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GERMANY POLAND UKRAINE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WHO PRODUCES WHAT? In Poland nearly 50 per Agriculture is one of Ukraine’s most cent of the land is used successful businesses, producing Almost 50 per cent The top 50 foods produced in the largest quantities for agriculture. profits of between 40 and 60 per cent. of land in the Russian across the world are listed in the key below. The Federation is forest, two countries that produce the greatest amount TURKEY so only a tiny proportion of each food are shown on the map. Some larger is used for agriculture. countries, like India and China, produce a vast amount of food, but need most of it to feed their own population. ITALY FOODS KEY Sorghum FRANCE Sugar cane Maize (corn) Palm oil Rice Aubergine ASIA Wheat Peanuts Cow’s milk Sunflower seeds EUROPE Potatoes Plantains Cassava Carrots and turnips Soya beans Chillies and peppers Sugar beet Millet AFRICA CHINA Tomatoes Tangerines and China is the leading Barley mandarins PHILIPPINES producer of many of Pig meat Peas (dry and green) the top 50 foods. Watermelon Lettuce Bananas Garlic IVORY PAKISTAN INDIA OCEANIA Sweet potatoes Oats COAST UGANDA Chicken meat Spinach India is the world’s Apples Beans NIGERIA largest producer Water buffalo milk Cauliflower and Agriculture is very of many fruits and Grapes broccoli important to Nigeria’s vegetables, such Rapeseed Peaches and economy, employing as bananas. Oranges nectarines about 70 per cent of Cabbages and other brassicas Cheese MALAYSIA INDONESIA Cucumbers and gherkins Olives the population. Indonesia is the main Eggs Rye producer of palm oil. Cattle meat Lemons and limes Yams Triticale Coconuts MEAT FRUIT, NUTS, AND SEEDS For thousands of years, animals have been reared to provide meat. Most large farms specialize in just one Tropical fruit like bananas and type of animal, raising cattle (cows and bulls) for beef, coconuts, and Mediterranean pigs for pork, sheep for lamb and mutton, and deer for fruit like oranges, lemons, and venison. Pigs are the most popular because limes need sunshine and warmth their meat can be used in many ways. to grow. These major crops in warm countries are exported (sent abroad) to colder places that do BANANAS PLANTAINS PEACHES AND not have the right climate to grow OLIVES NECTARINES them. Fruit can be picked and CHICKEN PIG COW eaten straight away, used to GRAPES TOMATOES make juices, or added to recipes. Grapes are also harvested to make wine, and olives to make oil for salads and cooking. CUCUMBERS AUBERGINES CARROTS PEANUTS TANGERINES AND APPLES ORANGES LEMONS AND LIMES AND GHERKINS AND TURNIPS MANDARINS YAMS CHILLIES AND PEPPERS CAULIFLOWER AND BROCCOLI DWATTYAHETEESAEFRRFIMRSROSEATMLGORONNEIECNHAOARERRLGDYVYOEP5SFT,0TA00 WATERMELONS COCONUTS 199



Culture

World WHICH FAITH? BUTASSRRNTURAIODACECNLHLMEIEGDSEOAIIVTOBNGIAENUDESCME,C,KTNTAEHCTONNROETTOBEASTUEMSHGSEH, religions Christianity is the largest of the A religion is a collection of beliefs that attempts world religions. The number of to explain the meaning of life. Most religions followers of any religion changes recognize a supreme power, usually a god or all the time, as people decide to join gods. There are many different faiths worldwide, or leave a faith, or to convert from most with their own laws and history set down one to another. in sacred books. The followers of a faith unite through prayer, rituals, and beliefs. 33% WORLD RELIGIONS 14% BY PERCENTAGE 12.3% Christianity Islam 21% Hinduism Buddhism 0.2% Sikhism 0.5% Judaism Other religions No religious belief 6% 13% SYMBOL CHRISTIANITY SYMBOL HINDUISM Cross Letter for the sacred Christians believe in one God and in his son, Jesus Christ. Their There are hundreds of millions of Hindus worldwide. Their religion holy text, the Bible, tells how Jesus was born on Earth to be the sound “OM” includes many gods and goddesses, the greatest being Brahma. saviour of humankind. His teachings gave rise to Christianity, of Hindus believe in reincarnation: the cycle of life, death, and rebirth which there are various branches. These include the Protestant, that continues until the soul is set free. Most of them worship by Roman Catholic, and Orthodox churches. Each has a different saying individual prayers, and do not attend communal services, form of worship, but they all pray to the same God. although they join together at festivals. GANESH NADI TEMPLE Hindu temples are built in Elephant-headed many styles. This one is Ganesh is the Hindu the Nadi temple in Fiji. god of learning and new ventures. ICONS ST PETER’S SQUARE KRISHNA The square lies at the heart Usually shown with blue The Orthodox Christian church uses of the Vatican City, in Rome, skin, Krishna is one of the icons – often paintings such as this one where the Pope, head of the of the infant Christ with his mother best-loved Hindu gods. Mary – as a focus for prayers. Catholic Church, lives. BUDDHISM CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL This English cathedral is Buddhists do not worship a single, creator god. one of the oldest and They follow a way of thinking based on the teachings most important Christian of Siddhartha Gautama, born a prince in 5th-century buildings in the world. India, who became known as the Buddha. Through recurring lifecycles, Buddhists hope to reach a SYMBOL ISLAM SYMBOL state called Nirvana – freedom from all suffering. Crescent Wheel of law and star The people who belong to this religion are called Muslims. They live according to the Five Pillars of Islam: faith, prayer, fasting, alms-giving, and pilgrimage. Their holy book is the Qur’an, which contains the word of the one Muslim God, Allah, as told to the Prophet Muhammad. Muslims pray at five set times every day. On Fridays, Muslims gather for prayers at a mosque. FACING MECCA STUPA BUDDHIST NOVICE Dome-shaped mounds Boys as young as At prayer, Muslims kneel called stupas were built all facing the direction of the over Asia to house Buddhist seven years may enter holy city of Mecca, to which relics. This one is in Buddhist monasteries as all aim to make a pilgrimage. Sri Lanka. trainees, or novices. JUMEIRAH MOSQUE QUR’AN GIANT BUDDHA In this copy of the Qur’an This giant-sized statue PRAYER FLAGS The mosque is the centre the text is surrounded by of the Buddha in Uva Buddhist flags, fluttering of a Muslim community – ornate borders. Province, Sri Lanka, is in the mountains of Nepal, a place for people to pray, carved from solid rock. carry prayers into the wind. meditate, and learn. 202

SYMBOL JAINISM SYMBOL BAHA’I Hand and wheel Nine-pointed star Followers of this faith, who are One of the world’s newest called Jains, mostly live in India. religions, Baha’í began in Persia They believe, in common with (now Iran) in the mid-19th members of many other religions, century. The aim of the faith is to that we die and are reborn in a achieve world peace and to strive repeating cycle. If a person can for justice and equality among become truly spiritual, the soul people of all religions. becomes free. Jains respect all JAIN LAL MANDIR TEMPLE life, including plants and insects, LOTUS TEMPLE and reject violence. Built in the shape of a lotus flower, Built in 1658, this is one of the oldest the Baha’í Temple in New Delhi, temples in New Delhi, India. Within India, is open to people of all faiths. the ornate buildings there is also a hospital for birds. SYMBOL SHINTO SYMBOL TAOISM Sacred gate Yin and Yang Arising out of Japanese folklore, (two opposites) Tao means “the way” – the Shinto developed as a religion GATEWAY natural force or power that TAO FESTIVAL more than 2,000 years ago. The gateway, known as a torii, to the SYMBOL controls the Universe. People gather outside a colourful Followers believe in the existence Shinto shrine on Miyajima Island in Guardian angel According to Taoism, people Chinese Taoist temple in Thailand to of divine spirits, or kami. At Shinto Japan stands in the sea. must accept this power, while celebrate the Vegetarian Festival. places of worship, called shrines, trying to lead peaceful and people pay respect to the kami, unselfish lives. Believers and honour them with many rites hope they will eventually be and festivals. able to free their spirits and become immortal. SYMBOL SIKHISM ZOROASTRIANISM Circle and swords The faith was founded in northern India, where many Sikhs today live Founded by Zoroaster, a prophet who or have family links. In Sikhism, there is one God, who makes his will ZOROASTER lived in ancient Persia (now Iran), known through gurus (teachers). Believers worship regularly in The prophet believed that Zoroastrianism is more than 2,500 temples known as gurdwaras. At a Sikh service there are prayers, his God, Ahura Mazda, had years old. Followers believe in Ahura a sermon, and hymns from the sacred Sikh book called the Guru appeared to him in visions. Mazda, the Supreme Creator of the Granth Sahib. Meditation is an important part of the religion. world, and the eternal struggle between good and evil. Their holy DRESS RULES book is called the Avesta. Male Sikhs always Zoroastrians worship in temples, have a beard. Their where they hold many ceremonies. long hair, which is never cut, is fastened in a bun and covered with a turban. GOLDEN TEMPLE THE GURU GRANTH SAHIB SYMBOL CONFUCIANISM The Sikh holy text Built in the state The Chinese This religious philosophy comes of Punjab, northern contains hymns written character for water from the teachings of Confucius, India, at the beginning or collected by gurus. a 5th-century Chinese thinker and of the 17th century, (a life source) is reformer. Kindness, honourable this famous Sikh sometimes used. behaviour, and respect for family temple is sited in are key beliefs. the middle of a lake. GREAT THINKER A statue of Confucius stands at the entrance to the Confucian Temple in Shanghai, China. SYMBOL JUDAISM SYMBOL CAO DAI Star of David Divine Eye This is the religion of the Jewish people, who can trace their roots Originating in Vietnam, Cao Dai back to the Hebrews who lived in the Middle East almost 4,000 was founded in 1926. The faith years ago. Judaism has one God. Followers worship in buildings takes some of its practices known as synagogues under the guidance of spiritual leaders from other religions, including called rabbis. Teachings on Judaism are found in the Torah, or Roman Catholicism and Hebrew Bible, and the Talmud, which is the Jewish code of law. Buddhism. Followers of Cao Dai would like to see all people living at peace with each other. TAY NINH TEMPLE They worship a Supreme Being This elaborate building at Tay Ninh and honour many saints. in Vietnam is the most important temple of the Cao Dai faith. THE WESTERN WALL INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS Also known as the Wailing Wall, this stone wall in the city of Jerusalem is From Africa to the Americas, indigenous considered a holy site by Jewish people. religions are found among remote peoples untouched by the major faiths. These religions, which include the widespread practice of shamanism, often involve contact with the spirits. TORAH SCROLL MENORAH BELIEF IN PROTECTION Followers of indigenous religions often The scroll, which The menorah, or carry objects – like this African nutshell contains the Torah seven-branched doll – as protection against harm. handwritten in Hebrew, is read in candlestick, is the synagogue. an important Jewish symbol. 203

World JANUARY FEBRUARY celebrations On 1 January, people around the There is a lot of extravagant world are eager to party as they dressing up, with two big Throughout the year, in nearly every welcome in a new year. In Rajasthan, carnivals this month in country or community, people celebrate India, it is time for the world-famous Brazil and in Venice, Italy. special events with festivals. Many annual Camel Festival that takes It’s also Chinese New of these events are religious or have place in the desert town of Bikaner. Year, with two weeks historic links to the farming seasons. of celebrations and Often, a festival is a joyful holiday with NEW YEAR’S EVE family gatherings. music, processions, delicious food and, Firework displays sometimes, gifts. light up cities all over the world as the old year turns into a new one. BIKANER CAMEL RIO CARNIVAL, BRAZIL Costume parades, dancing FESTIVAL, INDIA competitions, loud music, and Wearing a colourfully feasting last for five riotous days. decorated bridle, a camel waits to perform. Camels are a much-valued part of everyday life in Rajasthan. FESTIVAL OF AUGUST JULY RAMADAN AND THE PIG, FRANCE In August, it’s holiday time Heading the festivals is EID AL-FITR One of the funniest for many. Pigs and a very Independence Day on 4 July. A Moroccan festivals is found in This celebrates the day in 1776 shopkeeper sells the French Pyrenees. messy tomato fight are trays of pastries People dress as pigs, among the fun events on when America declared its baked for Eid. race piglets, and offer. There are also arts independence from Great This holiday of challenge each other festivals to enjoy. One of the sweet treats ends to make the most most important is held in Britain. In Siena, Italy, a historic a month of fasting lifelike pig noises. horserace takes place. A body- during Ramadan. Edinburgh, Scotland. painting festival in Austria is INDEPENDENCE DAY, USA a popular modern event. Decorated with the American Stars and Stripes TOMATO BATTLE, flag, a festive cake takes centre table at a 4th July celebration. SPAIN La Tomatina, as it EDINBURGH FESTIVAL BODY-PAINTING PALIO HORSERACE, SIENA is called in Spain, Drama, dance, music, and comedy Bareback riders race through the takes place at the are just some of the events at this FESTIVAL, AUSTRIA streets of Siena. Each wears colours Scottish cultural festival. At this event, human representing a district of the city. town of Buñol, bodies are transformed near Valencia. into amazing works of Thousands gather art. The festival includes for a mock fight competitions and displays from around the world. with tonnes of squashy tomatoes. SEPTEMBER OCTOBER Mid-autumn Festival, Moon Festival, Harvest Homes light up in October. Diwali, HALLOWEEN Festival: these are some of the names for the “festival of lights”, is a big occasion in the Hindu calendar. Carving a lantern feasts all over Southeast Asia at full moon. The The date varies, but often falls in from a pumpkin celebrations were once held to give thanks for October. On 31 October, things get is traditional at the rice harvest. Harvest celebrations are also spooky when grinning pumpkin Halloween. The an informal part of the Christian calendar. lanterns appear for Halloween. festival has ancient HARVEST FESTIVAL DIWALI roots and developed Fruit and flowers Hindu people light their houses with candles and oil lamps to symbolize from ceremonies decorate a Christian the triumph of good over evil. held to honour church for the dead. Harvest Festival. TET TRUNG MOON FESTIVAL, CHINA THU, VIETNAM Scary masks and Rich pastries known as dancing in the streets mooncakes are made for are for children to enjoy the autumn moon festival in Vietnam’s version of in China and other parts the Mid-autumn Festival. of Southeast Asia. 204

CHINESE NEW YEAR MARCH APRIL POISSON D’AVRIL (APRIL FISH) On 1 April, children in France Hidden beneath The feast of St Patrick, Beware of practical jokers pin pictures of fish on their the costume of a patron saint of Ireland, on 1 April, a day for making friends’ backs for a joke. fantastic lion with falls on 17 March. The “April Fools” of everyone – huge swivelling day of Holi, the Hindu or “April Fish” in France. spring festival, changes More solemn are the major eyes, performers each year. The Jewish events of the Christian and dance to bring holiday of Purim varies, Jewish calendars. good luck for too, according to the the new year. Hebrew calendar. HOLI PASSOVER Whatever the date of Holi, the fun This festival remembers the freeing is the same as people bombard of the Jewish people from slavery each other with coloured 3,000 years ago. People eat a powders and water. special meal including an egg, herbs, and a lamb bone. VENICE CARNIVAL ST PATRICK’S DAY PURIM EASTER On the last day of this annual two-week public Many Irish people wear Shaking a wooden The Christian holiday celebrates event in Venice, people crowd the streets green on their saint’s rattle is part of the Jesus Christ’s resurrection after wearing elaborate masks and costumes. day, and celebrate with his crucifixion. Gifts of chocolate music and parades. religious service or sugar eggs symbolize rebirth. for Purim. The day remembers how Jewish people in ancient Persia escaped a deadly plot against them. JUNE MAY In northern regions, APPLE FLOWER FESTIVAL, DENMARK People have long celebrated midsummer’s day falls Held on the small Danish island of Lilleø, the warmer days and spring between 20 and 22 June. this tiny festival celebrates the blossoming growth that come with May. Many people mark the of the fruit trees. date with celebrations at During the three week sunrise. The start of the White Nights festival in St Petersburg, Russia, Muslim holy period of revellers can stay up as late Ramadan can be in late as they like – the nights June – the date depends are never completely on the rising of a dark at this time of year. new moon. MAY DAY MIDSUMMER In an age-old ritual, many British The prehistoric village communities erect a maypole monument of on 1 May. The ribbons are wound Stonehenge, on round the pole as part of a dance. Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, WHITE NIGHTS FESTIVAL, GOHDCAMODENNLAECESYOBISUEDRNORAATFYTOFERFWLDOFOAMLBWSOYAREFNTARIRHSS,SEITN England, is a traditional ST PETERSBURG place to watch An eagerly awaited highlight the sun rise as of the festival is the midsummer’s appearance on the Neva day dawns. River of a sailing ship with bright scarlet sails. NOVEMBER DECEMBER On Thanksgiving Day, Americans DAY OF THE In many countries and cultures, CHRISTMAS follow the tradition of the early Christmas, Christ’s birthday, is European settlers, who gave DEAD, MEXICO the time that children most look A tree has been thanks for the harvest every During this festival forward to, as they can expect part of traditional year. Today, Thanksgiving is presents and special food. mainly a family feast. In Mexico, on 2 November, There are also presents, Christmas people think of loved ones on people buy paper games, and feasts at Hanukkah, celebrations the Day of the Dead – a time skeletons and eat the Jewish Festival of Lights, for possibly for happy memories. which often falls in December. hundreds sugar skulls. of years. THANKSGIVING HANUKKAH Figures from early American history One candle is lit on each day parade in New York on Thanksgiving Day. of this eight-day Jewish festival. 205

