Picturepedia An Encyclopedia on Every Page

TIMELINE 500 BCE c.900–1000 CE 1325 Tenochtitlan 1519–21 1542 Toltecs build marketplace Explorer and soldier The civilizations of the The Zapotec their capital at Aztec city of Hernándo Cortés The Spanish region lasted for 2,000 build Monte Tula, Mexico. Tenochtitlan conquers the Aztecs establish a capital years, until European Alban as founded on an for Spain. at Merida and the explorers and their their capital Toltec pottery island in Lake Maya resistance armies wiped them out. and religious Texcoco. Cortés meeting Aztec comes to an end. centre. leader Moctezuma II 1400 bce 350 BCE c.1300 c.1438 1471 1502 1532 1700 ce 1400 BCE Incas begin to expand their empire Inca chief Pachacuti The Olmec build First great takes power. City of Tupac becomes Moctezuma II begins The Inca empire 1697 temples and Maya city of through the central Andes. Machu Picchu is built. king of the Incas his reign over ten ends when Spanish The very last carve colossal Tikal built in and pushes far million Aztecs. The warrior Francisco Maya outpost, sculptures in the rainforest south to expand empire is at its height. Pizarro captures Tayasal, northern Mexico. of Guatemala. the empire. and kills the Inca falls to the emperor, Spanish. Atahualpa. Tikal temple Cuzco, Inca capital Machu Picchu GODS AND CHALCHIUHTLICUE VIRACOCHA XOLOTL TZULTACAH MAMA KILLA MAIZE GOD FUN AND GAMES GODDESSES Aztec goddess of Most important god Aztec god of death A group of Maya Inca goddess of Unnamed, shaven- water and storms. thunder-gods. headed Maya god. Ulama was a fast and furious The Mesoamericans and of the Incas. and lightning. the moon. ball game played by various Incas worshipped many cultures, including the gods, most of them to do Aztecs. We don’t know the with nature or farming. exact rules, but the aim was People would ask the gods for two teams on a special for good weather to make court to try to put a ball crops grow, or for better through a ring set into a wall. health for themselves and their families. Ring set 8 m (27 ft) high RITUAL AND SACRIFICE AZTEC WARRIORS Solid rubber Sacrifice was a vital religious ritual. Animals War was a way of life for the Aztecs. Apart ball and humans were offered up to feed the gods from gaining new land, the main reason for so that they would look after the earth. going to war was to capture enemy warriors for sacrifice to the gods. Stone for sacrifice AT 17, YOUNG AZTEC MEN WERE SENT OFF Victim thrown down stairs TO CAPTURE THEIR JAGUAR WARRIORS AZTEC after ritual FIRST PRISONER For taking captives, Aztec APPRENTICE WARRIOR warriors were awarded Carrying wooden spear distinctive costumes. tipped with sharp stone. ART AND CRAFTS CARVED FROG Aztec The pottery, carvings, ceramics, and metalware left behind by the Mesoamerican and ancient Peruvian cultures are a valuable source of information about the way they lived, their ideas about life, and how and who they worshipped. JADEITE CARVING Maya, 600–900 CE MOTHER AND BABY CARVED JAGUAR BONES Teotihuacan, c.200 CE Maya, 400 CE JADE MASK Aztec, c.1420–1519 JADEITE FIGURE Aztec, 1500–1530 JADEITE JAGUAR MASK Olmec, 900–300 BCE PITCHER STIRRUP POT MARBLE VASE GOLD CUP FIGURE OF A WOMAN GOLD LLAMA Inca, 1476–1550 Moche, 200–500 CE Maya, 600–1000 CE Sicán (Andean culture) Inca, c.1476–1550 Inca 299

KEY EVENTS 1453 1571 1923 Mehmed II conquers Constantinople. Defeat at Battle of Lepanto The Ottoman The Ottoman Empire expanded The Byzantine Empire ceases to exist. stops Ottomans from Empire is rapidly after it was formed, as expanding further west. dissolved and the sultans set out to gain new 1514 Selim I the Republic The mosque territory for Islam, and also Selim I invades northern mosque, 1914 of Turkey is has six wealth to reward their followers. Iraq and takes over most Istanbul Ottomans join World formed. minarets of the Middle East. War I on the side of the (towers 2000 for calling Central Powers. Muslims Modern to prayer) 1300 Turkish flag 1354 1369 1529 1566 1683 Ottoman armies Suleiman I dies in The Ottomans are defeated at cross into Europe Ottomans capture Army of Suleiman I Hungary. The Ottomans the Battle of Vienna, starting at Gallipoli. would advance no the decline of the empire. Edirne, which besieges the further into Europe. 1300 Suleiman I in battle The Ottoman becomes their capital. Austrian capital, 1538 Empire is founded by Ottoman navy wins control Osman I in Anatolia, Vienna, but fails of the eastern Mediterranean northwest Turkey. at the Battle of Preveza. to conquer it. Edirne mosque The Ottoman Empire The vast courtyard is The Ottoman Empire was one EUROPE surrounded of the biggest and longest- by 30 cupolas lasting empires in history. Algiers Edirne ASIA (mini-domes) It was founded in the 14th AFRICA Istanbul Baghdad century by Osman, a Turkish TOPKAPI PALACE ghazi (Islamic warrior). Two Mediterranean Sea Built in 1460 for Mehmed II, Topkapi was the hundred years later, the empire Cairo stretched over three continents: main palace of the sultans for 400 years. Africa, Asia, and Europe. It OTTOMAN CONQUESTS was ruled over by a series CONQUERORS Up to 1512 of powerful sultans, with the Up to 1520 help of armies of slave-soldiers. By 1639 the Ottomans’ Up to 1566 conquest of most of the Up to 1639 Middle East and North Africa made them the strongest Islamic power in the world. POWERFUL SULTANS THE SULTAN’S LOYAL MEN SCRIBES Kept the sultan’s The Ottoman Empire was ruled by descendants of the The Ottomans operated a system called devshirme records same family for 600 years. The sultans formed strong (gathering), in which Christian boys from conquered governments, and life under Ottoman rule was mostly countries were made slaves, converted to Islam, peaceful and safe for ordinary citizens. and taught total loyalty to the sultan. They were OSMAN I (GAZI) (c.1258–1326) then trained to do important jobs within the sultan’s household and army. The founder and first sultan of the Ottoman Empire. A successful WHEN SULTAN MEHMED II VIZIERS AND BOY SLAVES CLERICS military general who extended Ottoman territory throughout his TOOKBRPOOTWHEERR,SHTEOPUDTEAATLHL, HIS Islamic 27-year reign. TO GOVERNORS scholars Powerful political MEHMED II (THE CONQUEROR) (1432–81) figures A great military leader, he captured Constantinople and conquered territories in Anatolia and the Balkans. PREVENT PLOTS AGAINST HIM JANISSARIES JANISSARY The sultan’s elite troops SELIM I (THE GRIM) (1470–1520) Selim came to power after a civil war. He killed his brothers, and MARK OF daiman muzaffer TUGHRA OF SULTAN MAHMUD II others who might have had a claim to the throne after his death, so THE SULTAN Abdulhamid that his chosen son, Suleiman, could become sultan. (reigned 1808–39) The tughra was the It reads Mahmud Han bin SULEIMAN I (THE MAGNIFICENT) (1494–1556) personal seal of the Ottoman Abdulhamid muzaffer daiman: emperors. All important “Mahmud Khan, son of One of the greatest sultans. documents, coins, and letters Abdulhamid, is forever victorious”. During his 46-year reign, the from the sultan carried a Ottoman Empire became a world symbol, which was different power. Suleiman’s reign was also for every ruler. The tughra was a time of great achievements in literature, poetry, art, and architecture. ABDULMECID I (1823–61) based on Arabic calligraphy. Mahmud It was designed at the Responsible for an ambitious beginning of the sultan’s bin Han reform of the army, schools, and reign and drawn by the other institutions, Abdülmecid nişancı (court calligrapher) hoped this reform would make on to court papers. the declining empire competitive with other European countries. SULEIMAN I THE MAGNIFICENT 300

MASTER BUILDERS WEAPONS AND ARMOUR Ottoman rulers commissioned many magnificent During the reign of Suleiman I, the Ottoman army was palaces and mosques as symbols of their great power, the largest and most successful in Europe. The sultan’s as well as to show their devotion to Islam. Ottoman troops were highly trained, well disciplined, and equipped architects were inspired by both Islamic and European with the latest weapons and armour. art, and their buildings are a lively mix of both traditions. STEEL SULTAN AHMED MOSQUE, ISTANBUL HELMET Also known as the Blue Mosque, for the blue tiles that decorate its interior. It was built between 1609 and 1616. The central dome is 23.5 m (77 ft) in diameter HIDE AND COPPER CHICHAK (HELMET) CUIRASS (BODY PROTECTOR) BREASTPLATE CHAIN-MAIL ARMOUR DOLMABAHÇE PALACE AHMET FOUNTAIN KALKAN (SHIELD) Home to six sultans until the Public drinking fountain built by Ahmed III in 1728. deposition of the last sultan in 1922. The water is supplied from a pool inside the kiosk. Hilt is decorated with three Colombian ART AND DECORATION MACE, DAGGER, CAVALRY BOOTS emeralds AND SWORD As the Ottoman Empire grew richer and more powerful, artists and craftspeople were in JEWELS AND FINERY great demand to produce art and objects for the sultan’s palaces. The town of Iznik was The Ottomans’ taste was influenced by the particularly famous for beautiful ceramic tiles variety of cultures across their vast empire. and pottery, which were decorated with flowers Jewellery was ornate and generally mixed and intricate plant motifs and Arabic script, different metals and gems in one mainly in vivid shades of blue and green. piece. Emeralds and jade were popular because green was IZNIK PLATE associated with the prophet Muhammad. IZNIK CERAMIC TILES Five pieces of different shapes are engraved Sheath is decorated with Enamel flower motif with verses from more than 50 diamonds the Qur’an TOPKAPI DAGGER SPOONMAKER’S DIAMOND NECKLACE Made as a gift from Sultan 86-carat, pear-shaped diamond 1875–1925 Mahmud I to the ruler of Persia, in gold and 49-diamond setting. Nadir Shah, in 1747. 301

1504 1500 1526 The Mughal Babur captures the city of Babur conquers Delhi in Kabul and becomes northern India. The ruler of Afghanistan. Mughal age begins. 1556 1540 Empire Babur’s grandson, Akbar, Humayun, Babur’s son, loses The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a Muslim prince becomes emperor. power to a rival Afghan dynasty and descendant of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan. but seizes it back in 1555. The Mughals’ enormous wealth and power can still be seen today in the many great monuments they left behind. 1605 1563 Jahangir becomes emperor Akbar begins on Akbar’s death. to pass laws granting Hindus 1613 religious and political British East India Company freedom. allowed to build a warehouse 1627 Akbar and his in Surat, Gujarat. Jahangir dies Hindu bride at the age of 58. 1632 Emperor Shah Jahan 1657 Shah Jahan falls ill; begins building the a year later, his son Kabul MIGHTY MUGHALS Aurangzeb defeats his Taj Mahal as a brothers and takes power. Babur and the strong rulers who came after him ensured that their empire memorial to his 1707 ASIA grew steadily richer and more powerful. Emperor Aurangzeb Tomb of wife Mumtaz Mahal. dies, triggering a period of rebellions. Mumtaz Shajahanabad 1857 Mahal 1686 The last Mughal emperor, Delhi Bahadur Shah II, is Jaipur Agra The East India Company deposed by the British BABUR (1483–1530) for supporting the Fatehpur Sikri starts a war with Emperor Indian Mutiny. A brilliant general, and also passionate about poetry and gardening. He wrote his own life Aurangzeb over trading territory. Indian Mutiny, 1857 story in the form of a diary, the Baburnama. After three years, the company admits defeat. Calcutta 1739 Surat AKBAR (1542–1605) Nadir, Shah of Persia, captures Delhi. The Mughal Bombay Bay of Won the support of his people Empire starts to decline. Arabi Bengal by setting fair taxes and promoting religious tolerance. TIMELINE OF MUGHAL THE MUGHALS EXPANSION JAHANGIR (1569–1627) The Mughals originally came The Mughals gradually AKBAR’S TOMB from Central Asia. At their extended their territory A enthusiastic patron of the height, they ruled all of an Sea from northern India. what is now northern India, By 1700, the empire arts. His wife, Nur Jahan, was one of the Pakistan, Afghanistan, and 1900 covered 3.2 million sq Bangladesh. Only a century km (1.2 million sq miles). most powerful women in Mughal history. later, they had lost nearly all their territory. Madras SHAH JAHAN (1592–1666) KEY Cochin Famed for the magnificence of his court, he built a new city, Shahjahanabad (now Old Delhi), Babur’s conquests as his capital. Akbar’s conquests Aurangzeb’s INDIAN AURANGZEB (1618–1707) conquests OCEAN Expanded the empire by a quarter but the cost of military campaigns drained his treasury. ARMOUR AND WEAPONS IVORY ASTRONOMY GUNPOWDER HORN Mughal warriors fought mostly on Many Mughal emperors took a keen interest horseback, but they also used elephants in science, mathematics, and especially that were specially trained to charge and astronomy. They built observatories and trample the enemy during battle. employed astronomers to produce detailed zijes (astronomical tables) and calendars. KULAH KHUD CHAIN-MAIL HELMET DAGGERS AND SCABBARD JANTAR MANTAR OBSERVATORY, NEW DELHI (1724) (CONICAL Built by order of the Emperor Muhammad Shah, HELMET) ARM GUARD SWORDS TONGI to help create new astronomical tables. MACE MAIL GAUNTLET Constellation TABAR (BATTLE AXE) Ursa Major, 302 the Great Bear Band representing the Zodiac Longitude markings BRASS CELESTIAL GLOBE (1790–91) Shows the position of the stars and their constellations.

ARCHITECTURAL WONDERS Lotus flower TOTITHOTABOUUOLILKTDH1T,E0H0SE0TTOEALNEJEPMSHAUAHSNAETDLS design decorates The Mughals showed off their power by building top of dome The building sits many magnificent new buildings, mosques, and on a square monuments. Architects took inspiration from The onion dome marble plinth Persian, Ottoman, Islamic, and Hindu traditions gets its name 7 m (23 ft) high to create their own style. from its shape The four minarets TAJ MAHAL that surround the building are Built by Shah Jahan as 42 m (138 ft) tall a tomb and memorial to his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1631. FATEHPUR SIKRI (CITY OF VICTORY) TOMB OF HUMAYUN MOTI MASJID (PEARL MOSQUE) TOMB OF SAFDARJUNG Completed in 1754 in New Delhi, this is one of Founded in 1571 by Akbar, to celebrate his military Built in Old Delhi in 1570, this magnificent garden tomb Built in Old Delhi (1659–60) by Emperor Aurangzeb, the the last great buildings of the Mughal Empire. victories at Chittor and Ranthambore. was the first major building of the Mughal period. mosque is part of the Red Fort complex of buildings. MUSLIM ART DAZZLING CRAFTWORK Richly decorated Muslims were against showing Art was greatly valued by the Mughals. The borders were people or animals in religious most skilled painters, craftworkers, jewellers, a tradition art, so sacred buildings were and textile designers from all over the empire borrowed from decorated with geometric were commissioned to produce exquisite patterns, plant and flower works to adorn the emperor’s palaces. Persian motifs, and decorative miniatures writing (calligraphy). LEAF GEOMETRIC DESIGN JADE BOWL FLOWER DESIGN MARBLE INLAY CALLIGRAPHY ON OCTAGON AND SQUARE PATTERN ENAMELLED JEWEL-INLAID JADE JUG MINIATURE PAINTING MOSQUE ENTRANCE KNIFE HILT PENDANT 303

Imperial Japan SAMURAI WARRIORS The Kabuto (helmet) often The story of Japan’s Imperial Age is filled with feuding Samurai were men of noble birth who were featured a clans and warlike samurai, constantly battling for wealth trained in all aspects of fighting and war. decorative crest and power. But it was also a place where art and culture They were the only people allowed to carry flourished, and where honour was respected above all. a katana and a wakizashi (a pair of swords known collectively as daisho) in public. The Mempo was an Cheek iron mask used for and neck protector protection and to scare enemies RULE OF THE SHOGUNS EMPEROR The emperor was the deeply Although the ruler of Japan was the emperor, respected religious and cultural the country was really governed by the shogun. figurehead of Japan, but held He was the most powerful of a group of wealthy, little political power. influential military generals called daimyo. SHOGUN DAIMYO The most powerful daimyo Light armour, Wealthy clan leaders who each ruled (military leader) and the real ruler made from of Japan. The first shogun seized a part of Japan. They kept their own power in 1192, and for most of the metal scales, armies, commanded by fearsome next 700 years Japan was ruled allowed for easy by a succession of shoguns. samurai warriors, and often fought movement each other for land or political power. SAMURAI Highly trained professional “GRTTEATHAIHTESEHBGAOFEUNRGLBUELARNTARMIILTAESLNAEUSNBS”DSEIUI ING warriors, bound by a solemn oath of loyalty to their daimyo. In times FEARSOME when there were no wars to fight, WARRIORS the samurai perfected their skills in music, poetry, and art. Japan’s history was shaped by the military men who battled MAGNIFICENT CASTLES on behalf of warring clans. In the 16th century, noble families, who were often at war with their neighbours, built mighty fortresses to protect their land and armies. These magnificent castles also served as symbols of the clans’ power and wealth. MINAMOTO YORITOMO (1147–99) After fierce struggles with rival clans and his own family, he finally became shogun in 1192. At his death seven years later, his son took over as ruler. SASAKI TAKATSUNA SASAKI TAKATSUNA (1160–1214) Commander in the war between the Minamoto and Taira clans, he saved Yoritomo’s life at the Battle of Ishibashiyama. NITTA YOSHISADA HIMEJI CASTLE (1301–38) Also called the Castle of the White Heron, because Resistance leader and general. At its delicate, curved roofs resemble birds’ wings. his final battle, he was surrounded by his enemies and, rather than be FAITH AND WORSHIP captured, he cut off his own head. Most people followed a faith called Shinto – “the TOKUGAWA IEYASU KATO KIYOMASA way of the gods” – a belief that all living things (1542–1616) possess a divine spirit called kami. Worshippers held rituals and left offerings to the kami at After civil war, Tokugawa Ieyasu specially built shrines all over Japan. united Japan under his control. His descendants ruled for the next 260 years. KATO KIYOMASA (1561–1611) A formidable military leader and devout Buddhist, he led a brutal campaign to rid Japan of Christianity. NITTA YOSHISADA SHRINE ENTRANCE AT MIYAJIMA, SOUTHERN JAPAN SAMURAI SUIT OF ARMOUR, The gateway to a Shinto shrine is called a torii. 19TH CENTURY 304

SAMURAI CODE ART AND CRAFTS 700 2000 ERAS AND EVENTS Loyalty and honour were essential to the samurai. In 1603 the city of Edo (now Tokyo) Japan’s Imperial Age began They lived by a strict, seven-point code called became the capital of Japan. around 700 CE. Before then, the Bushido, which means “the way of the warrior”. In the 260 years of peace that area was made of several smaller followed, art and culture chiefdoms. The age effectively GI Integrity JIN Kindness flourished as never before. Edo NARA ended in 1868, when the modern REI Respect MAKOTO Sincerity artists and craftsmen produced era began. Japanese history is YU Bravery CHUGI Loyalty beautiful work, from delicate 710–94 split into periods. A new period MEIYO Honour ivory carvings to bold, colourful Periods began at the start of the reign of paintings and prints showing PRINTED of Japanese a new emperor or with a similar city life. FAN history are often major event. 1858 named after the capital cities 1156 Civil war between WEAPONS AND ARMOUR used by rulers of several clans. that period. The The samurais’ favourite form of fighting was hand-to- city of Nara is hand combat with knives and swords. They were also Japan’s first expected to be skilled with bow and arrow, spears, permanent and later, guns. capital. BRASS LANTERN 18th century WRESTLER’S TEA KETTLE HEIAN NETSUKE 1800–50 Edo period 794–1185 Heian (now Kyoto) replaces Nara as Japan’s capital in 794. FACE PROTECTOR WOODBLOCK PRINT OF EDO CERAMIC PORCELAIN KAMAKURA Woodblock print of Minamoto (MEMPO) BY UTAGAWA HIROSHIGE 1857 INCENSE TEA BOWL Tametomo fighting in the civil war BURNER 1185–1333 THROWING 1600–50 1700–50 This period sees a 1192 After 30 years of civil war, KNIFE Minamoto Yoritomo becomes MUSIC AND THEATRE huge rise in shogun. The emperor’s power power of the is taken from him and he is Going to the theatre and listening to daimyo and the reduced to a figurehead. music were popular pastimes for the samurai who wealthy. Noh theatre was a solemn form serve them. 1281 Mongols attempting to of storytelling, performed by actors in invade Japan are forced back masks. Kabuki plays were much livelier KENMU by a typhoon that the Japanese and more dramatic. name kamikaze, or “divine wind”. 1333–36 Brief restoration Invading Mongols are forced back by a typhoon of rule by an 1568 Oda Nobunaga emperor. seizes power in Kyoto. His army is equipped with MUROMACHI muskets acquired from Portuguese traders. 1336–1568 Also known c.1600 Art and culture flourish in the as the Warring Edo period – beautiful objects are State period, created by master craftsmen. this is a time of rebellion Folding and unrest. war fan KOTSUZIMI DRUM NOTCH BAMBOO AZUCHI/ 1603 Shogun Ieyasu sets up his FLUTE FLUTE capital in a fishing town called MOMOYAMA Edo, which will become Tokyo. 1568–1600 1639 Foreigners are forced to This period leave, beginning a 220-year period sees an end to of complete isolation for Japan. the damaging internal conflicts 305 the country has suffered. KOTO EDO/TOKUGAWA 1600–1868 A long period of peace, during which Japan effectively cuts itself off from the rest of the world. SKEWER GLAIVE MEIJII (NAGINATA) 1868–1912 DAGGER SWORD SPEAR KABUKI ACTOR, EDO PERIOD SHAMISEN TAISHO (WAKIZASHI) (K ATANA) 1912–26 SHOWA 1926–89 HEISEI 1989–

