d2 Ph\u00b8p c\u00abng c\u00b8n, qua C\u00abl\u00abngb\u00ab th\u00d7 b\u00de ch\u00d5t (th\u00b8ng 1-1923). L\u00a5BROONG, Anbe (1871 - 1950): Ch\u00ddnh kh\u00b8ch Ph\u00b8p, l\u00b5 ngh\u00de s\u00dc Qu\u00e8c h\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1900, B\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng B\u00e9 Thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea (1911 - 1914), Ch\u00f1 t\u00dech Th\u2212\u00eeng vi\u00d6n (n\u00a8m 1931), T\u00e6ng th\u00e8ng Ph\u00b8p (1932 - 1940), b\u00de ph\u00b8t x\u00ddt \u00a7\u00f8c b\u00bet \u00aei \u00ae\u00b5y (1944 - 1945). L\u00f3CX\u00a1MBUA, R\u00abda (1871 - 1919): Nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng c\u00f1a phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Ba Lan, \u00a7\u00f8c v\u00b5 qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng th\u00f1 l\u00dcnh c\u00b8nh t\u00b6 c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 hai. Ngay t\u00f5 \u00ae\u00c7u cu\u00e9c Chi\u00d5n tranh th\u00d5 gi\u00edi th\u00f8 nh\u00cat, b\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00f8ng tr\u00aan l\u00cbp tr\u2212\u00eang qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca, l\u00b5 m\u00e9t","B\u00b6n ch\u00d8 d\u00c9n t\u00aan ng\u2212\u00eai 631 trong nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e3 s\u00b8ng ki\u00d5n l\u00cbp ra nh\u00e3m Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5, sau \u00ae\u00e6i t\u00aan l\u00b5 nh\u00e3m Xp\u00b8ctaqu\u00fdt, r\u00e5i l\u00b9i \u00ae\u00e6i th\u00b5nh H\u00e9i Xp\u00b8ctaqu\u00fdt. Sau c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng th\u00b8ng 11-1918 \u00eb \u00a7\u00f8c, b\u00b5 gi\u00f7 vai tr\u00df l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o trong \u00a7\u00b9i h\u00e9i th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n \u00a7\u00f8c. Th\u00b8ng 1-1919, b\u00b5 b\u00de b\u00bet v\u00b5 b\u00de b\u00e4n ph\u00b6n c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng s\u00b8t h\u00b9i. L\u00a6\u00a5NG NG\u00e4C QUY\u00d5N (1885 - 1917): Hi\u00d6u l\u00b5 L\u2212\u00acng L\u00cbp Nham, l\u00b5 con th\u00f8 c\u00f1a ch\u00dd s\u00dc y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc L\u2212\u00acng V\u00a8n Can. Qu\u00aa g\u00e8c \u00eb l\u00b5ng Nh\u00de Kh\u00aa, huy\u00d6n Th\u2212\u00eang T\u00ddn, H\u00b5 N\u00e9i; s\u00edm ch\u00deu \u00b6nh h\u2212\u00ebng t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng canh t\u00a9n c\u00f1a Khang H\u00f7u Vi, L\u2212\u00acng Kh\u00b6i Si\u00aau (Trung Qu\u00e8c) v\u00b5 phong tr\u00b5o \u00a7\u00abng du do c\u00f4 Phan B\u00e9i Ch\u00a9u kh\u00ebi x\u2212\u00edng. N\u00a8m 1905, \u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec Phan B\u00e9i Ch\u00a9u g\u00f6i h\u00e4c \u00eb tr\u2212\u00eang Ch\u00can V\u00f2, t\u00e8t nghi\u00d6p lo\u00b9i \u2212u v\u00b5o cu\u00e8i n\u00a8m 1908. N\u00a8m 1914, L\u2212\u00acng Ng\u00e4c Quy\u00d5n v\u00d2 n\u2212\u00edc g\u00a9y c\u00ac s\u00eb v\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc t\u00b9i