agriculture project

•Done by- CN PUNITH •CLASS~ 10 •ROLL-15 •SUBJECT- SOCIAL SCIENCE

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• DONE BY :-- NAKKA RAJEEV 2 • CLASS :-- X • ROLL NO. :-- 23 • TOPIC :-- CONTENT MAP OF MAJOR FOOD CROPS 7/31/2020

• I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher \"Nancy George\" who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic \"Content Map Of Major Food Crop“, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. • Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time. 7/31/2020 3

• Introduction 4 • Major Food Crops • Rice • Wheat • Millets • Maize • Pulses • Questions • Conclusion 7/31/2020

• The term \"food crops\" - world's 5 major food supply derived from plants; a crop assumes human intervention through agriculture. • The major food crops are rice, wheat, pulses, maize, millets. 7/31/2020

• They include wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats, sorghum, and millet, among others. The term 'Food crops' refers to plants, which provide food for human consumption, cultivated by man by agriculture. They mainly constitute of cereals,legumes,vegetables and fruits. 7/31/2020 6

RICE 7 7/31/2020

WHEAT 8 7/31/2020

MILLETS This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY 7/31/2020 9

PULSES This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC 7/31/2020 10

MAIZE This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC 7/31/2020 11

• India is the 2nd largest producer of rice in the world. India has largest area in world under rice cultivation. • Rice - Tropical crop that can be grown almost throughout the year. • It depends on atmospheric moisture and rainfall for irrigation. • The traditional rice fields are known as paddy fields and require to be flooded with 10-12 cm deep water in the early stages. • It is a Kharif crop. 7/31/2020 12

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC 13 7/31/2020

• In India, rice is grown - widely varying conditions of altitude and climate. • The rainfall - 150 cm. • It is best suited of regions - high humidity, prolonged sunshine and an assured supply of water. • The average temperature required through out the life period of the crop - 210 to 370C. • Temperature required for blooming - 26.5 to 29.50C ,at the time of ripening the temperature - 20-250C. photo periodically, rice is a short-day plant. 7/31/2020 14

• Fertile riverine alluvial soil - Best for rice cultivation. • Clayey loam soil in monsoon land - Best for rice cultivation as water retention capacity of this soil is very high. • Rice is also grown in saline areas of deltaic region. Rice cultivation needs high fertilizer application. 15

• Major Producers: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Orissa, • Chhattisgarh, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Haryana • Highest Producer: West Bengal • Highest per HectareYield: Punjab • Research Centres: Cuttack, Odisha • Highest Producing Country: China 7/31/2020 16

• Wheat is a grass - Widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food. • Wheat is highly controversial - It contains a protein called gluten, which can trigger a harmful immune response in predisposed individuals. • It comes from a type of grass (Triticum) - That is grown in countless varieties worldwide. • It is a Rabi crop. 7/31/2020 17

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• Weather that is comfortable for humans is also good for wheat. Wheat needs - 12 to 15 inches (31 to 38 centimeters) of water to produce a good crop. • It grows best when temperatures are - 21° to 24° C, but not too hot. • The amount of rainfall required for wheat cultivation - 30 cm and 100 cm. • The major wheat lands of the temperate regions have an annual rainfall - 38 cm to 80 cm. 7/31/2020 19

• Loam soil - Best for wheat cultivation. • Clay and sandy loam soils - Used for wheat cultivation provided there is proper system of drainage and these soils should not either be acidic or sodic. • Heavy soil with good drainage - Suitable for wheat cultivation under dry conditions. • These soils - Absorb and retain rain water well. • Heavy soils with poor structure and poor drainage - Not suitable as wheat is sensitive to water logging. 7/31/2020 20

• Major Producers: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Uttarakhand • Highest Producing State: Uttar Pradesh • Highest per HectareYield: Punjab • Research Centres: Karnal, Haryana • Highest Producing Country: China 7/31/2020 21