1650 bce RULING DYNASTIES Imperial China China was ruled by a series of China is one of the world’s oldest civilizations, dynasties, or families. Emperors having lasted more than 4,000 years. It was an were sometimes overthrown by rival empire from 221 bce until 1912, making it the clans or foreign invaders. When this longest-lasting empire in history. happened, a new ruler took the throne and a new dynasty began. SHANG c.1500 BCE  c.1650–1046 BCE Craftsmen learn large–scale production of bronze China’s first weapons and tools. great ruling c.1250 BCE dynasty. Earliest evidence of ZHOU c.1046–256 BCE writing in China. Bronze wine Feudal system begins: lords rule c.1046 BCE  beaker, ANCIENT WONDERS THE GREAT WALL over the peasants The last Shang ruler is Shang dynasty who work on The empire, with its vast wealth, technological The final version of the Wall, their estates. defeated at the Battle of Muye. skills, and unlimited manpower, created some built during the Ming dynasty to of the biggest and most magnificent works of keep China’s northern enemies WARRING engineering and architecture ever made. STATES out, was around 8,850 km (5,500 miles) long. 481–221 BCE As the Zhou Rice pot, decline, there Zhou dynasty is a period of struggle for 771 BCE  control of China. King You is killed and Haojing, the capital, is overrun by QIN invaders. The Zhou court 221–207 BCE flees east. China is united under one emperor. 551 BCE  Philosopher HAN Confucius is born. 207 BCE–220 CE Civil service is 221 BCE  Confucius established, Warrior Zheng declares which will run China for the next himself Emperor Shi Huang, 2,000 years. ruler of all China. PERIOD OF 214 BCE  Building the FORBIDDEN CITY TERRACOTTA ARMY DISUNITY Construction Great Wall Enormous palace and 8,000 life-size statues, 221–589 begins on the fortress built in Beijing Great Wall. buried along with China is invaded from 1406–21. Emperor Qin Shi Huang. and divides into separate states. 105 CE  GREAT EMPERORS GREAT SILK SHIP’S RUDDER An imperial court official INVENTIONS C.4000 BCE c.100 CE SUI reports the invention of paper. Some strong emperors had long reigns, 581–618 but many emperors were deposed or Some of the world’s China is reunified. c.250  assassinated. At times, China was split greatest inventions and Buddhism is introduced to China. among warring emperors. discoveries came from TANG Imperial China, and many 618–906 618 QIN SHI HUANG of those inventions are still China expands to China’s golden (QIN DYNASTY, 259–210 bce) in use today. Scientists become a great age begins, a period and engineers were highly world power. of great artistic and He conquered neighbouring states to become valued by the emperors. FIVE DYNASTIES scientific developments. the first emperor of a unified China and founder AND TEN KINGDOMS of the Qin Dynasty. WRITING 907–960 Horse figure, China is once again Tang dynasty HAN WUDI Writing by hand was considered an art form in China. It took divided into north (HAN DYNASTY, 156–87 bce) calligraphers (professional hand-writers) years to learn how to and south. make the 40,000 characters they needed to write the language. Seventh emperor of the Han, he ruled for 54 SONG 1100 years. During his reign, China’s wealth and 960–1279 China’s population grows territory increased. Advances in to about 100 million. technology WU ZETIAN bring wealth Porcelain vase, (TANG DYNASTY, 624–705 ce) and prosperity. Song dynasty China’s only female emperor. She was the wife YUAN of Emperor Gaozong, and took over from him CALLIGRAPHY SET 1279–1368 when he became ill. Eventually, she declared The conquering 1279  herself China’s sole ruler. INK Mongols establish Mongol invaders, their own dynasty. led by Kublai Khan, Mongol warrior YONGLE THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING conquer China. (MING DYNASTY, 1360–1424) Chinese characters have been simplified MING 1368–1644 The third Ming emperor, known for his over their 4,000 years of use. Exquisite art and ruthlessness and cruelty. He moved the crafts are produced Chinese capital from Nanjing to Beijing and HUMAN WOMAN HORSE MOUNTAIN throughout built the Forbidden City. the period. 1420 Plate, Ming ORACLE Beijing is named as dynasty KANGXI BONE QING the new capital of China. (QING DYNASTY, 1654–1722) 1644–1912 14th–11th The empire 1839–1860 The longest-reigning emperor, he century BCE declines steadily In the Opium Wars, China took the throne at the age of and is eventually and Western nations battle eight. His 61-year rule CLERICAL overthrown. over trade. was a time of peace SCRIPT and prosperity (LISHU) 306 1912 1912  for China. 2,000 years of imperial rule come c.300 BCE to an end when six-year-old EMPEROR emperor, Puyi, is deposed. YONGLE MODERN SIMPLIFIED SCRIPT 1956

EUROPE ASIA Karakorum Venice Rome Constantinople Kashgar Gobi Shangdu Mediterranean Sea Samarkand Dunhuang Khanbaliq Beijing Sahara Balkh H i mTaIBlEaTyCaHsI N A Hangzhou MAMLBUKagShdad Isfahan Mecca INDIA AFRICA Red Sea Arabian Angkor South Sea China Calicut Sea INDIAN OCEAN THE SILK ROAD KEY Silk Road The Silk Road was a route that ran from China across Asia towards Europe. It was protected TIGER RABBIT by the Chinese, so that traders from all over the world could use it safely. Chinese merchants became very rich by exporting goods such as silk, tea, porcelain, and spices. X DRA TAICHU CALENDAR RAT SNAKE O GON The traditional Chinese calendar dates back thousands of years. It was first officially recorded in 104 BCE, during the rule of Han Wudi. THE MORTAR USED TO BIND PIG HORSE THE BRICKS OF THE GREAT G WALFLROWMASRIPCAERFTLLOYUMRADE ANIMAL YEARS MONKEY ROOSTER SHE EP DO Each year is named after an animal. Every 12 years, the cycle starts over again. PAPER EARTHQUAKE DETECTOR KITE GUNPOWDER THE THREE CONFUCIANISM BUDDHISM DAOISM 105 CE 132 CE c.550 CE c.850 CE WAYS Followed the rules A philosophy begun Daoists followed of Chinese thinker by Buddha, a north legendary Chinese Imperial China was philosopher Lao Zi. generally tolerant of Confucius. Indian prince. different religions. People were free to choose which of the three popular belief systems they wished to follow. MYTHS AND DRESSING UP LEGENDS Rich people wore splendid robes, made Chinese mythology of the finest silk. Peasants wore loose was a rich mix of clothes made of hemp, a rough, scratchy traditional folk tales, fabric made from plant fibres. legends based on real people, and stories THREE SOVEREIGNS SUN WUKONG EIGHT IMMORTALS adapted from Buddhist According to legend, the Monkey king with Able to bestow life and Daoist teaching. and destroy evil. first rulers of China. superpowers. ART AND CRAFTS JADE PENDANTS IVORY FAN CIVIL SERVANT’S HAT The exquisite creations of Chinese artisans were always in demand, both SILK ROBE at home and abroad. Craftspeople enjoyed high status in society, above IVORY PUZZLE BOX the merchants who sold their work. 1800–1900 GLAZED CAMEL 618–906 CE BOTTLE PEWTER TEA CADDY GLASS BOWL PORCELAIN TEAPOT EMBROIDERED SHOES 1736–95 18th century 1825–75 1662–1772 Many women’s feet were tightly bound, to make them as small as possible. 307

Medieval Europe Visor can be raised A thousand years of European history, from around the 5th and lowered to the 15th century, are known as the medieval era, or Middle Guard Ages. This is often imagined as a colourful time of jousting for armpit knights and moated castles, but for most people life was hard. Moving WHAT NOBLEMEN NOBLEWOMEN KNIGHT IN plates at THEY WORE COURTIERS DOUBLET AND HOSE shoulder Most people dressed in PEASANTS CHILD Cuisse wool and linen. The style (thigh and quality of their clothes guard) told everyone whether they were rich or poor. Rich Poleyn people wore bright colours, (knee as well as expensive guard) materials and furs. Greave (shin WPABEENAERARWOSFROCYIOIHORNNANIDLECGLOIDTCHNPUYOFAUWRUOORRAFLRYNPODSLLREY, guard) BUILT BOLTON ABBEY ST DEMETRIOS OF CHATEAU DE TRAKAI ISLAND KNIGHT TO LAST England THESSALONIKI BEYNAC CASTLE IN FULL Bulgaria France Lithuania ARMOUR Medieval architecture changed styles many times over the centuries. Some of the biggest and most impressive buildings from this period – such as castles, churches, and abbeys – are still standing. MONT-SAINT-MICHEL HOLY TRINITY CHURCH CHATEAU DE FOUGERES BARDEJOV TOWN HALL France Slovenia France Slovakia MAKING MUSIC HARP LUTE HORN PIPES REBEC DOUBLE PIPE In medieval Europe, people of all classes enjoyed music, both as entertainment and in religious ceremonies. Many of their musical instruments developed into the ones we play and listen to today. SHAWM WALKING LION CASTLE FOUR CROSSES THISTLE EAGLE HARPY (DEMON) COATS OF ARMS A knight carried a set of symbols, or coat of arms, on his shield so that people could recognize him in full armour. The symbols were arranged under a system called heraldry. There were strict rules about colours and designs, and who was allowed to use them. DRAGON BEE DOLPHIN OWL HUNTING DOG REARING UNICORN 308

RELIGION Genoa Venice THE CRUSADES TIMELINE Medieval people had Marseille Sofia Adrianople In a long-running series of wars There is no clear beginning or end to very firm religious Constantiople called the Crusades, Christian the medieval period. Generally, it is beliefs. Europe was Edessa European armies tried to drive dated from around the late 5th century mostly Christian, Antioch Muslim rulers out of the Holy to the middle of the 15th century. but there were Damascus Land. They captured Jerusalem, some Jews, and Rome Bari Acre only to lose the city again later. 450 1500 the Middle East was mainly Muslim. Messina Jerusalem ROUTES BY LAND AND SEA 476 Cairo The Roman Empire RELIGIOUS IMAGE 1st Crusade, 1096–99 in Western Europe This 13th-century stained-glass window 2nd Crusade, 1145–49 Symbol ends. This is the was made for a French royal chapel. 3rd Crusade, 1189–92 of Islam approximate start 4th Crusade, 1202–04 of the medieval era 570 also known as the JOUSTING Lance Muhammad, Middle Ages. Islam’s most A mock one-to-one fight on horseback, jousting was Barrier, 732 a dangerous sport. Two knights charged at one another, known important At the Battle of each trying to unseat the other with his lance. as a “tilt” prophet, Tours, European is born. armies defeat Muslim invaders. JOUSTING VAMPLATE LOCKING-GAUNTLET 793 12th-century statue HELMET (HAND GUARD) Vikings from of Charlemagne ARMOUR AND WEAPONS Denmark, 800 Norway, and Charlemagne In the 12th century, knights wore chain-mail armour Sweden begin crowns himself made from linked iron rings. By the 15th century, their raids in emperor of battledress was more often a suit of steel plates. northern Europe. Western Europe Men fought with swords and long-handled weapons and builds a such as picks and axes. French fortress vast empire. built for CUIRASSIER ARMET BURGONET BASINET 896 William the Alfred the Great MAIL Conqueror defeats the Vikings, HELMET saving England 1066 from invasion. MAIL JACKET William the Conqueror of Jewel with portrait HORSE HEAD ARMOUR Normandy of Alfred the Great conquers the 1096 English at Christian Hastings and Crusaders start becomes king a long period of religious wars of England. in the Holy Land. POLE 1191 AXE Richard I (the “Lionheart”), king GILDED PLATE Church inside of England, defeats ARMOUR Crusader Saladin, great ruler fortress of Egypt and Syria. PICK 1206 Richard The Mongol the Lionheart Empire is founded by Genghis Khan. 1347 The disease called PLATE the Black Death ARMOUR begins and will kill about half the BATTLE DAGGERS WAR HAMMER HAND 1431 people in Europe. AXE CANNON French heroine 1440s CRIME AND THUMBSCREWS Joan of Arc is German craftsman PUNISHMENT executed by the Johannes English and their Gutenberg invents The law in medieval times was very French allies at the printing press. brutal. Cruel instruments of torture were used both as punishments and the age of 19. 309 to force people to admit guilt or divulge information. Many castles had a torture 1453 chamber hidden in their lower depths. The Turks take Constantinople, last outpost of the Eastern Roman Empire. This marks the approximate end of the Middle Ages. NECK SPIKER IRON MASK MOUTH SCREW

Castles TYPES OF MOTTE AND BAILEY CASTLE 11th and 12th centuries. A A castle was the imposing residence of a lord, wooden castle is built on a built as a fortress, to withstand enemy attack. The design of castles motte (mound), surrounded It was also a community where the lord and his changed as weapons of by a fortified enclosure. family, his garrison of soldiers, and his many attack developed. The servants lived and worked. earliest castles were built CONCENTRIC from earth and timber. 12th–15th century. A central Then, during the 12th fortress is surrounded by century, lords began to layers of stone walls. build castles from stone. Although they took longer STAR FORT to build and more skill, 15th–20th century. Shape they were much stronger deflects cannon fire and and did not burn like wood. allows defenders to fire from several angles. INSIDE A CASTLE Flags showed Workshops the lord’s colours GREAT HALL A castle was like an enclosed village, Vegetable The main room of with kitchens, gardens, stables, gardens the castle, where workshops, a chapel, and living space people ate, slept, all contained within its walls. If the and carried out castle was surrounded by an enemy, castle business. the people inside had everything they needed to resist a siege for weeks, months, or even years. Circular towers Thick stone walls Moat DRAWBRIDGE Battlements Could be raised POSTERN GATE to cut off Emergency side exit, outside access. in case the castle was invaded. CATSUTCINLNOENUSDELUOLDSRFIBTSNEEOGNSSAMHUUSAPIGPDELGGSILEEEESCDRET Inner wall Outer wall DUNGEONS Underground chambers for holding prisoners and enemy captives. BUILT FOR MOAT GATEHOUSE ARROW AND GUN LOOPS GATEHOUSE CEILING HOLES SPIRAL STAIRCASE DEFENCE A wide, steep-walled ditch The main entrance was often The thick walls had narrow slits Boiling water or other Narrow, spiral staircases meant around the castle, usually Many castles had features to fortified by a movable iron through which a soldier could harmful liquids could be that invaders could not easily make it as difficult as possible filled with water. grate called a portcullis. fire missiles at attackers. dropped on to intruders. use swords while climbing. for attackers to get inside. Towers were built on either side of the vulnerable gatehouse, so that defenders could rain missiles or boiling water down on uninvited visitors. Often the lord chose to site his castle on a hillside or clifftop so that he and his men had a good view of anyone approaching. 310

BUILDING A CASTLE WHO’S WHO IN CASTLES AROUND THE CASTLE THE WORLD A master mason would be employed to plan and build The household of a great castle in medieval The size, shape, and location a castle. The work could Europe could easily contain 400 people. It was of a castle were influenced take years and provided jobs a busy place as servants, craftsmen, soldiers, by natural features such for many local people, from and entertainers went about their various jobs. as mountains or lakes, quarry workers and stone- the climate, what building porters to carpenters, and THE LORD AND HIS FAMILY materials were available, well-diggers. and how permanent the castle was intended to be. Stonemason wears a coif (cloth cap) to show his profession PULLEY WORK Workers use a pulley to haul a basket of stone up to where it is needed. SIEGE WEAPONS GARRISON CHAPLAIN CONSTABLE The armed troops who were There were two ways for attackers to stationed in the castle to defend it. Led worship in the The lord’s second-in-command, overcome the defences of a castle. They could either take it by force by castle’s chapel. also called a castellan. battering down the gate, climbing the walls, or tunnelling under HOHENZOLLERN CASTLE, the defences. Or they could GERMANY (19TH CENTURY) surround the castle and starve those inside until they surrendered or died, which might take a long time. GONG FARMER HUNTSMAN, FALCONER, DOG-KEEPER SEAMSTRESS BELMONTE CASTLE, Dug and cleaned out Outside servants, each with a specific One of the many domestic SPAIN (15TH CENTURY) the castle’s toilets. servants who looked after purpose on the lord’s estate. the lord and his family. PAGES, SQUIRES, AND KNIGHTS Knights led the force that defended a lord’s castle and lands. They were noblemen who pledged to fight for the lord whenever he needed them. In return, knights were paid well and granted lands of their own. TREBUCHET LONGBOW PAGE SQUIRE KNIGHT SAUMUR CASTLE, FRANCE Used to hurl heavy stones at Used to shoot arrows (10TH–16TH CENTURY) A knight started his At the age of 15, the page At the age of about 21, a squire castle walls. at long range. career at the age of became a squire. He would would be made a knight at KASTELHOLM CASTLE, FINLAND seven, as a page. clean his knight’s armour the ceremony of dubbing. (14TH CENTURY) A page would serve and weapons, and meals and carry accompany the knight Another knight, usually messages, as well to the battlefield. the squire’s master, as learning good Squires were taught tapped the new manners and knight on the how to hold horsemanship and shoulder with a weapon. fighting skills. the flat of a sword, and announced him as a knight. PAGE SQUIRE KNIGHT BOMBARD (CANNON) CASTLE LIVESTOCK Blasted walls with large stone balls. The castle kept a variety of animals to provide food for the community. Chickens and geese lived in the courtyard, while larger animals grazed in the fields and were brought inside the castle walls at night to keep them safe. QATRANA CASTLE, JORDAN (16TH CENTURY) BOMBARD CHICKENS LONGHORN This British cannon, called the Mons COW Meg, was built in 1449 and is one of the largest ever made. COTSWOLD SHEEP BAGOT GOAT BALLISTA GOOSE BOAR OKAYAMA CASTLE, JAPAN Giant crossbow that fired (16TH CENTURY) huge arrows. 311

1415 THE REBIRTH The Renaissance OF EUROPE The Renaissance is the name given to a time of huge cultural The Renaissance began in northern Italy change in Europe, beginning in the late 14th century. Scholars towards the end of the 14th century. Two rediscovered the writings of the Ancient Greeks and Romans, and hundred years later, its influence had this led to an explosion of new ideas about science, art, and politics. spread all over the world. c.1420 Architect Filippo Brunelleschi rediscovers perspective, meaning that objects can be drawn to look as if they are near or far away. Arches drawn using perspective 1440 First WHERE IT LONDON RENAISSANCE MEN Johannes Gutenberg printing BEGAN BRUGES ANTWERP invents the printing press BRUSSELS COLOGNE During the Renaissance, many of the press in Germany. The Renaissance began in most influential people did not focus Statue of the richest parts of Europe. PARIS solely on one subject, but became 1469 Lorenzo de The city-states of northern expert in a range of disciplines. Lorenzo de Medici becomes Italy were full of wealthy head of the city-state of Medici noblemen, bankers, and LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452–1519) Florence. merchants who were eager to show off their wealth and MILAN VENICE A true all-rounder, Leonardo was a brilliant 1472 power by supporting artists GENOA painter, inventor, sculptor, architect, and Artist Leonardo da and inventors. In northern scientist. His Mona Lisa is probably the best- Vinci, aged only 20, Europe, scholarship and PISA FLORENCE known painting in history. is invited to join the new ideas flourished in SIENA Painters’ Guild of the prosperous wool- MARTIN LUTHER (1483–1546) Florence. trading regions of what ROME is now Belgium, Germany, German monk and university professor. He 1486 and the Netherlands. attacked corruption in the Roman Catholic Botticelli paints his Church, was excommunicated, and became masterpiece The Birth KEY a key figure in the Protestant Reformation. of Venus. Major Renaissance cities PARACELSUS (1493–1541) 1498 POWERFUL PATRONS Leonardo paints the Swiss scientist who studied medicine and found mural The Last Supper The Medici family were rich bankers. From that many doctors made patients worse rather for a convent in Milan. 1434 they ruled the city of Florence, and than healing them. He used his knowledge of commissioned artists such as chemistry to develop new drugs and medicines. 1503 Leonardo da Vinci and Pope Julius II Michelangelo to produce MICHELANGELO (1475–1564) commissions many many great buildings artists, including and works of art. Artist, architect, and sculptor who painted the Michelangelo and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, part of the Vatican Raphael, to create in Rome. The ceiling contains more than 400 work for him in Rome. life-size figures and took four years to complete. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI (1469–1527) A diplomat and writer from Florence. His book The Prince gave advice to ambitious politicians on how to succeed. The word “machiavellian” is still used today to describe ruthless or cunning behaviour. 1504 Statue on the tomb MEDICI COAT OF ARMS Michelangelo’s statue of Pope Julius II of David is displayed FLYING MACHINE in Florence. Leonardo da Vinci’s design for the ornithopter, a human-powered aircraft. 1509 Dutch scholar Erasmus publishes RHECEOLLTIGECHONOENIPZMATAEORBRDDL,OEEARVDNNEEDRBSSPIICGAIOYNRNCAESLDCEHO, UF TE his book Praise of Folly, which pokes fun at superstition. 1511 Raphael completes the fresco The School of Athens to decorate a wall in the Vatican, the Pope’s palace. 1527 SCIENCE AND Rome is sacked by the army of DISCOVERY Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor. 1543 Woodcut A new method of approaching PRINTED BOOK THEODOLITE ASTROLABE Doctor Andrea portrait of science began to take hold during the Printing meant that scholars could An instrument to help An ancient navigation aid, Vesalius publishes Andreas Renaissance, in which conducting publish their work more widely and architects and builders redesigned and widely used the first textbook Vesalius experiments and gathering evidence by Renaissance explorers. about the human were seen as the best ways to gain exchange ideas with each other. to measure angles. body and how knowledge. This approach led to it works. great progress in the sciences and to many new inventions. 1546 Michelangelo appointed chief architect at St Peter’s Basilica, Rome. 1560 1550 MATCHLOCK MUSKET WHEEL LOCK PISTOL A method for firing the gun mechanically, rather than by a lit wick, Giorgio Vasari publishes The matchlock was a new it was safer and more portable than the matchlock weapon. a massive history of way of firing a gun so that it Renaissance art: The could be operated by a Lives of the Artists. single person. 312