World LANGUAGES languages The three most widely used languages Spoken and written language allows us to communicate are spoken by nearly one quarter of with one another. Around 6,000 languages are spoken the world. across the world, and many people speak more than one language. 1 MANDARIN GREETINGS salaam, PASHTO 848 million speakers worldwide In all languages there is a way to greet someone. 2 SPANISH Here is how to greet someone in some of the world's most widely spoken languages. Not all languages 339 million speakers worldwide are written using the same alphabet – a large number of scripts are used across the world. 3 ENGLISH 335 million speakers worldwide 4 HINDI 260 million speakers worldwide 5 ARABIC 242 million speakers worldwide lee-ho, MIN NAN min-ga-la-ba, BURMESE sin-chow, VIETNAMESE nong hao, WU Sum-poo-rah-soon, SUNDANESE nee-how, MANDARIN salaam, PERSIAN ngi-ho, HAKKA nômoshkar, BENGALI hello, MALAY nuh-mus-kāram, sawasdee, THAI nuh-mus-kāra, ORIYA MALAYALAM marr-hah-bah, ARABIC as-salām-alaykum, nuh-mus-kār, MARATHI URDU Ni Hao, JIN néih-hóu, CANTONESE konnichiwa, JAPANESE vanakkam, TAMIL nuh-muh-stay, GUJARATI namaskara, KANNADA mehr-hah-bah, TURKISH li hao, XIANG pra-naam, BHOJPURI 206

WHO SPEAKS WHAT? SIGN LANGUAGE Some languages are spoken in many People who cannot hear spoken language countries around the globe. There are also use hand signals to communicate. This is many variations of major languages (dialects). known as sign language. There are many different types of sign language. KEY Arabic/French Chinese (Mandarin, French/other HOW TO SAY \"HELLO\" IN Cantonese, etc) English/other BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE Spanish Arabic/other Arabic Hindi/English/other Hindi Chinese/other English Russian/other French English/French Russian Portuguese/other Portuguese Other language English/Spanish Uninhabited land Spanish/other halo, JAVANESE nuh-muh-stay, HINDI as-salām-alaykum, SINDHI as-salam alay-keum, UZBEK salām-alaykum, AZERBAIJANI namaskārām, TELUGU ahn-nyeong-ha-se-yo, sat-siri-akal, PUNJABI KOREAN pra-naam, MAITHILI cheshch, POLISH ak-kam, OROMO ENGLISH coo-moos-tah, TAGALOG oh-lah, PORTUGUESE priveet, UKRAINIAN kay-doo, IGBO boh-zhoo, FRENCH ha-low, GERMAN chao, ITALIAN zdrast-wui-tyeh, RUSSIAN sah-loot, ROMANIAN o-la, SPANISH no-ngoola-daa, FULA ja-m-boh, SWAHILI tena-yste-lle'gn, AMHARIC bah-wo nee, YORUBA san-nu, HAUSA 207

The story c.30,000–2500 bce c.3000–539 bce of art OLDEST PREHISTORIC ART CIVILIZATIONS From the beginning of civilization, people in different cultures have produced art in many Early humans used charcoal and rock Many beautiful examples of art forms. They have used paint, stone, wood, pigments to paint animals and figures on have been found at the Royal metal, clay, and even their own bodies to cave walls. Some made spray handprints by Cemetery of Ur, which is show religious devotion, express ideas, blowing paint through hollow bones. They in modern-day Iraq. They were or simply reflect the world around them. also carved created by skilled sculptors figures out and jewellery makers in PREHISTORIC of stone and Mesopotamia, one of the FIGURE animal tusks. oldest, and longest lasting, civilizations in our distant past. BONE SCULPTURE OF A MAMMOTH GOLD ORNAMENT CAVE PAINTING, FRANCE DRAWING OF A CAVE ARTIST GOLD AND BEAD WREATH BYZANTINE ALTAR c.500–1400 c.324–1450 c.1 ce–PRESENT MOSAIC MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC NATIVE AMERICAN AND BYZANTINE Islamic artists decorated mosques In Native American tribes, practical items like Metal and enamel work, carvings, with intricate patterns using tiles blankets and bags were so skilfully decorated and embroidery were prized in medieval and mosaics. Modern Islam uses with beads, feathers, and shells they became Europe. Manuscripts were illuminated – a similar approach – places of works of art. People also made tiny animal lit up with decorations in bright pigments worship are beautifully patterned, talismans and towering tree-trunk sculptures and gold leaf. Earlier Byzantine but they never include images of called totem poles carved with faces, animals, Christians produced icons of figures people or animals. and birds. These and frescoes of religious scenes. arts continue today. SILVER CUP QUILLWORK BAG MOSAIC OF VIRGIN MARY, ISTANBUL FRENCH TAPESTRY ILLUMINATED THE GREAT MOSQUE, ISLAMIC BUILDING, TURQUOISE MANUSCRIPT ANIMALS SPAIN ISRAEL CARVED FACE ON TOTEM POLE c.1350–1600 c.1600–1800 c.1850–1900 RENAISSANCE BAROQUE AND ROCOCO REALISM AND IMPRESSIONISM Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance was Baroque painting was all about drama. Artists painted a time when every form of art flourished. realistic emotional scenes with intense colour and Realist painters wanted to create pictures Artists were inspired by Ancient Greek dramatic lighting. Originating in France, Rococo was of modern life and made ordinary working and Roman works and produced fine a lighter style of architecture, furniture, and art that people the subject of their paintings. paintings and sculptures that were full was elegant, graceful, and highly decorative. Impressionist artists tried to capture a of grandeur, personality, and beauty. moment, using delicate brushstrokes and Venice became a centre for dabs of colour to give fleeting impressions exquisite glasswork. of flowers, landscapes, picnics, and parties. MONA LISA BY LEONARDO DA VINCI EL GRECO PAINTING IN BAROQUE STYLE PORTRAIT BY TITIAN ITALIAN RENAISSANCE PIETA SCULPTURE BY ROCOCO FOUNTAIN RENOIR’S LUNCHEON OF THE BOATING PARTY GOBLET PENDANT MICHELANGELO 208 ORGAN WITH ROCOCO DECORATION

c.3000–330 bce c.2000–146 bce ANCIENT ANCIENT GREEK EGYPTIAN The earliest frescoes and pottery, The Ancient Egyptians found in a Minoan palace on the island filled elaborate tombs of Crete, are painted with colourful inside pyramids with scenes of everyday life. Temples in statues, painted mummy Ancient Greece were decorated with cases, frescoes, and marble friezes showing processions picture scrolls to help the and beautifully carved columns. dead in their afterlife. Painters had to show TOMB PAINTING complete human forms so every figure combines a front and side view. DECORATIVE VASE FRESCO OF A LEAPING BULL GOLD BULL’S HEAD MODEL OF A GRANARY RITUAL HIGHLY DECORATED DORIC, IONIC, AND CORINTHIAN COLUMNS WITH SHELL INLAY WATER JAR TOMB FIGURES c.650 bce–1900 ce c.750 bce–476 ce EASTERN STONEWARE LION, ANCIENT ROMAN MING DYNASTY, CHINA For more than 2,000 years, Statues and busts (just the head) artists from India, China, of emperors, famous people and Japan have created from the past, and gods and beautiful objects using stone, goddesses were popular in ceramics, precious stones, Ancient Rome. Wealthy people and metals. Colourful Indian had gold jewellery, decorated temples were lavishly pottery, and ornate glassware. decorated with figures of The finest houses were gods and goddesses. Serene decorated with mosaic floors Japanese prints on silk and and panels, and painted frescoes. parchment were known as “pictures of the floating world”. TERRACOTTA (CLAY) BUST HINDU TEMPLE, INDIA HOKUSAI PRINT, JAPAN HEAD OF THE BUDDHA, JAPAN ORNATE FIGURE OF AN BEWARE OF THE DOG FRESCO ON VILLA WALL, ELEPHANT, CHINA MOSAIC, POMPEII POMPEII 1880–1905 c.1900–1950 1907–1960s 1970s–PRESENT MONET’S GARDEN MURAL INSPIRED BY EXPRESSIONISM MODERN ART CONTEMPORARY VAN GOGH’S THE STARRY NIGHT AND SURREALISM Monet’s paintings of his Cubism was the beginning of In contemporary art, anything lily ponds captured POST- Expressionist painters used vivid modern art. Leading artist goes. Painters use styles from changes in the light IMPRESSIONISM colours and stark images, often Picasso created startling the past and often rework and and seasons. squeezing the paint straight from figures with angular shapes mix them together to show new Painting got bolder, brighter, the tube on to the canvas. Their that broke all the rules about ideas. Art can take many and freer in this period. Vincent pictures were not intended to colour, form, and perspective. different forms. It can be a Van Gogh poured his feelings show real life but express their Many years later in the United shed blown apart with all its into swirling landscapes personalities. Surrealist art States, abstract expressionist pieces suspended in midair; created with thick brushstrokes turned the world upside down. artists invented action painting – a skull studded with diamonds; and heavy paint. Others Artists produced dream-like splashing, smearing, or or lonely figures perched on developed new techniques. paintings and absurd objects like dribbling paint onto the canvas. buildings across a city skyline. Seurat’s pointillist pictures furry teacups and spiky irons. were painted with millions “IF YOU UNDERSTAND of tiny dots of colour BMNEAOIFGTPOHARPTIAENASHIUTNSARISRTNANEWLAVGIDLATIEDSTY”OLRALORDTAUILSIT, NATURAL LIGHT FIGURE BY that blended together. ANTONY MILLENIUM PARK Using new RODIN GORMLEY’S FOUNTAIN, CHICAGO portable easels Rodin produced life-like figures INSPIRED BY JACKSON POLLOCK EVENT HORIZON and tubes of that portrayed paint, artists left powerful their studio to emotions. paint outdoors. 209

Musical instruments From very early times, people THE ORCHESTRA KEY Bassoons have enjoyed making music Conductor Horns by beating, plucking, rattling, Large orchestras have First violins Trumpets or blowing into instruments. followed the same Second violins Trombones Different groups of instruments seating arrangement Violas and tubas are known as “families”. In for their musicians since Cellos an orchestra, many of them the 18th century. The Double basses Harp come together to combine various instruments Flutes Drums their sounds. are positioned Oboes Other percussion according to type. Clarinets Piano BRASS The brass section of an orchestra makes some of the loudest sounds. When brass players blow air into their instruments, they put their lips close to the mouthpiece to create vibrations. Many types of brass have button-like valves that are pressed down to alter notes. WOODWIND Bell or main These wind instruments are made of metal and plastic, as well as wood. Holes in the pipe are opened and closed with opening the fingers to change the notes. Some woodwind instruments use a vibrating strip, called a reed, as a mouthpiece. BASS TROMBONE PICCOLO PICCOLO TRUMPET FLUTE TRUMPET OBOE Reed CLARINET COR ANGLAIS BASSOON BUGLE Keys pressed to control valves and create different notes CONTRABASSOON FRENCH HORN Mouthpiece TUBA INTERNATIONAL CHIME KOTO (JAPAN) INSTRUMENTS (CHINA) RUAN (CHINA) Round the world, music-making RATTLE DRUM involves a huge variety of (CHINA) traditional instruments. Many are unique to particular countries or cultures. DHOLAK ANGKLUNG CONGA DRUM CONGOLESE DRUM DARBUKA KAMANJAH SARASWATI VEENA LAMELLOPHONE (INDIA) (INDONESIA) (MIDDLE EAST) (MIDDLE EAST) (INDIA) (TANZANIA) (AFRICA) (AFRICA) 210

PERCUSSION A percussion instrument is struck or shaken to keep a rhythm or create a tune. Percussionists usually play more than one instrument. TAMBOURINE TRIANGLE GLOCKENSPIEL XYLOPHONE TIMPANI MARACAS GONG SNARE DRUM STRINGS Neck, where fingers MOPPRIUETETCHTETEHSOMAOGNOFEDTW7EH0OREDNORIFDVTFOIAEORRFLEEOINNRTM press strings to Several types and sizes of create notes instruments are played with a bow drawn across a set of tightly stretched strings. They all have hollow wooden bodies that let the sounds vibrate. Tuning pegs to adjust strings PICCOLO VIOLA TENOR VIOL BASS VIOL VIOLIN VIOLA CELLO DOUBLE BASS VIOLIN D’AMORE MEXICAN KEYBOARDS GUITAR FAMILY MARIACHI GUITAR The piano is the most popular of a A subset of the string family, guitars MANDOLIN large group of instruments that are may have as many as 18 strings, but most played by pressing keys or buttons. have six. The strings are played with the On a keyboard, a musician can play fingers or a small tool called a pick. many notes at the same time. Strings struck by hammer when keys pressed Bellows BALALAIKA UKULELE ACCORDION CLASSICAL GUITAR Keys Attachment GRAND PIANO ELECTRIC BASS point for GUITAR strings Pedals soften or ELECTRONIC KEYBOARD ELECTRIC GUITAR lengthen notes 211

How music THE PIANO The black notes occur works KEYBOARD in twos and threes Understanding how music works – music Each octave on the piano theory – is a vital part of learning how keyboard has seven white to read music and play an instrument. notes – A B C D E F G – To play music, you need to understand and five black notes, its language – notes, pitch, rhythm, grouped in twos and and harmony. threes. A full-sized keyboard usually has around seven octaves. Its central C is called Middle C. CD E FGABCD MAUNCS3AT,AI4CLHN0LWE0CEDIYFAEIESRNCASUWTRTNLSRKEAIAITNNFGTOOGOEWRUNMANIG,NE THE PIANO The white note between a pair of black With its unique layout, the piano is a useful instrument notes grouped in twos is always D for learning music theory. The pattern of black and white keys shows the relationships between notes. WRITING MUSIC CLEFS TREBLE BASS CLEF CLEF Music is usually written on five parallel A clef is normally written at the start – the left-hand end – of lines known as a stave. Notes are every stave on the page. It fixes the pitches of the lines and placed on the lines, or in the spaces spaces. The two most common clefs are the treble (or G) clef, between them. The higher a note is and the bass (or F) clef. placed, the higher its pitch. THE G CLEF D E F GAB CDE F GA The centre of the treble clef shows where G C NOTES ON THE TREBLE CLEF sits on the stave. From G, the other notes on the stave can be THE F CLEF worked out by going forwards or backwards The two dots of the bass ON THE LINES clef show where F sits through the musical alphabet. IN THE SPACES on the stave. B C BCDEF G A F G A NOTES ON THE BASS CLEF E From F, the other notes on the stave can be worked out by going forwards or backwards through the musical alphabet. NOTE VALUES TIME VALUES BEAMS DOTTED NOTES A note value is how long a note lasts for. The chart below shows Two or more consecutive quavers can be joined together with When a note is followed by a dot, it makes the It is measured in relation to other notes. how the note values a thick line called a beam, which replaces the individual tails. note half as long again. The dotted crotchet below Shown below – in descending order of relate to each other. Semiquavers or demisemiquavers can be joined in the same is 1½ times longer than a crotchet, and the dotted length – are the five most common note Each column represents way. Beams make the rhythm easier to read. minim is 1½ times longer than a minim. values: semibreve, minim, crotchet, one crotchet, so a quaver, and semiquaver. semibreve lasts as long Tail as four crotchets. 1 QUAVERS semibreve 2 SEMIQUAVERS Beam minims DEMISEMIQUAVERS Two Four Three Nine 4 crotchet crotchet minim quaver crotchets TIME beats to beats to beats to beats to SIGNATURES the bar the bar the bar the bar 8 quavers Time signatures appear at the Three Two Six Twelve beginning of a piece of music. The crotchet minim quaver quaver 16 top number indicates the number beats to beats to beats to beats to semiquavers of beats in a bar, and the bottom the bar the bar the bar the bar number shows the note-value of 212 each beat: 2 = minim, 4 = crotchet, 8 = quaver, and 16 = semiquaver.