• Jowar is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family. • Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. • It is grown for - Biofuel, animal fodder and forage, and in some places its stalks and fibers are used for building materials, brooms and brushes • Jowar - Is one of the most important cereal crop in the world. It is a staple crop for human and other animals for food, feed, fodder, fiber, and fuel. • It is a Kharif crop. 7/31/2020 22

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• Jowar - Is a crop that can be grown in both the kharif as well as rabi seasons. • It grows well at a temperature - 27 Degree Celsius and 32 Degree Celsius at the time of germination. • However, it cannot be grown when the temperature - Below 16 Degrees Celsius. • Jowar does not require large amounts of water and can be grown in arid and semi arid areas having annual rainfall - Under 45 cm. • However, its concentration is more in regions which have less than 100 cm of annual rainfall. 7/31/2020 24

• Jowar is grown on a variety of soil types but the clayey loam soil rich in humus is found to be the most ideal soil. • Jowar can be grown in a variety of soils like loamy and sandy soils, clayey soils as well as alluvial soils. • It may tolerate mild acidity to mild salinity under pH - 5.5 to 8.0. • A good sorghum soil must have an efficient drainage facilities though, it may withstand water logging more than maize. 7/31/2020 25

• Major Producers: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,Telangana,Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan. • Highest Producing State:Maharshtra • Highest per HectareYield:Tamil Nadu • Research Centres: Hyderabad,Telangana • Highest Producing Country:USA 7/31/2020 26

• Bajra - Is popularly known as “pearl millet” and belongs to the family of Graminea.It is a Kharif crop. • Bajra is a coarse grain crops and considered to be the poor man’s staple nourishment and suitable to cultivate in dry lands. • Bajra is a crop of dry regions of the country. It occupies 6.8 per cent of the total area under food grains and 8.3 per cent of the cereals in the country. • The first hybrid of pearl millet developed in India in 1965. • It is a Kharif crop. 7/31/2020 27

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• Bajra is a crop of warm and dry climatic conditions. • The ideal temperature for its growth is - 25°-31°C (10-20°C at the time of sowing). • The crop requires - 40-50 cm of annual rainfall. Light rainfall followed by bright sunshine favors the quick growth of the crop. • The crop does not require irrigation. Bajra is a Kharif crop, sown between May and September and harvested between October and March. 7/31/2020 29

• Bajra can be grown in wider range of soil. • However, it thrives best in black cotton soil, sandy loam soil having well drainage. • This crop dose not prefer acidic and water logging soil. Avoid saturated soil for its cultivation. • It grows successfully well in soil with low pH. Bajra can be easily grown in region where other crops like wheat and maize would not survive. 7/31/2020 30

• Major Producers: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh Gujarat. • Highest Producing State: Rajasthan • Highest per HectareYield: Andhra Pradesh • Research Centres: Jodhpur, Rajasthan • Highest Producing Country: India 7/31/2020 31

• Ragi - Is an important millet grown extensively in various regions of India and Africa. • It ranks sixth in production after wheat, rice, maize, sorghum and bajra in India. • It is used as staple food by poor people in south India. • Its plant is considered as indigenous of India. • Ragi is a Kharif crop, sown between May and August and harvested between September and January. 7/31/2020 32

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• It is a heat loving plant and for its germination the minimum temperature required - 8-10°c. • A mean temperature range - 26-29°c during the growth is best for proper development and good crop yield. • It requires temperature - 200C to 300C.It requires - 50-100cm rainfall. • It is also raised as summer crop, and as Rabi crop in south India, but mainly as Kharif crop in north India. 7/31/2020 34

• Ragi can grow on various soils, including highly weathered tropical lateritic soils. • It can tolerate soil salinity up to a certain extent. • Its ability to bear waterlogging is limited, so good drainage of the soils and moderate water-holding capacity are optimal. • Ragi can tolerate moderately acidic soils - (pH 5), but also moderately alkaline soils - (pH 8.2). 7/31/2020 35

• Major Producers:Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Maharashtra • Highest Producing State: Karnataka • Highest per HectareYield: Puducherry(Tamil Nadu) • Research Centres: Tamil Nadu • Highest Producing Country: Nigeria. 7/31/2020 36