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS RAUSCHPFEIFE GOLDEN AGE OF BATHHSOIELLIIDCNATUEPWRTAIOOSR6D0OE,F0S0ISG0TNPPEEEDOTPTELROE’S Reeded wind instrument ARCHITECTURE Music was the main form of entertainment Dome designed in Renaissance Europe. Composers BASS RECORDER Architects were inspired by the ruins of Ancient experimented with new instruments and Wind instrument Roman and Greek buildings. They studied ancient by Michelangelo different ways of singing in harmony. writings on geometry and proportion in order to make buildings that were both beautiful to look at RACKETT and suited to their purpose. Wind instrument Bell tower designed Dome built Single stone arch by Giotto from four supports two million bricks arcades of shops Coloured REBEC marble Stringed instrument exterior played with a bow. DUOMO, FLORENCE RIALTO BRIDGE, VENICE ST PETER’S BASILICA, ROME TENOR CRUMHORN Completed in 1436, the duomo (cathedral) Wind instrument A late Renaissance Over a 120-year period, many is topped by a huge, octagonal dome masterpiece of architecture of Italy’s finest architects LUTE designed by sculptor and architect and engineering, completed Stringed instrument, similar to a guitar. worked on the building. It was Filippo Brunelleschi. in 1591. completed in 1626. A REVOLUTION NEW ARTISTIC IN ART TECHNIQUES A way of thinking called Renaissance artists wanted their humanism became work to look realistic. They popular during the rediscovered ancient techniques Renaissance. Humanism’s and developed new ones to make focus on the experiences their subjects and backgrounds and achievements of real look as much like those in the human beings had a huge real world as possible. influence on artists. They started to portray people, MONA LISA (1503–06) including religious figures, Leonardo da Vinci as realistically as possible, and to place them in more LINEAR PERSPECTIVE everyday situations. Perspective was used to give an artwork a sense of depth. For instance, if an artist drew a line of trees, he would make them smaller and closer together as they got further away from the foreground (front) of the drawing. FRESCO (WALL PAINTING) OF AERIAL PERSPECTIVE THE QUEEN OF SHEBA (1466) Also called atmospheric Piero della Francesca perspective. It was a way of creating depth and distance, STATUE OF especially in a landscape, by DAVID (1501–04) making features paler and less detailed, the further away they Michelangelo got from the foreground. PIETA (MARY HARMONY AND PROPORTION HOLDING JESUS) Drawing objects so that they are (1553) precisely the right size when Michelangelo compared to each other. Artists rediscovered Ancient Greek and VIRGIN AND CHILD (c.1480) Roman writings, which set out Carlo Crivelli how mathematics could be used to work out ideal proportions. A work of art created in this way would have perfect balance and harmony, they believed. 313

c.2700 BCE 2750 bce ADVENTURERS Exploration Egyptians build AND EXPLORERS The first explorers set sail in search of new places to buy wooden ships From the first sailing expeditions and sell goods. Later, people led expeditions to get rich, capable of sea to rocket-propelled space travel, to claim territory for their country or religion, to make voyages. They humans have always gone beyond scientific discoveries, or simply for the thrill of adventure. begin trading with the limits of their known world to nearby countries. see what else is out there. 334 BCE 1500–500 BCE Phoenician EXPLORERS OF THE Rectangular Oars were Alexander traders ANCIENT WORLD sail on two used when the Great invades Phoenicians (from curved beams there was the Persian Empire, modern-day Israel The earliest explorers were the no wind then continues east and Lebanon) Phoenicians and the Egyptians, who PHOENICIAN TRADING SHIP and north as far explore the wanted to find markets to trade their VIKING LONGSHIP as modern-day Mediterranean, goods. Later cultures, such as the Pakistan and India. then as far as west Romans and Vikings, also wanted Africa and Britain, to conquer new territories to 1001 CE looking for new expand their empires. Viking Leif trading partners. Ericsson reaches North America and 1271 makes a settlement Marco Polo begins his in Newfoundland, exploration of China and Asia. Canada. Ships built from strong cedar wood from Lebanon 1488 Bartholomeu Dias Marco Polo’s China and Asia expedition of Portugal sails 1492 Christopher from the Iberian Columbus’s Christopher coat of arms Peninsula to Columbus southern Africa. lands in America 1497 and claims Vasco da Gama sails it for Spain. around the Cape of EYGPTIAN Good Hope to India. TRADING SHIP 1519–21 1577–80 THE AGE OF Portuguese Ferdinand EXPLORATION Englishman Sir Magellan is the first Francis Drake In the early 15th century, European to sail from circumnavigates Portuguese sailors set the Atlantic Ocean to the globe (sails out to find a sea route to round the world). Asia. This triggered a the Pacific Ocean. wave of exploration, as Statue of rival countries found MARTIN FROBISHER Portuguese caravel new trading routes and Tried a route to the (sailing ship) 1642 Sir Francis Drake established colonies all Pacific but got only over the world. as far as Canada. 1769 Abel Tasman explores Captain James KEY GREENLAND Cook discovers Van Diemen’s Land Magellan’s route Other Spanish missions New Zealand. (now Tasmania). Portuguese expeditions NORTH English expeditions AMERICA Statue of Captain 1819 French expeditions Frobisher 1576 James Cook Dutch expeditions Augustus Siebe invents CANADA Cartier 1534–36 ENGLAND 1943 a helmet that enables JOHN CABOT Cabot 1497 NETHERLANDS Jacques Cousteau divers to work at a invents the aqualung, depth of 60 m (196.8 ft). Deep-sea diving helmet an automatic air Crossed the Atlantic SPAIN supply for divers. 1858 to North America. ATLANTIC PORTUGAL John Hanning Speke 1961 discovers Lake OCEAN Yuri Gagarin Victoria, Africa. Caribbean Columbus 1492 becomes the first Columbus 1502–04 man in space. Drake 1577–80 2012 1911 Arctic explorer’s INDIAN James Cameron sealskin hood OCEAN reaches the bottom Norwegian Roald and gloves Amundsen and his FRANCIS DRAKE of the Mariana team reach the Raided Spanish Trench, the deepest South Pole. colonies along the undersea location coast of America. BRAZIL in the world. He circumnavigated SOUTH 314 the globe during AMERICA this expedition. Amundsen Drake 1577–80 ATLANTIC arriving at the Magel OCEAN South Pole 1M6C0AOSKNOUMYMLDY(E1EO0EA0XNRPMLSYE,IDLACIESTOSIVT)OEIHNNRESAASTBHDOOIAOPUYSKT da Gama 1497–98 Loaisa 15261969 lan 1519–21 FERDINAND MAGELLAN Neil Armstrong, 2015 commander of USA’s Found a route through Apollo 11 mission, South America via straits sets foot on that link the Atlantic and the moon. Pacific oceans. Apollo 11 commemoration badge

NAVIGATION TOOLS SCIENTIFIC JOURNEYS ADVENTURERS OF THE GOLDEN AGE Sailors exploring new territories had no maps In the 19th century, the thirst for knowledge to guide them, so they had to find their way by was so great that scientists and naturalists Exploration was a risky business, other methods. Navigators used a compass to such as Charles Darwin embarked on long but the rewards were potentially huge. find the right direction, and they calculated and dangerous trips to search out new Successful explorers could expect fame, their position by observing stars and planets. species of animals or plants. wealth, and personal favours from a grateful monarch. MAGNETIC COMPASS ASTROLABE 18th century, Italy. Allowed sailors to use the CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (1451–1506) Italian sailor Columbus stars to navigate. was paid by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to find a sea route to China. Instead, in 1492, he found America and called it the New World. LODESTONE BEETLE SPECIMENS VASCO DA GAMA VASCO DA The earliest type of Collected by (c.1460–1524) A Portuguese GAMA magnetic compass. Charles Darwin. explorer, he led the first expedition to sail round the Cape of Good Hope, at the tip of Africa, to India. FERDINAND MAGELLAN (1480–1521) Magellan led the first expedition to sail all the way round the world. Unfortunately, Magellan himself did not make it home alive: he was killed in a battle between local tribes in the Philippines. GLOBE MICROSCOPE HERNAN CORTES For calculating Used by Charles Darwin in the 1830s. (1485–1541) A Spanish routes and bearings. conquistador (soldier), Cortés FERDINAND first travelled to Mexico to set up a MAGELLAN trading colony for Spain, but ended up destroying the entire Aztec Empire in Central America. SIR WALTER RALEIGH (c.1552–1618) An English adventurer who tried unsuccessfully to set up colonies in the New World, but who is best remembered for bringing tobacco back to Europe TELESCOPE EARLY AIRCRAFT INSECT DRAWINGS SNOUTFISH from the Americas. SIR WALTER Sketched by naturalist Collected by explorer Used to identify landmarks INSTRUMENT PANEL RALEIGH Henry Bates. Mary Kingsley. from a distance. Showed aircraft’s height and speed. ARCTIC POLAR PIONEERS OCEAN In the 19th century, the cold, hostile Barents 1596–97 regions of the Arctic and Antarctic INUIT (ESKIMO) KNIVES WITH BONE HANDLE Willoughby 1553 were largely undiscovered. Explorers Made of steel from the abandoned ship of Sir from many different countries joined John Franklin, who failed to find a sea route the race to be the first to conquer the through the Arctic Ocean, north of Canada. North and South poles. SIBERIA HUGH WILLOUGHBY AND WILLIAM BARENTS Both sailed north of Siberia, but failed to find routes to the Pacific. EUROPE ASIA CHINA INDIA PACIFIC OCEAN AFRICA da GCaambraal11459070–98 VASCO Andrade 1517 Magellan 1519–21 Drake 1577–80 WINDPROOF HOOD CLASP KNIFE AND SEXTANT Spice Islands Loaisa 1526 Worn by Sir Ernest Shackleton on Used by Captain Robert Scott on his Cape his South Pole attempt of 1907–08. of Good AUSTRALASIA South Pole expedition of 1912. Hope PHILIPPINES INDIAN DA GAMA OCEAN Reached India via Africa, returning to Portugal with CROSS-COUNTRY SKIS Used by Captain Scott in his first South Pole expedition, 1901–04. cinnamon and pepper. Drake 1577–80 POLAR SLEDGE Eight-man sledge from an Arctic expedition in 1875. 315

Revolutions 1566–1648 1640–60 1648–53 THE FRONDE Political revolutions have occurred DUTCH REVOLT ENGLISH CIVIL WAR throughout history and can completely TROOPER’S HELMET A series of uprisings called the change society. Often violent, they In 1566–68, Dutch Protestants Fronde took place in France, typically occur when angry citizens rose up against Catholic ENGLISH initiated by the French rebel against their rulers to demand a Spain, which had ruled the CIVIL WAR Nobility and supported fairer society, and frequently a different Netherlands since 1555, by the middle classes. leadership. Revolutions can change and declared independence. This period of intense They were rebelling existing power structures very quickly. The revolt led to a long political activity started against the King’s However, their causes have usually and bloody war with Spain when Parliament wished absolute rule, and been building over many years. that ended with Dutch to restrict the authority of discontent later independence in 1648. King Charles I. Civil war spread to the broke out and ended with masses. After MEDAL COMMEMORATING the execution of the king the Fronde ENGLISH SUPPORT FOR in 1649. For ten years, failed, the THE DUTCH England was a republic King became ruled by Lord Protector even stronger. Oliver Cromwell. STATUE OF KING LOUIS XIV 1945 1936–39 1930 1918–23 1917 HO CHI MINH: SPANISH BRAZILIAN GERMAN STATUE OF LENIN, LEADER OF THE VIET MINH CIVIL WAR REVOLUTION REVOLUTION BOLSHEVIK LEADER AUGUST REVOLUTION This revolt against the Economic hardship, A series of revolutions shook OCTOBER Spanish government led powerful landlords, and Germany immediately after REVOLUTION In 1945 Ho Chi Minh and his mainly to civil war. On one side demands for workers’ rights World War I (1914–18). communist force the Viet Minh set were nationalists led by led to revolution in Brazil in Communists Rosa Luxemburg Two revolutions happened out to liberate Vietnam from French General Franco, backed 1930. A provincial governor and Karl Liebknecht led the in Russia in 1917. The rule. They seized Hanoi and declared by Nazi Germany and called Getúlio Vargas Spartacists’ uprising against first, in March, removed independence but French forces Fascist Italy. They fought seized power. A the tsar (ruler) and set up Republicans: Communists, dictator at first, the government, but it a provisional government. retaliated. This led to the First socialists, and anarchists, he introduced was brutally quashed. In the second, in October, Indochina War and the start of who were backed by the reforms that Later, extreme the Bolshevik party, led bitter conflict in the region. Soviet Union. modernized nationalists, led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Brazil and by Wolfgang Kapp, (Lenin), called for “peace, earned him tried to seize power, land and bread”. They seized the nickname blaming the Weimar power and in 1922 set up the “Father of Republic for Soviet Union, the world’s first the Poor”. betraying the Communist state. German Empire. GENERAL FRANCO: DICTATOR GETULIO VARGAS: OF SPAIN 1939–75 BRAZILIAN PRESIDENT 1930–45, 1951–54 1946–49 1953–59 1956 1974 1974–77 CHINESE HUNGARIAN CARNATION ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION REVOLUTION REVOLUTION REVOLUTION From the 1920s onwards, there After World War II (1939– On 25 April 1974, army In September 1974, was a struggle for control of 45), Hungary became a rebel tanks rolled into Mengistu Haile Mariam China between the Kuomintang, Communist state, under Lisbon, Portugal, and led an alliance of radical or nationalists, led by Chiang the influence of the Soviet seized control of the city’s armed forces and police kai-Shek, and Communists under Union. In 1953 Imre Nagy, a communications. They (the Derg) to depose the Mao Zedong. Civil war broke out moderate socialist, became overthrew the government emperor, Haile Selassie. in 1945, ending with a Communist leader, and in October 1956 of Prime Minister Marcello They executed the emperor victory in 1949. he called for Hungary to Caetano, ending 50 years and set up a Communist become independent in of dictatorship. The revolt state. The coup was an anti-Soviet uprising. was called the “carnation followed by years of The Soviet troops invaded revolution” because the bloodshed and civil war. Hungary and put down the people gave carnations to uprising with great brutality. the troops as they entered the city. REVOLUTIONARY CHE GUEVARA BECAME A WORLDWIDE HERO CUBAN REVOLUTION GRATEFUL LISBON CROWDS PRESENTED REBEL TROOPS An armed revolution led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara overthrew WITH CARNATIONS the USA-backed dictatorship of MAO ZEDONG President Batista. Cuba became a revolutionary socialist state and later a Communist country. 316

1775–83 1789 1791–1804 1806–24 AMERICAN REVOLUTION THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE, HAITIAN LATIN- A PRISON IN PARIS, 14 JULY 1789 REVOLUTION AMERICAN In the mid-1770s American REVOLUTIONS colonists revolted against British FRENCH REVOLUTION In the French colony of Saint- rule and “taxation without Domingue, former slave Influenced by the American, French, representation”. They issued This rebellion was against poverty, the nobility, and Toussaint L’Ouverture led slaves and Haitian revolutions, Latin- a Declaration of Independence. the royal family. In Paris revolutionaries demanding in a rebellion against slavery, American revolutionaries led by men War broke out in 1775, ending in political change stormed the Bastille. A National burning plantations and killing such as Venezuelan Simón Bolívar and 1783 with the colonists winning Assembly was formed and the Declaration of the their owners. Slavery was Argentinian José de San Martin rose up independence and creating the Rights of Man called for liberty, equality, and abolished on the island, which against Spanish colonial rule. By 1825 most United States of America. fraternity (brotherhood). King Louis XV and his became independent Haiti. of Latin America had gained independence. wife, Marie Antoinette, were executed and France THE US CONSTITUTION, became a republic. L’OUVERTURE SIMON BOLIVAR, DRAWN UP IN 1787 LEADING REVOLT KNOWN AS “THE AGAINST FRENCH PLANTATION OWNERS LIBERATOR” 1911 1910–20 1866–68 1848 EUROPEAN XINHAI MEXICAN EMPEROR MEIJI REVOLUTIONS REVOLUTION REVOLUTION RULED 1867–1912 Often called “the year of revolutions”, During the Xinhai Revolution, The Mexican Revolution started as MEIJI in 1848 more than 50 uprisings broke nationalists overthrew the a protest against the dictatorship RESTORATION out across Europe. Although these Manchu dynasty in China, of President Porfirio Díaz, but soon revolutions happened independently, ending 2000 years of spiralled into an armed revolution Led mainly by young samurai, people across the continent were imperial rule. They set up that lasted around ten years. Led this revolution in Japan banding together to demand political a republic under Sun Yat- by Emiliano Zapata, Pascual Orozo, overthrew the Tokugawa and social change and an end to sen, although real power and Pancho Villa, the rebels fought shogunate (hereditary military monarchies. Thousands were killed stayed in the hands of to reform society. rulers) and restored imperial as the uprisings were put down. provincial warlords. rule under Emperor Meiji. The revolution led to reforms that THE HUNGARIAN TRICOLOUR FLAG, SUN DI“TEITHYOAOINSUNRYBRETVOEOOKLTUEUNTMTRLIIEOELINFIVEARAENSEROTEY”ZOLTOAEPNAADTEAR, modernized Japan. A SYMBOL OF THE 1848 REVOLUTION YAT-SEN 1979 1980–81 1986 1988–91 2004–05 2010–12 NICARAGUA SOLIDARITY YELLOW EASTERN EUROPE ORANGE ARAB SPRING IN POLAND RIBBON REVOLUTION In the 1970s there were By the late 1980s protests Starting in 2010, a wave of extremes of rich and poor Revolution broke out YELLOW were spreading through the Taking its name from pro-democracy uprisings in Nicaragua. Supported in Poland when the REVOLUTION Soviet satellite states of orange banners and took place in the Middle by peasants, urban independent trade union Eastern Europe, as protesters clothes of demonstrators, East and North Africa – workers, and the middle- Solidarity organized The Yellow Revolution was demanded greater democracy. the Orange Revolution in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, the classes, the guerrilla a series of mass popular In Berlin demonstrators pulled Ukraine was made up of Yemen, and Syria – that troops of the Sandinista workers’ strikes, under protests in the Philippines down the hated Berlin Wall that mass protests against challenged some of the National Liberation the leadership of Lech against the corrupt regime divided East and West Germany, the undemocratic region’s authoritarian Front (FSLN), of President Marcos. In and by 1989 Communism had election of a Russian- governments. Protesters threw out wealthy Walesa. They wanted this non-violent revolution, collapsed throughout Eastern backed president. As were met with violence, dictator Anastasio liberation from more than two million and Central Europe. a result the election but regimes in Tunisia Somoza. They Soviet control, Filipinos demonstrated was repeated and and Egypt were toppled. introduced new and their actions for greater democracy, anticorruption candidate socialist reforms. forced the Polish displaying yellow ribbons Yushchenko was elected. Later, rebel groups government to as a symbol of protest. called the Contras Marcos departed and OTEFAPOLPRCOOOOHARRTVRDAEEIANSDSYTGGWEEE5R,ERA0SRE0NEIV0NDSOTUU1LO0KUPN,PRT0NLA0IOIE0IESNNDE fought back against introduce reforms. was replaced by the Sandinistas, who Solidarity was Corazon Aquino. lost power in 1990. banned but continued their resistance until FRAGMENT OF THE BERLIN WALL they took power. MONUMENT TO THE SHIPYARD WORKERS, GDANSK, POLAND 317

US Presidents GEORGE JOHN ADAMS WASHINGTON Since the office was created in 1789, there have been 1797–1801 43 presidents of the United States, all men. To be eligible, 1789–97 Helped draft the Declaration a person has to be at least 35 years old and born either Led army against the of Independence. Established in the USA, or overseas to US-citizen parents. As well as British in the American the naval department, so being Head of State, the president is Commander-in-Chief Revolution, then became he is remembered as the of the country’s armed forces. the first president. “Father of the Navy”. Unanimously elected. WILLIAM JOHN TYLER JAMES K POLK ZACHARY MILLARD FRANKLIN HENRY TAYLOR FILLMORE PIERCE HARRISON 1841–45 1845–49 Vice-president who took the Greatly expanded the territory 1849–50 1850–53 1853–57 1841 presidency on the death of of the USA, adding Texas, Successful military general Tried to make a compromise Allowed new states to decide William Henry Harrison, Wisconsin, and Iowa as who commanded US forces between the anti-slavery for themselves whether to The first president to die in making him the first states, and taking over land in in the war against Mexico states and the slave- allow slavery, which angered office. He died of pneumonia president to serve without the west that would become (1846–48). Died of cholera owning states in the south, many and edged the USA only a month after he being elected to office. New Mexico and California. a year after taking office. but the peace was short-lived. ever closer to civil war. became president. CHESTER A GROVER BENJAMIN WILLIAM THEODORE WILLIAM H ARTHUR CLEVELAND HARRISON MCKINLEY ROOSEVELT TAFT 1881–85 1885–89; 1893–97 1889–93 1897–1901 1901–09 1909–13 Brought in a law that The only president ever to Grandson of President Oversaw expansion of US The youngest person to A lawyer by profession, he meant that civil servants serve two non-consecutive William Harrison, during his territories, including Hawaii become president, at 42. set up the postal savings were hired purely for their terms – he lost an election, term the country expanded and Puerto Rico. Six months Won the Nobel Peace Prize bank and passed a law ability rather than because then was voted back in again and six new states were into his second term, he in 1906 for negotiating peace allowing states to collect of their political connections. four years later. admitted to the Union. was assassinated. between Russia and Japan. income tax. DWIGHT D JOHN F LYNDON B RICHARD NIXON GERALD FORD JIMMY CARTER EISENHOWER KENNEDY JOHNSON 1969–74 1974–77 1977–81 1953–61 1961–63 1963–69 Ended the Vietnam War and Unexpectedly became vice- President during a difficult Led the Allied armed forces His work to reform civil Brought in the Civil Rights improved relations with the president, then president, period for the USA, both at in World War II. During his rights and promote racial Act, but faced opposition USSR. His term ended in during an era of scandals. home and abroad. After his two terms of office, the US equality was cut short when for sending more troops disgrace after political His honesty helped restore term in office, he became a economy thrived. he was shot dead in Texas. into the war in Vietnam. corruption was uncovered. the image of the presidency. respected statesman. 318