Nam K\u00fa, sau \u00ae\u00e3 sang ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng \u00eb Th\u00b8i Lan, H\u00e5ng C\u00abng. \u00a4ng b\u00de m\u00cbt th\u00b8m Anh b\u00bet trao cho th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 b\u00de giam t\u00b9i c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 lao \u00eb H\u00b5 N\u00e9i, Ph\u00f3 Th\u00e4, Th\u00b8i Nguy\u00aan. T\u00b9i Th\u00b8i Nguy\u00aan, \u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 c\u00efng Tr\u00denh V\u00a8n C\u00can (\u00a7\u00e9i C\u00can) l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca c\u00f1a binh l\u00ddnh ng\u2212\u00eai Vi\u00d6t y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc trong qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p. M M\u00b8C, C\u00b8c (1818 - 1883): L\u00b7nh t\u00f4 thi\u00aan t\u00b5i c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n th\u00d5 gi\u00edi, nh\u00b5 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i nh\u00cat, ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00efng Ph. \u00a1ngghen s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp n\u00d2n tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c m\u00edi - tri\u00d5t h\u00e4c duy v\u00cbt bi\u00d6n ch\u00f8ng v\u00b5 duy v\u00cbt l\u00dech s\u00f6, kinh t\u00d5 ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de h\u00e4c v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i khoa h\u00e4c. Ba b\u00e9 ph\u00cbn n\u00b5y c\u00e3 quan h\u00d6 h\u00f7u c\u00ac v\u00edi nhau, c\u00cau th\u00b5nh h\u00e4c thuy\u00d5t M\u00b8c, tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh h\u00d6 t\u2212 t\u2212\u00ebng, th\u00d5 gi\u00edi quan, l\u00fd lu\u00cbn v\u00d2 chi\u00d5n l\u2212\u00eec v\u00b5 s\u00b8ch l\u2212\u00eec c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap v\u00ab s\u00b6n trong cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh x\u00e3a b\u00e1 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n, x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. M\u00b8c kh\u00abng ch\u00d8 l\u00b5 nh\u00b5 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn thi\u00aan t\u00b5i m\u00b5 tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00d5t C. M\u00b8c l\u00b5 nh\u00b5 c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng v\u00dc \u00ae\u00b9i. N\u00a8m 1847, C. M\u00b8c v\u00b5 Ph. \u00a1ngghen tham gia s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp Li\u00aan \u00aeo\u00b5n nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n. N\u00a8m 1864, C. M\u00b8c s\u00b8ng l\u00cbp v\u00b5 l\u00b5 linh h\u00e5n c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5 th\u00f8 nh\u00cat. C. M\u00b8c \u00ae\u00b7 \u00ae\u00cau tranh kh\u00abng khoan nh\u2212\u00eeng v\u00edi m\u00e4i th\u00f8 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca c\u00ac h\u00e9i v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca v\u00ab ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 trong phong tr\u00b5o c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n