E F G AB CD E F G AB CD E F G AB CD E Lower notes Higher notes The C nearest the middle A pitch can be “low” or “high”. An octave is the distance from one note to of a full-size keyboard is On a piano keyboard, this works from left to right – the the next one with the same letter name. highest notes are at the right-hand end of the keyboard called Middle C These two Ds are one octave apart and the lowest notes are at the left-hand end SEMITONES B♭ D♭ TONES F♯ G♯ C♯ A semitone is the musical A tone is the equivalent term for the interval, or of two semitones. If gap, between notes that two notes have just are immediately next one note between to each other on the them on the keyboard, keyboard. A semitone they are a tone apart. means “half a tone” and represents a half EF A D ON THE STAVE CD B step on the keyboard. This is how the three As the white notes B and C are ON THE STAVE tones shown on the This is how the keyboard are written onablyoaveseBmisittohneebalpaacrkt,naotteonCe♯ three semitones on the stave. shown on the keyboard are written on the stave. RESTS SHARPS AND FLATS Rests assign a time 1 semibreve rest Sharps and flats are symbols that raise or lower notes on the keyboard. Sharps raise a note by one semitone, and flats lower a note by one semitone. Notes value to silences – that are not sharpened or flattened are called naturals. gaps in the music during which a player or singer does not 2 minim rests produce any sound. They work just like notes and have the same time values. 4 crotchet rests Down a Up a semitone semitone When playing or FLAT NATURAL SHARP writing music, the G♯ is a rests are as important SHARPS AND FLATS semitone as the notes. 8 quaver rests above G ON BLACK NOTES The black notes are sharps TIME VALUES 16 semiquaver rests ThcisalnleodteDis♯ E♭ G♯ B♭ or flats depending on D♯ GB whether the white notes The chart shows because it is DE are above or below them. rests and how their one semitone time values relate B♭ is a semitone to each other. up from D, but it can also below B TEMPO PRESTO FAST ACCELERANDO GETTING be called E♭ SHARPS AND FLATS ON ALLEGRO PIU MOSSO FASTER The speed at which music MODERATO because it is WHITE NOTES is played is known as tempo. ANDANTE STRINGENDO one semitone The white notes on the Tempo is usually indicated ADAGIO RITENUTO down from E keyboard have different by descriptive terms. Shown names. They can be known here are some of the most LENTO RITARDANDO F♭ F C♭ C as naturals, sharps, or flats. common Italian terms for RALLENTANDO tempo and tempo changes. GETTING E E♯ B B♯ This note is usually SLOWER called C, but because SLOW This note is usually called E, but it is one semitone up because it is one semitone down cfraolmledBB, i♯t can also be from F, it can also be called F♭ 213

Dance All over the world and in every culture, people enjoy dancing – moving their bodies to music with a partner, in groups, or solo. People dance to tell stories, express their faith, show their patriotism, keep fit, get ready for battle or sport, celebrate an important event, compete, or purely for fun. SACRED DANCE Dance plays an important part in many religions. People include dance in their religious ceremonies or to communicate with their gods. CORYBANTES BUDDHISM MUSLIM DERVISHES NATIVE AMERICANS SIVA NATARAJA These Ancient Greek Dancing figures are Spin themselves into a Danced to ask the gods Hindu god Siva is often priests danced and often used to decorate state of ecstasy, so they for such things as rain shown dancing at the drummed in armour. Buddhist shrines. can feel closer to god. creation of the world. or a good harvest. FOLK DANCING People perform folk dances at festivals and celebrations. The dances are often accompanied by traditional music, and are passed down through generations. FLAMENCO ROMA DANCE LATVIAN DANCE EGYPTIAN DANCING IRISH DANCE AFRICAN DANCE A dramatic, rhythmic Often performed The Latvian Song and Ancient Arabic dance, Often performed at African dance is often dance that originated in at family weddings competitions, either accompanied by drums and christenings. Dance Festival is a usually performed southern Spain. huge annual event. by a solo woman. solo or in teams. and voices. CLASSICAL INDONESIAN CAMBODIAN K ATHAK ALI KABUKI BALLET BALINESE DANCE This style, called A slow style, with South Indian dance- Japanese theatrical The classical dance A story-telling bedhaya, is performed smooth, wave-like drama performed in dance performed in dance form, always Classical dance is only by women. elaborate make-up. colourful costumes. form of most performed barefoot. performed by trained movements. Western countries. or professional dancers. The focus is on formal steps and poses. These dances usually tell stories from literature or legend. DANCE CRAZES BOLLYWOOD STYLE Both arms are raised during Some dance crazes caused outrage when they first Bollywood films are famous for song- the dance appeared. In the 1780s people were shocked by the waltz and-dance routines. In early films, because men and women embraced as they danced. dancers just acted out song lyrics, but the style is now a rich mix that CANCAN CANCAN borrows from the many different folk and classical styles of India. The cancan was a lively, high-kicking dance that became wildly popular in the ballrooms and music Positions of halls of Paris, France, in the 1830s. hands and body JITTERBUG tell a story, usually of love An energetic, acrobatic couples’ dance that originated in the USA in the 1930s. It spread to Europe via American servicemen during World War II. TWIST JITTERBUG TWIST The twist was a 1960s craze. There were no steps to learn and no partner needed – dancers just wriggled and twisted along to the music on their own. LINE DANCING Dancers line up in a row and perform a pattern of steps together to country music. Line dancing started in the USA the 1970s but became a worldwide craze in the 1990s. GANGNAM STYLE LINE DANCING GANGNAM BHARATANATYAM BHANGRA Kicks and A classical dance from south India, A Punjabi folk dance, jumps are An overnight dance sensation in 2012 when a video of usually accompanied by often used Korean musician Psy performing his song of the same which features expressive a strong drum beat. name went viral. hand movements and poses. 214

Jewelled COSTUMES DANCING SHOES BALLET headpiece The costume enhances a dancer’s From the stomping drama of movements or helps set the scene flamenco to the exquisite grace of a story. Costumes are a traditional of ballet en pointe, wearing the element of many dance forms and their correct footwear is essential. design has changed little over time. MALE TANGO FEMALE TANGO FLAMENCO IRISH BALLROOM IRISH DANCER BALLET INDIAN BELLY DANCER BALLROOM TAP Dresses have long A short, sleeveless Bharatanatyan The bedlah Long dress with sleeves and a short tutu shows off costumes are consists of fitted full, flowing skirt to skirt, to emphasize a dancer’s form based on Hindu bikini top, hip belt, enhance a dancer’s and technique. temple sculptures. and long skirt. leg movements. movements. BALLROOM DANCING Ballroom dancing is both a popular hobby and a competitive, professional sport. The two main categories in competition dance are ballroom dances such as the waltz and foxtrot, and Latin dances such as the tango. Jangling bracelets SAMBA RUMBA CHA-CHA draw attention to A fast, rhythmic The slowest of the Originated in Cuba arm movements dance from Brazil. via the West Indies. Latin dances. FTARMAAOTDUTITTSHHIEFOEENRSSIATOALIMVCLYAABALRDNAIINSINVBCARELAD, AZIL WALTZ TANGO SALSA PASO DOBLE Latin dance popular Inspired by Spanish A popular, gliding dance Dramatic dance from bullfighters’ moves. with amateurs. from Austria. Buenos Aires, Argentina. STREET DANCE New dance styles are always emerging from the streets of the world’s cities. Breakdancing, or b-boying, came out of New York City in the 1970s and is still one of the most popular forms of street dance. ONE-HAND ELBOW LEVER FLARE WINDMILL HEADSPIN HANDSTAND FREEZE Breaker balances on his Breaker balances, then Balance on one bent arm, Breaker swings legs Breaker rotates while head and spins rapidly. holds the position. holding the body straight. round him in a wide circle. swinging legs in a V shape. Facial expressions Intricate hand BEFORE MATCHES, THE help tell the story movements NEW ZEALAND RUGBY TEAM DAPNERCFEOCRAMLSLEADMAAHOARKI WA AR Mongkhon (headband) SPORTING DANCE Before a fight, Thai boxers perform a ritual dance called Wai Khru Ram Muay, to pay respect to their trainers and apologize in advance for their brutality. ARABIC TRADITIONAL BOLLYWOOD DANDIYA K ATHAK Arabic dance uses quick, Early Bollywood dance A Gujarati folk dance A classical dance vibrating movements of the body from Uttar Pradesh and requires a lot of stamina. routines focused on acting where dancers hit in northern India. out the lyrics of a song. dandiyas (sticks) together. 215

Ballet Ballet started as an entertainment in the royal courts of Europe, and has grown into a breathtaking art form, enjoyed all over the world. Professional dancers work hard to reach the highest levels of fitness and artistry. 1547 1500 THE STORY YEARS OF OF BALLET TRAINING Italian Catherine de Medici becomes queen Ballet developed in France, which Most professional of France and brings an is why all the steps still have dancers start young. Italian style of dancing French names. It became a huge After 8–10 years attraction in the great theatres of of dedicated training, to the French court. France, Italy, Russia, Scandinavia, only a few of the most and England. talented students will join a ballet company Catherine de Medici 1653 (corps de ballet). BEGINNER BALLET SCHOOL APPRENTICE CORPS DE BALLET PRINCIPAL 1661 The best dancers King Louis XIV dances might progress to Dancers begin At the age of 11, At 16, the most The dancer joins At this highest First dance institution the role of Apollo, the become a soloist or around age five, the dancer is promising students a company, then rank a dancer set up in Paris – Sun god, in Le Ballet de principal dancer. taking classes at accepted at a performs all the la Nuit (The Dance of a local studio. ballet school. go on to three progresses to leading roles. l’Académie Royale the Night). more years’ study. minor roles. de Danse. 1669 Statue of Louis MAKING A 1680 XIV of France POINTE SHOE King Louis XIV starts Dancer and director staging regular opera- Pierre Beauchamps Female dancers wear ballets at Versailles. develops the five basic special reinforced positions of the feet shoes so they can Palace of Versailles and arms. dance on the tips of their toes, a 1738 technique called en 1 SHAPING 2 ADDING TOE BLOCKS 3 SHAPING THE SHOE 4 ADDING Imperial Russian Ballet pointe. Dancers often THE UPPER A leather sole is The sole is stitched RIBBONS School is founded in embroider the toe St Petersburg, Russia. area, to make shoes Layers of satin and inserted, then layers of to the upper with thread. Traditionally, a last longer and to Third help prevent slipping. stiff canvas are card, paper, and stiff fabric The shoe is then shaped dancer sews the position stitched together. are pasted around the toe with a special hammer. ribbons on to her area to form a block. shoes herself. 1832 CLASSIC BALLETS COSTUME DESIGN La Sylphide, choreographed by Filippo Taglioni, opens in Paris, France. The fashion for full-length Costumes tell the audience about a character but must ballets reached its height at also allow a dancer to move freely. Below is the costume for 1841 Mariinsky Theatre, home of the the end of the 19th century. a character from Greek myth called Eurydice, who is taken First performance Russian Imperial Ballet from 1860 Many of the ballets from that to the gloomy Underworld when she dies. time are still popular today. of Giselle, danced 1890 Fabric swatches by Italian ballerina The premiere of Sleeping Beauty SWAN LAKE, 1877 Carlotta Grisi, takes is performed at the Mariinsky Colour samples Theatre, St Petersburg. A handsome prince falls in love place in Paris. with a mysterious girl, only to FROM SKETCHPAD discover that an evil magician TO STAGE 1877 has cast a spell on her. When Eurydice first Swan Lake, with appears, she is weighed music by Tchaikovsky, GISELLE, 1841, down by a heavy cloak. is performed by the ADAPTED 1884 The costume is designed Bolshoi Ballet in so that she can remove Moscow, Russia. A young girl is betrayed by the it easily after she makes man she loves. She dies of grief, her dramatic entrance. 1913 2000 1909 then comes back as a ghost and The Rite of Spring, Ballet impresario, or organizer, saves the life of the man who Wispy chiffon choreographed by Sergei Diaghilev forms the Ballets broke her heart. skirt suggests Russes company in Paris. the spirit world Vaslav Nijinsky, THE FIREBIRD, 1910 causes outrage at its 1931 Cloak will be The Sadler’s Based on several Russian folk removed and hung premiere in Paris. Wells Ballet tales, it tells the story of how up to become part (renamed the Prince Ivan and the magical of the set 1964 Royal Ballet in Firebird overcome an evil Dancers Margot 1959) is formed magician called Kostchée. in London. Fonteyn and COPPELIA, 1871 Rudolf Nureyev Sculpture outside receive a record 89 the Royal Opera A light-hearted tale of a young curtain calls after House, home of man who falls for a life-sized doll, performing Swan the Royal Ballet before realizing that his true love Lake in Vienna, is the real, live girl next door. Austria. THE NUTCRACKER, 1891 BMBEOACANALDLLMYEEMETMOTUEHINNSEETPLFIELLIRRE1SF6DOT8ER1BML,AWAELFDLHOEENRNITNAAINE Toys magically come to life and take their owner on a journey to the Kingdom of Sweets, where the Sugar Plum Fairy lives, in this Christmas story. 216

THE BASIC Arms make Open arms, in One arm curved Both arms AT THE POSITIONS an oval shape front of shoulders in front of body up, making BARRE oval shape All the positions and The barre is a handrail in the steps in ballet are studio. Dancers hold on lightly based on the five to the barre so they can keep basic positions of their balance while they the feet and arms. One arm concentrate For all five foot up in on moves and positions. positions, the feet graceful are flat on the curve floor and turned DEMI-PLIE ATTITUDE DEVANT RELEVE DEVANT Half bend the Stand on one leg, and Balance on the ball of out (pointing in legs, heels flat raise the other leg in one foot, and bend the on the floor. front, with knee bent. other leg at the knee. opposite directions). FIRST POSITION SECOND POSITION THIRD POSITION FOURTH POSITION FIFTH POSITION CHANGEMENT SISSONE OUVERT This jump goes straight EN AVANT up and down, with the front foot changing to A sissone is a jump the back in midair. starting from two The movement should feet. There are be done with an easy different kinds, bounce – this is called but in this version, ballon. Practise several the legs open wide in a row to build up a in the air, and then stronger jump. the dancer lands on one leg. Start in the demi-plié position. Jump, swap feet Land softly in a Start in a demi-plié, Stretch legs wide apart Land on one leg, keeping positions in the air. deep demi-plié. arms down. while jumping forwards. back straight. CAASNHP1RGO2IEENPTSACTEIIPRHVASRELROOYBUFAGMPLHOOLIEUNNRPTTINHTEAO ADAGE Adage means “moving smoothly”. Dancers put together a series of positions to make an exercise that improves TENDU DEVANT ARABESQUE ATTITUDE CHASSÉ RELEVÉ FIFTH balance and Look to the front Supporting leg is turned out. Leg passes through Foot placed in wide Feet in demi-pointe Male dancers strengthens muscles. of the room. first position. fourth position. and arms lifted. always gaze at the PAS DE CHAT ballerina This means “cat step” in French. To perform it properly a dancer must spring quickly and land lightly and quietly, just like a cat. Start in third Push up from Spring into Land on the Bring the front foot position with the floor, lifting the air, bringing the back foot, softly down quickly into one leg smoothly. demi-plié. feet together. and quietly. third position. PAS DE DEUX A pas de deux is a dance for two people, usually a man and a woman. It is a musical, physical, and artistic partnership between two dancers that can result in the most breathtaking moments in a performance. Strong knees and thighs are essential for supporting and lifting EXPRESSING EMOTION SUPPORTING ACT FISH DIVE The pas de deux often A lift in which the portrays a romantic The male dancer ballerina is supported supports the ballerina with her back arched vision of love. and arms outstretched. so she can balance en pointe for longer. 217