THOMAS JAMES JAMES MONROE JOHN QUINCY ANDREW MARTIN VAN JEFFERSON MADISON ADAMS JACKSON BUREN 1817–25 1801–09 1809–17 Remembered for the 1825–29 1829–37 1837–41 The main author Helped draw up the US Monroe Doctrine, which Before he took office, he After financial panic and of the Declaration of Constitution, which set declared that the USA would Son of a previous became a national hero stock market crash led to Independence, which stated out America’s laws and resist attempts by other president, John Adams. for leading the army that economic depression, Van that the colonies would no guaranteed certain rights countries to establish After his presidency, defeated the British at the Buren became unpopular longer accept British rule. for its citizens. colonies in the Americas. he became a strong Battle of New Orleans. and was not re-elected. campaigner against slavery. JAMES ABRAHAM ANDREW ULYSSES S RUTHERFORD B JAMES A BUCHANAN LINCOLN JOHNSON GRANT HAYES GARFIELD 1857–61 1861–65 1865–69 1869–77 1877–81 1881 Like previous presidents, he Opposed to slavery, he led Put on trial by the Senate A hero of the Civil War, After winning one of Shot dead after only 200 tried to make peace between the country during four for violating the Tenure of he was an inexperienced the closest presidential days in office, before he states on the slavery issue, years of civil war. Days after Office Act, he escaped being politician whose presidency elections ever, he fought to could carry out his promise but by the end of his term, the war ended, he was shot removed from office by was overshadowed by end corruption in politics to reform the civil service civil war was looming. dead by John Wilkes Booth. a single vote. scandal and corruption. and public life. and other public bodies. WOODROW WARREN G CALVIN HERBERT FRANKLIN D HARRY S WILSON HARDING COOLIDGE HOOVER ROOSEVELT TRUMAN 1913–21 1921–23 1923–29 1929–33 1933–45 1945–53 Took the USA into World An unpopular president who Honest, hard-working, and Shortly after his election, the Led the USA through the Authorized the dropping War I in 1917. After the war, was dogged by rumours of modest, he was fondly USA began an era of serious Great Depression and World of two nuclear bombs on he proposed the formation financial wrongdoing. He nicknamed “Silent Cal”. economic depression. War II. He funded a plan to Japan, which ended World of the League of Nations to died suddenly, before an Under his presidency, the Hoover was blamed and revive the US economy and War II. Took the USA to war try to prevent future conflict. investigation could begin. US economy boomed. did not win a second term. help people out of poverty. with Korea. A TUOWSNTOILPCYRTEEB,ESESNIEDEYRELEVENAICTNRTGSCEADUNP RONALD GEORGE H W BILL CLINTON GEORGE W BARACK OBAMA REAGAN BUSH BUSH 1993–2001 (2009–) 1981–89 1989–93 Presided over a time of 2001–09 The first African American An ex-Hollywood star, he An oil tycoon and ex-head of peace and prosperity, but his After the terrorist attacks of president. His healthcare helped to end the Cold War. the CIA, he took the USA and reputation was damaged by 9/11, he ordered the invasion reforms were disliked by He was shot by a would-be its allies into the first Gulf a scandal over a relationship of Afghanistan and declared opponents, and led to assassin but recovered. War with Iraq (1990–91). with a White House worker. the War on Terror. stalemate in government. 319

US Civil War EVENTS AND BATTLES In the early 1860s, the USA, then known as the Union, was Less than a century after gaining its torn apart by war. The northern states had made slavery independence, the USA was in danger of illegal and believed it should be abolished in the rest of the breaking up. More than 50 major battles country. The southern states disagreed. Their landowners and 5,000 minor ones were fought before relied on African slaves to farm their tobacco and cotton. the Unionists finally won the war. Some southern states felt so strongly, they left the Union. 1860 6 NOVEMBER 20 DECEMBER 1860 1860 South Carolina withdraws Abraham Lincoln from the Union. Six states is elected the follow by February 1861. 16th US president. He promises to abolish slavery. Abraham Lincoln Confederate flag Maine ONE IN FOUR SOLDIERS WHO WENT TO WAR Oregon Minnesota Vermont NEVER CAME HOME – Nevada New Hampshire MANY WENT MISSING California Wisconsin New York Massachusetts 5 Territories Michigan Rhode Island Iowa Pennsylvania Connecticut New Jersey Illinois Ohio Maryland Indiana Delaware West Kansas Virginia Virginia Missouri Kentucky Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina 20 22 2.1 Alabama South Carolina 4 9 1.1 Mississippi Georgia 7 TWO SIDES Texas KEY Northern states At the start of the war, seven southern Louisiana Northern border states NUMBER POPULATION SOLDIERS states broke away from the Union. Four Southern states border states later joined the southern Florida Southern border states OF STATES (IN MILLIONS) (IN MILLIONS) Confederacy. The 20 northern states loyal to Territories not yet states The new state The Union had Twelve per cent of the Union were later joined by five border states. of West Virginia 2.4 times more formed during people than the all southerners Confederacy. fought in the war. the war. UNIFORMS AND KIT RAZOR SOAP The Union side wore blue and the Confederates, grey. Soldiers carried their food, water, toiletries, ammunition, and personal belongings in a knapsack. Union soldiers were better equipped because the North had more factories to make supplies and railways to transport them. WATER CANTEEN TOOTHBRUSH UNION INFANTRY CONFEDERATE KNIFE AND UNIFORM INFANTRY UNIFORM UNION SOLDIER’S LAP DESK CANDLE IN TIN TIN MUG KNIFE FORK KNAPSACK CARTRIDGE BOX TRANSPORT INNOVATIONS WEAPONS AND CONFLICT The 1830s had seen the birth of the railways. The Civil War was the first in which large numbers of Both sides relied on steam trains to transport infantrymen were armed with rifles instead of muskets. troops and supplies, but the North had more Rifles shot further, and with greater accuracy. The than twice as much track as the South. repeating rifle, introduced in 1863, was even better – it Other advances included the appearance could fire more than one bullet before it needed reloading. of armoured steam warships, called ironclads, and early submarines. STEAM LOCOMOTIVE CSS VIRGINIA (FIRST BAYONET FOR CONFEDERATE IRONCLAD) SPRINGFIELD 1861 USS MONITOR (FIRST UNION IRONCLAD) COLT ARMY MODEL 1860 REVOLVER 320

12–14 APRIL 1861 Union flag 11–16 FEBRUARY 1862 4 JULY 1863 15 NOVEMBER– 1 FEBRUARY 9 APRIL 1865 Ulysses S Grant leads 1865 The first battle a Union victory at After a six-week 21 DECEMBER 1864 Confederate of the Civil War, the Battle of siege, the Union army Union General Lincoln signs the General Lee fought at Fort Fort Donelson, captures the city of Sherman sweeps 13th Amendment, surrenders to Sumter, South Tennessee. Vicksburg, cutting off through Georgia, Union General Carolina, is a Arkansas, Louisiana, ending victoriously which formally Grant. The Civil victory for the 8–9 MARCH 1862 and Texas from the rest at the port abolishes slavery War is over. Confederates. The Battle of Hampton of the Confederacy. of Savannah. Roads, off the coast of in the USA. Virginia, sees the first combat between Ulysses ironclad warships. S Grant 21 JULY 1861 17 SEPTEMBER 1862 1–3 JULY 1863 8 NOVEMBER 1865 1864 The Union army is The Battle of Antietam The Union side halts the Lincoln is 14 APRIL 1865 defeated at the first major takes place in Union Confederates’ advance at re-elected Lincoln is shot battle of the war – the the Battle of Gettysburg, US president First Battle of Bull Run territory near Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania. for a second while at the in Virginia. Almost 850 Maryland. With a total of term of office. theatre by John soldiers lose their lives 22,717 dead, wounded, or (460 Union soldiers and Wilkes Booth. 387 Confederates). missing, it is the bloodiest He dies a single-day battle in US day later. military history. Lincoln Memorial AFRICAN AMERICAN UNION FIGURES CONFEDERATE FIGURES LIVES LOST SOLDIERS The people on this side were loyal to People from the rebel states in the In total, an estimated 620,000 men Roughly a tenth of the Union army the United States of America. They South broke away from the Union and lost their lives in the Civil War. Where was made up of African American were nicknamed “Yanks” or “Yankees”. formed a new country, the Confederacy. possible, Union soldiers received a proper soldiers (179,000). There are no military funeral, but the military cemetery records of how many slaves were ABRAHAM LINCOLN (1809–65) JEFFERSON DAVIS (1808–89) in Washington DC soon filled. Arlington, forced to fight for the South. Virginia, the family estate of Confederate As US president, Lincoln led his country A soldier and senator, Davis was General Robert E Lee’s wife, Mary, was through the war, abolished slavery, and the president of the Confederate taken over for the new state cemetery. saved the Union. States of America. ARLINGTON CEMETERY ULYSSES S GRANT ROBERT E LEE (1807–70) (1822–85) Virginia-born Lee became the General Grant led the Union army supreme commander of all from 1862 onwards. After the war, the Confederate forces. he served two terms as president. JOHN BROWN GORDON JOSHUA CHAMBERLAIN (1832–1904) (1828–1914) This fearless Confederate general Chamberlain heroically led a crucial was wounded so often that people bayonet charge at Gettysburg. said he must be invincible. SOLDIERS IN THE ROBERT SMALLS (1839–1915) BELLE BOYD (1844–1900) UNION ARMY A southern slave, Smalls freed A notorious spy, Maria “Belle” KEY White soldiers himself, took over a Confederate ship, UNION Boyd gathered information CONFEDERATE then fought on the side of the Union. GENERAL from Union soldiers. GENERAL African American soldiers TIN OF COFFEE BLOCK COMMUNICATION MEDICAL ADVANCES LIGATURE NEEDLES ESSENCE OF TEA Both Union and Confederate leaders made Although basic hygiene was still poor, use of the newly invented electric telegraph. great strides were made in treating the They could send messages to generals on the wounded. Horse-drawn ambulances battlefield and receive updates on the fighting. transported casualties between field hospitals. Women worked as nurses on the battlefield for the first time. SET OF AMPUTATION KNIVES SAW CRIMPER ROPE SLEEPING CAP TELEGRAPH BONE SAW BOX OF INSTRUMENTS FORCEPS RECEIVER SPRINGFIELD 1861 RIFLE CONFEDERATE COPY OF THE SPRINGFIELD 1861 RIFLE SPENCER CARBINE COTUHLEDISFNPIRE3NE0CSSEEERVCEOCNANRDSBHSIONTES CONFEDERATE DRUM (REPEATING Those too young to carry a rifle enlisted as RIFLE) drummer boys. During battle, their drum calls communicated commands to the men. 321

1500 AGE OF IMPERIALISM European BRIWTOIONASTRHE-LIQEDTMU’SSAPPLIRERATAENEKCRD,OTOAVHFREETERAHEDE empires The growth of European empires spanned several hundred years, and As European explorers sailed around the world in the led to wars, revolutions, and rebellions 16th century, they claimed “new” colonies for their home by those who were unwilling to be countries. Nations built empires overseas and many became controlled by foreign nations. rich. However, the native people in these new empires were often treated very poorly. 1500s The Portuguese and Spanish start to explore widely, especially around South America. Model of a Portuguese caravel WHY BUILD ALASKA AN EMPIRE? 1565 CANADA The Spanish establish the first European Many European powers considered NEWFOUNDLAND colony in what is now the USA. The first themselves to be superior to the rest English colony is founded 20 years later of the world and thought they were in Roanoke. the best people to govern, develop, and civilize other nations. 1756–63 The Seven Years War sees Britain become the world’s largest colonial empire, gaining America and India in the global conflict. 1775–81 UNITED STATES St Pierre The American states OF AMERICA and Miquelon win independence from the British after EXPLORATION NATIONALISM ATLANTIC the American War People wanted to find Nations wanted to OCEAN of Independence. demonstrate their power new territories and and compete with others. Bermuda The American trade routes. constitution MEXICO 1810–26 CUBA Bahamas Revolution in South America leads to most colonies freeing themselves Jamaica DOMINICAN REPUBLIC from European rule. BRITISH Puerto Rico HONDURAS HAITI Virgin Islands HONDURAS St Martin Leeward Islands 1858–1947 GUATEMALA WEST INDIES Guadeloupe SALVADOR Curaçao Martinique British rule is imposed Barbados on India after the Indian NICARAGUA Windward rebellion of 1857 against ECONOMY RELIGION AND PACIFIC COSTA RICA VENEZUELA Trinidad Islands the British East OCEAN and Tobago India Company. There was a demand IDEOLOGY for new materials and Religious groups wanted BRITISH GUIANA new markets around to convert more people COLOMBIA DUTCH 1880–1914 the world. to Christianity. GUIANA European powers seek territory in Africa, invading THE IMPERIAL WORLD ECUADOR FRENCH and colonizing the continent ACRE GUIANA in a “scramble for Africa”. During the Age of Imperialism, the world was constantly changing as BRAZIL 1945 BIGGEST EMPIRES countries struggled for land and power. Many nations had European rule PERU By the end of the World At their peak, some empires covered imposed on them, while others rebelled War II, the empires of millions of square kilometres of land and achieved independence. It was a Italy, Germany, and across the globe. turbulent time as global powers fought Japan collapse. for territory and control. 1 BRITISH EMPIRE BOLIVIA 33.7 million sq km (13 million 1947 Statue of sq miles) in 1922. THE WORLD IN 1800 AY YPARAGU Mahatma ARGENTINA URUGUA The British make the first 2 SPANISH EMPIRE 1800 saw the Spanish and Portuguese at their CHILE move to end colonialism by Gandhi peak, as they occupied much of the Americas. granting India independence 19.4 million sq km (7.5 million Britain’s empire around the world had also started after pressure from sq miles) in 1740. to grow significantly. Mahatma Gandhi. 3 FRENCH EMPIRE 1956 12.9 million sq km (5 million Disagreement over ownership of the Suez sq miles) in 1938. Canal in Egypt leads to the Suez Crisis. Britain and France lose their influence 4 PORTUGUESE EMPIRE around the world. 10.4 million sq km (4 million 1963 sq miles) in 1821. Falkland Islands Independent African 5 ITALIAN EMPIRE 1970 countries set up Flag of the the Organization Organization of 3.6 million sq km (1.4 million of African Unity African Unity sq miles) in 1942. to promote their economic, political, and cultural interests. 322

TRADE SLAVERY As Europeans claimed territories, they took advantage Between 1500 and 1880, up to 12 million Africans were kidnapped from their of the local resources, such as gold and spices, and homes and sold in the Americas as slaves. They were transported in slave traded them in markets around the world for profit. ships and many died of disease and lack of food or water. IVORY The slaves had to lie on their Africa and Asia back, kneel, or sit hunched up COFFEE The Americas GOLD COCOA SPICES – PEPPER, TEA COTTON SUGAR CANE THE VIGILANTE People were The Americas Central and CLOVES, AND CINNAMON China and This slave ship was found chained together to South America Asia and (SUGAR) to be carrying 345 people Asia India in 1822. prevent rebellion the Americas The Americas Greenland ORWAY N FINLAND THE WORLD IN 1900 ICELAND N RUSSIAN EMPIRE SWEDE Early in the 19th century, countries in DENMARK Central and South America revolted against their foreign rulers and became independent. Between 1880 and 1914, European nations divided Africa between themselves. In the space of a few decades, they took over most of the continent. NETHERLANDS BRITAIN POLAND BELGIUM GERMAN AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE SWITZERLAND EMPIRE ROMANIA KHIVA Port Arthur FRANCE IA SERBIA BULGARIA KOREA E BEDUINS QING EMPIRE PORTUGAL SPAIN OTTOMAN BUKHARA JAPAN Ceuta LY  GREECE AFGHANISTAN Weihaiwei Azores T EMPIR Jiaozhou PACIFIC OCEAN GIBRALTAR TUNIS Malta CYPRUS Taiwan Melilla ALGERIA Hong Kong Madeira PERSIA NEPAL BHUTAN IFNIMOROCCO Gwadar Canary OTTOMAN to Oman Islands EMPIRE BAHRAIN Diu EGYPT TRUCIAL INDIA Macao RIO DE ORO Cape Verde ERITREA OMAN Chandernagore BURMA Guangzhouwan Islands FRENCH ANGLO- OMAN Damão Yanaon PHILIPPINE GAMBIA WEST AFRICA EGYPTIAN FRENCH ISLANDS HADHRAMAUT Madras SIAM INDOCHINA PORTUGUESE SUDAN Pondicherry GUINEA GOLD Socotra Goa Karikal COAST SIERRA LEONE TOGO BRITISH Mahté LIBERIA NIGERIA O CKHAMERUNFRENCH SOMALILAND SOMALILAND CEYLON BRITISH ABYSSINIA NORTH BORNEO ITALIAN DUTCH BRUNEI EAST SOMALILAND Maldive Islands Fernando Po FRCEONNG LADO MALAYA SARAWAK INDIES SAO TOME CONGO BRITISH EAST AFRICA SUMATRA BORNEO AND PRINCIPE FREE RIO MUNI STATE GERMAN Seychelles NORTHEASTERN RHODESIA EAST Zanzibar Chagos Islands JAVA Ascension AFRICA Amirante Islands BAROTSELAND- ANGOLA Comoro Islands Cocos Islands NORTHWESTERN BRITISH CENTRAL Christmas PORTUGUESE RHODESIA AFRICA Island TIMOR St Helena GERMAN MADAGASCAR SOUTHWEST Mauritius AFRICA WALVIS BAY Réunion BECHUANALAND INDIAN OCEAN AUSTRALIAN SOUTH AFRICAN COLONIES REPUBLIC NATAL SOUTHERN BASUTOLAND RHODESIA Lord Howe Island CAPE COLONY ORANGE PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA FREE STATE KEY NEW Ottoman Empire ZEALAND Britain and possessions France and possessions Portugal and possessions Austrian Empire in 1850; Austrian- Japan and possessions Denmark and possessions Habsburg empire Independent nations Spain and possessions Swedish Empire in 1700 and 1800 Qing Empire USA and possessions Netherlands and possessions Italy and possessions in 1900; Venetian republic in 1700 German Empire in 1900; Hohenzollerns in 1700; Prussia Russian Empire and in 1800 and 1850 possessions 323

British 757–1066 OFFA monarchs ANGLO-SAXONS 757–96 The history of England, and later Britain, The king of Mercia is tied together by a string of kings and After the Romans left Britain (central England) queens. Early on, royals could start in the 5th century CE, the land expanded his wars, break from the Church, and was attacked by invaders and kingdom north and punish the country’s leaders. Today, split into warring kingdoms. south and protected the Queen has little power but upholds The leader of one, Egbert, it by building a huge long and popular traditions. became the first king of dyke along the England. Throughout the Welsh border. Saxon period, powerful kings fended off Viking raids, but England was ruled by Viking monarchs for over 25 years. 757–96 OFFA 955–59 EADWIG 802–39 839–56 EGBERT 959–75 EDGAR EGBERT 856–60 860–66 AETHELWULF 975–78 EDWARD II “THE MARTYR” 802–39 866–71 Originally King of Wessex, 871–99 AETHELBALD 979–1013 AND 1014–16 AETHELRED II “THE UNREADY” Egbert gradually increased 899–924 the power and influence of 925–40 AETHELBERT 1013–14 SVEIN his kingdom. His authority 940–46 was recognized throughout 946–55 AETHELRED I 1016 EDMUND II “IRONSIDE” most of England after he ALFRED “THE GREAT” 1016–35 CANUTE defeated Mercia and Northumbria. EDWARD “THE ELDER” 1035–40 HAROLD I “HAREFOOT” ATHELSTAN 1040–42 HARDICANUTE EDMUND I 1042–66 EDWARD III “THE CONFESSOR” EADRED 1066 HAROLD II ELIZABETH I 1485–1603 1461–85 1399–1413 HENRY IV 1558–1603 1413–22 HENRY V Strong-willed Elizabeth TUDORS YORKISTS 1422–61 HENRY VI was a clever politician 1470–71 HENRY VI with loyal followers. The Tudors ruled with This branch of the House of Under her reign an iron fist and were not Plantagenets had a strong claim to HENRY VI trade, exploration, always popular, but they the throne. After Richard of York was 1422–61 AND and prosperity killed in the Battle of Wakefield (1460), increased. fostered national pride 1470–71 and parliament grew in his son Edward became the first After losing his MARY I strength under them. The Yorkist king. William Caxton invented father’s gains in 1553–58 the first printing press in this period. France, a failing Nicknamed Bloody manufacturing and mind cost Henry VI Mary, Henry VIII’s eldest merchant classes rose in 1461–70 EDWARD IV the throne for a time. daughter burned protestants status, and architecture, 1471–83 EDWARD IV after she seized the throne, 1483 EDWARD V and restored the Roman literature, and theatre 1483–85 RICHARD III Catholic Church. blossomed. Playwright William Shakespeare was a leading light. HENRY VIII 1485–1509 HENRY VII TUDOR RICHARD III 1509–47 1509–47 HENRY VIII 1483–85 Famous for his six wives The last English king 1547–53 EDWARD VI to die on a battlefield, (he divorced two and Richard III may have beheaded two), Henry VIII 1553 LADY JANE GREY had a role in the death made himself head of the 1553–58 MARY I of his two nephews, Church of England and the princes, in the bankrupted his country. 1558–1603 ELIZABETH I Tower of London. 1603–1749 1649–59 1660–1714 1714–1901 STUARTS COMMONWEALTH STUARTS HANOVERIANS This dynasty was dominated by political battles between For the first and only time in its After Charles II was restored to the throne The Hanoverian dynasty saw many King and Parliament, which ended with a civil war and history, England was a Commonwealth London suffered two disasters – a plague changes. Robert Walpole became a beheading. Although the Stuarts believed they had a (or republic) without a king or queen. killed more than 100,000 people and a the first Prime Minister to German- god-given right to rule, they were tolerant of Catholics, Ruled by puritan Oliver Cromwell great fire destroyed most of the city. James II speaking George I, and Britain and made peace with Spain. They were patrons of the and his Parliament, the country tried to restore the Catholic faith but fled developed into an industrial society. arts and left a legacy of beautiful art and architecture. took Jamaica from the Spanish when William of Orange was invited to By the end of Queen Victoria’s reign, and defeated the Dutch at sea. restore rights in the Glorious Revolution. Britain’s economic power was being challenged by other nations such as 1649–53 REPUBLIC 1660–85 CHARLES II Germany and the United States. 1653–58 OLIVER CROMWELL 1685–88 JAMES II (LORD PROTECTOR) 1689–94 WILLIAM III OF ORANGE 1714–27 GEORGE I 1658–59 RICHARD CROMWELL 1727–60 GEORGE II (LORD PROTECTOR) AND MARY II (JOINTLY) 1760–1820 GEORGE III 1694–1702 WILLIAM III 1820–30 GEORGE IV 1702–14 ANNE 1830–37 WILLIAM IV 1837–1901 VICTORIA JAMES I CHARLES I OLIVER CROMWELL CHARLES II GEORGE I 1603–25 1625–49 (LORD PROTECTOR) 1660–85 1714–27 Scotland and England were This stubborn king believed This “merry monarch” united when this Scottish king in his divine right to rule and 1653–58 had many interests and This German-born took the throne. He ruled for stamped on any opposition. After Charles I was king faced rebellion long periods without Parliament, Defeated by Oliver Cromwell in executed, this leading many mistresses. He and was the target of Guy the Civil War, he was tried and general established took a keen interest in in Scotland then Fawkes’s failed Gunpowder Plot. executed by his parliament. his own council of scandal when a 15 and a parliament architecture and South Sea trading of 400. He was science, and introduced company went followed by the new sport of bust and ruined his son Richard. yachting to England. thousands of investors. 324

