agriculture project

WHY DO WE NEED TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS ???

• Sustained uses of land without compatible techno institutional changes have hindered the face of Indian agriculture development. • In spite of development of irrigation facilities most farmers depend on monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. • Due to growing population agricultural products have a greater demand. • The right of inheritance of the land holdings, it is divided into small parts which weaken agriculture. • In spite of the inclusion of land reforms in the first five year plan, development in the agriculture field remained stagnant. • Thus agriculture needs some serious technical and institutional reforms

EFFECTS OF GREEN AND WHITE REVOLUTION • Green revolution which started between 1960 se 1970 resulted in the overall growth in the agriculture field with introduction of h y v seeds. • The white revolution also helped in the growth of dairy industry. • But it resulted agriculture growth only in some parts of India. • The lack of proper implementation of these programs also hindered the development in the rest of the parts of India.

THE MAJOR RICE GROWING STATES IN INDIA

PROVISIONS OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND EDUCATIONAL REFORMS IN INDIA

PROVISIONS OF TECHNOLOGICAL REFORMS In the recent past many technological development in the agricultural field are also visible. Some of these are shown below:

INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE Land development programme: 1. Scheme of crop insurance against drought flood fire disease ect. 2. Gramin banks and cooperative societies were established for extending agricultural loans. 3. Banks were inspired for priority sector lending. ie lending to farmers at low interest rates. 4. Kisan credit cards and personal accident schemes have been introduced.

QUESTIONS 1. What are technological reforms?(1m) 2. What are institutional reforms?(1m) 3. Explain why we need technological and institutional reforms?(5m) 4. Give any three reforms of institutional reforms.(3m)



Agriculture

Done By : Akhila Akula Class : 10 Roll no. : 1

Content ● Types Of Farming ● Primitive Subsistence Farming ● Intensive Subsistence Farming ● Commercial Farming ● Plantation ● Questions

Types Of Farming Primitive Subsistence Farming Intensive Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming

Primitive Subsistence Farming It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. It is known by different names in different parts of the country. It is known as Jhumming in north-eastern states. ● ·Land productivity is low in this type of agriculture. ● ·This type of farming depends on monsoon. ● This farming is practised in few parts of India

Intensive Subsistence Farming ● This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land. ● It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for higher production

Commercial Farming This type of farming uses higher doses of modern inputs such as high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides to obtain higher productivity.

Plantation It is a type of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown on a large area. Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. All the produce is used as a raw material in industries.

QUESTIONS 1 By which other name is “ slash and burn ” agriculture known ? 2 In which system of agriculture , a single crop is grown on a large area ? 3 Which of the following is not a plantation crop ? a . Tea b . Rice c . Sugarcane d . Rubber ANSWERS 1 Jhumming 2 Plantation Agriculture 3 b Rice



Rubber A non food Crop

What is Rubber ? Natural rubber, also called by other names of India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, caucho or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds, plus water. Thailand and Indonesia are two of the leading rubber producers. Types of polyisoprene that are used as natural rubbers are classified as elastomers

Rubber continued Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from the rubber tree or others. The latex is a sticky, milky colloid drawn off by making incisions in the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called \"tapping\". The latex then is refined into rubber that is ready for commercial processing. In major areas, latex is allowed to coagulate in the collection cup. The coagulated lumps are collected and processed into dry forms for marketing.

How is Natural Rubber produced ? Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from the rubber tree or others. The latex is a sticky, milky colloid drawn off by making incisions in the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called \"tapping\". The latex then is refined into rubber that is ready for commercial processing. In major areas, latex is allowed to coagulate in the collection cup. The coagulated lumps are collected and processed into dry forms for marketing. In order to prevent the sap from solidifying, ammonia is added. Acid is then added to the mix to extract the rubber, in a process called coagulation. This can take about 12 hours.

Natural Rubber Production The mixture is then passed through rollers to remove excess water. Once this is complete, the layers of rubber are hung over racks in smokehouses or are left to air dry. Several days later they will then be folded into bales ready for processing.

Synthetic Rubber Production It was when natural rubber sources became scarce during World War I that German scientists developed artificial rubber. Although these early forms of rubber were inferior in quality to natural rubber, as research developed, synthetic rubber improved. Today, synthetic rubber is as strong and reliable as natural rubber. Synthetic rubber differs from natural rubber in that it is made by linking polymer molecules together in a laboratory.

Processing Rubber Both natural and synthetic rubber need to undergo a series of processes to turn it into a usable product. These stages can be adapted slightly according to the intended use of the final product. Firstly, chemicals are added to the rubber to make it stable. Without this, the rubber would get brittle if it got cold or become sticky during high temperatures. Commonly, a carbon black filler is added to the rubber mix, to improve its strength and durability. The rubber is then carefully mixed together and allowed to cool, before being shaped. It can be shaped by pushing it into rollers, called calendering, or by squeezing it through holes to make hollow tubes, known as extrusion.