Great c.2560 bce c.700 bce c.1900 bce buildings GREAT PYRAMID GREAT WALL PALACE OF KNOSSOS The first great buildings were AND SPHINX constructed for worship or for The Great Wall of China was This was the largest centre of the protection from invaders. In more The Great Pyramid was built built to keep out invaders. Minoan civilization on the Greek island recent times, many grand buildings as a tomb for Egyptian Various Chinese rulers of Crete. Here, religious ceremonies are public spaces such as galleries Pharaoh Khufu, and the extended it over hundreds of may have been performed and political and museums, or towering Sphinx for his son, Khafre. years, and it now stretches issues debated. By uncovering the skyscrapers of offices and hotels. Both were originally covered for an incredible 21,197 km remains, experts have worked out what with smooth white limestone, (13,170 miles). the buildings would have looked like. and would have glittered in the sunlight. ARTIST’S IMPRESSION OF THE PALACE BUILDINGS THE GREAT PYRAMID AND THE GREAT WALL COPY OF A FRESCO SPHINX AT GIZA, EGYPT OF CHINA FOUND AT KNOSSOS 1883 1840 1714 1632 SAGRADA FAMILIA HOUSES OF CHRIST CHURCH TAJ MAHAL PARLIAMENT This Roman Catholic church This London church is one The Taj was built to be an is Barcelona’s most famous The United Kingdom’s centre of of six designed by Nicholas elaborate jewelled tomb building. It was designed by the government was built on the site of a Hawksmoor in a style called for the beloved wife of Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi, palace, which burned down in 1834. English Baroque. It fell into Mughal emperor Shah who died in 1926 when only a The remains were incorporated disrepair in the 20th century Jahan. It is known for its quarter of the church was built. into the new Gothic-style building. but has been restored to its perfect symmetry: it is It is expected to be completed Construction took 30 years, and its original glory, and its white exactly as wide as it is high. by 2026. architects died before completion. stone facing gleams in the sunshine. SAGRADA FAMILIA, THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, CHRIST CHURCH, THE TAJ MAHAL, BARCELONA, SPAIN LONDON, UK LONDON, UK AGRA, INDIA 1930 1959 1971 1993 EMPIRE STATE SYDNEY POMPIDOU GUGGENHEIM BUILDING OPERA HOUSE CENTRE MUSEUM It took around 3,400 A multi-venue performing Housing a library, The Guggenheim in workers to complete the arts centre, Sydney Opera museum of modern Bilbao, Spain, is one construction of this House was designed by art, and a centre for of the world’s most 103-floor Art Deco Danish architect Jorn Utzon music research, the admired and popular skyscraper in just 410 in a style called Modern Pompidou is a high- buildings. Its architect, days. It was the world’s Expressionism. The building’s tech arts centre. The Canadian Frank Gehry, tallest building until 1972, distinctive look comes from its different coloured intended its shiny curves and remains New York one million self-cleaning, parts are not just to appear random and City’s most famous glazed white tiles. ornamental: green sculpture-like. landmark. Every year, pipes indicate there is a race to the plumbing; blue ducts 86th floor. are for climate control; elevators, escalators, and staircases are red. POMPIDOU CENTRE, PARIS, FRANCE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, SYDNEY OPERA MODEL OF THE THE GUGGENHEIM, BILBAO, SPAIN NEW YORK CITY, USA HOUSE, AUSTRALIA POMPIDOU 218

440s bce 80 ce 537 ce 1113 PARTHENON COLOSSEUM HAGIA SOPHIA ANGKOR WAT Its architects decided to make their temple This was the greatest amphitheatre The cathedral church of to the goddess Athena the most impressive in Ancient Rome. As many as 50,000 Constantinople (now Istanbul), Meaning “City of Temples”, in Ancient Greece, and today it is one of the people gathered here to watch dramas, was the largest in the world for Angkor Wat is the largest temple great monuments of the ancient world. gruesome gladiator battles, and 1,000 years. It is famous for its complex in the world. It was built The Parthenon has many columns, and amazing spectacles. In the arena were massive dome, and for the ornate to symbolize the home of the Hindu is decorated with carved panels and a passages, trapdoors, and hidden lifts mosaics and marble pillars gods, Mount Meru. Its five towers sculpture frieze. to allow animals and men to appear inside. Today, Hagia Sophia represent the five peaks of the from beneath the ground. is a museum. mountain, the walls its mountain ranges, and the moat the ocean. THE PARTHENON, THE COLOSSEUM, HAGIA SOPHIA, ANGKOR WAT, SIEM REAP, ATHENS, GREECE ROME, ITALY ISTANBUL, TURKEY CAMBODIA 1609 1552 1406 1333 1238 BLUE MOSQUE ST BASIL’S TEMPLE OF HEAVEN HIMEJI CASTLE ALHAMBRA CATHEDRAL PALACE This mosque was built as This temple complex is intended to Also known as White Heron an Islamic place of worship Built under the reign of Ivan symbolize Heaven and Earth. Its Castle, Himeji is Japan’s A palace and fortress built by that would match the the Terrible, this cathedral most important building is the Hall largest and best preserved Moorish (North African Muslim) brilliance of the Hagia was designed to look like the of Prayer for Good Harvests, where castle. It was built as a kings of southern Spain, the Sophia cathedral. Its design flames of a bonfire rising up sacred ceremonies were conducted fortress, and its multiple Alhambra was designed to mixes traditional Islamic to the sky. It is famous for by the Ancient Chinese emperors. moats, fortified gates, and represent Paradise on Earth. and Byzantine Christian its unique, colourful, and winding passages were There are enclosed landscaped architecture. It is named ornate appearance. designed to confuse and gardens, and the palace is for its blue-tiled interior. exhaust intruders. lavishly decorated. BLUE MOSQUE, ST BASIL’S CATHEDRAL, THE HALL OF PRAYER FOR GOOD HIMEJI CASTLE, THE ALHAMBRA, ISTANBUL, TURKEY MOSCOW, RUSSIA HARVESTS, BEIJING, CHINA JAPAN GRANADA, SPAIN 1994 2004 TOP 10 TALLEST SKYSCRAPERS JIN MAO TOWER BURJ KHALIFA A skyscraper is a building used for offices, homes, or hotels that is higher than 150 m (450 ft). Traditional Chinese and With 163 floors, Burj Khalifa is BURJ KHALIFA, modern Western the world’s tallest building. It is Dubai, 828 m architectural styles are topped with a spiral minaret, like (2,716.5 ft) combined in this Shanghai those on mosques. Its 24,348 SHANGHAI TOWER, skyscraper. Each tier flares windows are machine-cleaned, China, 632 m (2,073.6ft) outwards at its top like a but the top of the spire is cleaned MAKKAH ROYAL CLOCK pagoda-style roof. The tower by hand, with the workers TOWER HOTEL, is covered in glass and dangling from ropes. Saudi Arabia, 601 m (1,972 ft) designed to be wind and ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER, NYC, 541 m THE GUGGENHEIM earthquake resistant. AND SURROUNDING There is a swimming (1,775 ft) BUILDINGS pool on the 57th floor. CTF FINANCE CENTER, China, 530 m (1,739 ft) (completion 2016) TAIPEI 101, Taiwan, 509 m (1,670 ft) SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER, China, 492 m (1,614 ft) INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTER, Hong Kong, 484 m (1,588 ft) PETRONAS TOWERS, Malaysia, 452 m (1,483 ft) ZIFENG TOWER, China, 450 m (1,476 ft) INSIDE THE JIN JIN MAO TOWER, BURJ KHALIFA, DUBAI, MAO TOWER SHANGHAI, CHINA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 219

Great 2ND MILLENNIUM c.16TH–1ST c.4TH–2ND bce CENTURY bce CENTURY bce books THE EPIC OF THE EGYPTIAN INDIAN EPICS Thousands of years ago, stories GILGAMESH BOOK OF THE DEAD were simply spoken aloud or told Mahabharata by Vyasa with pictures. As writing developed, This poem was inscribed on This collection of drawings and and Ramayana by tales were inscribed on stone, and clay tablets and is thought to magic spells was written over Valmiki are important then on parchment and paper. Great be the first piece of written hundreds of years in Ancient Sanskrit poems that books transport us to different lives literature. It describes the Egypt. The spells were buried began as spoken and are enjoyed by generations of journey of Gilgamesh, king of with the dead to help them in their songs. They tell stories readers all over the world. Uruk, who is on a quest with next life in the Underworld. about Indian culture, a wild man to fight evil. Hinduism, great wars, and exciting adventures. “Humbaba’s A WARRIOR FROM mouth is fire; THE MAHABHARATA his roar the floodwater; A PAGE FROM THE BOOK OF his breath is THE DEAD death.” 1908 1894 1876 1861 1847 ANNE OF SEVEN LITTLE GREAT JANE EYRE GREEN AUSTRALIANS EXPECTATIONS GABLES In Charlotte Brontë’s This delightful story by Ethel Charles Dickens’s story novel, Jane Eyre has L M Montgomery Turner is about the mischievous about Pip on his journey a harsh upbringing tells a heart-warming Woolcot children, running wild at to becoming a gentleman as an orphan. When tale about an orphan their home in Sydney. includes bitter old Miss she becomes a with a wonderful Havisham. She has been governess, she imagination. Anne is TOM SAWYER wearing her wedding falls in love with sent to a family who gown ever since she her employer, asked for a boy, but THE ADVENTURES was jilted at the altar. Mr Rochester, she thrives in her OF TOM SAWYER who has a terrible new home. “Ask no secret in his house. Wily Tom Sawyer plays tricks on questions and “Because when you are everyone but after he witnesses you’ll be told “I am no imagining you might as a murder, the games get serious. well imagine something Mark Twain’s adventures include no lies.” bird; and graverobbers, children lost in worthwhile.” caves, and a box of gold. no net ensnares me.” BABY WOOLCOT WASHES THE KITTENS 1935 1937 1937 1943 1945 1947 OF MICE AND THE HOBBIT ANIMAL THE DIARY MEN FARM OF A YOUNG For this story, J R R Tolkien GIRL John Steinbeck tells a sad, created a complete world George Orwell was bleak story about two called Middle Earth filled with making a political point Anne Frank was farmhands struggling to find hobbits, wizards, elves, with this story about 13 when she and work during the Depression dwarves, and trolls. On his animals taking over a her family went into in the USA. George tries to quest to steal a dragon’s farm to create an equal hiding from the Nazis look out for his strong, slow- treasure, Bilbo Baggins society. Things go badly in World War II. The witted friend Lennie who meets many dangers and wrong after Napoleon diary she wrote in dreams of farming rabbits. finds a powerful magic ring. the pig seizes power. their secret rooms has been translated THE LITTLE PRINCE’S into 70 languages. HOME PLANET THE PENGUIN LOGO LENNIE’S THE RING THE LITTLE MOUSE PRINCE PENGUIN PAPERBACKS This magical little story NAPOLEON ANNE FRANK’S from Antoine de Saint- THE PIG DIARY Most quality books were Exupéry tells the tale of published with expensive hard a pilot who is stranded covers until Allen Lane created in the desert. He comes Penguin paperbacks. He across a little prince, who wanted people everywhere to has fallen to Earth from be able to read good books in another planet. a format that they could afford. 220

c.2ND c.700–1500 ce c.750–1000 1440 c.1595 CENTURY bce INVENTION OF ARABIAN BEOWULF THE PRINTING ROMEO PAPER NIGHTS PRESS AND JULIET Beowulf is an Old English Before the invention of Arabian Nights (also poem about good and The invention of the printing William Shakespeare wrote 37 paper by a resourceful called One Thousand evil. The hero, Beowulf, press by Johannes Gutenberg brilliant plays and many sonnets. Chinese civil servant and One Nights) is a destroys a terrible changed everything. Many One of his most famous plays, called Cai Lun, writers collection of captivating monster and then a more books were available, Romeo and Juliet, tells the tragic used parchment, papyrus, stories compiled over dragon, but is killed and ordinary people could story of two young lovers whose or palm leaves. many centuries. Two of the during his last battle. own them for the first time. families are fierce rivals. best known are Ali Baba PAPER AND BRUSH and the Forty Thieves and “When a THE PRINTING PRESS “O Romeo, Sinbad the Sailor. chance came, Romeo, he caught the “Open hero in a rush wherefore Sesame!” of flame and art thou clamped sharp Romeo?” (Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves) fangs into ROMEO’S POISON his neck.” AND DAGGER 1831 1813 1812 18TH 1605 CENTURY GRIMMS’ FAIRY DON QUIXOTE THE HUNCHBACK OF “Angry TALES NOTRE DAME people are Don Quixote sets out on his not always The Brothers Grimm wrote many lanky horse Rocinante with Up in the towers of the Notre gruesome fairy tales with wicked his sidekick Sancho Panza Dame Cathedral in Paris lives the wise.” characters that still frighten and on a donkey. Miguel de hunchback Quasimodo. In Victor thrill children today. Little Snow Cervantes’ hero is in Hugo’s story this tragic hero tries to White and Little Red Riding Hood search of a knightly quest save a kind gypsy dancer from death. are two of the most famous. and a maiden to woo, but most of his adventures PRIDE AND “Mirror, mirror, A TRADITIONAL CHINESE FAN happen inside his head. PREJUDICE on the wall, who in this land is the DREAM OF THE “Can we ever Finding husbands for fairest of all?” RED CHAMBER have too five daughters is a much of a major challenge in (Little Snow White) This classic Chinese novel by Cao the Bennet family. Jane Xueqin is about the rise and fall of good thing?” Austen’s complicated the aristocratic Jia family. It has NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL romance between a huge number of characters and Elizabeth Bennet and paints a vivid picture of life in Mr Darcy is now a 18th-century China. classic romance. 1950 1952 1960 1988 1997 2005 CHARLOTTE’S THE HARRY POTTER WEB ALCHEMIST AND THE PHILOSOPHER’S Wilbur the pig is saved Paulo Coelho’s young STONE from slaughter by a shepherd, Santiago, supportive spider called tries to fulfil his The Harry Potter series by Charlotte who weaves Personal Legend by J K Rowling is about the flattering messages about hunting for treasure. adventures of a special young him in her web. E B White’s He learns valuable wizard called Harry and his heart-warming story has lessons on his journey. schoolfriends. In this first been a favourite for more story, an evil wizard hunts than 60 years. for the Philosopher’s Stone so he can live forever. THE MOCKINGBIRD IS A BURNING BOOKS SYMBOL OF INNOCENCE THE WARDROBE THE LION, THE CHARLOTTE IN TO KILL A SANTIAGO SEEKS THE SORTING HAT TELLS THE BOOK WITCH AND THE HER WEB MOCKINGBIRD TREASURE STUDENTS WHICH SCHOOL THIEF WARDROBE Two children learn harsh AT THE PYRAMIDS HOUSE THEY WILL BE IN Markus Zusak’s novel C S Lewis set his adventures lessons about equality in is narrated by death. in Narnia – the mysterious Harper Lee’s explosive He tells the touching world of ice and snow that novel set in Alabama, story of a young girl four children discover through USA. Their lawyer father who steals books a door at the back defends a black man who in Germany during of a wardrobe. is accused of a crime he World War II. did not commit. 221

