agriculture project

Major maize growing countries Maize production : Data 2018 (source: wikipedia ) Country Production ( in million tonnes) United States 392.5 257.3 China 82.3 43.5 Brazil 35.8 Argentina Ukraine 30.3 Indonesia 27.8 India 27.2 Mexico

Major maize producing countries in the world

Major maize producing states in India

AGRICULTURE IS THE MOST HEALTHFUL,MOST USEFUL AND MOST NOBLE EMPLOYMENT OF MAN -GEORGE WASHINGTON

Food security in India DONE BY;K.RAJESH KUMAR

CONTENTS ⚫ LAWS ⚫ SCHEMES OF GOVERNMENT ; ⚫ CENTRAL INTIATIVES. ⚫ STATE INTIATIVES ⚫ TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS ⚫ EFFECTS OF FOOD SECURITY ⚫ CLIMATE & ⚫ STUNTING AND CHROINIC NUTRIONAL DEFICIENCIES

Food security in India ⚫ Food security entails ensuring adequate food supply to people, especially those who are deprived of basic nutrition. Food security has been a major concern in India. According to UN-India, there are nearly 195 million undernourished people in India, which is a quarter of the world's hunger burden. Also roughly 43% children in India are chronically undernourished.[1] India ranks 74 out of 113 major countries in terms of food security index. Though the available nutritional standard is 100% of the requirement, India lags far behind in terms of quality protein intake at 20% which needs to be tackled by making available protein rich food products such as eggs, meat, fish, chicken, etc. at affordable prices[

•FOOD SECURITY



Laws ⚫ In order to provide the Right to food to every citizen of the country, the Parliament of India, enacted a legislation in 2013 known as the National Food Security Act, 2013. Also called as the Right to Food Act, this Act seeks to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.33 billion population.[3] It was signed into law on 12 September 2013, retroactive to 5 July 2013.

Schemes by government ⚫CENTRAL INTIATIVES ⚫ The National Food Security Act,2013 (NFSA 2013) converts into legal entitlements for existing food security programmes of the Government of India. It includes the Midday Meal Scheme, Integrated Child Development Services scheme and the Public Distribution System. In 2017-18, over Rs 1500 billion (7.6% of the government's total expenditure) have been allocated to provide food subsidies under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS).[

CENTRAL INTIATIVES ⚫ The NFSA 2013 also recognizes maternity entitlements. Pregnant women, lactating mothers, and certain categories of children are eligible for daily free cereals.

FOOD SECURITY

State Initiatives ⚫ Karnataka has launched 'Indira Canteen', which serves breakfast, lunch and dinner at a very low price. This scheme was brought by Congress govt led by Siddaramaiah as CM so that no-one in the state should would go hungry and everyone gets healthy food. ⚫ Tamil Nadu has launched 'Amma Unavagam' (Mother's canteen), or more commonly known as Amma canteen.[8]. The genesis of this program could be traced to the scheme proposed by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute in 2012.[9]

STATE INTIATIVES ⚫ The State of UP in 2013 passed a food bill. Food that is going to be wasted from parties will be preserved and distributed to poor and needy people. ⚫ The Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012 law was enacted by the Chhattisgarh government. It was passed on 21 December 2012, by the State Assembly unopposed to ensure \"access to adequate quantity of food and other requirements of good nutrition to the people of the State, at affordable prices, at all times to live a life of dignity.’

• STATE INTIATIVES

MSP ;MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE ⚫ Minimum Support Price is the price set by the government to purchase crops from the farmers, whatever may be the market price for the crops. ⚫ The MSP helps to incentivize the framers and thus ensures adequate food grains production in the country. ⚫ Government’s agricultural policy has three important components- the MSP, Buffer Stocks and issue of food grains through the PDS. ⚫ MSP is price fixed by Government of India to protect the farmers against excessive fall in price during bumper production years. The minimum support prices are a guarantee price for their produce from the Government.

MSP; MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICES

•GFS INDEX;2012[GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY INDEX]

ANNUAL INDIAN GRAIN PRODUCTION

EFFECTS OF FOOD SECURITY ⚫ Stunting and chronic nutritional deficiencies ⚫ Premature failure of vital organs during adulthood. For example, a 50-year-old individual might die of heart failure because his/her heart suffered structural defects during early development; ⚫ Stunted individuals suffer a higher rate of disease and illness than those who have not undergone stunting; ⚫ Severe malnutrition in early childhood often leads to defects in cognitive development.[64] It therefore creates disparity among children who did not experience severe malnutrition and those who experience it.

DEPRESSION,ANXIETY,AND SLEEP DISORDER ⚫ A recent comprehensive systematic review showed that over 50 studies have shown that food insecurity is strongly associated with a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders.[65] For depression and anxiety, food-insecure individuals have almost a threefold risk increase compared to food-secure individuals.

Effect of climate change in food security ⚫ The World Food Summit in 1996 defined food security thus: “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. ⚫ According to this definition, there are three main dimensions to food security: food availability, access to food, and food absorption. Thus, adequate food production alone is not a sufficient condition for a country’s food security.

Effects of climate change in food security ⚫ Climate change affects food security in complex ways. It impacts crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, and can cause grave social and economic consequences in the form of reduced incomes, eroded livelihoods, trade disruption and adverse health impacts. ⚫ According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (2016), both biophysical and social vulnerabilities determine the net impact of climate change on food security.