v\u00b5 c\u00abng nh\u00a9n qu\u00e8c t\u00d5. Ng\u2212\u00eai \u00ae\u00b7 hi\u00d5n","632 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP d\u00a9ng c\u00b6 \u00ae\u00eai m\u00d7nh cho s\u00f9 nghi\u00d6p gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng giai c\u00cap c\u00abng nh\u00a9n v\u00b5 to\u00b5n th\u00d3 lo\u00b5i ng\u2212\u00eai. M\u00b8C\u00a7\u00a4NAN I, Gi\u00aam Ramx\u00a9y (1866 - 1937): Ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp Anh v\u00b5 C\u00abng \u00ae\u00b6ng Anh; \u00f1ng h\u00e9 ch\u00ddnh s\u00b8ch h\u00eep t\u00b8c giai c\u00cap v\u00b5 c\u00b8i g\u00e4i l\u00b5 \\\"ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i nh\u00cbp d\u00c7n v\u00b5o ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca t\u2212 b\u00b6n\\\". N\u00a8m 1924 v\u00b5 trong th\u00eai gian 1929 - 1935 l\u00b5m Th\u00f1 t\u2212\u00edng Anh, M\u00b8c\u00ae\u00abnan \u00ae\u00b7 ra s\u00f8c b\u00b6o v\u00d6 l\u00cbp tr\u2212\u00eang c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Anh v\u00b5 gieo r\u00bec nh\u00f7ng \u00b6o t\u2212\u00ebng c\u00b6i l\u2212\u00acng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca trong phong tr\u00b5o c\u00abng nh\u00a9n Anh. M\u00b9NH T\u00f6 (kho\u00b6ng 372 - 289 Tr.CN): T\u00aan Kha, quan \u00ae\u00b9i th\u00c7n th\u00eai Chi\u00d5n Qu\u00e8c (Trung Qu\u00e8c). \u00a4ng c\u00e3 t\u00b5i h\u00efng bi\u00d6n, \u00ae\u00b7 \u00aei kh\u00bep \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc Trung Qu\u00e8c tuy\u00aan truy\u00d2n, ph\u00b8t tri\u00d3n tri\u00d5t l\u00fd c\u00f1a Kh\u00e6ng T\u00f6 l\u00aan th\u00b5nh qu\u00e8c gi\u00b8o. \u00a4ng c\u00e3 c\u00a9u n\u00e3i n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng: \\\"D\u00a9n vi qu\u00fd, x\u00b7 t\u00bec th\u00f8 chi, qu\u00a9n vi khinh\\\" (d\u00a9n tr\u2212\u00edc h\u00d5t, sau \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5 nh\u00b5 n\u2212\u00edc, vua l\u00b5 kh\u00abng \u00ae\u00b8ng k\u00d3). M\u00a1NGGIANH, S\u00b8cl\u00ac (1866 - 1925): T\u2212\u00edng Ph\u00b8p. Sau khi t\u00e8t nghi\u00d6p Tr\u2212\u00eang v\u00e2 b\u00de Xanh Xia, M\u00a8nggianh l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c nhi\u00d2u n\u00a8m \u00eb c\u00b8c n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00a9u Phi, \u00eb B\u00bec K\u00fa (1901 - 1904), l\u00b5m Ph\u00e3 Cao u\u00fb Ph\u00b8p \u00eb Mar\u00e8c n\u00a8m 1912; T\u00e6ng thanh tra qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p \u00eb c\u00b8c thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea v\u00b5 l\u00b5 U\u00fb vi\u00aan H\u00e9i \u00ae\u00e5ng Qu\u00e8c ph\u00dfng Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00c7u nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 20 c\u00f1a th\u00d5 k\u00fb XX. M\u00a8nggianh lu\u00abn ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p t\u00b5n b\u00b9o c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00cau tranh c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai b\u00b6n x\u00f8. M\u00d0CLANH, M\u00b8cxian H\u00a8ngri (1860 - ?): Tham gia qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i Ph\u00b8p trong c\u00b8c n\u00a8m 1880 - 1885, l\u00b5m vi\u00aan ch\u00f8c \u00eb nhi\u00d2u thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea c\u00f1a Ph\u00b8p (Haiti, C\u00abngg\u00ab, Gua\u00ae\u00acl\u00f3p, T\u00a9y Phi, ch\u00a9u Phi x\u00ddch \u00ae\u00b9o, Ma\u00aeag\u00b8txca); To\u00b5n quy\u00d2n \u00a7\u00abng D\u2212\u00acng (1923 - 1925) v\u00b5 l\u00b5 k\u00ce ch\u00d5t h\u00f4t trong v\u00f4 n\u00d0m t\u00b9c \u00ae\u00b9n c\u00f1a Ph\u00b9m H\u00e5ng Th\u00b8i t\u00b9i Sa Di\u00d6n (Trung Qu\u00e8c) ng\u00b5y 19-6-1924. M\u00a4NGTEXKI\u00a5, S\u00b8cl\u00ac Lui (1689 - 1755): Nh\u00b5 x\u00b7 h\u00e9i h\u00e4c t\u2212 s\u00b6n l\u00e7i l\u00b9c c\u00f1a Ph\u00b8p, nh\u00b5 kinh t\u00d5 v\u00b5 nh\u00b5 v\u00a8n. \u00a7\u00b9i di\u00d6n c\u00f1a ph\u00b8i khai s\u00b8ng th\u00d5 k\u00fb XVIII, nh\u00b5 l\u00fd lu\u00cbn c\u00f1a ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n ch\u00f1 l\u00cbp hi\u00d5n. MUXTAPHA, K\u00aaman (1881 - 1938): C\u00dfn c\u00e3 t\u00aan l\u00b5 K\u00aaman Atatuy\u00d5ch, ngh\u00dca l\u00b5 \\\"cha c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai Th\u00e6 Nh\u00dc K\u00fa\\\"; h\u00e4c Tr\u2212\u00eang qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 Xal\u00abn\u00ddch. N\u00a8m 1905, t\u00e8t nghi\u00d6p Vi\u00d6n H\u00b5n l\u00a9m qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 v\u00edi qu\u00a9n h\u00b5m \u00ae\u00b9i u\u00fd.","B\u00b6n ch\u00d8 d\u00c9n t\u00aan ng\u2212\u00eai 633 N\u00a8m 1915, l\u00b5 T\u2212 l\u00d6nh Binh \u00aeo\u00b5n th\u00f8 7 qu\u00a9n Palextin, \u00ae\u00b8nh th\u00beng li\u00aan qu\u00a9n Anh - Ph\u00b8p \u00eb qu\u00c7n \u00ae\u00b6o Galip\u00abli. K\u00aaman l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c t\u2212 s\u00b6n Th\u00e6 Nh\u00dc K\u00fa ch\u00e8ng ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c n\u2212\u00edc ngo\u00b5i v\u00b5 b\u00e4n m\u00b9i b\u00b6n phong ki\u00d5n trong n\u2212\u00edc, k\u00d5t th\u00f3c th\u00beng l\u00eei n\u00a8m 1922; sau \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5m T\u00e6ng th\u00e8ng n\u2212\u00edc Th\u00e6 Nh\u00dc K\u00fa \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp. K\u00aaman ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng x\u00a9y d\u00f9ng v\u00b5 c\u00f1ng c\u00e8 t\u00d7nh h\u00f7u ngh\u00de v\u00edi Li\u00aan X\u00ab nh\u2212ng K\u00aaman v\u00c9n mang \u00fd th\u00f8c h\u00d6 c\u00f1a giai c\u00cap t\u2212 s\u00b6n, c\u00cam c\u00b8c h\u00e9i c\u00abng nh\u00a9n ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00b5n \u00b8p nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c b\u00b7i c\u00abng c\u00f1a ng\u2212\u00eai lao \u00ae\u00e9ng. N NAP\u00a4L\u00a3\u00a4NG, B\u00abnap\u00b8c (1769 - 1821): Nh\u00b5 qu\u00a9n s\u00f9 n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng c\u00f1a Ph\u00b8p. N\u00a8m 1785, t\u00e8t nghi\u00d6p tr\u2212\u00eang ph\u00b8o binh v\u00edi qu\u00a9n h\u00b5m thi\u00d5u u\u00fd; tham