ALFRED “THE GREAT” CANUTE HAROLD II 1066–1154 871–99 1016–35 1066 NORMANS The only English king to be This Viking king treated Harold II was appointed by his known as “The Great”, Alfred Danes and Saxons fairly and Originally Vikings who had settled in northwest was almost overthrown by the country prospered. There brother-in-law Edward the France, the Normans were hungry for new land. Viking raiders but fought is an old story that he proved Confessor but his reign was William the Conqueror claimed the throne after he was an ordinary man by he defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. back, captured London, trying and failing to make short-lived. He died after The Normans built castles and brought with and expanded his original being shot in the eye in the them a feudal system of lords, who held land, the tide go back. and peasants, who worked it. Wessex kingdom. Battle of Hastings, and William I took the throne. 1066–87 WILLIAM “THE CONQUEROR” 1087–1100 WILLIAM II 1100–35 HENRY I 1135–54 STEPHEN WILLIAM “THE CONQUEROR” 1066–87 Called “The Conqueror” because he conquered England, William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066. He built the Tower of London and ordered a survey of land and people called the Domesday Book. 1399–1461 HENRY III 1154 –1399 LANCASTRIANS 1216–72 PLANTAGENETS After provoking civil wars These three kings reigned through almost with his barons, Henry III Originating in Anjou, France, this dynasty continual warfare. French territory was was defeated by their leader took its name from a yellow flower (Planta de Montfort, who formed a genista) an ancestor wore in his hat. During recaptured and then lost, and in the War of parliament of lords, bishops, much of their rule, England was at war with the Roses, the royal houses of Lancaster and France and Scotland, and Wales and Ireland knights, and freemen. came under English rule. The Plantagenets York fought over the throne for 30 years. laid the foundation for law and government by creating justices of the peace and the first parliament. They put the royal seal on a charter of rights called the Magna Carta. HENRY V HENRY IV EDWARD I “LONGSHANKS” JOHN I 1154–89 HENRY II RICHARD I 1189–99 RICHARD I 1413–22 1399–1413 1272–1307 1199–1216 “THE LIONHEART” Henry V reclaimed lost Returning from exile This warrior king fought many John lost most of the “THE LIONHEART” in France, Henry IV battles to unite England and territories in France 1199–1216 JOHN I 1189–99 territories in France reclaimed the throne Scotland. A model parliament and taxed his country 1216–72 HENRY III This crusading king spent most of when he defeated the from Richard II. His reign was formed during his reign. 1272–1307 EDWARD I his reign fighting for Christianity in French at the Battle of was marked by many heavily. The Magna the Holy Lands. Imprisoned by the Agincourt, losing only rebellions and revolts. Carta (great charter) “LONGSHANKS” was drawn up to settle 1307–27 EDWARD II Emperor of Germany, he was 400 English lives. the rights of people, 1327–77 EDWARD III returned for a huge ransom and Church, and monarchy. 1377–99 RICHARD II was eventually killed in France. 1901–10 1910– GEORGE III SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA WINDSORS 1760–1820 This dynasty of just one king is named George V changed his surname to Windsor during The Americans after Queen Victoria’s husband Prince the World War I because of the strong anti- won independence Albert, who was the son of the Duke German feelings of his people. After Edward VIII and England of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Edward gave up the throne to marry a divorced woman in fought France in became king at the age of 59 and 1936, his younger brother George VI was King the Napoleonic reigned during the first years of the through World War II. Queen Elizabeth II has Wars during 20th century, when new inventions reigned for more than 60 years. George’s reign. like the first automobile were taking Britain into the modern age. 1910–36 GEORGE V 1936 EDWARD VIII 1936–52 GEORGE VI 1952– ELIZABETH II WILLIAM IV VICTORIA EDWARD VII GEORGE VI ELIZABETH II 1830–37 1837–1901 1901–10 1936–52 1952– George VI was a good The current queen remains Many more people got the vote This much-loved queen ruled for Edward was a athlete and soldier, but this head of the Commonwealth social king who shy man with a stammer under William IV, and slavery 64 years. After her husband Prince enjoyed sports, had not expected to be king. (former colonies) and is parties, and travel. He managed to overcome popular around the world. was abolished throughout Albert died, she went into mourning He helped restore his speech impediment and Prince William and Catherine, relations between became popular during and Duchess of Cambridge, and the British Empire. but was coaxed back to public life. France and England after the war. their children lead a new and built a new royal estate in generation of royals. Sandringham, Norfolk. 325

The Industrial COAL AND IRON Revolution For thousands of years, iron had been made by using charcoal from timber. But in 1709 Englishman Abraham Darby and his son developed a way of making iron using coal. Coal was easier to obtain than wood, so this discovery led to a huge growth in the production of iron to make tools and machinery, and to the opening of more mines to provide the coal. In mid-18th-century Britain, a surge in new IRONBRIDGE, SHROPSHIRE technology and inventions meant that fewer people Site of the world’s first iron bridge, built by Darby’s grandson in 1781. were needed to farm the land. People moved from the countryside to towns, to work in the newly built mills and CANALS factories. This change in the economy, from farming to manufacturing, is known as the Industrial Revolution. The growth in manufacturing meant there were more goods to be transported around the country, and canals were the answer – STEAM POWER DOUBLE-ACTING Open Piston rod pushes man-made rivers, deep enough to cope with large, heavy barges. ENGINE IN A STEAMSHIP valve crankshaft In 1761 an engineer called James Brindley built a 16 km (10 mile) The first steam engine was long canal to carry coal direct from a mine in Lancashire to sell invented in 1712, to suck water Boiling in Manchester in the UK. The venture made a fortune for the from mines. Then, 60 years water mine owner and sparked a boom in canal-building. later, James Watt developed a way of using steam to drive turns to factory machines. The age of steam steam had begun and would transform industry, travel, and Coal fire home life, first in Britain and then all over the world. 1 FORWARD STROKE Steam enters the cylinder through the open valve on the left and pushes the piston forwards. Closed Open valve valve Water condensed from steam returns to boiler Chimney Piston rod pulls TRENT AND MERSEY CANAL CAEN HILL LOCKS Originally called the Grand Trunk A series of 29 locks on the Kennet 2 BACKWARD STROKE crankshaft Canal, it cost £296,600 to build and and Avon Canal in England were opened in 1777. built in 1810 by John Rennie. The steam now enters the cylinder through the valve on the right and pushes the piston back. Steam Cylinder BIRTH OF THE dome RAILWAYS Piston Factories needed a constant Control valves supply of raw materials coming in and finished goods going out, Firebox and the railway was the perfect solution. Trains were much STEPHENSON’S ROCKET quicker than canal barges, The Rocket, built by George and could carry much larger Stephenson and his son quantities of goods than road Robert, was the first significant wagons. By the 1840s, fast and public steam passenger reliable steam engines were locomotive, built in 1829 to produced and became a symbol run on the new railway from of the Industrial Revolution Liverpool to Manchester. across Europe and America. Steel- Control TREVITHICK’S LOCOMOTIVE rimmed rod In 1808 Richard Trevithick built a ”rail wheels circus” in London and charged a shilling for a ride on Catch Me Who Can. 326

THE FACTORY AGE THPHRUTEOMIDNMAUEENWCSEWFDSAOPSCIRNTOKENTERTIRNOTCGHNOAMU1N,AL0DCA00HINES TIMELINE OF A REVOLUTION Traditional industries such as cotton and textiles were transformed by the Industrial Revolution. Machines were developed that could The invention of steam power was a turning make raw cotton into thread in a fraction of the time it had taken point in history. It also sparked major craft workers in the past. At first, the machines were powered by developments in other areas, including water, so mills and factories were built next to rivers. When steam communications, transport, and construction. replaced water power, the factories moved into towns. Spinning frames Carding 1709 1700 1712 Machines wound spun the cotton fibres machines Coke, a product of Thomas Newcomen cotton on to rods into thread combed and coal, is first used to builds the first steam- untangled the powered engine. called bobbins raw cotton produce iron. Arkwright’s mill in 1764 Derbyshire, UK James Hargreaves invents the spinning 1771 jenny, a machine for Richard Arkwright spinning yarn. builds the first Replica of water-powered Richard cotton mill. Arkwright’s water frame REGULATIONS 1774 1798 James Watt develops Gas lighting is Factory life was harsh. introduced in factories, Workers could be fined the steam engine. so they can operate throughout the night. just for whistling, or Replica of the Watt being five minutes late. steam engine 1800 Italian Alessandro Flowing water turned the 1805 Volta invents the wheel to power the machines Engineer Thomas first electric Telford completes the battery. INSIDE A COTTON MILL Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, Volta’s WORK CONDITIONS WORKERS IN A 50% 24% the longest and battery, women girls highest in Britain. called the Factory workers worked more than 12 hours a day, six days a week. COTTON MILL, 1859 “Voltaic Pile” At the start of the Industrial Revolution there were no laws to protect the A third of mill 7% boys 1807 health or safety of workers. Factories workers were The first commercial 1825 were hot and deafeningly children, aged 19% steamboat, Savannah, The Stockton and noisy, and accidents men launches in America. Darlington Railway and injuries were as young as five. opens, the world’s first very common. They wriggled 1815 public steam railway. Sir Humphry Davy PIT CHILDREN between machines invents a lamp that is George Children worked deep to clear blockages, safe to use in gas- Stephenson, which was strenuous engineer of underground in coal and dangerous work. filled mines. the Stockton mines, pulling heavy and Darlington wagons along tracks. railway RISE OF THE THE MOVE FROM 77% living INDUSTRIAL PIONEERS Davy 1841 NEW TOWNS COUNTRYSIDE TO in towns lamp William Fox Talbot TOWN IN THE UK The Industrial Revolution was driven by patents his invention As more and more factories engineers and inventors, many of whose 1837 of the “calotype” were built, towns grew and 17% living ideas paved the way for the age of high The first electric (photographic housing, schools, and shops in towns technology in the 20th century. communication negative). were built near to where device, the five-needle people worked. Small towns RICHARD ARKWRIGHT (1732–92) telegraph, is invented. Fox Talbot’s quickly became large, experimental factory-dominated cities, Invented the water frame for spinning thread or The electric telegraph, camera which attracted even more yarn, then set up the first water-powered cotton invented by William people in search of work. mill in England. Cooke and Charles Early telephone by Wheatstone Alexander Graham Bell 1700 1900 RICHARD TREVITHICK 1876 (1771–1833) 1855 Alexander Graham Bell UK population: 5.5 million UK population: 41.6 million Englishman Henry invents the telephone. In 1804 Trevithick designed and Bessemer invents built the world’s first steam a machine to make 327 railway locomotive. steel cheaply. FARM ELI WHITNEY RICHARD TECHNOLOGY (1765–1825) TREVITHICK As the population grew, there American who invented a machine was an increased demand for called the cotton gin, which more food and more efficient, revolutionized the cotton industry cheaper ways of growing it. in America. Steam-powered ploughs and threshing machines SEED DRILL SIR HUMPHREY DAVY (1778–1829) appeared in the STEAM THRESHING MACHINE 1820s, then in English chemist and inventor. He developed 1831, American the Davy lamp, a light to help miners detect Cyrus McCormick dangerous gases underground. invented a mechanical grain harvester. ISAMBARD KINGDOM 1900 BRUNEL (1806–59) An engineer who built bridges, tunnels, railways, and the world’s biggest ship at the time, the Great Eastern.

World War I In 1914 tensions that had been simmering in Europe came GERMAN FOKKER to a head. War broke out and quickly spread across the world. Dr.I TRIPLANE Fought between two powerful groups of countries (the Allies and the Central Powers), it was the biggest war the world had ever seen. THE WAR TO END ALL WARS When the war began, people believed it would be over quickly. In fact, it lasted for four years and more than 65 million men were called upon to fight. 28 JUNE, 1914 GREEA CONTINENTAtlantic OceanNORWAY Archduke Franz ITALAT WARDENMARKSWEDEN Ferdinand of Austria- Hungary is assassinated, 1914 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 1914 The two main European NETHERLANDS RUSSIA with his wife, Sophie, First trenches are dug along the arenas of the war were in Serbia. A month Western Front in France and Belgium. the Western Front, IRELAND Black Sea later, Austria-Hungary between Belgium and OTTOMAN EMPIRE declares war on Serbia. France, and the Eastern 12 AUGUST, 1914 Front, which was mainly One by one, countries in Russia. take sides until war has broken out over BRITAIN most of Europe. 24 DECEMBER, 1914 KEY BELGIUM GERMANY Lifebelt Neutral from the British and German Allied Nations FRANCE AUSTRIA- RMS soldiers call Central Powers SWITZERLAND HUNGARY Lusitania an unofficial truce Western Front over Christmas. Eastern Front ROMANIA 7 MAY, 1915 SERBIA Germany sinks the APRIL 1915 – EUROPE IN 1916 PORTUGAL RMS Lusitania, a luxury JANUARY 1916 BULGARIA British passenger The Allies fight SPAIN Y ALBANIA Ottoman troops at ship, killing more Gallipoli, suffering Ottoman Mediterranean Sea CE than 1,000 passengers. disastrous casualties. army medal ALGERIA 23 MAY, 1915 MOROCCO Italy enters the war 12 FEBRUARY, Fortified turret, TAKING SIDES CASUALTIES on the side of the 1916 Verdun, France OF WAR Allies and prepares to Battle of By the end of 1914, almost all of Europe had Verdun begins. taken sides in the war. Only a few countries The cost of the war in human invade its neighbour, remained neutral. lives was enormous. More than Austria-Hungary. 30 million men were killed or 31 MAY, 1916 ALLIED NATIONS CENTRAL POWERS injured, and some battles were Italian so devastating that thousands army The Battle of Jutland starts – the 1914 died in a single day. ID tag only major sea battle of the war. 1915 Britain claims victory, despite 1916 AMBULANCE CART 1 JULY, 1916 suffering heavy losses. 1917 The Battle of the Somme 1918 1919 begins in France. By the time it ends in JANUARY 1917 BRITAIN 1 JULY – 21 FEBRUARY – 11 JULY – Britain attacks the Ottoman Empire FRANCE 18 NOVEMBER 1916 18 DECEMBER 1916 10 NOVEMBER 1917 November, more than again, this time by landing in 300,000 men will die. Palestine and pushing north through ITALY Battle of the Somme Battle of Verdun Third Battle of Ypres the desert to the city of Damascus. RUSSIA (Passchendaele) Battlefield site, Somme, UNITED STATES 1,219,201 976,000 France 6 APRIL, 1917 GERMANY 848,614 President Woodrow Wilson leads AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 17 DECEMBER, 1917 the USA into the war on the side OTTOMAN EMPIRE TOTAL CASUALTIES FROM THE BLOODIEST BATTLES OF WWI Following a revolution of the Allies. in Russia, the new 15 JULY, 1918 TRENCHES MESS TIN TRENCH AXE SEWING KIT government makes Second Battle of the Marne peace with Germany begins, near Paris. Both sides built long trenches GAS and leaves the war. as a defence against long- MASK 3 AUGUST, 1918 range weapons. Soon, there Russian The Allies win the Battle of the was stalemate, with neither helmet Marne. The German army collapses. side able to advance into plate the other’s territory. Life in the 11 NOVEMBER, 1918 trenches was hard. Soldiers 3 NOVEMBER, 1918 Germany agrees to an armistice fought, ate, and slept there, German sailors mutiny. and all fighting stops. sometimes for weeks on end. Austria-Hungary makes Artillery BRITISH FRONT NO MAN’S LAND GERMAN FOLDING peace with the Allies. Sandbags LINE 23 m (25 yd) to 1.6 km (1 mile) FRONT LINE SHOVEL 28 JUNE, 1919 Officers’ Barbed wire Support The Treaty of Versailles dugout trench Bomb is signed and the war 1919 crater officially ends. Memorial to the missing (near Communication trench CROSS-SECTION OF A TYPICAL WORLD WAR I BATTLEFIELD 328 Thiepval, France), built 1932

WAR AT SEA HMS DREADNOUGHT ARMY RECRUITS HMS SCOUT World War I was fought Millions of young men were either mainly on land, with very GERMAN BATTLESHIP called up or volunteered to fight in few major naval battles. the war. Countries such as Britain The main role of the navies also relied heavily on recruits from on each side was to protect their overseas colonies and dominions. merchant ships bringing BRITISH SOPWITH PUP in essential goods, as GERMAN ALBATROSS D.Va well as trying to stop the enemy from receiving WAR IN supplies by sea. THE AIR NKGANIETVORSAMWLSAUNWNBAEMYSA’ASPUROG-IBNRNOESEAASWTT, SEESRTE Powered flight was barely ten years old TANK WARFARE FRANCE GERMANY when war broke out but the technology ALTIMETER The tank was one of the most BRITISH MARK V TANK developed quickly. FRENCH PILOT’S GOGGLES AND HELMET important inventions of the war. Soon, both sides were Although early tanks were unreliable building fast fighter and dangerous for crews working in planes and giant them, their ability to power through bombers capable of enemy lines meant an end to the carrying huge bombs. stalemate of trench warfare. TRENCH WEAPONS OTTOMAN EMPIRE USA Trench warfare called for weapons that could be BRITISH NAIL CLUB used at very close quarters. Soldiers on raiding BRITISH SPIKED CLUB missions behind enemy lines carried daggers and knives so they could attack the enemy silently. GERMAN ROD AMERICAN BAYONET AMERICAN KNUCKLEDUSTER KNIFE GERMAN PERCUSSION HAND GERMAN CLUB ITALY RUSSIA BAYONET AND STICK GRENADES GRENADES FIREARMS AUSTRIAN BOMBARDMENT STEYR PISTOL The most widely used weapons were rifles and Large field guns fired shells that exploded on impact. machine-guns. Machine-guns needed only a small ITALIAN They had a long range and could be devastatingly crew, were reliable, and had a long range. This GLISENTI effective but they were not very mobile and needed made them essential weapons in the trenches. about ten men to operate them. PISTOL GERMAN GAS SHELLS RUSSIAN MAXIM M1910 HEAVY MACHINE-GUN BRITISH MORTAR SHELLS GERMAN GERMAN MOUNTED LUGER PISTOL MACHINE-GUN BRITISH LEE ENFIELD RIFLE ITALIAN CARCANO CARBINE RIFLE FRENCH 75 MM FIELD GUN GERMAN SCHWARZLOSE MACHINE-GUN GERMAN 77 MM FIELD GUN 329

THE COURSE OF 1 SEPTEMBER 10 MAY 1940 27 SEPTEMBER Statue of 8 DECEMBER 1941 THE WAR 1939 1940 Theodore Germany, led Winston Germany, Italy, Roosevelt President Roosevelt At the beginning of the war, the by Nazi leader Churchill and Japan join takes the USA into Germans’ progress seemed Adolf Hitler, becomes Prime forces as the the war against the unstoppable, until a harsh invades Poland. Minister of Axis Alliance. Axis Alliance. winter and fierce resistance Great Britain. halted them in Russia. When 1939 Nazi flag the USA joined the war at the end of 1941, the tide turned. The 3 SEPTEMBER APRIL–JUNE 1940 JULY–OCTOBER SEPTEMBER 7 DECEMBER 1941 Allies won victories in North 1939 1940 1940–MAY 1941 Africa and the Pacific, then, in Britain and Germany uses Battle of Britain: The Blitz (German Japan mounts a 1944, they landed in France and France declare German and bombing raids on surprise attack on began to take back Europe. war on Germany. Blitzkrieg British aircraft British cities) kills fight for control of more than 60,000 the US Navy at “Lightning War” the skies; Britain civilians. Pearl Harbor, is the winner. Hawaii. tactics to take over France and most of Western Europe. Statue of British child’s gas mask Winston Churchill AXIS vs ALLIES World War II PRIMARY AXIS FORCES PRIMARY ALLIED FORCESThe Axis alliance was In September 1939 Germany, led by dictator Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland and triggered World War II, the deadliest TRANSJORDAN formed in 1939 by Germany conflict in history. By the end of the war six years later, around 60 million people had been killed, more than half ALBANIA and Italy. In 1940 Japan GREAT BRITAIN of them civilians. A large part of Europe was in ruins, and TUNISIA two Japanese cities had been obliterated by nuclear bombs. joined and the countries formed the Tripartite Pact. GERMANY ITALY The original members of JAPAN the Allies were Britain and FRANCE France, until 1940 when Germany invaded France and the French government was exiled to London. In 1941 the Soviet Union and USA the USA joined the Allies. In 1943 Italy surrendered, then changed sides to fight on the side of the Allies. SOVIET UNION THEATRES OF WAR AIR POWER FOCKE-WULF FW 190 WÜRGER For the first two years of the war, fighting raged across Western Europe, on the World War II was the first war in which fighting took place Eastern Front in Russia, and in North Africa. By the end of 1941, when the USA as much in the air as on land or sea. There were three main Germany and Japan joined in, the conflict had spread to the Pacific and Southeast Asia. types of planes: fighters, bombers, and transport planes. Few nations were able to stay neutral as war engulfed the whole world. NOVEMBER 1942 THE WAR IN EUROPE, NORTH ICELAND AFRICA, AND THE MEDITERRANEAN FINLAND USSR Germany began the JUNKERS JU87B MESSERSCHMITT YAKOVLEV YAK-3 ESTONIA war with the upper DIVE BOMBER BF 110 Soviet Union North Atlantic Ocean NORWAY hand, rampaging Germany PORTUGAL through Europe Germany SWEDEN and taking over a SUPERMARINE LATVIA series of countries. SPITFIRE MK.24 Gradually, the Allies North Sea LITHUANIA pushed back, and UK BELL P-39-D by 1943 Germany AIRACOBRA IRELAND GREAT EAST was in retreat. BRITAIN PRUSSIA USA KEY POLAND Allied areas GERMANY Allied-occupied CZECHOSLOVAKIA areas FRANCE HUNGARY Axis countries AUSTRIA ROMANIA Axis-occupied areas SWITZERLAND Axis allies VICHY ITALY Black Sea FRANCE YUGOSLAVIA BULGARIA Neutral countries HEINKEL HE 111 HANDLEY PAGE HALIFAX II TURKEY Germany UK SPAIN GREECE CYPRUS SYRIA SMALL ARMS SICILY ALGERIA PALESTINE Technology played a crucial HAND Crete role in the war, with both GRENADE MOROCCO Mediterranean Sea sides competing to produce LEE ENFIELD N0.5 MK 1 weapons more efficient and UK USA LIBYA deadlier than ever before. WALTHER P38 Rifles, machine-guns, VICKERS MARK IV PISTOL 1941–45 ALASKA THE WAR IN THE mortars, and hand grenades MACHINE GUN Germany (US) PACIFIC AND ASIA were all improved during UK Japan joined the the course of the war. USSR Axis countries in ORDNANCE QF 1941 and quickly 25-POUNDER Bering Sea overran much of Southeast Asia, UK including Malaya MONGOLIA and Singapore. The MANCHURIA Allies fought back on land and sea, KOREA but it was superior FIGHTING airpower – and the MEN CHINA JAPAN Pacific Ocean dropping of two atomic bombs – In most countries BURMA that led to the men were conscripted Allies’ victory. during the war, THAILAND HAWAII meaning they had INDOCHINA PHILIPPINES (US) KEY to join the armed forces. Only those MALAYA Southern Ocean Allied areas doing certain jobs, such as miners or BORNEO Axis countries farmers, or people in poor health were not SUMATRA EAST NEW GUINEA Axis-occupied required to join up. INDIES PAPUA areas JAVA Axis allies Indian Ocean Coral Sea Limit of Japanese advance AUSTRALIA BRITISH AMERICAN SOVIET GERMAN JAPANESE ITALIAN SOLDIER SOLDIER SOLDIER SOLDIER SOLDIER SOLDIER 330

