agriculture project

4. Which is the staple food crop of India? • Rice 5. Which soil doesn't suit maize? • Saline and alkaline soil are not suitable for maize cultivation 6. Which rank does ragi hold in highest production? • 6th 7. Wheat comes from which grass? • Triticum 8. What is the ideal temperature or growing bajra? • The ideal temperature for its growth is between 25°-31°C (10-20°C at the time of sowing). 9. Name any states where maize is cultivated? • Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Bihar 49

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SOCIAL SCIENCE PPT GEOGRAPHY-4 FOOD CROPS OTHER THAN GRAINS

CONTENT Done By- 1.Introduction Pranav. AB 2.Sugarcane 24 3.Oil seeds 4.Tea 5.Coffee 6.Horticulture Crops 7.Questions

Introduction ► India is an agriculturally important country. ► Agriculture produces most of the food we consume. ► Agriculture produces raw material. ► There are many types of farming like the Primitive Subsistence Farming ,Intensive Subsistence Farming and the commercial Farming.

Agriculture

1.SUGARCANE ❑ Sugarcane is both tropical as well as sub tropical crop. ❑ Sugarcane crop needs of manual labour. ❑ India is the second largest producer of sugarcane after brazil. ❑ Sugarcane is the main source of sugar, gur (jaggery), and molasses. ❑ The major sugar producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, and Haryana.

Many farmers working in the sugarcane field India is the second largest producer of sugarcane

Climatic conditions and structure of soil (Sugarcane)

CLIMATIC 1 CONDITIONS STRUCTURE OF SOIL ► It grows well in hot Sugarcane can be and humid climate. grown on variety of soils like red volcanic ► It needs a soils and alluvial soils temperature between of rivers. 21 Celsius to 27 Celsius. The sand needs a mixture of silt, clay ► And it also needs a particles, and also annual rainfall organic matter. between 75cm and 100cm

Climatic and soil conditions of Sugarcane

Largest sugarcane producing states

2.Oil seeds ► Oil seeds are mainly used for oil production. ► Main oil seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, soybean, sunflower and cotton seeds. ► In Rapeseed production, India was third largest producer in the world after Canada, China in 2015. ► Different Oil seeds cover ~12% of cropped area in India.



Climatic and soil conditions for Oil-Seeds

Largest Oil Producing States in India

Uses of oil seeds ► Oil seeds are used in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointment. ► They are also used as cooking medium as most of them are edible. ► For example: sunflower oil coconut oil etc. ► They are also used for industrial purposes.

3. Tea ► Beverage plantation crop introduced in India by British. ► Tea is a labour intensive industry. ► India is 2nd largest producer of tea after China. ► India stands fourth in terms of tea export after Kenya, China and Sri Lanka. ► India offers high-quality specialty teas, such as Darjeeling, Assam Orthodox and the high-range Nilgiris, which have a distinctive aroma, strength, colour and flavour.



Tea Production Process

CLIMATIC 1 CONDITIONS STRUCTURE OF SOIL ► Tropical and Deep and fertile Sub-Tropical well drained soil climate Rich in humus and ► Warm and organic matter moist-free climate all the year The presence of iron in sub-soil is ► Frequent showers desirable over the years

Uses Of Tea ► Tea contains antioxidants. ► Tea may help with weight loss. ► Tea may also help in the protection of bones.

4.Coffee ► Indian coffee is known for its best quality in the world. ► Coffee is a widely consumed non- alcoholic beverage prepared from the roasted seeds commonly called the bean of the coffee plant. ► There are different species of coffee like the Arabica and lebrica. ► The major producers of coffee are Karnataka Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Different coffee bean roasts

Dark Roasts • Other names: Cinnamon Roast Half City

Medium Dark Roasts French Roast Continental Roast Full City Roast

Medium Roasts • Breakfast Roasts • American Roasts • City Roasts

Climatic conditions ► Rainfall and temperature are the biggest contributors for the growth of coffee. ► Dry seasons are necessary to form the flower. ► They require a rainfall of 1200-1800mm rainfall. ► It requires a temperature of 15-22 Celsius and semi-tropical at highland.

Soil conditions ► This crop requires sandy soil. ► Coffee can also grow on loamy soil. ► The soil should have the ph value between 4.5-6.5

Uses of Coffee ► People most commonly drink coffee to relieve mental and physical fatigue. ► Coffee is also used to prevent dangerous diseases like alzheimers. ► It is also used to prevent gallstones and certain types of cancer.

Interesting Stories In the Indian context, coffee growing started with an Indian Muslim saint, Baba Budan, who, while returning from a pilgrimage to Mysore in India. He planted them on the Chandragiri Hills, now named after the saint as Baba Budan Giri in Chikkamagaluru district. It was considered an illegal act to take out green coffee seed out of Arabia. As number seven is a sacrosanct number in Islamic religion, the saint's act of carrying seven coffee beans was considered a religious act. This was the beginning of coffee industry in India, and in particular, in the then state of Mysore, now part of the Karnataka State. This was an achievement of considerable bravery of Baba Budan considering the fact that Arabs had exercised strict control over its export to other countries by not permitting coffee beans to be exported in any form other than as in a roasted or boiled form to prevent germination.