gia c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Ph\u00b8p n\u00a8m 1789 v\u00b5 nhanh ch\u00e3ng tr\u00eb th\u00b5nh m\u00e9t vi\u00aan t\u2212\u00edng tr\u00ce n\u00bem quy\u00d2n ch\u00d8 huy t\u00e8i cao qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00e9i. N\u00a8m 1799, t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c \u00ae\u00b6o ch\u00ddnh v\u00b5 n\u00a8m 1804, tuy\u00aan b\u00e8 thi\u00d5t l\u00cbp ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 \u00ae\u00e9c t\u00b5i. Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng \u00ae\u00b7 l\u00abi k\u00d0o n\u2212\u00edc Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5o nh\u00f7ng cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh chi\u00d5m \u00ae\u00e3ng l\u00b7nh th\u00e6 nhi\u00d2u n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00a9u \u00a2u. N\u00a8m 1812, \u00ae\u00e9i qu\u00a9n c\u00f1a Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng b\u00de th\u00cat b\u00b9i trong cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh x\u00a9m l\u2212\u00eec n\u2212\u00edc Nga; n\u00a8m 1814, b\u00de li\u00aan qu\u00a9n ch\u00a9u \u00a2u \u00ae\u00b8nh b\u00b9i; n\u00a8m 1815, \u00abng gi\u00b5nh l\u00b9i ng\u00abi Ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5 nh\u2212ng sau th\u00cat b\u00b9i t\u00b9i Oat\u00d0cl\u00ab (ng\u00b5y 22-6-1815) th\u00d7 \u00abng l\u00b9i b\u00de l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6. NAP\u00a4L\u00a3\u00a4NG III, B\u00abnap\u00b8c, Lui Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng (1808 - 1873): T\u00aan g\u00e4i \u00ae\u00c7y \u00ae\u00f1 l\u00b5 S\u00b8cl\u00ac Lui Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng B\u00abnap\u00b8c. Ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5 Ph\u00b8p t\u00f5 n\u00a8m 1852 \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1870, l\u00b5 ch\u00b8u g\u00e4i Nap\u00abl\u00aa\u00abng B\u00abnap\u00b8c b\u00bbng b\u00b8c. Sau khi c\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng n\u00a8m 1848 th\u00cat b\u00b9i, \u00abng \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00c7u l\u00b5m T\u00e6ng th\u00e8ng n\u2212\u00edc C\u00e9ng ho\u00b5 Ph\u00b8p; ng\u00b5y 2-12-1851 l\u00b5m \u00ae\u00b6o ch\u00ddnh l\u00cbt \u00ae\u00e6 ch\u00d5 \u00ae\u00e9 c\u00e9ng ho\u00b5 v\u00b5 l\u00aan l\u00b5m Ho\u00b5ng \u00ae\u00d5; b\u00de qu\u00a9n Ph\u00e6 b\u00bet trong cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh Ph\u00b8p - Ph\u00e6 (1871). NANX\u00a1N (1861 - 1930): Nh\u00b5 th\u00b8m hi\u00d3m, nh\u00b5 h\u00b6i d\u2212\u00acng h\u00e4c v\u00b5 l\u00b5 nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng x\u00b7 h\u00e9i n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng ng\u2212\u00eai Na Uy; l\u00b5 ng\u2212\u00eai c\u00e3 c\u00b6m t\u00d7nh v\u00edi Li\u00aan X\u00ab. \u00a4ng l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c vi\u00d6c gi\u00f3p \u00ae\u00ec nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n c\u00b8c v\u00efng b\u00de \u00ae\u00e3i \u00eb