Great c.624–546 bce c.570–495 bce c.563–483 bce thinkers THALES PYTHAGORAS SIDDHARTHA Throughout history, people have “THE WISE” GAUTAMA asked questions about the world and A Greek scientist, Pythagoras our place in it. Some great philosophers Thales lived in Asia Minor believed that everything in the Known as the Buddha, or have come up with answers that have (modern Turkey). He had the universe could be explained by “enlightened one”, he taught transformed our thinking – and others idea that water was the basic mathematics. He led a group that nothing in the world is challenge us by posing new problems ingredient of everything, and of followers who obeyed his permanent. His goal was for us to think about. that our world floated like strict code about how to live, to end people’s suffering, a log in a universe of water. work, and honour the gods. through teaching them the Eightfold Path to enlightenment. “Even death is not to be feared by one who has lived wisely.” 1712–78 1711–76 1694–1778 1632–1704 1596–1650 JEAN-JACQUES VOLTAIRE JOHN LOCKE RENE DESCARTES ROUSSEAU A French poet, playwright, Englishman Locke Descartes started a revolution Rousseau said and historian, Voltaire believed that people have in philosophy by doubting government is a contract argued for free speech – the right to control their everything – including whether between people and their that in a civilized society, own body, and no one he really existed. He decided rulers. If rulers ignore everybody should have can tell them what to do that as he had thoughts, people’s rights and the right to say and think with it. His ideas about someone must be freedoms, they break whatever they like. power and freedom thinking them – the contract and can be influenced lawmakers in so he must removed from power. the newly formed USA, really exist. who based the American “Man was DAVID HUME Constitution of 1787 in born free but part on Locke’s ideas. everywhere Hume was a founder of “sceptical” philosophy, “Where there is “I think, he is in saying that there is no law, there therefore chains.” nothing we can know for certain. He believed is no freedom.” I am.” knowledge came only from direct experience, not from a person’s ideas or religious beliefs. 1724–1804 1759–97 1806–73 1818–83 1844–1900 IMMANUEL MARY KARL MARX FRIEDRICH KANT WOLLSTONECRAFT NIETZSCHE A revolutionary economist Unlike many philosophers An English writer and teacher, she and thinker, Marx founded A German writer whose of his time, Kant believed campaigned for women to have the the theory of socialism, main philosophy was that knowledge of what same opportunities and rights as in which all the property, that people should aim to is right and wrong is not men. Her book, A Vindication of the resources, and wealth achieve their full potential born in us or given to Rights of Women, argued that girls of a country is owned by and be a “Superman” us by God. We decide for should be educated as well as boys. the public, and not by rather than an ordinary ourselves what is morally individual people. person. right by using reason. “Human reason JOHN is troubled by STUART MILL questions that it cannot dismiss, English economist and but also cannot political thinker who believed that all people answer.” should be free to do whatever they choose, so 222 long as it does not harm other people, or prevent them from doing what they want.

551–479 bce 469–399 bce 427–347 bce 384–322 bce 354–430 ce CONFUCIUS SOCRATES PLATO AUGUSTINE One of the most important early OF HIPPO Chinese philosophers, Confucius One of the greatest Greek Plato thought that our world is taught that in order to live good thinkers, Socrates devised a faulty reflection of a perfect Born in North Africa, and happy lives, people should a way of testing theories world that exists somewhere Augustine was a Christian respect their neighbours, that involved asking lots of else. He founded the world’s leader and thinker. He tried honour their families, and questions until he arrived first university, the Academy, to explain why there is so obey their rulers. at the truth. To him, the near Athens in Greece. much evil in our world, most important question when God, who created “To study and of all was: “What makes it, is perfectly good. not think is a a good life?” waste. To think ARISTOTLE “Love the and not study is “I am not an sinner and dangerous.” Athenian or a Plato’s pupil, Aristotle, is often called the first hate the Greek, but scientist. He believed that sin.” a citizen of we should base our theories the world.” on what we have seen and experienced, rather than what we feel is true. 1588–1679 1469–1527 1225–74 1126–98 1098–1179 THOMAS HOBBES NICCOLO THOMAS IBN-RUSHD HILDEGARD MACHIAVELLI AQUINAS (AVERROES) OF BINGEN An English philosopher who believed that people are basically An Italian writer and A noble-born Italian monk, A Muslim philosopher A German writer, composer, and selfish. A civilized society needs diplomat. He wrote The he wanted to prove God’s from Cordoba in Spain. He nun, Hildegard wrote about how to agree on a set of laws, then Prince, a book of advice for existence through reason. studied Aristotle and Plato to treat physical diseases by appoint a strong leader to make politicians. In it, he argues He believed that it is and tried to combine their “spiritual healing”. From sure everyone obeys those laws. that sometimes it is right for obvious from observing scientific approach with the age of six she saw a leader to do terrible things the world that a supremely Muslim religious views to visions that seemed such as lying or even killing, intelligent being must have create a unified idea of how to be from God, and if they are done for the good created it, and this being the world she wrote about of his kingdom. must be God. works. them in many books. “The first method for estimating the intelligence of a ruler is to look at the men he has around him.” 1868–1963 1889–1951 1905–80 1908–86 1930–2004 W E B DUBOIS JEAN PAUL SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR JACQUES SARTRE DERRIDA An African-American historian, French writer who argued that girls are author, and campaigner, Dubois French writer and not very different from boys when they French philosopher who fiercely opposed the widely existentialist thinker. He are born. But because people treat devised a way of thinking held view of the time that white believed that there is no God, women differently, they are forced to called “deconstruction”. people were a superior race. and people have not been become submissive and obedient. Language must be pulled He believed that all people invented for any particular apart, or deconstructed, were equal and deserved equal purpose: we must choose “One is to show how there are no rights, whatever their ethnicity for ourselves what to do not born, fixed meanings to words. In or gender. with our lives. but rather fact, words get in the way becomes, of the search for truth. LUDWIG a woman.” WITTGENSTEIN “To pretend, I actually do the One of the 20th century’s most influential thinkers. He thing: I have was especially interested in therefore only logic, and the connection pretended to between language and the world. He taught that we can pretend.” only talk or write properly about things that exist. 223

Food around NORTH AMERICA the world People from many cultures have migrated to North Every country has traditional food, based on America, introducing a wide range of food and local ingredients and handed-down recipes. recipes. The Thanksgiving roast turkey and pumpkin Once upon a time you could get pizza only pie date back to the Puritan settlers, who cooked a feast of home- in Italy and sushi only in Japan. But today grown food to celebrate survival in their new land. the world is like one huge café – with tastes from every continent available in big PUMPKIN PIE, supermarkets and on city streets. CANADA FRIED CHICKEN, USA HAMBURGER, USA HOT DOG, USA SOUTH AMERICA SWEETCORN CHOWDER, USA Meat is a feast in South American countries, TAMALES, BELIZE TOSTONES, especially fine beef from VENEZUELA cattle ranches on pampas grasslands. The continent’s historic links with Spain and Portugal can be seen in stuffed empanadas, cheese-filled pastels, and colourful, spicy rice dishes. ROAST TURKEY, FAJITAS, MEXICO USA MECHOUIA, TUNISIA ARROZ CON POLLO, FEIJOADA, PASTELS, AFRICA COLOMBIA BRAZIL BRAZIL Food on this huge continent is full of flavours and scents – BRIK, TUNISIA some from the Middle East and Asia. There are slow-cooked tagines and African curries, creamy dips with flatbread, and couscous with pomegranate seeds. ACARAJE, BLACK BEAN AND EMPANADAS, PUDIM DE ABOBORA, SLADA BATATA TAGINE, MOROCCO HARIRA, COUSCOUS, BRAZIL PUMPKIN SOUP, BRAZIL BRAZIL BRAZIL HALVA, MOROCCO ALGERIA TUNISIA ROAST GUINEA PIG, PORK BEAN STEW, YERBA MATE, ICE CREAM WITH FERAKH MAAMER, ZAHLOUK, MOROCCO BSTILLA BIL DJAJ, BABA GANOUSH, PERU BRAZIL PARAGUAY DULCE DE LECHE MOROCCO MOROCCO EGYPT SAUCE, PARAGUAY BOEREWORS, GALINHA AFRICAN, SOUTH AFRICA MOZAMBIQUE KIBBEH, DRY-RUB STEAK ARGENTINA WITH CHIMICHURRI SAUCE, ARGENTINA CEVICHE, PERU BOBOTIE, SOUTH AFRICA BILTONG, SOUTH AFRICA FUL MEDAMES, EGYPT 224

EUROPE Traditional European dishes like Italian pizza and French coq au vin are served all over the world. A Mediterranean diet, rich in vegetables and olive oil, is the healthiest choice of all. But that doesn’t stop people enjoying English fish and chips or spicy German sausage. BLUEBERRY PIE, FISH AND CHIPS, ROAST BEEF, LIMBURGSE VLAAI, STOLLEN, USA UNITED KINGDOM UNITED KINGDOM THE NETHERLANDS GERMANY WALDORF SALAD, USA ECLAIRS, FRANCE QUICHE, FRANCE COQ AU VIN, FRANCE MOULES FRITES, SAUERKRAUT, PICKLED HERRINGS, BELGIUM GERMANY GERMANY GUMBO, USA GAZPACHO, SPAIN STRUDEL, AUSTRIA GOULASH, BAKLAVA, HUNGARY GREECE BURRITOS, MEXICO PAELLA, FONDUE, WIENER SCHNITZEL, SPAGHETTI TIRAMISU, PIZZA, SPAIN SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA BOLOGNESE, ITALY ITALY ITALY ASIA AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA Asian food has become Barbecues are ideal for the outdoor life in popular everywhere. As well sunny Australia. Ice cream puddings like Peach as spicy curries, there are Melba are popular too. In the Pacific Islands, delicately flavoured dim sum dumplings, cooks use Asian flavours and lots of fruit and fish. juicy kebabs, and hand-rolled sushi. PASKHA, RUSSIA BORSCHT, RUSSIA TONKATSU, JAPAN COCONUT CHICKEN CURRY, MICRONESIA TABBOULEH, LEBANON SUSHI, JAPAN TEMPURA, JAPAN KEBABS, KULFI, INDIA THAI GREEN CURRY, DIM SUM, CHINA COCONUT, FIJI BARBEQUED CHICKEN, TURKEY THAILAND AUSTRALIA PANEER WITH DAHL, INDIA SAMOSA, INDIA KERALA FISH STEW, BANH MI, VIETNAM PHO GA, VIETNAM ANZAC BISCUITS, PEACH MELBA, AUSTRALIA INDIA AUSTRALIA ALOO GOBI, INDIA RINGRAH NA BHAJIA, INDIA ICE KACHANG, SATAY, NASI GORENG, INDONESIA KIWI FRUIT SALAD, PAVLOVA, NEW ZEALAND SINGAPORE INDONESIA NEW ZEALAND 225

Fruit INSIDE A FRUIT Flesh Seed or pulp Pit A fruit is the edible part of a plant The flesh surrounding the seeds Seed Flesh or pulp that develops from its flowers. Each of a fruit is formed into layers: fruit contains a seed (or seeds) that the central layer holds the seeds, Thin skin MELON is surrounded by flesh and enclosed while the outer layer is the skin in a skin or rind. Fruit is full of natural or rind. The skin of some fruit, BERRY PIT FRUIT sugar and usually tastes sweet. such as apples, can be eaten. Rows Juicy segments of seeds Seeds inside the core Hard rind Flesh Pith CORE FRUIT CITRUS Leathery rind BERRIES PIT FRUIT A berry is a fruit with a seed, or The hard stone of a pit seeds, that is produced from fruit contains a single a single flower. The seeds are seed. Some pit fruit, hidden in soft, often juicy, flesh. such as raspberries, Many smaller berries have are actually made up edible skins. of individual sections, each containing a seed. GUAVA CHERIMOYA POMEGRANATE PAPAYA ELDERBERRY BLUEBERRY CRANBERRY MANGO BLACKCURRANT GRAPES BANANA PASSION FRUIT KIWI FRUIT CAPE TAMARILLO GOOSEBERRY CITRUS FRUIT KUMQUAT LEMON Most citrus fruits have a CLEMENTINE hard rind or skin. Citrus fruits are grown mainly for their BLOOD ORANGE delicious juice, which is held in the fleshy segments. These segments are enclosed in a soft, white layer of tissue known as the pith. KAFFIR LIME KEY LIME LIME Central column ORANGE GRAPEFRUIT CITRON SHADDOCK WATERMELON 226

SPREADING 1 BIRD EATS FRUIT SIZE STINKIEST FRUIT SEEDS Birds love to eat COMPARISON Many people consider the world’s Fruit seeds are spread in The jackfruit from stinkiest fruit to be the durian. It a number of ways. They Southeast Asia is the can smell like rotten onions, but can be blown by the wind, world’s largest fruit. It has a sweet, custard-like flesh. carried by water, or can grow up to 90 cm dropped when a fruit the bright fruits that (35 in) long and weigh falls from a plant or up to 36 kg (79 lb). tree. Often, seeds hold the seeds. are spread by birds. 2 BIRD PASSES SEED OUT Once the bird has 3 NEW TREE GROWS digested the fruit, The seed germinates in it excretes the the ground and begins to form seed that was a new plant or tree. inside the fruit. JACKFRUIT DURIAN ACCESSORY FRUIT Some kinds of fruit grow differently from others. They are known as accessory fruit. The core fruit group is sometimes included within this category. LYCHEE RAMBUTAN PEACH OSFTFTRLAHOWEWRBEOERRSIRENIGFEASPMALAIRLNEYTPOASFRT STRAWBERRY NECTARINE COCONUT BLACKBERRY RASPBERRY DAMSON PLUM APRICOT APPLE CORE FRUIT These fleshy fruits have thin, often edible, skins. Their seeds are contained in the core at the centre of the fruit. LOUQUAT BREADFRUIT PEAR QUINCE PINEAPPLE FIG CANARY MELON PMLAEANSLNIOTNDNFCASHEMABREVIOLLEMYOBANAENGSENTTTHOIGMERTEOCHSUWECSNUAMMBEER MELONS The melon originated in Africa. Each melon contains many seeds in the centre, which are surrounded by soft, sweet, juicy flesh. The hard skin is inedible. CANTALOUPE CRENSHAW MELON HONEYDEW MELON KIWANO 227

Vegetables POD VEGETABLES OKRA BROAD BEANS The word “vegetable” is not a scientific Pod vegetables come from plants term. It is a word that people began to use that produce fruits in the form of hundreds of years ago to refer to plants that seeds or beans, nestled inside a were grown to eat, rather than foraged from pod. Many pod vegetables belong the wild. There are many different types, to a family of vegetables known and they are rich in vitamins and minerals. as legumes. These vegetables are very high in protein. LEAFY VEGETABLES All vegetables have leaves, but “leafy vegetables” are the ones where we eat the leaves, rather than trim them off. The darker the leaves, the stronger the taste, and the richer they are in vitamins A and C and bone-strengthening calcium. TYPES OF VEGETABLES COLOURS CABBAGE Vegetables are divided into groups according to You can often tell the health the part of the plant that is eaten, for example benefits of a vegetable from roots, stems, leaves, pods, or flowers. Some are its colour. The colours of strictly “fruits”, but because they are used in vegetables come from savoury cooking, are commonly called vegetables. their natural pigments. AMARANTH BRUSSELS SPROUTS CHLOROPHYLL CAROTENOIDS RED CABBAGE Helps replenish Convert to vitamin FRUIT POD LEAFY red blood cells A, which is good VEGETABLES VEGETABLES in the body. for eye health. FLOWERS ROOT BULBS ANTHOCYANINS LYCOPENE AND BUDS VEGETABLES AND STEMS Protects body cells Help protect and may reduce the the body’s cells from risk of cancer. damage. SALAD ROCKET BOK CHOY CHICKWEED FRUIT FLOWERS AND BUDS WATER CHESTNUT These vegetables are all the fruit of a plant, and These vegetables are taken from plants that are they contain the seeds it would use to reproduce. grown for their edible flower heads or buds, such In this sense, they are very like apples and oranges, as broccoli and cauliflower. They are sturdy and but these fruits contain less sugar and taste high in fibre, which is good savoury, not sweet. for the digestive system. RED CHILLI ARTICHOKE GOURD PEPPER SQUASH HAMBURG PARSLEY CAULIFLOWER BROCCOLI BUTTERNUT SQUASH SWEDE MARROW PARSNIP AUBERGINE COURGETTE DI SICILIA VIOLETTO ROMANESCO CAULIFLOWER CAULIFLOWER “BROCCOLI” IS AN ITALIAN WORD THAT MEANS PUMPKIN “LITTLE SPROUTS” RADISH OR “LITTLE SHOOTS” 228