• Maize is cultivated throughout the year in all states of the country for various purposes including grain, fodder, green cobs, sweet corn, baby corn, pop corn in peri-urban areas. • Maize - Is the third most important food crops after rice and wheat. • In addition to staple food for human being and quality feed for animals, maize serves as a basic raw material as an ingredient to thousands of industrial products that includes starch, oil, protein, alcoholic beverages, food sweeteners, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, film, textile, gum, package and paper industries etc. 7/31/2020 37

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• In India, maize is traditionally grown in monsoon (Kharif) season, which is accompanied by high temperature (<35° C) and rainfall. • Maize is grown in temperatures - 18°C and 27°C during the day and around - 14°C during the night. • But the most important factor is - 140 frost-free days. The crop is very susceptible to frost; therefore, its cultivation in temperate latitudes is limited. • Maize is grown mostly in regions having annual rainfall - 60 cm to 110 cm. But it is also grown in areas having rainfall - Of about 40 cm. 7/31/2020 39

• Maize grows in a wide range of soils, ranging from temperate podzols to the leached red soils of the tropics. • But, the best suitable soil for maize – Deep, rich soils of the sub-tropics, where there is abundant nitrogen. • But for good growth and productivity of maize, loam and medium to heavy soil- have adequate amount of bacteria and proper drainage is suitable. • Saline and alkaline soil - Not suitable for maize cultivation. 7/31/2020 40

• Major Producers: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh • Highest Producing State: Andhra Pradesh • Highest per HectareYield: Andhra Pradesh and Bihar • Research Centres: New Delhi • Highest Producing Country: USA 7/31/2020 41

• Pulses are some of the most widely available, inexpensive, and nutritionally complete staple foods in the world. • Pulses contribute about 10 percent of protein intake and 5 percent of energy intake in low-income countries. • Pulses are drought-tolerant and hardy under frost conditions, making them suitable to a wide range of environments. • Growing pulses also promotes sustainable agriculture, as pulse crops help decrease greenhouse gases, increase soil health, and use less water than other crops. • It is a Kharif crop. 7/31/2020 42

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• Pulses prefer pH - 6.0-6.8 range and with well-drained, warm soils. • It can be cultivated on wide range of soil. Gives best result when grown on well drained loamy to sandy-loam soils. Saline and water logged soils - Not suitable for cultivation. • Ideal soils are well drained loam or sandy loam and saline alkali soils - Not suitable as it cannot tolerate water logging conditions and frost • Optimum pH range - 6.5 to 7.5 7/31/2020 44

• Kharif pulse crops require - Warm climate throughout their life from sowing to harvesting. • Pulses is best suited to areas having an annual rainfall - 60 to 75 cm. • Optimum temperature range for growth - 27-30oC. • Pulses are a warm weather crop and comes up in areas receiving an annual rainfall - 50 to 70 cm. • Pulses can be grown in both Rabi and Kharif seasons. 7/31/2020 45

• Major Producers: Madhya Pradesh ,Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra , Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh • Highest Producing State: Madhya Pradesh • Highest per HectareYield: Andhra Pradesh • Research Centres: Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh • Highest Producing Country: India 7/31/2020 46

1. Name the two most important staple food crops in India. Mention the 47 geographical conditions required for their growth. The two most important staple food crops in India are rice and wheat. • The geographical conditions required for the growth of rice are as follows. • It requires high temperature—above 25°C. • It requires high humidity for its growth. • It requires annual rainfall above 100 cm. • The geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat are as follows. • It is a rabi crop and needs cool growing season. • It also requires 50 to 70 cm of annual rainfall, well distributed over the growing season.

2. Name three important wheat producing states in India? • The important wheat producing states in India are:- • (i) Punjab • (ii) Haryana • (iii) Uttar Pradesh 3. Name three sugarcane producing states of the country? • Answer : The sugarcane producing states of the country are:- • (i) Uttar Pradesh • (ii) Madhya Pradesh • (iii) Andhra Pradesh • (iv) Maharastra 48