n\u2212\u00edc Nga n\u00a8m 1921. N\u00a8m 1922, \u00abng \u00ae\u00b9t gi\u00b6i N\u00abben v\u00d2 nh\u00f7ng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b9o. NGHI\u00a3U: M\u00e9t \u00abng vua mang nhi\u00d2u t\u00ddnh huy\u00d2n tho\u00b9i trong l\u00dech s\u00f6 Trung","634 H\u00e5 CH\u00dd MINH TO\u00b5N T\u00cbP Qu\u00e8c th\u00eai m\u00b9t k\u00fa c\u00abng x\u00b7 th\u00de t\u00e9c. \u00a4ng n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng v\u00d2 l\u00dfng y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc, nh\u00a9n t\u00f5. Th\u00eai \u00abng tr\u00de v\u00d7, \u00ae\u00cat n\u2212\u00edc thanh b\u00d7nh, nh\u00a9n d\u00a9n no \u00cam. \u00a4ng nh\u2212\u00eang l\u00b9i ng\u00abi vua cho \u00abng Thu\u00can ch\u00f8 kh\u00abng truy\u00d2n l\u00b9i cho con. NG\u00a4 B\u00e9I PHU (1874 - 1939): Qu\u00aa t\u00d8nh S\u00acn \u00a7\u00abng (Trung Qu\u00e8c), thu\u00e9c ph\u00b8i qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t B\u00bec D\u2212\u00acng h\u00d6 Tr\u00f9c (t\u00d8nh Tr\u00f9c L\u00d6). N\u00a8m 1920, Ng\u00ab B\u00e9i Phu \u00ae\u00b8nh th\u00beng ph\u00b8i qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t \u00a7o\u00b5n K\u00fa Th\u00f4y r\u00e5i thao t\u00f3ng ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t B\u00bec D\u2212\u00acng, l\u00b5m tay sai cho \u00ae\u00d5 qu\u00e8c Anh - M\u00fc. Ng\u00ab B\u00e9i Phu ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng t\u00b5n s\u00b8t d\u00b7 man c\u00abng nh\u00a9n \u00ae\u2212\u00eang s\u00bet B\u00bec Kinh - V\u00f2 H\u00b8n n\u00a8m 1923. N\u00a8m 1926, qu\u00a9n Qu\u00e8c d\u00a9n xu\u00cat ph\u00b8t t\u00f5 Qu\u00b6ng \u00a7\u00abng ti\u00d5n h\u00b5nh B\u00bec ph\u00b9t, \u00ae\u00b8nh th\u00beng ph\u00b8i qu\u00a9n phi\u00d6t Ng\u00ab B\u00e9i Phu. NGUY\u00d4N KH\u00beC V\u00d6 (1896 - ?): Sinh \u00eb t\u00d8nh Tr\u00b5 Vinh, \u00ae\u00e7 ti\u00d5n s\u00dc lu\u00cbt khoa n\u00a8m 1921, ti\u00d5n s\u00dc khoa ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de v\u00b5 kinh t\u00d5 n\u00a8m 1922. Th\u00b8ng 6-1948, Nguy\u00d4n Kh\u00bec V\u00d6 tham gia c\u00b8c ch\u00ddnh ph\u00f1 b\u00ef nh\u00d7n do th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p l\u00cbp ra, l\u00b5m B\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng B\u00e9 T\u2212 ph\u00b8p r\u00e5i Ph\u00e3 Th\u00f1 t\u2212\u00edng ki\u00aam B\u00e9 tr\u2212\u00ebng B\u00e9 T\u2212 ph\u00b8p, sau \u00ae\u00e3 l\u00b5m \u00a7\u00b9i s\u00f8 c\u00f1a ch\u00ddnh quy\u00d2n S\u00b5i G\u00dfn \u00eb Anh trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m 1952 - 1954. NGUY\u00d4N TH\u00d5 TRUY\u00d2N (1898 - 1969): Qu\u00aa l\u00b5ng H\u00b5nh Thi\u00d6n, huy\u00d6n Xu\u00a9n Tr\u2212\u00eang, t\u00d8nh Nam \u00a7\u00denh, sang Ph\u00b8p du h\u00e4c. Th\u00eai k\u00fa \u00ae\u00c7u, \u00abng c\u00e3 tham gia vi\u00d5t b\u00b8o Le Paria v\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng trong H\u00e9i Li\u00aan hi\u00d6p thu\u00e9c \u00ae\u00dea; nh\u2212ng sau \u00ae\u00e3 theo xu h\u2212\u00edng ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de kh\u00b8c, l\u00cbp \u00a7\u00b6ng Vi\u00d6t Nam \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp v\u00b5 xu\u00cat b\u00b6n b\u00b8o ch\u00dd ch\u00e8ng c\u00e9ng tr\u00aan \u00ae\u00cat Ph\u00b8p. O OASINHT\u00a5N, Gio\u00e3c (1732 - 1799): Ng\u2212\u00eai l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh gi\u00b5nh \u00ae\u00e9c l\u00cbp c\u00f1a B\u00bec M\u00fc (1775 - 1783). N\u00a8m 1775, Oasinht\u00acn \u00ae\u2212\u00eec c\u00f6 l\u00b5m T\u00e6ng t\u2212 l\u00d6nh t\u00e8i cao l\u00f9c l\u2212\u00eeng v\u00f2 trang B\u00bec M\u00fc; n\u00a8m 1787, \u00ae\u00f8ng \u00ae\u00c7u U\u00fb ban So\u00b9n th\u00b6o Hi\u00d5n ph\u00b8p M\u00fc; n\u00a8m 1789, Oasinht\u00acn \u00ae\u2212\u00eec b\u00c7u l\u00b5m T\u00e6ng th\u00e8ng \u00ae\u00c7u ti\u00aan c\u00f1a n\u2212\u00edc M\u00fc. Sau khi l\u00b5m T\u00e6ng th\u00e8ng, Oasinht\u00acn ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng c\u00f1ng c\u00e8 \u00ae\u00dea v\u00de c\u00f1a c\u00b8c ch\u00f1 \u00ae\u00e5n \u00aei\u00d2n v\u00b5 c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 t\u2212 s\u00b6n; v\u00d2 \u00ae\u00e8i ngo\u00b9i, \u00abng ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng kh\u00abng tham gia c\u00b8c li\u00aan minh v\u00b5 c\u00b8c cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n tranh gi\u00f7a c\u00b8c qu\u00e8c gia ch\u00a9u \u00a2u. N\u00a8m 1792, tr\u00f3ng c\u00f6 T\u00e6ng th\u00e8ng M\u00fc nhi\u00d6m k\u00fa th\u00f8 hai (1792 - 1797).","B\u00b6n ch\u00d8 d\u00c9n t\u00aan ng\u2212\u00eai 635 P PHAN B\u00e9I CH\u00a2U (1867 - 1940): Qu\u00aa \u00eb \u00a7an Nhi\u00d4m, Nam \u00a7\u00b5n, Ngh\u00d6 An, l\u00b5 m\u00e9t nh\u00b5 y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc c\u00e3 nhi\u00d2u ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng t\u00ddch c\u00f9c trong nh\u00f7ng n\u00a8m \u00ae\u00c7u c\u00f1a th\u00d5 k\u00fb XX. Tham gia l\u00cbp Duy t\u00a9n h\u00e9i (1904) v\u00b5 t\u00e6 ch\u00f8c phong tr\u00b5o \u00a7\u00abng du (1905-1908) v\u00b5 ch\u00f1 tr\u2212\u00acng d\u00f9a v\u00b5o Nh\u00cbt \u00ae\u00d3 \u00aeu\u00e6i th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, gi\u00b6i ph\u00e3ng d\u00a9n t\u00e9c. C\u00f4 l\u00b5 m\u00e9t trong nh\u00f7ng ng\u2212\u00eai th\u00b5nh l\u00cbp Vi\u00d6t Nam Quang ph\u00f4c h\u00e9i (n\u00a8m 1912). Th\u00b8ng 6-1925, th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p b\u00bet C\u00f4 \u00eb Trung Qu\u00e8c r\u00e5i \u00ae\u2212a v\u00d2 n\u2212\u00edc, x\u00f6 \u00eb t\u00dfa \u00ae\u00d2 h\u00d7nh H\u00b5 N\u00e9i. M\u00e9t phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh r\u00c7m r\u00e9 \u00ae\u00dfi th\u00b6 Phan B\u00e9i Ch\u00a9u di\u00d4n ra d\u2212\u00edi nhi\u00d2u h\u00d7nh th\u00f8c phong ph\u00f3. C\u00efng v\u00edi phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00d3 tang Phan Chu Trinh, phong tr\u00b5o \u00ae\u00cau tranh \u00ae\u00dfi th\u00b6 Phan B\u00e9i Ch\u00a9u \u00ae\u00dfi th\u00b6 t\u00ef ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de