PURPLE FRENCH BEANS LIMA BEANS RUNNER BEANS PEAS LABLAB BEANS DANDELION LAMB’S LETTUCE BEET GREENS KALE CAVOLO NERO CURLY ENDIVE KOMATSUNA CHARD LETTUCE SPINACH BROAD-LEAVED ENDIVE LOOSELEAF CHICORY ROOT VEGETABLES BULBS AND STEMS These are the parts of the plant that grow underground, Stem vegetables are the edible shoots or absorbing moisture and nutrients. This group includes roots, stalks of plants, such as asparagus, celery, corms, and tubers, which are thickened, underground stems. and fennel. Bulbs are the underground parts The potato is a tuber. of plants that store their nutrients, such as onions, leeks, and garlic. POTATO TARO LEEK CELERY ASPARAGUS SWEET POTATO KOHLRABI TURNIP SHALLOT LOTUS STEM PEARL ONION WELSH SPRING ONION ONION BEETROOT CARROT FENNEL LEMON GRASS GARLIC WHITE ONION ONIONS 229

CHEESE-MAKING FULACLCHSAOEAESFRSULDEIMIV,NIEASIARMENZAAUTG,EGNOTS ADDED FLAVOURS The first stage in the making of any type of cheese Many people like to eat cheese just as it is. But cheeses is to curdle the milk. This means getting the milk to are also made with added spices, fruit, and herbs to give separate into solid lumps (curds) and a liquid called them an interesting new taste. whey. The photographs below show the steps for producing a hard cheese such as Cheddar. ROSEMARY CRANBERRIES PAPRIK A CHIVES 1 CURDLING THE MILK 2 DRAINING AND HEATING 3 “CHEDDARING” 4 RIPENING A machine stirs an The milk curds are cut The curds are To shape the cheeses, enzyme called rennet into into cubes and the whey is ”cheddared” (piled up) to the curds are put into the milk to speed curdling. allowed to drain off. press out more moisture. moulds, then left to ripen. THYME GARLIC ASH TOP CHEESE EATERS Cheese The eight countries listed here are where Filling a sandwich, used in a sauce, or just nibbled, cheese is to find the people who eat the most one of the world’s favourite foods. It is delicious, nutritious, and cheese per person per year (in kg/lb). made in so many varieties that there is a cheese to suit almost everyone. Most people have eaten only a few different cheeses, 1 FRANCE but there are thousands to try. 26.3 kg (58 lb) Favourites: HARD CHEESE BEAUFORT CANESTRATO DI MOLITERNO COMTE CANESTRATO PUGLIESE Camembert and brie, both France Italy France Italy soft and creamy cheeses. This type of cheese is made from cooked curds 2 ICELAND pressed firmly into shape and left to age. The 24.1 kg (53 lb) Favourite: method removes as Skyr, soft cheese with much moisture as a yogurt-like texture. possible from the curds and produces a solid 3 GREECE cheese that keeps well. Semi-hard cheese has a 23.4kg (52 lb) Favourite: higher moisture content. feta, tangy, white, and crumbly. PAVE DU NORD GOUDA GRUYERE CHEDDAR 4 GERMANY France Netherlands Switzerland UK 22.9 kg (50 lb) Favourites: Gouda, semi-hard and rich-tasting; and Bruder Basil, a semi-soft smoked cheese. 5 FINLAND 22.5 kg (49 lb) Favourites: Oltermanni, semi-soft and buttery; and Aura, blue and creamy. 6 ITALY 21.8 kg (48 lb) Favourites: Parmesan, nutty and grainy; mozzarella, made with buffalo milk; and Gorgonzola, blue-veined and crumbly. 7 SWITZERLAND 20.8 kg (46 lb) Favourites: Emmental, classic ”holey” cheese; and Gruyère, firm and nutty. 8 AUSTRIA 19.9 kg (44 lb) Favourites: Bergkäse and Tilsiter, both with a strong taste and smell. CHESHIRE EDAM JARLSBERG CANTEL MONTEREY JACK UK Netherlands Norway France USA/Mexico SOFT CHEESE RICOTTA AFFUMICATA FETA SUSSEX SLIPCOTE HOLY GOAT PANDORA OLIVET CENDRE Italy Greece UK Australia France The curds of soft cheeses are not cooked or pressed, but shaped and left to drain. Some types are eaten soon after making. Others are ripened until a wrinkly rind forms. Depending on the type of cheese, the centre may have a creamy or chalky texture. MOZZARELLA CHABICHOU DU POITOU KETEM BRIE DE MELUN WABASH CANNONBALL WINNIMERE SAKURA Italy France Israel France USA USA Japan 230

WHICH MILK MAKES CHEESE? SHEEP GOAT BLUE CHEESE Most of the world’s cheeses are made with milk The mouldy-looking streaks running through blue from cows, goats, sheep, and buffalo. In dry regions cheeses really are mould – but a type that is safe to with poor grazing, camels are an important source eat. To produce blue cheese, the makers add mould of milk. More rarely, cheese is made from the milk spores to the curdled milk. After shaping the cheese, of horses, donkeys, yaks, and reindeer. they pierce, or “needle”, it to let in air and kickstart the mould’s growth. Blue cheese, which can be hard or soft, usually has a strong flavour. COW WATER CAMEL HORSE BUFFALO GORGONZOLA STILTON ROQUEFORT Italy UK France EMMENTAL DE SAVOIE Switzerland BAVARIA BLU BLEU BENEDICTIN BLEU DE CHEVRE Germany Canada France GAMONEDO VALDEON BARKHAM BLUE Spain Spain UK POSTEL CRESCENT DAIRY K A SHK AVAL Belgium FARMHOUSE Hungary New Zealand Elastic Bacterial action OSTIEPOK SARDO ALLGAUER VASTERBOTTENSOST texture forms holes as Slovakia Argentina BERGKASE Sweden cheese ripens Germany GRAVIERA TIROLER PECORINO BITTO MANCHEGO PECORINO GAMALOST Greece GRAUKASE SARDO Italy Spain ROMANO Norway Italy Austria Italy CHEESE HISTORY 4000 BCE 2000 BCE 50 CE 1791 Statue of The Romans French farmer Marie Harel in Cheese-making began long ago when Evidence of Egyptian invent the Marie Harel invents Normandy, France people discovered, probably by chance, dairy farming tomb paintings cheese press. Camembert cheese. that curdled milk was good food. The in the Sahara show cheese cheese we eat today has a history of grasslands. being made. approximately 8,000 years. 1348 1860S 8000 bce First reference to Mass-produced cheese from Parma, later rennet makes 5500 BCE 3500 BCE 300 CE 1170 known as Parmesan. 1815 cheese-making more consistent. Pots dating from Sumerian Cheese is First reference 1697 First-ever this time in Europe clay writing sold and eaten to Cheddar, First cheese factory 2000 may be the earliest tablets mention reference cheese strainers. curd making. throughout from Somerset to Gouda, opens in 2011 Europe. in England. named after Switzerland. A 939 kg the Dutch (2,070 lb) 8000 BCE Ancient town. goats cheese People start keeping sheep Sumerian takes the and learn to milk them. script City Hall, world title for Gouda the biggest cheese ever. 231

Bread MAKING 1 FLOUR 2 Add a mixture of 3 Place the dough BREAD Sift plain flour and water, milk, and on a floured board. First eaten around 30,000 years ago, bread is a favourite food all around Making bread is not salt into a bowl. yeast. Combine Let it rest for a few the world. Usually made with wheat difficult, although you or rye flour, it is easy to make and need some strength a great source of carbohydrates to knead the dough for energy. There are thousands of and patience while it delicious varieties of bread, from proves (rises). These flat and crisp to plaited and fluffy. steps show how to make a simple white loaf. everything together minutes. Then knead until they form a dough. it for 5–10 minutes. ROLLS WHOLEMEAL ROLL PICOS ROLLS SKILLET BREAD PIRAGI UK Spain USA Latvia Rolls, and other forms of bread, come in all shapes and sizes. Many, such as bagels, have become popular all over the world. WHO EATS THE LEAVENED PUMPERNICKEL SEVEN GRAIN BREAD WHOLEMEAL COTTAGE LOAF MOST BREAD? BREAD Germany USA UK These ten countries eat more bread In leavened breads (where ZOPF per person per year than anywhere else the dough rises), yeast or Switzerland in the world. baking powder is added to the flour combined with 1 TURKEY a liquid like buttermilk to create carbon dioxide gas. 104.6 kg (230.5 lb) per person per This makes the bread light year. Favourites: bazlama, and airy. Thousands of gözleme, and pide. different types of leavened bread are baked around 2 CHILE the world. 96 kg (211.5 lb) per person per CIABATTA BAGUETTE year. Favourites: marraqueta, Italy France hallula, and coliza. WHITE LOAF SOURDOUGH LOAF PANE DI PATATE PARTYBROT 3 ARGENTINA UK Middle East Italy Germany 76 kg (167.5 lb) per person per RAISING AGENT Compressed PAIN A L’ANCIENNE year. Favourites: pan de campo, yeast France pan de chapa, and chipas. Many types of bread are leavened, meaning that they have had something added to them Powdered 4 DENMARK to make them rise. The most common rising yeast agent is yeast, which comes in various forms. 70 kg (154 lb) per person per year. Favourites: rye and MANTOU STEAMED BREAD HEFEZOPF pumpernickel. China Germany 4 GREECE Dried yeast FOCACCIA BREAD PIZZA Italy Italy 70 kg (154 lb) per person per year. Favourites: daktyla, lagana, FLATBREADS PITTA BREAD PIDE NAAN FLAVOURS and pitta. Middle East Turkey India FOR BREAD Most flatbreads do not 4 POLAND contain yeast, although FLATBREAD Bread can be mixed with some, such as pitta Italy lots of different ingredients 70 kg (154 lb) per person per bread and naan bread, to make it taste savoury or year. Favourites: rye, wholegrain, are slightly leavened. sweet. Savoury breads can flavoured breads, and bagels. Pitta bread opens up to be flavoured with strong form a pocket that can tastes, like onion and cheese. 5 IRELAND be filled with different Sweet-flavoured breads ingredients. Other flat often have fruit, nuts, and 68 kg (150 lb) per person per breads can be used like spices added to them. year. Favourites: potato, soda, a plate and then eaten. and barmbrack. CRISPBREAD TORTILLA Sweden Spain 6 HUNGARY 60 kg (132 lb) per person per year. Favourites: lángos, pogácsa, and pretzels. 6 THE NETHERLANDS 60 kg (132 lb) per person per year. Favourites: wholegrain, rye, and suikerbrood. 7 GERMANY 57 kg (125.5 lb) per person per year. Favourites: rye, wholegrain, and wheat-rye. ROVLAMLROGSIRE,EARTEMINTEDHASANOPNAYFS1BHT,RA3RE0SIAE0SD, 232

4 Put the dough into 5 Punch the dough 6 Turn the dough out on 7 Form the dough into 8 Bake the bread for about 9 Turn the loaf out on to a wire rack a clean bowl, cover down while it is still to a floured board and the desired shape, 30 minutes in a pre- and let it cool. Store the bread in with clingfilm and let it in the bowl to take some knead it again for about or put it in a tin and heated oven at 180˚C/350˚F/ a bread bin or tin so that it stays fresh. prove (rise) for about of the air out. two minutes. cover with clingfilm and Gas Mark 4 until it is golden three hours. let it rise for 90 minutes. brown and sounds hollow. PARKER HOUSE ROLLS BRIOCHE BAGELS GRISSINI FAN TAN (BUTTERMILK ROLL) PRETZELS BRIOCHE USA France Poland Italy France Germany NANTERRE LOAF ANADAMA BREAD France USA PUGLIESE BREAD BARMBRACK BREAD SPECIAL Italy Ireland OCCASION BREADS In many countries and within some religious groups, there is a tradition of baking special types of bread for certain occasions. Some recipes are everyday breads but with added ingredients such as fruit or nuts. Other varieties are only baked once a year. SEEDED RYE BREAD GLUTEN-FREE BROWN BREAD Russia USA PANE DI PRATO FOUGASSE Italy France HOT CROSS BUNS CIAMBELLA UK – Easter MANDORLATA Italy – Easter SODA BREAD Ireland PANDORO BREAD PANETTONE Italy – Christmas Italy – Christmas GOZLEME HEFEKRANZ LOAF STOLLEN TSOUREKI Turkey Austria Germany – Christmas Greece – Christmas CHERRIES CHOCOLATE ONION OLIVES RAISINS CURRANTS SULTANAS CARDAMOM WALNUTS PISTACHIOS CHEESE CHALLAH MATZO Middle East – Middle East – Jewish Sabbath Jewish Passover 233

Pasta MAKING PASTA 1 ADD THE EGGS 2 MIX THE EGGS AND TO THE FLOUR FLOUR TOGETHER Made from flour and eggs, plus a little water or olive Pasta is not complicated oil, pasta has always been a very important food in to make, but it can take Make a well in the centre Combine the eggs and Italy. Now it is popular throughout the world because a little while. You can make it can be cooked in so many different ways. Pasta is it by hand, or you can use a of the flour and then add flour to form a dough, also a great source of energy for our bodies. food mixer. A pasta machine can be used to roll the the eggs. using a little olive oil or pasta dough out and cut it into strips, depending on the shape that you want. You can use different types of flour, such as plain, semolina, buckwheat, or wholemeal flour. water to keep it moist. SHORT PASTA These small shapes are good for eating with chunky vegetable sauces, or for baked dishes. Many of their names reflect their shape, such as conchiglie, which means “shells”, or ruote meaning “wheels”. GNOCCHI RUOTE RADIATORI TROTTOLE CONCHIGLIE ORECCHIETTE MACARONI GRAMIGNE BUCKWHEAT FUSILLI STRIGOLI FARFALLE FUSILLI CRESTE DI GALLO DITALANI PENNE RIGATE PENNONI RIGATONI CAVATAPPI CASARECCE GARGANELLI LONG PASTA Long strands of pasta come in various thicknesses and can be round or flat. They are usually served with creamy sauces or tomato sauces that coat each strand of the pasta and add flavour. TAGLIATELLE LASAGNE TAGLIOLINI CAPELLI D’ANGELO MAFALDINE LINGUINE WHOLEWHEAT SPAGHETTI TINY PASTA RISONI GRAMIGNA ANELLI ANELLINI STELLINE QUADRETTI FILINI ALFABETI Very small pasta shapes are often used in soups, or added to stews, because they are a quick and easy way to make the dishes more filling and serve more people. 234