Effects of climate change in food security

Effects of climate change in food security ⚫ The impact of climate change on the other dimensions of food security — access and utilisation — have received little scholarly attention. This paper explores the impact of climate change on India’s food security by considering all these dimensions of food security.

countries affected by food security ⚫ Yemen • South Sudan ⚫ Venezuela ⚫ Sudan ⚫ Zimbabwe ⚫ Cameroon ⚫ Burkina Faso ⚫ Afghanistan ⚫ Nigeria

FOOD SECURITY

DONE BY ; K RAJESH KUMAR

TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS Done by: Roshan-s Class:10 Roll No:26

CONTENTS 1. Provisions of Technological and Institutional Reforms 2. Why do we need Technological And Institutional Reforms 3. Land reforms 4. Green Revolution 5. White Revolution

Provisions of technological and Institutional Reforms • After independence, major institutional reforms such as Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority. • In 1960s and 1970s, technical reforms such as Green Revolution and White Revolution also introduced to improve the condition of agriculture. • In 1980s and 1990s, various provisions for crop insurance, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.

• Minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen. • Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television. • Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.

Why Do We Need Technological And Institutional Reforms

• Sustained uses of land without compaitible Techno-Institutional changes Have Hindered The peace of Indian agricultural development. • Inspite of development of irrigation facilities , Most of farmers solely depend on monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture • Due to growing population agricultural product have a greater demand. • The right of inheritance of the Land holdings, it is divided into smaller parts which weakens agriculture. • Inspite of the inclusion of ‘Land reforms’ in the ‘First Five Year Plan’,Developmentin the agricultural field remainend stagnant. • Thus, agriculture needs some serious Technical and Institutional Reforms

LAND REFORMS Types of land reforms implemented in the agricultural sector: • Abolition of intermediaries: The idea behind the abolition of intermediaries was that ownership of land will motivate cultivators to make improvement in agricultural production with a lot of efforts and investment. Nearly, 200 lakh tenants came into direct contact with the state government; about 173 million acres of land were taken away from zamindars and given to landless cultivators. Thus, the ownership of land motivated them to make a profit from the increased level of agricultural production. • Land ceiling: Under the land ceiling policy, a limit was set for individuals to own a maximum size of land. This policy helped to reduce inequality in the agricultural sector. By fixing a ceiling, surplus land can be redistributed among landless cultivators and small farmers. On the other hand, the minimum limit will prevent them from holding below the minimum size of land.

• Regulation of rent: All the states enacted laws to determine the rent payable by tenant cultivators. However, this rent structure varied between 30% and 40% of produce in each state. • Landholding consolidation: Converting various small parts of land holdings into one big plot is called landholding consolidation. This helped to bring the scattered and fragmented land into one big piece and helped farmers to use the same for productive purposes.

GREEN REVOLUTION •The Green Revolution in India refers to a period when Indian agriculture was converted into an industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and technology such as the use of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers. It was mainly found by M.S. Swaminathan.

WHITE REVOLUTION • White Revolution was one of the biggest dairy development movements, by the Indian Government, in India in 1970. It was a step taken by the Indian Government to develop and help the dairy industry sustain itself economically by developing a co-operative, while providing employment to the poor farmers. • The White Revolution helped increase milk productivity and milk was now sold at competitive market prices. This program increased the demand for development and production of healthy animals, use of modern technology in milk production sector and networking between various small and large scale dairy industries.

• The White Revolution followed after the success of the Green Revolution and the aim of White Revolution was to make India one of the largest milk producers in the world.

The end

IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON AGRICULTURE DONE BY : KUNAL KANAUJIYA CLASS:10 ROLL NO : 21

 Globalisation is not a new phenomenon.  It is a phenomenon since colonial times.  In the nineteenth century when European traders came to India , Indian spices were exported to different countries of the world .  Farmers of south India were encouraged to grow these crops.Till today it is one of the export from India.

 During the British period cotton belts of india attracted the British and ultimately cotton was exported to Britain as raw material for cotton industry.



 Cotton textile industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the availability of good quality of cotton from India.  Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha Movement in Champaran – Bihar in 1917 against the indigo planters.

 Under globalisation particularly after 1990 ,the farmers in india have been exposed to new challanges.  Despite being an important producer of rice cotton , jute, rubber , tea and spices our agicultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries of the world .  This is because of the high subsidised agriculture in this countries.

 Today indian agriculture finds itself at the crossroads .  To make agriculture successful and profitable proper trust should be given to improve the condition of marginal and small farmers.

 The green revolution has promised much but its still all under controversies.  It is being alleged that it has caused land degradation due to overuse of chemicals, drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity.  The key word today is “GENE REVOLUTION” which includes genetic engineering.  Organic farming is much in vegue today because it is practised without factory made chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides.

 A few economists think thst Indian farmers have a bleak future if they continue growing food grains on the holdings that grow smaller and smaller as the population rises.  India’s population is about 600 million which depends upon 250 million hectares of agricultural land , an average of less than half a hectare per person.  Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high value crops  This will increase incomes and reduces environmental degradation simultaneously.  Fruits , medicinal herbs , flowers , vegetables, bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less irrigation than rice or sugarcane