4–7 JUNE 1942 Soviet medal for 2 FEBRUARY 1943 7 MARCH 1945 6–9 AUGUST 1945 The USA defeats the Battle of USA drops atomic Japan’s navy at the Stalingrad Soviet troops are Allied troops bombs on the Battle of Midway in the victorious at Japanese cities Pacific Ocean, halting 19 AUGUST 1942 Stalingrad and German V1 flying 25 AUGUST 1944 cross the river of Hiroshima and the Japanese advance. Germany begin to march bomb, 1944 Paris is liberated Rhine and enter Nagasaki. launches an on Germany. by the Allies from Japanese Aichi D3A attempt to take Germany. Model of “fat man” atomic 1945 bomber plane over the Soviet bomb, dropped on Nagasaki city of Stalingrad. German occupation. 13 MAY 1943 25 JULY 1943 6 JUNE 1944 27 JANUARY 7 MAY 1945 15 AUGUST 1945 D-Day: Allied forces 1945 The Axis Italian dictator Mussolini land in Normandy, Soviet army Following Japan announces its armies in is overthrown. A month France, and begin to liberates the Hitler’s suicide intention to surrender. North Africa later, the Allies invade advance inland. Auschwitz death a week earlier, On 2 September they surrender. mainland Italy, leading camp in Poland. Germany sign the Instrument of to Italy’s surrender. Badge worn by surrenders. Surrender, and World Jews in Latvia War II is officially over. CASUALTIES APPROXIMATE TOTAL CASUALTIES PER COUNTRY OF WAR SOVIET UNION 24 MILLION Both sides suffered terrible losses CHINA 20 MILLION GERMANY 6.6–8.8 MILLION GERMAN during the war. Poland lost 20 per POLAND 5.6 MILLION JAPAN ARMY BADGE cent of its population, and whole Y U G O SL AV I A 2.6–3.1 MILLION ROMANIA 1 MILLION The Nazis used cities across Europe were left HUNGARY 833,000 the swastika 580,000 cross as their in ruins. The Nazis and their FRANCE symbol. PHILIPPINES 567,600 sympathizers executed six million ITALY 500,000–1 MILLION UNITED KINGDOM HITLER Jewish people. This brutal, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 457,000 AND THE NAZIS NETHERLANDS 450,700 systematic murder is now known HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL PEACE MEMORIAL IN GREECE 418,500 as the Holocaust. In Japan two IN BERLIN, GERMANY HIROSHIMA, JAPAN FINLAND 301,000 nuclear bombs, dropped by the BELGIUM 300,000–800,000 Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Nazi USA, caused mass destruction. MILL1DI9OUW4N0RE–IH4NRO1EG,MDMTEEHOSSERTIEBNRLOTLIYHTOEZANDNODFOAN CANADA In the city of Hiroshima, 65,000 AUSTRALIA 97,000 (National Socialist) party. Nazis believed that people were killed, and in BULGARIA Nagasaki 40,000 lost their lives. NORWAY 86,100 Germans were naturally superior to what they 45,400 40,500 called “inferior races”. Hitler especially hated 25,000 Jewish people, and blamed them for all of 9,500 Germany’s economic and political problems. LAND POWER UNIVERSAL CARRIER SHERMAN FIREFLY M2 HALF-TRACK CAR BMW R12 MOTORCYCLE WHITE SCOUT CAR UK UK/USA USA Germany USA Advances in technology meant that armoured vehicles and tanks played STURMGESCHUTZ III a much bigger part in World War II Germany than in previous conflicts. Panzer tanks, supported by air bombers, were the main power behind the Germans’ swift and brutal takeover of most of Western Europe in the first months of the war. CHURCHILL TANK UK JAGDPANZER 38(T) HETZER Germany PANZERKAMPFWAGEN II Germany PANZERKAMPFWAGEN PANZERKAMPFWAGEN III “TIGER” II Germany Germany SEA POWER Naval battles took place in both the Atlantic and Pacific HMS AVON VALE HMS AGINCOURT U-BOAT (SUBMARINE) oceans. In the North Atlantic, Escort destroyer, UK Battle class destroyer, UK Germany German U-boats (submarines) stalked and attacked the Allies’ essential supply ships. In the Pacific, the USA took on the Japanese in a series of USS HORNET YAHAGI PRINZ EUGEN Aircraft carrier, USA HMS HOOD Cruiser, Japan Heavy cruiser, massive naval battles. I-400-CLASS SUBMARINE Battlecruiser, UK Japan Germany 331

The Cold War NUMBER OF WARHEADSNUCLEAR ARMS After World War II, the USA and the Soviet Union (USSR) emerged After World War II, only the United States as the world’s most powerful countries. Although bitter enemies, had nuclear bomb technology, but in 1949 the threat of nuclear destruction stopped them from declaring war. the USSR successfully tested a nuclear Instead, they each tried to weaken the other by spying, supporting device of its own. The nuclear arms race other countries in conflicts, and developing new technologies. began, with both countries building more and more powerful weapons and THE WORLD DIVIDED WARSAW PACT stockpiling thousands of warheads. Formed by the USSR in 1955, As tensions grew between the two superpowers, they each tried in opposition to NATO. NUCLEAR WEAPON STOCKPILES, 1950–2010 to form alliances with other countries. By the mid-1950s, all of USA Europe and most of the world had chosen sides in the Cold War. SOVIET ALBANIA USSR, then Russia after 1991 UNION Left 1962 NATO 40,000 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 35,000 an alliance of 12 Western democratic 30,000 countries, formed in 1949. 25,000 20,000 PAN SOUTH 15,000 SOUTH KOREA VIETNAM 10,000 NORTH 5,000 VIETNAM 0 1950 1960 1965 1975 1986 2000 2010 USS VIRGINIA (SSN-74) NUCLEAR SUBMARINE (USA) JA USA LUXEMBOURG GREECE NORTH KOREA MONGOLIA CHINA Joined 1952 BULGARIA SOVIET UNION (U AKULA-CLASS NUCLEAR SUBMARINE (USSR) BELGIUM NETHERLANDS CZECHOSLOVAKIA TURKEY SSR) HCPZUOEBNRLCUGOALHAMNGORADASYNLRIIOAAVAKIA Payload Payload Joined 1952 (weapon) (weapon) CANADA NORWAY WEST EAST Instrument One of DENMARK PORTUGAL GERMANY GERMANY compartment four Joined 1955 strap-on HUNGARY boosters CANADA EAST GERMANY POLAND UNITED WEST GERMANY ROMANIA KFIRNAUGNNDICOTEEMD ITALY STATES PORTUGAL SPAIN FRANCE UNITED EUROPE 1955 CUBA ICELAND KINGDOM Warsaw Pact countries NATO countries Main ITALY Other USSR allies engine Other USA allies Rudder NATO LEADERS In 1949 the USA brought PGM-11 REDSTONE (USA) R-7 SEMYORKA (USSR) together a group of First missile to carry First intercontinental countries to form a a live nuclear warhead. ballistic missile. military union. NATO’s aims were to stop the THE BERLIN WALL spread of Communism After World War II, Germany’s capital was divided up between the Allied countries – UK, and help prevent future USA, France, and USSR. In 1961 the Soviets built a 2 m (6.5 ft) high wall enclosing the war in Europe. As the three sectors of West Berlin to stop people escaping from the Communist Soviet sector USA was the most DWIGHT D EISENHOWER JOHN F KENNEDY RICHARD NIXON RONALD REAGAN to the Allied sector. The heavily guarded wall powerful country in was finally demolished in 1989, at the end of NATO, the US president Became US president in When Kennedy confronted Nixon started a slight thaw The US president in charge the Cold War. was seen as its leader. 1953. He promised help the USSR in 1962 over in the Cold War when he at the end of the Cold War, to countries who were weapons they held in Cuba, met the Soviet leader Reagan signed a peace under threat from the many feared that it would Leonid Brezhnev in 1972, to treaty in 1989 with Soviet spread of Communism. trigger a third world war. discuss reducing weapons. leader Mikhail Gorbachev. WARSAW PACT LEADERS The Pact was an anti- FRENCH SECTOR NATO alliance between Communist nations. Communism was BRITISH SOVIET SECTOR SECTOR based on the belief that property should not JOSEPH STALIN NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV FIDEL CASTRO MIKHAIL GORBACHEV AMERICAN be owned by individuals, SECTOR but shared by everyone. Set the Cold War in motion Tried to establish better Led a Communist revolution Became leader of the USSR by bringing much of Eastern relations with the USA, but in Cuba in 1959. The USA in 1985, and introduced many Europe under Soviet control was ousted as Soviet leader supported many attempts reforms that helped bring an KEY after World War II. by rivals in 1964. to remove him from power. end to the Cold War. Berlin Wall 332

THE ENEMY AT 1945 COLD WAR STORY HOME AND ABROAD FEBRUARY 1945 The Cold War divided Europe Espionage (spying) was an Yalta conference held between democratic west and important Cold War tactic. Communist east, and spread Both sides developed military to decide Germany’s worldwide as both sides tried reconnaissance spy planes and post-war future. to undermine each other by anti-spy planes to counter the Germany is split influencing global events. other’s surveillance planes. They also into four zones of deployed secret agents, whose job was MARCH 1946 either to uncover political and industrial Allied occupation. British ex-prime minister Winston information about the enemy, or to seek Churchill describes the division out spies and traitors in their own country. MARCH 1947 between Communist and non- US President Communist countries Truman declares as an “iron curtain”. the Truman Doctrine; LOCKHEED U2 that it was the JUNE 1948 RECONNAISSANCE USA’s duty to fight Communism all The Soviets try to SPY PLANE over the world. squeeze the other Allies out of Berlin MAY–OCTOBER 1949 by blockading the city, Memorial to Communist East forcing the Allies to Berlin Airlift Germany and airlift in supplies. capitalist West LOGO OF THE CIA, LOCKHEED SR-71 OCTOBER 1949 USA’S COUNTER- BLACKBIRD Germany are founded. Mao Zedong declares INTELLIGENCE FORCE the foundation of the RECONNAISSANCE JUNE 1950 Communist People’s PLANE The Korean War Republic of China. begins; USSR and USA take opposing sides. Book by Mao Zedong, Chinese OCTOBER 1956 The USSR invades communist Hungary to put down leader an anti-Communist Sputnik uprising. satellite MIKOYAN-GUREVICH MIG-25 “FOXBAT” INTERCEPTOR PLANE AUGUST 1961 OCTOBER 1957 Soviets build the USSR launches Sputnik, Berlin Wall. the first satellite to orbit Earth. MAY 1972 USA and USSR sign a Statue of treaty agreeing to limit their nuclear weapons. OCTOBER 1962 Che Guevara, DECEMBER 1987 USA and USSR face one of Cuba’s USA and USSR agree off in the Cuban leaders at the to remove all medium- Missile Crisis. time of the and short-range LOGO OF THE KGB, nuclear missiles. Missile Crisis SOVIET SPY AGENCY MIKOYAN-GUREVICH MIG-23 INTERCEPTOR PLANE MARCH 1965 USA sends 200,000 SPACE RACE troops to fight in Vietnam. Both the USA and USSR desperately VIETNAM WAR JULY–AUGUST 1980 wanted to be world leaders in space exploration. They each poured huge In 1954 Vietnam was split when the USA boycotts the Moscow amounts of money and resources into Communists (Vietcong) in the North split Olympic Games in protest the race to be the first to land a man from the South. The USA sent troops to help at the Soviet invasion on the Moon. the South Vietnamese, leading to a 20-year of Afghanistan. war, which ended in victory for the Vietcong. FIRST SATELLITE TO 1990 NOVEMBER 1989 Berlin Wall ORBIT EARTH: USSR Berlin Wall is torn down. memorial On 4 October 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik I. The USA launched their first satellite Explorer I US MARINES DECEMBER 1989 four months later. SUNGLASSES The Cold War is declared over. FIRST MAN US MARINES US MARINES M16 AUTOMATIC GLOBAL FLASHPOINTS IN SPACE: USSR HELMET ARMOURED RIFLE (USA) The effects of the Cold War were felt all over the On 12 April 1961, Yuri VEST world, as the USA and USSR backed different sides Gagarin was the first in various conflicts and uprisings. man to orbit the Earth in his spacecraft, Vostok I. FIRST WOMAN COMMEMORATIVE IN SPACE: USSR STAMP SHOWING Valentina Tereshkova YURI GAGARIN became the first female cosmonaut when she flew Vostok 6 in 1963. US MARINES TROPICAL BOOTS It took the USA another 20 years to send US MARINES CAMOUFLAGE JACKET AND TROUSERS Sally Ride up in the space shuttle Challenger. KOREA 1950-53 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1968 FIRST “SPACE WALK”: USSR The USA and United Nations An attempted uprising against the backed South Korea, while USSR Communist regime was violently On 18 March 1965, Alexei Leonov spent about put down by the USSR. The West ten minutes floating outside his spacecraft, and China supported the disapproved, but did not intervene. Voskhod 2. The Americans lost out Communists in the North. again, by just three months. FIRST PERSON VIETCONG VIETCONG FIGHTER’S TUNIC AND TROUSERS TO LAND ON HAT THE MOON: USA MOON LANDING VIETCONG RUBBER VIETCONG MACHETE VIETCONG NICARAGUA 1979 AFGHANISTAN 1979 On 20 July 1969, Neil COMMEMORATIVE SANDALS AND SCABBARD GRENADE When the Soviets invaded Armstrong, Commander LAUNCHER When Sandinista revolutionaries Afghanistan, Afghan resistance of the Apollo 11 moon BADGE overthrew the government, the fighters (Mujahideen) were secretly mission, stepped out of armed and funded by the USA. the lunar landing module, USA funded a guerrilla war Eagle, and on to the surface against the new regime. 333 of the Moon.

Spies FAMOUS SPIES TJACHFMRELEEEFASMICTBITENODIGONBNDINYAWI1LAA9SN5SP3Y Spying, or espionage, is all about Successful spies rarely become famous, Lighter flips open finding out secret information, known as because their cover is never blown. A to reveal camera “intelligence”. Spies have been operating handful of spies do find fame as heroes, for thousands of years. In ancient times, or after being found guilty of espionage. they sneaked into enemy camps to uncover their battle plans. If they were JOHN ANDRE caught, they were killed. Spying is still a dangerous business. Secret agents This British army officer was hanged as a spy in carry weapons as well as the 1780 during the American War of Independence. latest surveillance gadgets. JAMES ARMISTEAD LAFAYETTE A former African slave, Lafayette was a double agent in the War of Independence. MATA HARI Dutch dancer Mata Hari was executed for spying for Germany in World War I (1914–18). VIRGINIA HALL After helping the British in World War II (1939–45), this US spy joined the CIA. THE ROSENBERGS This American husband and wife were executed in 1953 for passing secrets to the Soviet Union. MATA HARI CAMERAS WRISTWATCH CAMERA INSECTOTHOPTER (FLYING SURVEILLANCE CAMERA) Used to photograph top-secret plans or provide evidence of a private meeting, the camera is an essential part of a spy’s kit. These days, a secret agent can use a smartphone to take a snap without attracting attention. In the past, cameras had to be ingeniously concealed inside everyday objects. MICRODOT DCD-1 (CIA SUBMINIATURE WRAL (CIA SUBMINIATURE MOLLY (CIA SUBMINIATURE LIGHTER CAMERA CAMERA CAMERA) CAMERA) CAMERA) MEZON RECORDING RADIOS RECORDING CIA WRISTWATCH DEVICE PEN-TOP DEVICES MICROPHONE MICROPHONE Radio allowed secret agents of the past to communicate quickly HANDKERCHIEF WITH over long distances – they did so in code, because radio messages With the help of bugs SECRET WRITING can be easily intercepted. Radio waves also transmitted and other secret recording sounds from listening devices, such as the devices, spies can ensure one hidden in the hotel lamp below. that no conversation is ever private. Wiretaps allow PORTABLE an agent to listen in on MILITARY RADIO phone conversations. RADIO WRISTWATCH KGB CODES AND CIPHERS Keeping communications secret and intercepting enemy messages were prime concerns during World War I and II. Codes allow words or instructions to be replaced by letters, numbers, or symbols. Ciphers are a clever kind of code, where a secret “key” encrypts the message. M-94 CIPHER DEVICE HOTEL LAMP ATTACHE CASE MORSE LETTER- GERMAN ENIGMA CIPHER GERMAN ENIGMA TRANSCEIVER RADIO CODE KEY REMOVING MACHINE USED BY JAPANESE CIPHER MACHINE DEVICE 334

WHO SPIES? CYBER SPIES Most spies work for someone Computers and the Internet have changed else – usually a government, the face of espionage. Cyber sleuths can now a company, or another person. steal information remotely, by hacking into Spying is their job. It involves computers. Governments and companies finding out information that take cyber espionage very seriously. others would rather keep hidden, and passing those GOVERNMENTS PRIVATE COMPANIES POLITICAL GROUPS INDIVIDUALS secrets on. Every government runs its Private intelligence Campaigners may work to Some people spy own intelligence agency. agencies spy on behalf find out “dirty” secrets without being hired. The agency employs spies of individuals, companies, kept by big companies They may discover a or the government. secret and share it. to gather information. and governments. ...AND WHY? MONEY IDEOLOGY COMPROMISE EGO Spying is a risky business, Most spies do what they do Some spy because of beliefs, Sometimes people fall into A small number of so why do people do it? They for the money. Top spies or ideology. They work for a spying because they have a spies are motivated by are usually motivated by one government or organization secret of their own. They are ego. They think being a of four reasons. Experts are paid huge sums for the spy will be glamorous. secrets they uncover. that shares their beliefs. blackmailed into the job. explain these using the term “MICE”, which stands for Money, Ideology, Compromise, and Ego. SECRET COMPARTMENTS Secret INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES Spies need to be able to transport top- chamber Governments need spies to tell them secret information, tickets, or messages about threats from other countries. Some also carry out surveillance without them being intercepted. Spies in on their own citizens. World War I and II used special microdot MSS, CHINA cameras to shrink documents on to tiny In 1983 China merged existing agencies to make its Ministry pieces of film that could be concealed in of State Security (MSS). the smallest hiding places. RING TO CONCEAL BOOT HEEL COIN WITH SECRET HOLLOW SOAP CASE RAW, INDIA COMPARTMENT COMPARTMENT TO HIDE DEVICES MICRODOTS Created in 1968, India’s Research and Analysis Wing WEAPONS (RAW) reports directly to the Prime Minister, not Parliament. Used to threaten and wring out information, to silence an enemy for good, CIA, USA or for self-defence, guns and other weapons are an espionage essential. For some The Central Intelligence missions, they may be carried openly; on Agency (CIA) focuses on others, they must be carefully disguised. foreign threats to the USA. .25 WEBLEY WITH ISI, PAKISTAN SILENCER Founded in 1948, Inter- GAS-FIRING CARTRIDGE Strap attaches Services Intelligence (ISI) ASSASSINATION WALLET gun to arm collects information that affects Pakistani security. PUSH DAGGER FSB, RUSSIA TIP OF POISON-PELLET CANE SINGLE-SHOT ASSASSINATION DEVICE The Federal Security Service Pen gun bullet TEAR-GAS PEN SLEEVE GUN CIA DEER GUN (FSB) was formed in 1995. It took over from the KGB after PNEUMATIC PEN GUN the fall of the Soviet Union. GENERAL TOOLS BND, GERMANY One challenge spies face is gaining Germany’s Federal entry to places where secrets are Intelligence Service, or stored. Secret agents carry kit for Bundesnachrichtendienst, breaking and entering, including fence was founded in 1956. cutters, key copiers, and lock picks. DGSE, FRANCE Formed in 1982, the Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) investigates threats to France. MI6, UK Formally called the Secret Intelligence Service, MI6 reports to the UK government and tracks terror threats. ASIS, AUSTRALIA The Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) was founded in 1952 to protect Australia’s interests. MOSSAD, ISRAEL Formed in 1949, Israel’s intelligence agency has around 1,200 employees. LOCK PICK GUN KEY PATTERN DEVICE WIRE FENCE CUTTER COVERT ENTRY KIT 335