3 KNEAD 4 REST THE DOUGH 5 FLATTEN 6 ROLL THE DOUGH 7 PASTA STRANDS WHO EATS THE Use your hands Cover the dough in THE DOUGH Roll the dough out Once the dough MOST PASTA? to knead the pasta cling film and let it rest Flatten the dough, using with a rolling pin or feed it is thin enough, it can Nearly 13.5 million tonnes of pasta is produced worldwide each year. Here dough for about for 30 minutes. Then your hands and a rolling through a pasta machine be cut into strips, or are the nine countries that eat the most pasta per person. 5–7 minutes until unwrap it and place it pin. Don’t let the dough until it becomes thin. you can cut it by hand 1 ITALY it is smooth. on a floured board. get too warm or floury. into different shapes. 26 kg (57 lb) per person per STUFFED PASTA year. Italians eat 1,524,006 tonnes of pasta each year. Some pasta shapes are stuffed with a filling and sealed before they are 2 VENEZUELA cooked. Fillings can include creamy cheeses and vegetables such as spinach. 12.3 kg (27 lb) per person per year. Venezuela’s total DISCHI VOLANTI consumption is 350,213 tonnes each year. CAVATELLI 3 TUNISIA PANSOTTI CAPPELLETTI CANNELLONI 11.9 kg (26 lb) per person CAMPANELLE per year. Tunisia’s total annual consumption is nearly 130,000 tonnes. 4 GREECE 10.5 kg (23 lb) per person per year. The Greeks consume around 120,000 tonnes of pasta annually. 5 SWITZERLAND 9.3 kg (21 lb) per person per year. Switzerland’s total annual consumption is 73,130 tonnes. 6 SWEDEN 9 kg (20 lb) per person per year. Sweden’s total consumption is just over 86,000 tonnes. 7 USA 8.8 kg (19 lb) per person per year. The USA is the world’s largest consumer overall with a total of 2,700,000 tonnes of pasta each year. 8 CHILE 8.4 kg (19 lb) per person per year. Chile’s total consumption is 144,000 tonnes each year. 9 PERU 8.2 kg (18 lb) per person per year. The Peruvians consume 250,000 tonnes annually. STROZZAPRETI LUNETTE TORTELLINI RAVIOLI CARAMELLE COLOURED PASTA 6T00HEDRIFEFAERREENMTOSRHEATPHEASN THROOUF GPAHSOTUATPTRHOEDWUCOERDLD The basic ingredients of pasta don’t change, but you can add different foods to pasta that will affect its colour and taste. Added flavours include garlic, herbs, and wine, as well as vegetables such as mushrooms. PERCIATELLI FETTUCCINE CURRY HERBS WILD MUSHROOM TOMATO FUSILLI LUNGHI STORTINI DITALINI RIGATI FARFALLINE SORPRESE RED WINE SPINACH ONION EGG 235

Fish for food ROUND FISH All over the world, fish is an important part Round fish have cylindrical bodies, making it possible to fillet of people’s diets. It contains protein, vitamins, (cut) pieces from both sides of their bodies. Depending on and minerals. Fish can be cooked in many their texture, they are known as either white fish or oily fish. different ways or even eaten raw. Tail WHO EATS THE SALTED FISH, DRIED FISH CUTS OF SALMON Tail fillet Steak MOST FISH? Fish does not stay fresh for long, particularly These ten countries eat more fish per if it cannot be refrigerated. So fish is often person per year than anywhere else preserved in salt or brine (very salty water), in the world. or dried to use later. 1 MALDIVES SALTED ANCHOVIES BOMBAY DUCK (DRIED BUMMALO FISH) 154 kg (339.5 lb) Favourites: skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, YELLOW FIN COLEY and mahi-mahi. SEA BREAM STURGEON 2 ICELAND DRIED SHRIMP DRIED SCALLOP COMMON CARP 94 kg (207.2 lb) Favourites: SALTED COD SALTED MACKEREL RED GURNARD HADDOCK haddock, halibut, herring, ATLANTIC COD and plaice. SMOKED FISH SARDINE 3 KIRIBATI Fish can also be preserved by smoking in one of two ways. Hot-smoked fish are brined, 76.3 kg (168 lb) Favourites: lobster, dried, and then smoked quickly. Cold-smoked yellowfin tuna, and skipjack tuna. fish are brined and then smoked for 1–5 days. 4 GUYANA POLLOCK 73 kg (161 lb) Favourites: crab, ARBROATH SMOKIES MUSSELS AMERICAN YELLOW PERCH tilapia, and catfish. (HADDOCK) 5 JAPAN KILN-ROASTED SALMON OYSTERS 71.9 kg (158.5 lb) Favourites: bluefin RAINBOW TROUT tuna, salmon, prawns, and eel. TROUT MACKEREL 6 FRENCH POLYNESIA EEL COLD-SMOKED RED SNAPPER LING 67.5 kg (149 lb) Favourites: tuna, KIPPER SALMON GROUPER mahi-mahi, octopus, sea urchin, and prawns. FINNAN HADDOCK 7 SEYCHELLES 62.3 kg (137 lb) Favourites: octopus, tuna, squid, red snapper, and grouper. 8 NORWAY 61.9 kg (136.4 lb) Favourites: smoked salmon, prawns, trout, crab, cod, and herring. 9 PORTUGAL 58.7 kg (129.4 lb) Favourites: cod, sardines, octopus, squid, crab, lobster, clams, mussels, and oysters. 10 MALAYSIA 54.2 kg (119.4 lb) Favourites: prawns, crab, squid, cuttlefish, octopus, and sea cucumbers. SUSHI AND SASHIMI Raw fish is often used in Japanese dishes. Nigiri sushi uses rice formed into a rectangle with fish placed on top. Sashimi is very fresh, sliced raw fish. Maki sushi rolls are wrapped in seaweed called nori. ATLANTIC SALMON ARCTIC CHAR HALIBUT WHITE HADDOCK HAKE NIGIRI SUSHI SASHIMI MAKI SUSHI ROLLS HERRING YELLOW HADDOCK JOHN DORY BLUE COD 236

Loin fillet FLAT FISH Flat fish start life as small round fish, but turn BRILL SOLE on to their side as they grow. Flat fish are usually Cheek cut into long slices along their backbone. If they are large and thick enough, it is possible to cut steaks from them. Tail fillet Tail Head Single fillet CUTS OF HALIBUT Steak DAB CATFISH TILAPIA SAND WHITING RED TILAPIA TURBOT PLAICE HALIBUT ATLANTIC WHITING ATLANTIC MACKEREL ATLANTIC HERRING FISH ROE Roe is the name for the ripe eggs that are either found inside a fish’s body or released outside it. Roe can be eaten raw or cooked. Sturgeon roe is highly prized and very expensive. It is made into caviar, by curing it in salt. BELUGA CAVIAR SEVRUGA CAVIAR YELLOWFIN TUNA LUMP FISH ROE FRESH COD ROE SMOKED COD ROE HERRING ROE (SOFT) HERRING ROE (HARD) ABALONE CUTTLEFISH SHELLFISH Shellfish include marine animals such as oysters and mussels that live in shells, as well as creatures like lobsters, crabs, and prawns. They can be used in many recipes. BARRAMUNDI WHELKS COCKLES SEA CUCUMBER SQUID PIKE SEA URCHIN CLAMS WINKLES SEA BASS RED MULLET MONKFISH ANCHOVIES CRAB PRAWNS MUSSELS OYSTERS MORAY EEL BREAM LAKE LOBSTER CRAYFISH QUEEN TROUT SCALLOP 237

Meat BEEF FILLET RIB-EYE STEAK FEATHERBLADE BRISKET STEAK STEAK Humans have eaten meat for The meat from a cow is called thousands of years. Animals beef. If the meat comes from a Middle or loin Forequarter such as cows, pigs, sheep, and young cow under one month old, chickens are reared on farms it is called veal. Some cuts of especially to provide us with beef, such as steaks, are more meat. Other animals live in the popular than others and more wild and are hunted for their expensive. meat. A good source of protein, meat can be prepared and cooked Hindquarter in many ways. OMFEATARHTAMEECHIINVOMEEINATPRTLAOATAMRLHITSNIYNATSSNDHMTIAAEANTITNNDY Breast and flank WHO EATS THE MOST MEAT? CHUCK AND BLADE JOINT These ten countries eat more meat per person per year than anywhere else in RUMP TOPSIDE STEAK SLICED SHIN SHORT RIBS MINCE HANGER STEAK the world. DICED VEAL VEAL CHOP VEAL ESCALOPE VEAL TOPSIDE SHOULDER ROAST 1 URUGUAY PORK TENDERLOIN 126.5 kg (279 lb) Favourites: beef, veal, and pork. The meat from a pig is called pork. It can be cured to produce different types 2 USA of bacon and ham as well as many other kinds of preserved meat products, such 124 kg (274 lb) Favourites: beef as salami. (especially steak), chicken, and pork (especially bacon). Forequarter Middle RACK Hindquarter 3 CYPRUS LOIN EYE DOUBLE LOIN 117.6 kg (259 lb) Favourites: STEAK CHOP chicken and pork (especially tenderloin and preserved forms). MINCE Belly and ribs HOCK SPARE RIBS PORK BELLY 4 SPAIN SAUSAGES 113.1 kg (249 lb) Favourites: beef, WPAIRTOIIHNSFT1CCH9RO2EEO0APKATOEEPDBDUUBLATAACPCRHEOERSNRCFUEINNMTE pork (especially cured hams), and lamb. 5 DENMARK 112.4 kg (248 lb) Favourites: pork (minced and especially preserved forms) and beef. 6 NEW ZEALAND 109.9 kg (242 lb) Favourites: lamb and chicken. 7 AUSTRALIA 108.9 kg (240 lb) Favourites: lamb and beef. 8 CANADA 101.1 kg (223 lb) Favourites: beef, venison, pork (especially preserved forms), chicken, duck, and goose. 9 FRANCE 99.9 kg (220 lb) Favourites: beef, lamb, pork, chicken, and duck. 10 IRELAND 99.4 kg (219 lb) Favourites: beef, pork, and lamb. 238

LAMB AND MUTTON Middle or LOIN MINCE RACK saddle The meat from a young sheep Leg LOIN under a year old is called lamb. Breast and CHOPS Meat from older sheep or goat is flank known as mutton. The cuts shown here can be from a sheep or a goat. Forequarter SHOULDER JOINT SHOULDER CHOP LEG OF LAMB SHANK CHUMP CHOP POULTRY TURKEY MINCE TURKEY ROLL WHOLE PRESERVED MEATS TURKEY Birds that are raised domestically for Most meat can be preserved in different ways. food are all known as poultry. Types It can be dried, smoked, or cured by soaking of poultry include chickens, ducks, it in very salty water, or made into sausages turkeys, and geese. such as salami that can be eaten raw. Pork is the meat that is preserved most often. POUSSIN Wing SALAME D’OCA PANCETTA (SMALL CHICKEN) Breast DUCK GOUJONS CHICKEN BREAST Leg WHOLE DUCK DUCK BREAST JAMON WHOLE CHICKEN CHICKEN LEG CHICKEN THIGH CHICKEN DICED CHICKEN WHOLE GOOSE STREAKY BACON KABANOS QUARTER DRUMSTICK GAME SADDLE OF VENISON “Game” refers to wild birds and animals that are hunted for food. This includes deer, the BLACK FOREST HAM KIELBASA LISIECKA meat of which is called venison, and birds such as pheasants and pigeons. Forequarter Middle or saddle DICED VENISON VENISON MINCE VENISON CHOURICO DE PORCO SALAME TOSCANO FILLET PRETO Hindquarter GROUSE PASTRAMI SALT BEEF QUAIL VENISON STEAK PHEASANT VEAL SALAME HOFER PARTRIDGE RINDFLEISCHWURST MALLARD PIGEON TEAL WOODCOCK WHOLE BONED HAUNCH SMOKED VENISON DROEWORS HAUNCH OF OF VENISON, ROLLED UP VENISON 239

Men’s 2ND CENTURY bce 5TH CENTURY ce 1550s fashion THE ROMANS MEDIEVAL COURT STYLE The style of Western men’s clothing, hair, and accessories changes as Ancient Rome had strict Rich young men could become The kings of Europe set the fast as women’s fashion. Even clothing rules. Roman knights. They wore metal armour trends, wearing new fabrics centuries ago men were obsessed senators, part of the over their legs, while on top they such as silk from China and with fashion and loved to wear government, were at wore a shirt made from metal Iraq, and cotton from India and stylish clothes. They often spent mesh, called chain-mail. This Egypt. Clothes came in new more on clothes than women did. the highest level made it easier for the knight colours, too, such as scarlet- of society – they to move and protected him wore tunics from stab wounds. red, as exotic called togas, dyes were and sandals. imported from around BROOCH TO the world. HOLD ROBE IN PLACE LACE-UP CHAIN-MAIL ROMAN TOGA STUDDED SANDALS 1930s 1920s ELEGANCE THE ROARING TWENTIES Men dressed to show off their Sport was the new trend, so many men upper body, wearing jackets dressed in a more casual style, ready with padded shoulders and for cycling, golf, tennis, athletics, and wide lapels to give the dancing. Short trousers called illusion of a strong chest. plus fours were a popular The athletic look was in new fashion. fashion, so men took up sport to get in shape. KNICKERBOCKERS STRIPED ENAMEL WITH ARGYLE SOCKS CUFFLINKS SWIMMING FEDORA HAT COSTUME OPEN SUMMER SHOES STRAW BOATER PLUS FOURS AND POLO SHIRT BAGGY SUIT BROGUES TWEED CAP ATHLETIC PLUS WEAR FOURS 1940s 1950s 1960s AND THE FORTIES SMART CASUAL KNITTED There were not many After years of wearing military uniforms, VEST clothes for sale during men wanted to relax and wear more casual World War II, as clothes. Pinstripe, double-breasted suits THE NEW producing food and were popular, and so were DANDIES weaponry was more shorter Italian-style important. Men made jackets. Young men Young men wanted to do with fewer suits and developed their show off and stand out. dressed simply, although own style, and They wore slim, ankle- shoes and hats were jeans were length trousers or jeans still key accessories. especially with tight-fitting shirts or fashionable. sweaters. Pop music was a big influence on fashion LEATHER and hairstyles. JACKET BAGGY TROUSER SUIT HOMBURG HAT BEATLES-STYLE SUNGLASSES FORMAL SUIT TRILBY HAT CASUAL ATTIRE AVIATOR SUNGLASSES SPECTATOR SHOES SUEDE SHOES WITH COWBOY LEATHER COAT, POINTED SHOES CREPE SOLES JEANS SLIM TROUSERS 240

LATE 1500s 1700s ELIZABETHAN ROCOCO Men’s clothes became even In Europe a new style came into fancier. Gentleman with fashion, Rococo, which was money wore fitted velvet more glamorous than jackets with wide, frilly anything before. Men’s lace collars, and knee- clothes were richly length trousers called decorated. They wore breeches with long huge wigs and make-up silk or wool socks. to complete the look. TIGHT WAISTCOAT SUIT WITH WHITE WIG FURS WITH FEATHERED HAT SHORT TUNIC WITH SUIT BREECHES WITH LINEN FRILLY BOW COLOURED STOCKINGS WITH PADDED JACKET UNDERSHIRT AND SLEEVES RUFF 1900–10s 1850s 1800s THE NEW CENTURY THE GENTLEMAN THE DANDY Male fashion became plainer and Clothes became cheaper because Wealthy men of the more serious. More men worked in they could be made by machine 19th century wore top offices and dressed to fit in, not to rather than by hand, so more hats and curled their stand out. They wore suits in dark men could afford to dress well. hair and moustaches. colours with white shirts and ties. There were outfits for every occasion, and accessories Their clothes were such as hats, pointy shoes, tight to show off and walking sticks were their figure, and important. they changed outfits many times a day. SWIMMING CAP BOWLER HAT PANAMA HAT WORK SUIT FORMAL OUTFIT EVENING JACKET SWIMMING WAISTCOAT AND TIGHT JACKETS AND FITTED COAT WITH WITH TOP HAT OUTFIT AND SLIM COSTUME POCKET WATCH HIGH COLLARS HIP POCKETS TROUSERS 1970s 1980s and 1990s 2000s FLARES AND INDIVIDUAL ANYTHING GOES PLATFORMS STYLE Since the start of the new Men experimented with fashion There were many millennium, fashion for and enjoyed dressing up for fun looks to choose from men has become very in colourful patterned clothes. in the 1980s and 90s. relaxed. Jeans and Extra-long flared trousers Suits had padded trainers are the most were worn with high platform shoulders in the 1980s popular look. Other shoes, and hairstyles were long casual styles include and shaggy. and became very chinos or khaki slim in the 1990s. trousers, worn with BIG SUNGLASSES Many clothing styles polo shirts, graphic were influenced by music T-shirts, or sweatshirts. such as punk and hip-hop. PLATFORM SHOES SUNGLASSES PLAIN SUIT WITH PINK STRIPED SHIRT CHECKED JACKET FANCY PLATFORMS COWBOY BOOTS PUNK STYLE CLASSIC TRAINERS JEANS AND AND FLARES POLO SHIRT 241