Vulcanisation In order to make rubber strong and durable, it finally goes through a heat-treatment phase known as vulcanisation. This is where the rubber is cooked (often with sulphur) to create extra bonds or cross-links between the molecules of the rubber, so they don't easily fall apart. In order to make rubber strong and durable, it finally goes through a heat-treatment phase known as vulcanisation. This is where the rubber is cooked (often with sulphur) to create extra bonds or cross-links between the molecules of the rubber, so they don't easily fall apart. After vulcanisation, any imperfections are removed from the rubber and it is then shaped or moulded into the final product. As one of the most important inventions ever, rubber continues to enjoy versatile use today.

The Discovery of Rubber. Charles Goodyear (December 29, 1800 – July 1, 1860) was an American self-taught chemist and manufacturing engineer who developed vulcanized rubber, for which he received patent number 3633 from the United States Patent Office on June 15, 1844. From 1834 through 1839, Goodyear worked anywhere he could find investors, and often moved locations, mostly within New York, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, and Connecticut. In 1839, Goodyear was at the Eagle India Rubber Company in Woburn, Massachusetts, where he accidentally discovered that combining rubber and sulfur over a hot stove caused the rubber to vulcanize. For this Goodyear and Nathaniel Hayward received US patent number 1,090 on February 24 of the same year.

Uses of Rubber. The uses of rubber varies from household items to industrial products. The largest consumer of rubber are tires and tubes. Gloves and toy balloons are also large consumers of rubbers, however the type of rubber used is concentrated latex.

Thanks For Watching Done by: Ashutosh Kumar Tiwari.

CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT AND OUTPUT NOTES

• Agriculture provides employment to around 63% of our total population. However, the share of agriculture in our gross domestic product or GDP is declining. A decrease in the share of agriculture in our GDP does not mean that our agricultural output has decreased. It means that the growth in agriculture is slowing down and is much lower as compared to the growth in industries and services.



• The slowing down of growth in agriculture is generating fewer employment opportunities in this sector. The government set up institutions like the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, I-C-A-R, and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, I-A-R-I, and several agricultural, veterinary and horticulture universities.



• The aim of these institutions is to provide education, and research and development facilities for the modernisation and growth of agriculture in India. The government has developed better meteorological facilities for more dependable weather forecasts, and improved infrastructure in villages.

• Regardless of the above, farmers still face certain challenges in agriculture. One of the important steps in the green revolution in India was to make fertilisers available to farmers at subsidised or reduced rates. The subsidy on fertilisers has now been reduced and has increased the cost of production for the farmers.



• A reduction in import duties on agricultural items is another challenge to the Indian farmers in terms of international competition. Inadequate irrigation and power facilities for the farmers is also an issue. Rural infrastructure facilities like roads and markets also need to be further developed.





Jute Done by: Gurushree.M. Class : 10 Roll no. : 16

Content Introduction Characteristics of types of Jute Steps of cultivation Jute cultivation in India Jute cultivation in the world Uses of Jute Features of Jute Questions

Introduction • Jute is a long, soft, shiny Bast fiber that can be spun into coarse and strong threads. • Jute is a Kharif crop and is also called as the Golden Fiber for its color and high cash value. • Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibers, and second only to cotton in the amount produced and variety of uses. • The fibers are off-white to brown, and 1–4 metres (3–13 feet) long.

Introduction (contd.) Genus Corchorus Family Malvaceae Binomial Name of Corchorus olitorius (Dark Jute) Different Type of Jute Corchorus capsularis (White Jute)

Corchorus olitorius (Dark Jute) Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots • Jute mallow or nalta jute Corchorus Clade: Rosids olitorius, also known as \"Jew's mallow\", Order: Malvales \"tossa jute\", \"bush okra\", \"krinkrin\", Family: Malvaceae \"etinyung\", \"molokhia\", and \"West Genus: Corchorus African sorrel” is a species of shrub in Species: C. olitorius the family Malvaceae. Binomial Name: Corchorus olitorius • The leaves and young fruits are used as a vegetable, the dried leaves are used for tea and as a soup thickener, and the seeds are edible.

Corchorus capsularis (White Jute) Kingdom: Plantae Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Eudicots Clade: Rosids Malvales Clade: Malvaceae Corchorus • Corchorus capsularis, commonly Clade: C. capsularis known as white jute,is a shrub species Order: Corchorus capsularis in the family Malvaceae. Family: Genus: • The leaves are used as a foodstuff and Species: the leaves, unripe fruit and the roots Binomial Name: are used in traditional medicine. • It is one of the sources of jute fibre, considered to be of finer quality than fibre from Corchorus olitorius, the main source of jute.

Requirements for Cultivation Suitable Climate Warm and Wet Climate Suitable Season Monsoon Season, immediately followed by Summer Season Soil Type Alluvial soil or Loamy Soil Temperature More than 25o C Relative Humidity 70% – 90% Rainfall 160 – 200 cm pH Range 4.8 – 5.8

Steps of Jute Cultivation

1Sowing of 3Irrigation 5Harvesting Seeds 2Applying 4 Weeding 6Yield Manures and Fertilizers