Index savanna 147 Antarctica 194–5 skeletons 132 population 195 A aircraft 60–3 tree of life 68 size 178 Cold War 333 Amundsen, Roald 194, 314 wildlife 150–1 Aamodt, Kjetil Andre 262 World War I 328–9 anacondas 111, 145, 187 aardvarks 146 World War II 330 anatomy see bodies anteaters 68, 145, 147 Abdülmecid I, Sultan Anchisaurus 74 antennae airships 63 ancient monuments 285 300 Akbar, Emperor 302 Andalucian horses 138 butterflies and moths 94 Aboriginal culture 192 Akhenaten 288 Andes Mountains 186, 187 crustaceans 90 abyssal zone, ocean 152 Akkad 286 Andorra, flag 197 anthocyanins 228 Abyssinian cats 137 Alaska, earthquake 162 André, John 334 antibiotics 45 acacia trees 146, 147 Albania, flag 197 anemonefish 98 Antigua and Barbuda, flag 196 accordions 211 albatrosses 150–1 anemones 83, 143, 153 Antonov AN-225 63 acid rain 176 Albertosaurus 77 Angel, Chriss 279 ants 93, 143, 149 acids 29 The Alchemist (Coelho) 221 Angel Falls (Venezuela) 186 Anurognathus 78 Acropolis (Athens) 189 Alcock, John 63 angelfish 98, 153, 155 Apatosaurus 74 acute angles 48 alders 85 Angkor Wat (Cambodia) 183, apes 126–7 Adams, John 318 Alexander the Great 291 219 Apollo spacecraft 15, 16, 17, Adams, John Quincy 319 Alfred the Great 309, 325 anglerfish 153 314, 333 adaptable plants 80 algae 69 angles 48 Appaloosa horses 138 adaptation 33 algebra 47 angling 270–1 Apple Flower Festival (Denmark) adders 111 Algeria 190 Anglo Saxons 324–5 205 addition 46 Angola, flag 196 apples 199 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer flag 196 Animal Farm (Orwell) aquamarine 169 Alhambra Palace (Spain) 219 220 aquatic snails 97 (Twain) 220 alkali metals 31 animals aqueducts, Roman 295 adzes 186 alkaline earth metals 31 biology 33 Arab Spring 317 aeroplanes 44 Allied Powers 330 coral reefs 154–5 Arabian horses 138 Afghan hounds 135 alligators 112–13 deserts 148–9 Arabian Nights 221 Afghanistan 333 Allosaurus 76, 77 endangered 177 Arabic 206 alloys 28 farm 140–1 arachnids 88–9 flag 197 alpacas 141, 187 forests 142–3 archaea 69, 159 Africa 190–1 alphabet, runic 296 how life began 70–1 Archelon 70 alpine skiing 262 life on Earth 159 archer fish 98 early man 284 amaryllis 81 migration 122–3 arches, formation of 165 European empires 322 Amazon rainforest 145, 187 Oceania 193 Archimedes 291 flags 196 Amazon River 186, 187 oceans 152–3 architecture see buildings food 224 amber 72, 169 polar regions 150–1 arcs 48 population 180, 190 ambulances 55, 328 prehistoric 78–9 Arctic char 99 savanna 146 Amenhotep III 288 rainforest 144–5 Arctic Ocean 153, 171 size 178 American football 247, 250–1 relationships 153 Arctic poppies 151 slavery 323 American Revolution 317 savanna 146–7 Arctic terns 122, 123, African wild ass 139 Americas, Ancient tree of life 68–9 151 African Americans, soldiers ammonites 70–1, 72–3 see also dinosaurs Arctic wildlife 150 in US Civil War 321 amnesia 41 Ankylosaurus 75 Arctic willow 151 agoutis 124 Amphibamus 71 Anne of Green Gables (Montgomery) Ardennais horses 138 agriculture see farming amphibians 104–5 220 area Ahmet Fountain (Istanbul) 301 anole lizards 109 Africa 190 air pressure 175 frogs and toads 104–5 Anomalocaris 78 Antarctica 195 Aira Caldera (Japan) prehistoric 78, 79 anostomus 99 Asia 183 161 rainforest 144–5 Antarctic Treaty 195 Earth’s surface 178 Airbus 380 63 Europe 188 geometry 48, 49 336

North America 184 Asia 182–3 averages 47 barrier reefs 154 Oceania 193 flags 197 avocets 117 baseball 247, 252–3 South America 186 food 225 axial tilt, Earth’s 150, 178 basenjis 134 Argentavis 78 population 180, 183 Axis Powers 330 bases 29 Argentina 187 size 178 Azerbaijan, flag 197 Bashkir ponies 139 bread 232 basketball 246, 254–5 flag 196 Asian cats 137 B bass clef 212 football 248 ASIS (Australia) 335 basset hounds 135 Argentinosaurus 74 aspens 85, 143 Babbage, Charles 43 bassoons 210 Aristarchus 18 asphodels 82 baboons 127 Bastille (Paris) 317 Aristotle 18, 33, 223, ass, African wild 148 Babur, Emperor 302 bateleurs 118 291 Asteroid Belt, missions to 16 Babylon 286 baths, Roman 295 Arkwright, Richard 327 asteroids 11, 14 backgammon 276, 277 bats 133, 143, 145 armadillos 68 Aston Martin 51 bacon 238 batteries 26, 187 Armenia, flag 197 Astraspis 71, 78 bacteria 70, 159 battleships 329 arms and armour astrolabes 312, 315 bayonets 320, 329 Ancient Greece 291 astronomy 18–19 tree of life 69 beach volleyball 246 Ancient Rome 294 badgers 133, 142 beaches 164 Aztec 299 Mughal 302 badminton 257 beagles 135 early civilizations 287 Northern skies 20–1 bagels 233 beaked whales 131 medieval Europe 308–9 Southern skies 22–3 Bahά’í 203 beaks 116, 117 Mughal 302 Atacama Desert 187 Bahamas, flag 196 Ottoman 301 Athens (Greece) 189, 290 Bahrain, flag 197 birds of prey 118 Renaissance 312 athletics 260–1 balalaikas 211 beans 198 Samurai warriors 305 Atlantic Ocean 153, 171 bald eagles 116, 118, 150 bears 143, 151, 184 siege weapons 311 atmosphere, Earth’s 158, 159 baleen whales 130 Beaufort scale 173 spies 335 atmospheric circulation 172–3 Balinese-Javanese cats 137 beavers 125 US Civil War 320–1 atolls 154 ball lightning 175 Bedlington terriers 134 Viking 297 atomic bombs 330, 331 ball sports 246–7 bee orchids 83 World War I 329 atomic numbers 30 beech trees 85, 143 World War II 330–1 atoms 25, 28 water-based 266 beef 238 Armstrong, Neil 16, 314, aubergines 199 ballet 214, 216–17 333 Aucasaurus 76 ballistas 311 Argentine 187 army, Roman 294 Augean Stables 293 balloons, hot-air 62 Beehive Cluster 20 arrowheads 80 August Revolution (Vietnam) ballroom dancing 215 beekeeping 141 art and crafts 316 balls 246, 247 bees 93 Ancient Americas 299 Augustine of Hippo 223 beetles 92, 133, 143, 147, 149 Ancient Greece 290 auks 117, 151 football 248 Belarus, flag 197 early civilizations 287 Aurangzeb, Emperor racket sports 256–7 Belgium, flag 197 early human 285 302 bananas 199 Belize, flag 196 Imperial China 306, 307 aurorae 19, 26 bandfish 98 Bell, Alexander Graham 327 Imperial Japan 305 Australia 192–3 bandros 127 Belle Epoque, fashion 243 Mughal Empire 303 area 193 bandy 247 Bellerophon 293 Ottoman 301 flag 197 Bangladesh, flag 197 belly dancing 215 Renaissance 313 food 225 baobab trees 147 beluga whales 131, 151 the story of art 208–9 meat 238 Barapasaurus 75 Bengal cats 136 Viking 296–7 population 193 Barbados, flag 196 Benin, flag 196 Artemis 293 Australian Rules football 247 barbets 176 Bentley cars 50 arthropods 68 Australopithecus afarensis 284 Barents, William 315 Beowulf 221 Arthur, Chester A. Austria bark 84 Berlin Airlift 333 318 cheese 230 barley 198 Berlin Wall 317, 332 ash trees 85 flag 197 barn owls 119, 142 berries 226 Austria-Hungary, World War I Baronyx 73, 76, 77 Bhutan, flag 197 328 Baroque art 208 biathlons 263 barracudas 155 337

Bichon Frise 135 bluebottles 93 boreal evergreen forests 142 bugs, true 92 Bichon Yorkies 135 bluefish 98 Borneo 183 buildings bicycles 64–5 BMX bikes 264 Bosnia & Herzegovina, flag 197 Big Bang 10–11 BND (Germany) 335 Boston terriers 134 castles 310–11 Bikaner Camel Festival board sports 267 Botswana, flag 196 earthquake-proof 163 boars 143, 311 Botticelli, Sandro 313 great 218–19 (India) 204 bottlebrush 80 medieval Europe 308 billy dogs 135 Erymanthian 293 bottlenose dolphins 130 Mughal 303 binary code 42 boas 110–11, 144 boules 246 Bulgaria, flag 197 biodiversity 142 boats 45 bowhead whales 150 bull boxers 135 biofuels 177 bowline 274, 275 bull terriers 134 biology 32–3 anatomy of 268–9 bowling 247 Bullard, Eugene Jacques 63 birch trees 85 Egyptian 288 bowls 247 bulldogs 135 bird-of-paradise plant 81 bob cats 129 boxer crabs 153 bullet ants 145 birds 116–17 bobsleigh 263 boxfish 98, 153 bullet trains 57 bodies boxing 272 bullfrogs 147 adaptation 33 birds 116 Boyd, Belle 321 buntings 151 desert 149 cats 136 Boyle, Robert 29 burbot 99 eggs 114–15 chemical composition 30 brachiopods 71 Burj Khalifa (Dubai) feathers 116, 120–1 crocodilians 112 Brahms Crater (Mercury) 12 219 flight 116, 121 crustaceans 90 brain, human 34, 40–1 Burkina Faso, flag 196 forests 142–3 dogs 134 brain coral 154 Burmese cats 137 migration 122, 123 fish 98 brass instruments 210 Burundi, flag 196 polar regions 150–1 human 34–41 brassicas 198 Bush, George H.W. 319 prehistoric 78 insects 92 Brazil Bush, George W. 319 rainforest 144–5 lizards 108 bushbabies 127 savanna 146–7 meat-eating dinosaurs 76 area and population 181, 186 bustards 117 skeletons 132 plant-eating dinosaurs 74 flag 196 buttercups 83 spreading seeds 227 rodents 124 food production 198 butterflies 93, 94–5, 185 Stymphalian 293 sharks 100 football 248 migration 122 tree of life 69 slugs and snails 97 Brazilian Revolution 316 rainforest 144–5 birds of paradise 117, 121, 144 snakes 110 breaching, whales 131 butterfly fish 155 birds of prey 116, 118–19 spiders 88 bread 232–3 butterfly weeds 83 birdwing butterflies 94, 95 body systems 35 bridge 277 butterwort 81 Birman cats 137 Body-painting Festival (Austria) 204 bridles 280 buzzards 118, 132 birthstones 168 Bolívar, Simón 317 brioche 233 Byzantine art 208 bites, snake 111 Bolivia 186, 187 bristlecone pines 85 bits (tack) 280 Bollywood style 214–15 Britain see United Kingdom C black holes 11 Bolt, Usain 261 British Empire 322 black mambas 111 Bolton Abbey (England) 308 British shorthair cats 137 cabbages 198 black smokers 153 bombardment 329 Brittany dogs 134 cacti 80, 148, 149 black widow spiders 88, 89 bombards 311 brittle stars 153 caecilians 105 blackbirds 121, 143 Bombay cats 137 broccoli 199, 228 Caesar, Julius 295 Blaine, David 279 Bombay duck 236 bromeliads 145 caimans 113, 132 blennies 98 bombers 60–1 Brown, Arthur 63 Cairn terriers 134 Blériot, Louis 63 Bond, James 334 Brunei, flag 197 caldera lakes 171 the Blitz (London) 331 bone marrow 37 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 327 calderas 160, 161 blood vessels 34 bones 34, 35, 36–7 Buchanan, James 319 calendar blue cheeses 231 bonobos 127 Budapest (Hungary) 189 Blue Mosque (Istanbul) 219 bonsai trees 85 Buddhism 202, 214, 307 Chinese 307 blue sharks 100 bony fish 99 buffaloes 146–7 Roman 295 blue whales 131 The Book Thief (Zusak) 221 Bugatti cars 51 calligraphy bluebells 81, 82, 143 books 220–1, 312 bugles 210 Arabic 300 bluebirds 121 Booth, John Wilkes 321 Chinese 306 338

Calypso 293 cassava 198 Cerro Aconcagua (Argentina) 186 Imperial 306–7 Camarasaurus 74 Cassini spacecraft 17 cha-cha 215 population 183 Cambodia 183 casting (fishing) 271 Chad, flag 196 revolutions 316, 317 castles 310–11 challah 233 space programme 15, 17 flag 197 Chama 71 chinchillas 125 Cambrian explosion 70 Imperial Japan 304 chambered shells 103 Chincoteague ponies 139 camels 141, 148, 190 medieval Europe 308 Chamberlain, Joshua 321 Chinese chequers 276 castor beans 81 Chamberlain, Wilt 255 Chinese New Year 205 cheese 231 Castro, Fidel 316, 332 chameleons 109, 132, 144 Chinese Revolution 316 cameras, spies 334 casualties Chandayaan-1 Spacecraft 17 chipmunks 125 Cameroon, flag 196 US Civil War 320, 321 changement 217 chipokae 99 Camptosaurus 75 World War I 328 Chantilly Tiffany cats 137 chitons 97, 103 Canaan dogs 134 World War II 331 chariots 287 chlorophyll 80, 228 Canada 184 catalytic converters 51 Charlemagne 309 chordates 69 Caterpillar crawlers 52–3 Charles I, King 316, 324 chords 48 area 181 caterpillars 95 Charles II, King 324 Chow Chows 134 flag 196 catfish 99 Charlotte’s Web (White) 221 Christ Church (London) 218 food production 198 cats 69, 133, 136–7 chars 99 Christianity 202 meat 238 wild 128–9 Chartreux cats 136 Christmas 205 canals 326 cattle 140, 187, 191, 311 Charybdis 293 chromosomes 32 canasta 277 cattle ranches 145 Château de Beynac (France) 308 chromatography 28 cancan 214 Caudipteryx 76 Château de Fougères (France) 308 chrysalis 95 cane toads 105, 147 cauliflowers 199 cheese 198, 230–1 Churchill, Winston 330, 333 canoeing 267 cavalry defence 294 cheetahs 129, 146 CIA (USA) 333, 335 canopy, rainforest 144–5 cave spiders 88 chemical reactions 29 ciabatta 232 canter 281 caves, formation of 165 chemicals, cleaning 176 ciambella mandorlata 233 Canterbury Cathedral (England) 202 caviar 237 chemistry 28–9 cinder cones 160 Canute, King 325 cavy-like rodents 124–5 cherry blossom 183 ciphers 334 Cao Dai 203 Cayley, George 63 cherry trees 85 circles 48, 49 Cape Town (South Africa) 191 cedars 85, 143 Chesapeake Bay retrievers 134 circuits 26 Cape Verde, flag 196 celebrations 204–5 chess 277 circumference 48 capuchin monkeys 126 celestial sphere 19 chestnuts 85 Citipati 76 capybaras 144–5, 147 cellos 211 Chevrolet cars 50 Citroëns 50 caracals 128, 148 cells 32, 34 Chichen Itza (Mexico) 163, 185, 296 citrus fruit 199, 226 caracaras 119 cement mixers 54 chickens 140, 199, 239, 311 city-states carbon 31 Cenozoic Era 70–1 chicks 114–15, 117 Greek 290 carbon dioxide 80 centaurs 292 Chihuahuas 135 Italian 312 Carboniferous Period 71 centipedes 68 Chile Civil War Carcharodon 71 Central African Republic, flag 196 English 316 Carcharodontosaurus 70–1, 77 ceramics bread 232 US 320–1 card games 276–7 Ancient Americas 299 earthquake 162 civilizations card tricks 278, 279 Ancient Greece 209, 290 flag 196 Ancient Americas 298–9 Carnac (France) 285 early civilizations 287 pasta 235 Ancient Egypt 288–9 Carnation Revolution (Portugal) 316 Imperial China 306, 307 chillies 199 Ancient Greece 290–1 carnival 204–5 Imperial Japan 305 Chimaera 292 early 286–7 carnivores 68, 69 invention of pottery 44 chimpanzees 127, 133, 144 Imperial China 306–7 carnivorous plants 81 Mughal 303 Chimu people 298 clams 68, 97, 237 Carolinas 134 Ottoman 301 China 182, 183 clarinets 210 carotenoids 228 prehistoric 285 area 181 classical dance 214 carrots 199 ceratopsians 74–5 art 209 classification cars 44, 50–1 Ceratosaurus 76 early civilizations 286 biology 33 Carter, Jimmy 318 cereals 198 flag 197 of life 69 Carthage 295 Ceres 19 food production 199 cartilaginous fish 99 Caspian Sea 171 339

clefs 212 collies 135 coral reefs 154–5, 158, 193 Croatia, flag 197 Cleopatra VII 288, 289 colocolos 128 coral snakes 110 crocodiles 68, 112–13, 144, 185 Cleveland, Grover 318 Colombia, flag 196 corals 71, 72, 153, 169 climate 172–3 Colosseum (Rome) 219, 295 core eggs 115 colours 25 Cromwell, Oliver 316, 324 extreme 179 Earth’s 158 croquet 247 climate change 33, 146, 172, 174 vegetables 228 Moon 14 cross-country skiing 262 Clinton, Bill 319 colubrids 110–11 core fruit 226, 227 crossbills 143 clothing Columbus, Christopher 314, 315 corgis 135 crossbreeds, dogs 135 combat sports 272–3 cormorants, fishing with 271 crotchets 212 Ancient Greeks 290 combustion 29 corncrakes 117 crows 132 Imperial China 307 comets 11 cornsnakes 110 cruisers, motorbike 58–9 medieval Europe 308 Commonwealth (1649-59) 324 Cortés, Hernán 299, 315 the Crusades 309 men’s fashions 240–1 communications, US Civil War 321 Corvus constellation 22 crust motorbike 58 Comoros, flag 196 Corythosaurus 75 sailing 268 companion dogs 135 Costa Rica Earth 158, 159 Vikings 296–7 compasses, magnetic 268, 315 flag 196 Moon 14 women’s fashions 242–3 composite numbers 47 rainforest 185 crustaceans 90–1 cloud forest 145 computers 42–3, 45 costumes skeletons 133 clouds 171, 173 condors 118 ballet 216 tree of life 68 clover 82 conductors 27 dancing 215 Crux constellation 23 clown triggerfish 98, 152, 155 cones 49 Cottee, Kay 269 Cryolophosaurus 76 clownfish 99, 153, 155 Confederates 320–1 cotton 323 Cuba clubs 329 Confucianism 203, 307 mills 327 Cuban Revolution 316 cluster flowers 82 Confucius 203, 222 cottongrass 151 flag 196 Clydesdale horses 138 Confuciusornis 70 countries cubed numbers 46 co-ordination 41 Congo, flag 196 biggest and smallest 181 cubes 49 coal 326 conifers 69, 80 flags 196–7 Cubism 209 coastal deserts 148 Connemara ponies 139 course plotters 268 cuboids 49 coastal redwoods 84 conservation 177 court style clothing 240–1 cuckoos 116 coatis 145 courts cucumbers 199 coats, horses 139 wild cats 128 baseball 254 culture 200–43 coats of arms 308 constellations 19, 20–3 racket sports 256–7 architecture 218–19 cobra lilies 81 constrictors 111 tennis 258 art 208–9 cobras 110, 144, 148 construction vehicles 54 covert feathers 121 celebrations 204–5 cockatoos 117 consumers 177 cows 140, 199, 311 dance 214–17 feathers 120 contemporary art 209 cheese 231 fashion 240–3 cocker spaniels 134–5 continents coyotes 143, 149 food 224–39 cockerpoos 135 crab apples 85 language 206–7 cockroaches 71, 72 Africa 190–1 Crab Nebula 20 literature 220–1 cocoa 323 Antarctica 194–5 crabs 90–1, 102, 133, 153, 237 music 210–13 cocoa trees 85, 145 Asia 182–3 cranes (birds) 117 philosophy 222–3 coconuts 199 Europe 188–9 cranes, truck-mounted 55 religion 202–3 cod 98–9 North America 184–5 craters, lunar 14 cuneiform 212 codes 334 Oceania 192–3 crawlers 52–3 curares 145 Coelophysis 76 size of 178 crayfish 91, 237 Curie, Marie 29 coffee 323 South America 186–7 Cretaceous Period 70–1 Curiosity rover 17 coins Cook, Captain James 314 cribbage 277 curlews 121 Ancient Greece 290 Cooke, William 327 cricket 246 current, electrical 26 tricks 278, 279 Coolidge, Calvin 319 crickets 92, 149 cusk eels 153 cold deserts 148 coordinates 178 crime, medieval Europe 309 cuttlefish 97, 152, 237 Cold War 332–3 coots 117 crinoids 70 Cuzco 298 cold waves 174 Copernicus, Nicolaus 18 crispbread 232 cyber spies 335 cold-blooded creatures 110 Coppélia 216 cycads 81 cor anglais 210 340

cycling 264–5 deer 143, 147 discus 261 Duomo (Florence) 313 see also bicycles defence distance events (athletics) 261 durians 227 Distichodus 99 dust storms 174 Cyclopes 293 castles 310–11 Ditomopyge 78 Dutch Revolt 316 cylinders 49 crabs 90 diving 266 dwarf planets 11 cymbals 25 fish 99 division 46 cymric cats 137 plant-eating dinosaurs 75 Diwali 204–5 E cypress trees 85 tortoises 107 Djibouti, flag 196 Cyprus defenders DNA 34 eagle owls 116, 119 American football 251 dobermanns 135 eagles 116, 118, 132, 144 flag 197 football 248, 249 dodgeball 246 Earhart, Amelia 62 meat 238 deforestation 176, 177 dodos 33 early warning systems Czech Republic, flag 197 Deinonychus 76, 77 dogs 134–5 Czechoslovakia 333 Deinotherium 79 (earthquakes) 163 Delhi (India) 180 fishing with 271 Earth 11, 13, 158–9 D deltas 164 Dolmabahçe Palace (Istanbul) 300–1 dementia 41 dolphins 130–1, 152, 154–5 axial tilt 150, 178 da Gama, Vasco 315 Demeter 293 how life began 70–1 dachshunds 135 Democratic Republic of Congo, fishing with 271 our physical world 178–9 daddy long-legs 88 flag 196 Dominica, flag 196 our political world 180–1 daffodils 81 Denali National Park (Alaska) 184 Dominican Republic, flag 196 water on 170–1 dahlias 81 Denmark dominoes 276 earthquakes 162–3 Daimyo 304 bread 232 Don Quixote (Cervantes) 221 detectors 307 dairy produce 198 flag 197 donkeys 139, 141 earthworms 68 daisies 82, 83 meat 238 doppler radar 173 East Timor, flag 197 Dali, Salvador 209 deposition 164 dormice 125, 143 Easter 205 Dallol (Ethiopia) 179 dermis 34 Dorudon 131 Eastern Europe, revolutions 317 dalmatians 135 Derrida, Jacques 223 double basses 211 echidnas 148 damselflies 93 dervishes 214 doves 117, 121 echinoderms 71 dance 214–15 Descartes, René 222 dragonflies 93, 133 skeletons 133 desert cats, Indian 129 Drake, Sir Francis 314 tree of life 68 ballet 216–17 desert roses 148 draughts 276, 277 Echmatocrinus 70 dandelions 143 deserts 148–9, 158–9, 176 Dream of the Red Chamber (Cao economy, and empires 322 dandies 241 Devon rex 137 Ecuador, flag 196 dandy horses 65 Devonian Period 71 Xueqin) 221 Edinburgh Festival (Scotland) 204 Danish warmbloods 138 DGSE (France) 335 dressage 281 Edison, Thomas Alva 27 Dante the Great 279 diameter 48 dresses 242–3 Edmontia 75 Danube River 189 diamonds 166, 169, 191 dribbling Edmontosaurus 75 Daoism 307 The Diary of a Young Girl (Frank) 220 Edward I (“Longshanks”), King 325 dark energy 11 Dicraeosaurus 75 basketball 255 Edward VII, King 325 dark matter 11 diesel trains 56–7 football 249 eels 98–9, 122, 152 dark zone, ocean 152–3 digestive system 35 dried fish 236 Efraasia 74 Darwin, Charles 33, 315 diggers 55 droughts 174 Egbert 324 Davis, Jefferson 321 digital telescopes 43 drums 210, 211 egg-laying mammals 68 Davy, Sir Humphry 327 Dimetrodon 70–1, 78 Dry Valleys (Antarctica) 179 eggs 114–15 Day of the Dead (Mexico) 205 Dimorphodon 78 Dryosaurus 75 amphibians 104, 105 de Beauvoir, Simone 223 dinosaurs 70–1 Dubois, W.E.B. 223 birds 114–15, Dead Sea (Israel) 183 extinction 33 Dubreuillosaurus 77 116, 117 deadly nightshade 81 fossils 72–3 ducks 117, 132, 140, 143, 239 butterflies 95 deadly webcap 87 meat-eating 76–7 feathers 121 crocodilians 112 Dean, Christopher 263 plant-eating 74–5 dugongs 68, 152 fish 237 deathcap 87 Dior, Christian 242 Dumbbell nebula 20 insects 93 decathlon 261 Diplodocus 74, 75 dumpers 54 reptiles 115 deciduous trees 85, 142 dunes 148 turtles 107 decimals 47 dung beetles 147 dunnocks 117 341