Women’s 1300s 1400–1600s fashion RICH RENAISSANCE FASHION Fashion is the style of what we STARTS HERE Beautiful soft new materials, such as silk and velvet, wear, and how we wear it. The became available to the rich. Skirts became wider, most important thing about Women wore the same type and mix-and-match clothes were popular. Sleeves Western fashion is that it of clothing for centuries, could be untied and taken off for washing. changes. Hundreds of years but by the 1300s fashion ago, styles altered slowly, started changing more ORNATE HANDBAG but now they move on very fast. quickly and new dress styles were invented. There were strict laws on what to wear but women found ways to break the rules. WOOL MEDIEVAL DRESS VELVET DAY OUTDOOR SHOES COURT DRESS DRESS WAR ADVERT 1940s To encourage 1930s women to make HAT WITH FLOWERS THRIFTY FORTIES clothes last GLAMOROUS GOWNS During World War II, material was longer. scarce. Women dressed sensibly In this decade, fashion was inspired by Hollywood film and learned how to make and stars. Long, slinky dresses were recycle their own clothes. They designed to create a slender still wanted to look stylish, using look. Jackets had padded shoulders, which made the colourful accessories to add waist and hips look narrower. personality to plain outfits. FITTED JACKET AND SKIRT LITTLE EVENING WHITE SATIN FLORAL WIDE- HAT EVENING DRESS BRIMMED DRESS STRAW HAT HAIR TIED UP, KNEE- ELEGANT LEATHER EMERALD-GREEN HEELS LENGTH DRESS GLOVES DRESS PATTERN 1950s 1960s THE “NEW LOOK” THE SWINGING SIXTIES Designer Christian Dior created a new way of dressing in the London designer Mary Quant 1950s. The look was very invented the mini skirt. feminine, with a tight waist, Hems were the shortest they had swirling skirt, pearl necklaces, ever been in the and earrings. Gloves and hats history of fashion. were almost always worn Shiny fabrics, when leaving the house. space-age silver, knee high boots, and lots of eye PLASTIC ZIP-UP JACKET make-up were popular. DAY HANDBAG MATCHING HAT, LONG SUIT DRESS PEEP-TOE HEELS SILVER BOOTS WITH POLK A-DOT STRIPED GLOVES, AND SHOES POINTED TOES MINI DRESS SEQUINNED MINI 242

1700s RED FOOTWEAR 1850–1900s BONNET WITH RIBBONS THE FLAMBOYANT 1700s THE VICTORIANS FAN French Queen Marie Antoinette became Victorian women tried all sorts of tricks to one of the first fashion celebrities. She change their body shape. They wore huge loved clothing and often changed her petticoats called crinolines under their outfits. Bright colours and ornate dresses skirts to make their hips look wide, or were in fashion. pads over their bottoms, called bustles. This made their waists look smaller. HIGH-HEELED SHOES DELICATE SILK BOOTS 1 CAGE CRINOLINE 2 DOME SHAPE CORSET WORN Step into the Tie it at the waist. UNDER DRESS DAINTY DANCING crinoline and pull A skirt worn on top BLACK GOWN WITH BUSTLE SLIPPERS FORMAL DRESS, FRONT AND BACK it up to the waist. forms a dome shape. TARTAN DRESS 1920s 1900–20s BELLE EPOQUE THE JAZZ AGE LONG CORSET WORN During the Belle Epoque – UNDER DRESS French for “the beautiful In the 1920s, more women era” – women wore pretty worked, played sport, went to dresses with puffed sleeves, parties, and lived on their own. lace, frills, and feathered They wore loose, knee-length hats. Using special dresses, or trousers, so they underwear, they created could move freely, especially an S-shape body, with a when dancing to jazz music. big bust, tiny waist, and a big bottom. UNEVEN NO SLEEVES, SIMPLE STYLE WITH HEMLINE PRETTY STRIPES SMALL, DECORATION NEAT HAT SHORT HAIR, LONG BEADS, STRAIGHT DRESS PATTERNED SILK LACE-UPS FOR PURSE WITH SPARKLY LACE-UP HIGH SILK LACE-COVERED SHOES WALKING EGYPTIAN EVENING BOOTS HEELS PURSE DRESS SYMBOLS PURSE 1970s 1980s and 1990s 2000s HIPPY STYLE THE STYLISH 80s AND 90s ANYTHING GOES Bright colours, big patterns, Punk music and punk style ruled the streets In the new century, fashion is casual big hair, and even bigger shoes in the 1980s. The look included ripped jeans, but creative. Jeans and trainers are the were in fashion in the 1970s. tight T-shirts, heavy black boots, and tartan most popular outfit for young people – Long skirts and dresses and accessories add an individual touch. wide flared trousers were skirts. By the 1990s, stretchy “body-con” Styles from the past few decades worn with high platform dresses and all-black outfits boots or sandals. Indian- were fashionable. are mixed to make new looks. style accessories and decoration were also popular. Shoulder pads METALLIC STILETTOS FLOPPY FLOWERY HAT TAN LEATHER SATCHEL BLUE BOWLING BAG PATCHWORK PLATFORM PUNK TARTAN TIGHT BODY-CON CHUNKY-HEELED JEANS WITH MAXI DRESS SANDALS MINI AND PINK DRESS LEGWARMERS HEAVY BOOTS HEAD-TO-TOE BLACK HIGH-TOP TRAINERS SANDALS CASUAL TOPS 243



Sports and hobbies

Ball sports MARBLE SQUASH TABLE TENNIS GOLF Ball games have been played for at least 3,500 Two players take A game played by two This fast game is also Golf is played on a years, and today there are hundreds of different turns to knock an people on a walled, known as ping pong. huge grass course kinds. Some can be played by a single person, X-shaped group of indoor court. Players Two players hit a very with 18 holes. Golfers while others involve as many as 30 players and marbles from a large light ball back and use various clubs to need a huge pitch to play on. chalked circle, by use rackets to bounce forth over a small net hit the small, dimpled throwing one marble. the ball off the walls ball into the holes. on a special table. and floor. REAL TENNIS TENNIS BOULES HURLING CRICKET HOCKEY The oldest racket sport, real Played on a variety of Played outside, two teams A traditional Irish game Two teams of 11 players each Played on a large outdoor tennis is played on an different surfaces. Players hit throw large, very heavy, metal played on a grass pitch. take turns to bat and field. grass pitch by two teams of a felt-covered bouncy ball to balls, “boules”, towards a small Players use a flat-ended, Batsmen score “runs” by 11. Players pass the ball to unusual indoor court. Players each other across a net using target ball known as a “jack”. curved stick to catch, bounce, running between two areas, each other using sticks with hit a felt-covered cork ball and toss the ball to each known as the wickets, while a hook-shaped end and try back and forth across a net, tightly strung graphite or The team that gets the ball other in order to score goals. the other team tries to get using wooden rackets. fibreglass rackets. closest to the jack wins. them “out”. to score goals in their opponent’s net. SEPAK TAKRAW HANDBALL VOLLEYBALL BEACH VOLLEYBALL Also known as kick volleyball, two Two teams of seven players bounce Two teams of six players stand on either side This form of volleyball is played by two teams of three players face each other and throw the ball to each other using of a high net. One player serves the ball over teams of two or more players on a on either side of a high net. The teams the net using his or her hand and the other only their hands, and try to score beach or sandy court. The ball must be kick the ball over the net, winning a goals. Handball is played indoors team must hit it back. The teams try to hit hit, not caught; if it touches the ground, point if their opponents let the ball and players can take a maximum of the ball back and forth, but if the ball hits the touch the ground inside the court. three steps while holding the ball. the other team wins a point. ground the other team gets a point. DODGEBALL NETBALL BASKETBALL Dodgeball is played indoors or outdoors on Netball is played by two teams of seven players on Two teams of five players move the ball up a small court divided into two equal sections. a hard indoor or outdoor court. Players must not and down a court by bouncing the ball with Two teams of six to ten players start with three run with the ball, they are only allowed to move one hand as they run, or by throwing it to another balls each, and try to hit someone from the one foot in order to turn and pass the ball to a team member. The aim is to score goals other team by throwing the ball at them. team-mate. The aim is to throw the ball into by shooting the ball through one of the raised If they succeed, that player is out – the aim a netted hoop and score a goal. hoops that sit at either end of the court. is to get all the opposing players out. A goal is known as a “basket”. 246

HAND-PELOTA SNOOKER POOL RACQUETBALL ROUNDERS BANDY LACROSSE One of many forms of This is played on a Similar to snooker, A fast game, played An outdoor bat-and-ball Played on an ice rink, A fierce outdoor sport pelota, hand-pelota is large, cloth-covered but played on a on an enclosed indoor game for two teams of similar in size to a in which two teams of played on a court with table with six pockets. 11 players. The batting two walls. The small, Players take turns to smaller table with court. Two or four football pitch. Players ten players try to knock the 22 balls into only eight balls. Two players use rackets to team try to score use sticks to shoot an shoot a rubber ball hard ball is hit with the pockets, using players use cues to “rounders” by hitting orange ball through into each other’s goals bare hands. wooden cues (sticks). knock the coloured bounce the rubber the ball and running using long sticks with balls into the pockets. ball off the four walls around four bases. nets at either end of the rink. nets at the top. and the ceiling. BASEBALL POLO CROQUET SHOT PUT SOFTBALL BOWLS Two teams of nine take turns Two teams of four players An outdoor game, players use Competitors take turns to Softball is a variant of Bowls can be played on an to bat and field. Batters hit a ride horses while trying to hit a small mallet to hit balls throw a heavy metal ball baseball, played using a indoor or outdoor area known ball thrown by the “pitcher” (known as the “shot”) from a larger ball on a smaller pitch. as a bowling green. Players the plastic ball into a goal through metal hoops placed standing position. The person It can be played inside or try to roll weighted bowls as and then run around four using long sticks called in the ground. Players take who throws the shot the outside by teams of nine or close as possible to a small bases. The fielding team tries mallets. Games are divided ten. The ball must be pitched to get the batting team “out”. into periods of time known turns and must play the furthest wins. with an underarm motion. ball, or “jack”, at the end of hoops in order; the first the green. as “chukkas”. to finish wins. FOOTBALL GAELIC FOOTBALL WATER POLO BOWLING Two teams of 11 players each try to In Gaelic football, two teams of 15 This game is played in a swimming This is also called “ten-pin bowling” score goals by kicking a football from players can kick, “hand-pass” (hit), or pool. Two teams of seven players because players try to knock down ten run with the ball for up to four steps. throw the ball to one another while long, bottle-shaped objects, known as one to another and then into netted A goal is scored by kicking or hand- treading water. The aim is to throw the goals at either end of a large grass ball into a net guarded by a goalkeeper. pins. Players score points for the pitch. Variants of the game can be passing the ball over the top of number of pins knocked down in each a high crossbar. played indoors or on the beach. set, after having two attempts. AMERICAN FOOTBALL RUGBY AUSTRALIAN RULES FOOTBALL Played by two teams of 11 players on a large pitch, Two teams of 13 (rugby league) or 15 (rugby union) This game is played by two teams of 18 players the aim is to get the ball into the other team’s “end players try to move the ball down the pitch by on an oval pitch. The aim is to get the ball to the zone” and score a touchdown. The team with the running with it, passing it to team members, or opponent’s end of the pitch and score points by kicking it. The opposing team tries to tackle the kicking the ball through a set of goals. Players ball has four chances to move the ball forwards may use any part of their body to move the ball, by throwing or running with it in 10 yd (9 m) player with the ball to gain possession. Points are but they cannot throw it. If they run with it, they scored by getting the ball to the opposite end, or by chunks. If it succeeds, it has four more chances kicking it through one of the tall, H-shaped goals. must bounce it after every few steps. to move another 10 yd (9 m) . If it fails, the other team wins possession of the ball. 247

Football THE GAME Football is one of the most popular sports in the world. During a football match, two teams of 11 players try to kick a Its appeal is its simplicity: all you need to play is a ball, ball into each other’s goal. The aim is to score more goals than and then you can play virtually anywhere – on grass, the other team. If no one scores any goals, or the scores are indoors, in the street, or even on the beach. equal at the end of the game, it is called a draw. LASTS 45 45 HAS TWO TEAMS 90 MINUTES OF 11 PLAYERS TWO HALVES OF 45 MINUTES THE BALL THE PITCH Technical Halfway line Referee Goal line area The first footballs were A football pitch must 3 2 4 6 yard made of inflated pigs’ bladders be flat and rectangular. 2 3 2 1 (5.5 m) box covered with leather. They were The field of play is 3 heavy and not very bouncy, marked by white lines, 3 22 Touchline especially if they got wet. and the goals must 4 9.15 m (10 yd) Modern footballs are made of be a standard size. high-tech materials and are However, the length 2 much lighter and bouncier. and width of the pitch may vary. 5.5(6myd) 43 Light, but Polyester tough Fourth Assistant referee synthetic or cotton official 3 33 leather outer covering inner lining Latex 16.5 m (18 yd) 2 or butyl (100–130 yd) PLAYERS AND POSITIONS airbag 1 There are four main types of player on each team. 45–90 m (50–100 yd) 4 90–120 m GOALKEEPER DEFENDERS 2 Their job is to stop the 1 Every team has 2 a goalkeeper. If the 1 goalkeeper is injured 2 other team scoring, so or sent off, he or she defenders are usually must be replaced. strong and good at heading and tackling. Goal Centre spot 3 MIDFIELDERS 4 FORWARDS Penalty area and centre The players in the Sometimes known as circle 3 middle of the pitch 4 strikers, these players Penalty spot need good all-round usually score most of the Corner arc ball skills as they have team’s goals. They must to defend and attack. be good at shooting. FORMATIONS RULES OF FOOTBALL Before a match, the manager During a match, a referee, assisted by organizes the players in a way officials on each touchline, makes sure that he or she thinks will help the game is played fairly. Football has them to win. This is known as 17 official rules, or laws. Here are the the formation. The formation three most fundamental rules, which is usually a set of three or four apply whether you are playing in the numbers, which show how park with friends, or in the World Cup. many defenders, midfielders, and forwards there are. Often NO HANDS teams will start a match in one formation and then change A goalkeeper is allowed to touch the ball with during the game. his or her hands during a match, but only in the penalty area. If another player touches the ball GOALKEEPER 4-4-2 3-5-2 4-5-1 with his or her hand, the opposition wins a free kick. If a defender touches the ball with his or Every team must In this basic formation there This is an attacking formation. This is a defensive formation. her hand in the penalty area, it is a penalty. have a goalkeeper, are four defenders, four The two wide midfielders, There is only one striker, who so he or she is not midfielders, and two forwards. often known as wing backs, receives support from the wide FOUL PLAY The two central midfielders have to help out in both midfield players. included in have different roles – one defence and attack. If a player commits a foul, such as a bad the formation. defensive and one attacking. tackle or a handball, a free kick (or penalty if it is inside the penalty area) is awarded to FIFA WORLD CUP BRAZIL URUGUAY AROUND THE WORLD the opposition. For a bad foul or a deliberate handball, a player is shown a yellow card. If The Fédération Internationale 5 wins – 1958, 1962, 2 wins – FIFA has 208 members, but each that player then commits a second yellow-card de Football Association (FIFA) 1970, 1994, 2002 1930, 1950 continent, apart from Antarctica, also has offence, he or she will be shown a red card and governs football around the its own football federation. These govern “sent off” from the pitch. For serious foul play, world. Since 1932 FIFA has GERMANY ENGLAND the game in the region and organize a player can be shown a straight red card. organized an international international competitions at club and competition to find the best 4 wins – 1954, 1974, 1 win – 1966 country level. OFFSIDE football team in the world. It is 1990, 2014 called the FIFA World Cup and FRANCE UEFA (EUROPE) AND CAF The purpose of the offside rule is to make it the finals tournament is held ITALY (AFRICA) ARE THE LARGEST harder for a side to score goals. Attackers every four years. So far, only 1 win – 1998 cannot just stand by the goal waiting to score – eight different countries have 4 wins – 1934, FEDERATIONS, EACH there must be at least two defenders between ever won it. 1938, 1982, 2006 SPAIN WITH 52 MEMBERS them and the goal line when the ball is passed to them. One of these defenders is usually 248 ARGENTINA 1 win – 2010 the goalkeeper. If a player is ruled offside, the defending team is awarded a free kick. 2 wins – 1978, 1986