5.Horticulture crops ► Horticulture is the practice of both fruits and vegetables crops. ► India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables. ► India produces 13% of world vegetation. ► The mangoes of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, Oranges of Nagpur, Grapes of Maharashtra are world famous.

thanu India largest producers

Climatic conditions ► Horticulture crops cannot be grown in all types of climate. ► Climate conditions include parameters temperature humidity rainfall wind hail light

Soil structure ► Horticulture also cannot grow in all types of soil. ► The soil conditions include factors such as moisture texture chemical composition and soil temperature.

Questions ► Which crop needs most manual labour? Sugarcane ► Which country is the major producer of sugarcane Brazil ► _____ are used in the production of ointments Oil seeds ► Which country is the second largest producer of tea India

. ► Name the major producers of coffee in India. The major producers of coffee are Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. ► India produces ____% of world vegetation 13 ► Medium dark roasts are also reffered to ___ French roasts



PULSES PRESENTATION BY- PRATHIKSHA S

INTRODUCTION • Pulses are the edible seeds of plants • Family- Legumes • Types of pulses: dry beans, dry broad beans, dry peas, chickpeas, cow peas, pigeon peas, lentils, Bambara beans, vetches, lupins • The term “pulses” is limited to crops harvested solely as dry grains • Pulses are good sources of vitamins, such as folate and iron for growth and development • Pulses are good sources of vitamins, such as folate and iron for growth and development

COMPOSITION • The chemical composition of edible pulse seeds depend upon the species. • Protein content of pulses is high and is commonly more than twice that of cereals grain. • They are also rich in carbohydrates and some species like groundnut and soyabean are rich in oil. • Pulses also contains other important nutrient like vitamins ,minerals etc. • In addition to nutritional factors, pulses contains several heat-stable and heat-labile anti- nutritional and/or toxic factor.

PULSE PROTIENS • Pulse protein are chiefly globulins, but albumins are also present in few species . • Pulse proteins are deficient in Sulphur-containing amino acids , particularly in methionine , and in tryptophan . • All pulses contains enough leucine and phenylalanine. • A majority of pulse proteins have high molecular weights and are very compact molecules , and this reduces the digestibility of the native proteins • The protein content of pulses is 20-40%

CARBOHYDRATES • Food pulse contains about 55-60% of total carbohydrates, including starch , soluble sugars , fibre, and unavailable carbohydrates . • The unavailable sugars in pulses include substantial level of oligosaccharides of the raffinose family of sugars (raffinose, stachyose and verbiscose ), which are notoriously known for the flatulence production in man and animals. • These sugars escape digestion , when they are ingested , due to the lack of α-galactosidase activity in the mammalian mucosa.

VITAMINS • Pulses contains small amounts of carotene , the provitamin A . • Many pulses contains 50 to 300 international units of vitamins A per 100g . • The thiamine content of pulses is approximately equal to , or exceeds that of , whole cereals , the average of the vitamin 0.4 to 0.5 mg per 100 g of pulses • Pulses are also fairly rich in niacin (about 2.0mg/100g) • They are poor in riboflavin , dry legumes are almost devoid of ascorbic acid

MINERALS • Pulses are important sources of calcium , magnesium , zinc, iron , potassium , and phosphorus . • A major portion (80%) of phosphorus in many pulses is present as phytate phosphorus . • Processing methods, such as cooking , soaking , germination etc. , can reduce or eliminate appreciable amount of phytin

IMPORTANCE OF PULSES • Most sustainable crop utilizing very less quantity of water compared to other crops • Fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil • Important role in crop rotation, mixed and intercropping • Supply additional fodder for cattle • Provide raw materials for the promotion of various type of Industries • Example of industries dependent on pulses- Dal industries, Papad industries, Roasted grain industries etc.

CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT • Pulse crops are cultivated in Kharif, Rabi and Zaid seasons of the Agricultural year. • Rabi crops require mild cold climate during sowing period, during vegetative to pod development cold climate and during maturity / harvesting warm climate. • Similarly, Kharif pulse crops require warm climate throughout their life from sowing to harvesting. • Summer pulses are habitants of warm climate. • Seed is required to pass many stages to produce seed like germination, seedling, vegetative, flowering, fruit setting, pod development and grain maturity / harvesting.

MAJOR PULSES GROWING STATES IN INDIA • Total Pulses Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh – Total about 80% • Chickpea- Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh – Total about 95% • Arhar- Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat – Total about 90% • Urad Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,, – Total about 85% • Moong Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Gujarat – Total about 90% • Lentil Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar – Total about 90 %



THANK YOU ALL ANY QUESTION’S ?