v\u00b5 \u00ae\u00dfi quy\u00d2n d\u00a9n sinh d\u00a9n ch\u00f1 bu\u00e9c th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p ph\u00b6i tha C\u00f4, nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u2212a v\u00d2 giam l\u00e1ng \u00eb Hu\u00d5 (1926). T\u00b9i \u00ae\u00a9y, C\u00f4 \u00ae\u00b7 b\u00b5y t\u00e1 s\u00f9 tin t\u2212\u00ebng v\u00b5o nh\u00f7ng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00f1a Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c v\u00b5 vi\u00d5t cu\u00e8n s\u00b8ch Ch\u00f1 ngh\u00dca x\u00b7 h\u00e9i (1935). PHAN \u00a7\u00d7NH PH\u00efNG (1847 - 1895): M\u00e9t s\u00dc phu y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc n\u00e6i ti\u00d5ng cu\u00e8i th\u00d5 k\u00fb XIX, h\u2212\u00ebng \u00f8ng Chi\u00d5u C\u00c7n V\u2212\u00acng c\u00f1a vua H\u00b5m Nghi n\u00a8m 1885. C\u00f4 l\u00b7nh \u00ae\u00b9o cu\u00e9c kh\u00ebi ngh\u00dca ch\u00e8ng th\u00f9c d\u00a9n Ph\u00b8p, l\u00cbp c\u00a8n c\u00f8 \u00eb v\u00efng r\u00f5ng n\u00f3i H\u2212\u00acng S\u00acn, H\u2212\u00acng Kh\u00aa, t\u00d8nh H\u00b5 T\u00dcnh. Ngh\u00dca qu\u00a9n \u00ae\u00b7 v\u2212\u00eet nhi\u00d2u gian kh\u00e6, duy tr\u00d7 cu\u00e9c chi\u00d5n \u00ae\u00cau g\u00c7n 10 n\u00a8m. C\u00f4 b\u00de th\u2212\u00acng trong m\u00e9t tr\u00cbn \u00ae\u00b8nh r\u00e5i l\u00a9m b\u00d6nh m\u00cat ng\u00b5y 28-12-1895. PHAN V\u00a1N TR\u00a6\u00eaNG (1876 - 1933): Qu\u00aa huy\u00d6n T\u00f5 Li\u00aam, H\u00b5 N\u00e9i; sang Ph\u00b8p n\u00a8m 1908, v\u00f5a l\u00b5m vi\u00d6c, v\u00f5a ti\u00d5p t\u00f4c h\u00e4c th\u00aam. N\u00a8m 1914, \u00abng b\u00de b\u00bet \u00aei l\u00ddnh; v\u00d7 nghi ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng ch\u00e8ng Ph\u00b8p n\u00aan b\u00de t\u00ef 11 th\u00b8ng. Sau \u00ae\u00e3 ra kh\u00e1i t\u00ef v\u00d7 tr\u00beng \u00b8n, nh\u2212ng \u00ae\u00d5n n\u00a8m 1919 m\u00edi \u00ae\u2212\u00eec gi\u00b6i ng\u00f2. Phan V\u00a8n Tr\u2212\u00eang ho\u00b5n th\u00b5nh lu\u00cbn \u00b8n ti\u00d5n s\u00dc lu\u00cbt v\u00b5 l\u00b5m lu\u00cbt s\u2212 \u00eb To\u00b5 th\u2212\u00eeng th\u00c8m Pari. N\u00a8m 1923, v\u00d2 n\u2212\u00edc, thay Nguy\u00d4n An Ninh l\u00b5m Gi\u00b8m \u00ae\u00e8c ch\u00ddnh tr\u00de b\u00b8o La Cloche f\u00aal\u00d0e xu\u00cat b\u00b6n \u00eb S\u00b5i G\u00dfn, cho \u00ae\u00a8ng to\u00b5n v\u00a8n Tuy\u00aan ng\u00abn c\u00f1a \u00a7\u00b6ng C\u00e9ng s\u00b6n c\u00f1a C. M\u00b8c v\u00b5 Ph. \u00a1ngghen; \u00ae\u00a8ng l\u00b9i nhi\u00d2u b\u00b5i c\u00f1a c\u00b8c nh\u00b5 ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng c\u00e9ng s\u00b6n Ph\u00b8p \u00ae\u00b7 xu\u00cat b\u00b6n \u00eb Ph\u00b8p. Phan V\u00a8n Tr\u2212\u00eang c\u00e3 c\u00b6m t\u00d7nh v\u00edi Nguy\u00d4n \u00b8i Qu\u00e8c khi Ng\u2212\u00eai m\u00edi \u00ae\u00d5n Ph\u00b8p v\u00b5 c\u00efng ho\u00b9t \u00ae\u00e9ng y\u00aau n\u2212\u00edc ch\u00e8ng th\u00f9c d\u00a9n \u00eb Pari; \u00f1ng h\u00e9 C\u00b8ch m\u00b9ng Th\u00b8ng M\u2212\u00eai Nga, t\u00b8n th\u00b5nh \u00ae\u2212\u00eang l\u00e8i c\u00f1a Qu\u00e8c t\u00d5"]