Egypt, Ancient 286, 288–9 Enigma machines 334 European eels 122 fashion art 209 environment, danger to 176–7 European Revolutions 317 men’s 240–1 Book of the Dead 220 Eocaecilia 70 even-toed hoofed animals 68 women’s 242–3 trade 314 Eomaia 70 eventing 281 Eoraptor 76 events Fatehpur Sikri (India) 303 Egypt, flag 196 Eothyris 71 fault lakes 171 Egyptian mau 137 Epic of Gilgamesh 220 cycling 264, 265 faults, geological 59, 162 Eid-al-Fitr 204 epidermis 34 sprint 261 feathers 116, 120–1 Eiffel Tower (France) 189 Equatorial Guinea, flag 196 Everglades (Florida) 185 Federer, Roger 259 Einstein, Albert 25, 41 equipment evergreen trees 85, 142 fencing 272, 273 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 318, 332 Evert, Chris 259 fennec foxes 148 El Greco 208 American football 250 evolution 33 fer-de-lance 110, 111 El Salvador, flag 196 baseball 252 first humans 284 ferns 69, 70, 71, 81, 143 Elasmosaurus 79 basketball 254 horses 138 Ferrari cars 50–1 electric eels 26 fishing 270–1 prehistoric animals 79 Ferrel cell 173 electric trains 57 racket sports 256–7 whales 131 fertilizers 52 electricity 26–7 skiing 262 wolves and dogs 134 Festival of the Pig (France) 24 spies 334–5 excavators 55 festivals 204–5 hydroelectric power 171 tennis 258 Exmoor ponies 139 Feynman, Richard 25 electromagnetic spectrum 25 US Civil War 320–1 exoskeletons 132, 133 Fibonacci Sequence 46 electromagnetism 26 Equus 138 exosphere 159 fiddler crabs 91 electrons 28 Erasthenes 18 Exotic Shorthair cats 137 field guns 329 elements 30–1 Erik the Red 297 exploration 314–15, 322 fields elephants 68, 147, 191 Eriskay ponies 139 Expressionism 209 Eritrea, flag 196 extinction 33, 78 American football 250 evolution 79 ermines 150 eye glasses 45 baseball 252 skeleton 132–3 erosion 164–5 eyes FIFA World Cup 249 Elizabeth I, Queen 324 eruption styles, volcanoes 160 birds of prey 118 fig trees 85 Elizabeth II, Queen 325 Erta Ale (Ethiopia) 160 cats 136 figure skating 263 Elizabethan clothing 241 ESA 15, 17 dogs 135 Fiji, flag 197 elms 85 escapology 279 horses 139 Fillmore, Millard 318 elves 175 Eskimo rolls 267 human 35 filtering 28 Ely, Eugene Burton 63 eskrima 272 insects 92, 93 filters, whales 130 email 43 Estonia, flag 197 sharks 101 finches 143 embryos 114 Etemenaki Ziggurat (Babylon) 286 snakes 110 fingers 36 emeralds 168 Ethiopia Finland emergency vehicles 55 Ethiopian Revolution 316 F cheese 230 emergent layer, rainforest 144–5 flag 196 flag 197 emotions 41 eucalyptus 143 facial expressions 38 fins 98, 100 Empire State Building (New York) eudicots 83 factories 327 fire engines 55 218 Eudimorphodon 78 falcons 119, 149, 151 firearms 329, 330 emus 146, 193 Euoplocephalus 74, 75 family (classification of life) 69 The Firebird 216 Encrinus 78 Euparkeria 78 fangtooth 152 firefish 154 endangered species 177 Europe 181, 188–9 fans 305 firs 85 endocrine system 35 empires 322–3 Faraday, Michael 27 fish 98–101 energy flags 197 farming coral reefs 154–5 electricity 26–7 food 225 eggs 115 for life 32 medieval 308–9 domestic animals 141 as food 236–7 renewable 177 population 180, 188 early civilizations 286 oceans 152–3 types of 25 Renaissance 312–13 first humans 285 polar regions 150 England revolutions 316, 317 and habitat loss 145, 146 prehistoric 78–9 English Revolution 316 size 178 Industrial Revolution 327 sharks 100–1 football 248 space programme 15, 17 tractors 52–3 skeletons 132 monarchs 324–5 year on the farm 52 tree of life 68 English language 206 342

fish owls 119 food web 33 forests 143 Geoffroy’s cats 128 fishing 270–1 football 247, 248–9 tree of life 68–9 geography 156–99 fishing cat 128 Forbidden City (Beijing) 306 funnel-web spiders 88, 89 fjords 189 force 24 climate and weather 172–5 flags 196–7 Ford, Gerald 318 G continents 182–95 Ford cars 50 Earth 158–9 prayer 202 forest floor, rainforest 144–5 Gabon, flag 196 earthquakes 162–3 flamingoes 121, 185 forests 142–3, 159 Gaboon vipers 145 environment in danger 176–7 flatbreads 232 Gaelic football 247 flags 196–7 flat fish 237 destruction of 177 Gagarin, Yuri 16, 314, 333 food production 198–9 flavours rainforest 144–5 galagos 127 landscape 164–5 see also trees galahs 149 our physical world 178–9 bread 232–3 the Forties, clothing 240, 242 Galápagos Islands 186 our political world 180–1 cheese 230 fossil fuels, burning 176 Galápagos tortoise 106 rocks and minerals 166–9 fledglings 117 fossils 70, 71, 72–3, 89 galaxies 10, 22 volcanoes 160–1 Fleming, Ian 334 Fox Talbot, William 327 Galilei, Galileo 18 geometry 48–9 flies 93 fox terriers 134 Gallimimus 76 George I, King 324 flight foxes 143, 148, 151 gallinules 117 George III, King 325 aircraft 60–3, 312 foxface fish 98 gallop 281 George VI, King 325 birds 116, 121 fractions 47 Galunggung (Java) 161 Georgia, flag 197 flightless birds 116 France Gambia, flag 196 Geosaurus 78 floats (fishing) 271 cheese 230 game birds 116 geothermal energy 177 flooded rainforest 145 cycling 265 gerbils 124 flooded savanna 146 flag 197 feathers 120 Germany floodplains 164 football 248 meat 239 bread 232 floods 174 French Empire 322 games cheese 230 Florence (Italy) 313 French Revolution 317 Aztec 299 Cold War 332–3 flowers 82–3 meat 238 board 276–7 flag 197 flowering plants 69, 80–1 World War I 328, 329 card 276–7 football 248 vegetables 228 World War II 330–1 computer 43 German Revolution 316 Flowers, Thomas 43 Franco, General Francisco Gandhi, Mahatma 322 World War I 329 flutes 25, 210 316 Ganesh 202 World War II 330–1 fly-fishing 271 Franklin, Benjamin 27 Ganges, River (India) 182 germination 80 flying foxes 145 freestyle skiing 262 Gangnam style 214 Geryon, cattle of 293 Flying Scotsman 56 French horns 210 Garfield, James 319 Ggantija Temples (Malta) 285 flying snakes 111 French Polynesia, fish 236 garfish 98–9, 152 Ghana, flag 196 flying squirrels 124, 125 frescoes 209 Gargoyleosaurus 75 gharials 112, 113 focaccia 232 freshwater crocodile 113 garlic 198 gherkins 199 fog 174 freshwater fish 99 garter snakes 111 Ghirlandaio, Domenico 313 folding bicycles 65 freshwater fishing 270 Gasosaurus 76 ghost crabs 90 folk dancing 214 friction 24 Gastonia 75 giant clams 97, 102, 153 food frigatebirds 186 gatehouses 310 giant tortoises 186 Antarctic food web 150 frilled lizards 109 gazelles 146 gibbons 127, 145 around the world 224–5 fringing reefs 154 geckos 108, 132, 144 gila monsters 148 bread 232–3 Frobisher, Martin 314 geese 117, 140, 151, 311 gills 98, 104 cheese 230–1 frogs 68, 104–5, 147 feathers 121 ginkgo trees 69, 81, 85 fish 236–7 frogspawn 104 migration 123 Giraffatitan 74 fruit 226–7 the Fronde 316 gemstones 166, 168–9 giraffes 146, 147 horses 280 fronts, weather 172–3 genes 32 Giselle 216 meat 238–9 fruit 83, 199, 226–7, 228 Genesis spacecraft 17 glaciation 164, 167 pasta 234–5 FSB (Russia) 335 Genghis Khan 302 gladiators 295 plants 80 fuel injection systems 51 gentlemen’s clothing 241 gladioli 81, 82 vegetables 228–9 fungi 33, 86–7, 159 genus 69 glass 29 where food comes from 198–9 343

gliders 63 Great Red Spot (Jupiter) 12 oceans 152–3 hatchlings 115, 117 global warming 174, 176 Great Wall of China 183, 218, 306–7 polar 150–1 hats 240–1, 242–3 globes 315 great white shark 101 rainforest 144–5 Hatshepsut 288 glockenspiels 211 Greece savanna 146–7 haulage vehicles 54 gloves, baseball 252 slugs and snails 97 hawk-moths 95 Glyptodon 79 Ancient 286, 290–1 hadal zone, ocean 153 hawkfish 155 gnus 147 art 209 Haflinger ponies 139 hawks 118 Go game 276 bread 232 Hagia Sophia (Istanbul) 219 hay fever 83 goal posts, American football 250 cheese 230 hailstones 175 Hayes, Rutherford B. 319 goalkeepers, football 248, 249 flag 197 hailstorms 174 hazardous waste 176 goats 141, 239, 311 myths 292–3 hair 38 heart pasta 235 hairless cats 137 cheese 231 greenhouse effect 176 hairless dogs 134 human 34 Göbekli Tepe (Turkey) 285 greenhouse gases 175 hairstreak butterflies 95 snakes 110 gods and goddesses Greenland dogs 134 Haiti heat 25 Grenada, flag 196 flag 196 heatwaves 174 Ancient Americas 299 grenades 329 Haitian Revolution 317 heavy horses 138 Ancient Egypt 289 grenadiers, Pacific 152 Haka 215 hedgehogs 68, 142 Ancient Greece 291, 292 greyhounds 135 Hakouichthys 78 heels 37 early civilizations 287 Griffith-Joyner, Florence 260 Halley’s Comet 18 height, horses 139 godwits, bar-tailed 123 Grimms’ Fairy Tales 221 Hall, Virginia 334 helicopters 61, 62 gold 323 grooming tools, horses 280 Halloween 205 Helios 293 Golden Fleece 293 ground squirrels 125 Hallucigenia 71 hellebores 82 Golden Gate (San Francisco) 185 group behaviour, monkeys and apes halogens 31 helleborines 82 golden retrievers 134 126 ham 239 helmets Golden Temple (Amritsar) 203 groupers 153 hammer throwing 261 Ancient Greek 291 goldendoodles 135 grouse 116, 120, 239 hamsters 124–5 Ancient Roman 294 goldfish 99 guerezas 127, 145 Han Wudi 306 medieval European 308–9 golf 146 Guevara, Che 316, 333 hand-pelota 247 Mughal 302 goliath birdeater tarantulas 89 Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao) 218–19 handaxes 44, 184–5 Ottoman 301 Goniatites 78 Guinea, flag 196 handball 246 Samurai 304 Gorbachev, Mikhail 332 guinea fowl 120 Hanging Gardens of Babylon 286 Viking 297 Gordon, John Brown 321 guinea pigs 124, 141 Hannibal 295 hemlock 85 gorges 164, 165 Guinea-Bissau, flag 196 Hanoverians 324–5 Henie, Sonja 263 gorillas 127, 133, 144–5, 284 guitars 211 Hanukkah 205 Henry III, King 325 Gormley, Antony 209 gulls 117, 121 hard cheese 230–1 Henry IV, King 325 goshawks 118 gum trees 85, 147 Harding, Warren B. 319 Henry V, King 325 Goths 295 gundogs 134 Hardiwar (India) 182 Henry VI, King 324 Gotland ponies 139 gunpowder 45, 307 hares 133, 150 Henry VIII, King 324 Graf, Steffi 259 guns 312, 320–1, 329, 335 harlequin sweetlips 98 heptathlon 261 Grafström, Gillis 263 gurnards 98, 152 Harley-Davidson motorbikes 58, 59 Heracles, labours of 293 Grand Canyon (USA) 185 Guru Granth Sahib 203 harmony 212 hermit crabs 91, 102, 155 granite 166–7 Guyana harness races 281 herons 116 Grant, Ulysses S. 319, 321 fish 236 Harold II, King 325 Herrerasaurus 72, 78 grapes 199 flag 196 harriers 118 Herschel, William 19 grass 82–3 Harrison, Benjamin 318 Hesperides, golden apples of 293 grasshoppers 92 H Harrison, William Henry 318 Heterodontosaurus 75 grasslands 146–7, 158 Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s hibiscus 81 gravity 24 habitats 158–9 Stone (Rowling) 221 hieroglyphs 289 Great Barrier Reef (Australia) 193 coral reefs 154–5 Harvest Festival 204 high jump 260 Great Dark Spot (Neptune) 13 deserts 148–9 harvesting 52 Hildegard of Bingen 223 Great Expectations (Dickens) 220 destruction/loss 33, 146 hatchetfish 99 Himalayan sheepdogs 135 The Great Lafayette 279 forests 142–3 Himalayas 13 Great Pyramid (Egypt) 218 344

Himeji Castle (Japan) 219 homes, electricity 28 meat-eating dinosaurs 77 food production 199 Hindi 206 Homo erectus 284 spiders 89 Mughal Empire 302–3 Hinduism 202 Homo neanderthalensis 284 hurdles 261 space programme 15, 17 hinged shells 102–3 Homo sapiens 284 hurling 246 Indian epics 220 Hippolyta, belt of 293 Honda cars 50 hurricanes 174, 175 Indian Ocean 153, 171 hippopotamuses 147, 191 Honduras, flag 196 huskies 134 Indonesia hippy style 243 honey 141 hyacinths 82 flag 197 Hiroshige, Utagawa 305 Hoover, Herbert 319 Hyades star cluster 20 food production 199 Hiroshima (Japan) 331 hoplites 291 Hybodus 78, 79 tsunami 163 history 282–335 Hoplopteryx 70 hybrid cars 51 Industrial Revolution 326–7 hornbeams 85 Hydra 293 Infrared Astronomical Satellite 19 Ancient Americas 298–9 horncone, Mexican 81 hydraulics 55 infrared telescopes 18 Ancient Egyptians 288–9 hornets 143 hydroelectric power 171, 177 insects 92–3 Ancient Greeks 190–3 horse riding 280–1 hydrogen 30 butterflies and moths 94–5 Ancient Rome 294–5 horseball 281 hydrostatic skeletons 133 desert 149 British monarchs 324–5 horses 133, 138–9 hyenas 146, 147 eggs 115 castles and fortresses 310–11 Hypsilophodon 75 forests 143 Cold War 332–3 cheese 231 hyrachotherium 138 rainforest 144–5 early empires 286–7 horseshoe crabs 153 savanna 147 European empires 322–3 horsetail 81 IJ skeletons 133 exploration 314–15 hot cross buns 233 tree of life 68 first humans 284–5 hot deserts 148 Iberomesornis 78 instruments, musical 210–11 Imperial China 306–7 hot springs 193 ibises 116, 145 insulators 27 Imperial Japan 304–5 Houdini, Harry 279 Ibizan hounds 134 intelligence agencies 335 Industrial Revolution 326–7 houseflies 93 Ibn-Rushd (Averroes) 223 international instruments 210 medieval Europe 308–9 Houses of Parliament (London) Icaronycteris 71, 78 International Space Station 17 Ottoman Empire 300–1 ice dancing 263 international tractors 52–3 Renaissance 312–13 218 ice sheets 194 internet 43, 45 revolutions 316–17 howler monkeys 126 ice skating 263 Inuits 267, 315 spies 334–5 Huangosaurus 74 icebergs 194 inventions 44–5 United States 318–21 Hubble Space Telescope 17 Iceland Chinese 306–7 Vikings 296–7 human body 30, 34–41 Renaissance 312 World War I and II 328–31 humans, first 284–5 cheese 230 invertebrates 78 Hitler, Adolf 330, 331 Hume, David 222 fish 236 desert 149 Ho Chi Minh 316 Hummers 51 flag 197 forests 143 Hobbes, Thomas 223 hummingbirds 117 Ichthyosaurus 78 fossils 72–3 hobbies humpback whales 122, 130 icons 202 rainforest 144–5 games 276–7 The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Hugo) Ieyasu, Tokugawa 304, 305 reef 154–5 knots 274–5 igneous rocks 166 tree of life 68 magic 278–9 221 iguanas 108–9, 186 Io 161 see also sports Hungarian pulis 135 Iguanodon 75 Iraq, flag 197 The Hobbit (Tolkien) 220 Hungarian vizslas 134 immune system 35 Ireland hockey 246 Hungary imperialism 322 bread 232 underwater 266 Impressionism 208–9 flag 197 Hodgkin, Dorothy 29 bread 232 Inca civilization 298, 299 meat 238 hogweed 82 flag 197 incubation, eggs 115 irises 82 Hohenzollern Castle (Germany) 311 revolution 316, 317 Independence Day (USA) 204 Irish setters 134 Holi 205 Soviet invasion 333 independence movements 322 Irish wolfhounds 135 Hollerith, Herman 43 hunter-gatherers 285 India 182 iron 326 hollyhocks 81 hunting 33 art 209 Irritator 76 Holocaust Memorial (Berlin) 331 birds of prey 118 British rule 322 Isanosaurus 74 Holy Trinity Church (Slovenia) 308 crocodilians 112 early civilizations 286 Ishtar Gate (Babylon) 286 Homeosaurus 73 early civilizations 286 flag 197 first humans 285 frogs 105 lions 129 345

ISI (Pakistan) 335 crocodilians 112 KL kites 116, 119, 307 Islam 202, 309 sharks 101 kitesurfing 267 jays 121 K2 179 kittens 136 art 208 Jazz Age, fashion 243 Kabuki 214 kiwis 116, 193 island chains, volcanic 161 jeeps 51 Kalahari Desert 191 Kiyomasa, Kato 304 Israel, flag 197 Jefferson, Thomas 319 kalaripayit 272 Knabstrup horses 138 Istanbul (Turkey) 188, 300–1 jellyfish 133 kangaroo rats 149 knifefish 99 Italy jet stream 72 kangaroos 147, 148, 193 knights 311 jets (weather) 175 Kangchenjunga 179 Knossos, Palace of (Crete) 218 cheese 230 Jewel Box cluster 22 Kangxi 306 knots 274–5 flag 197 jewelfish 155 Kant, Immanuel 222 Knox-Johnston, Robin 269 football 248 jewelled amanitas 87 kapok trees 145 koalas 143, 193 Italian Empire 322 jewellery Karabakh horses 138 koi carp 98, 99 pasta 235 Ancient Egypt 289 karate 272 Komodo dragon 108, 109 Renaissance 312–13 Ancient Greece 290 Kastelholm Castle (Finland) 311 Konming lanterns 62 World War I 328, 329 early civilizations 209, 287 kayaking 267 Korat cats 137 World War II 330–1 Mughal 303 Kazakhstan, flag 197 Korea 333 Ivar the Boneless 297 Ottoman 301 Kelut (Java) 161 ivory 323 Viking 296 kendo 272 Korean War 333 Ivory Coast, flag 196 Jews Kennedy, John F. 318, 332 Kosovo, flag 197 Jack Russell terriers 134 Judaism 203 Kentrosaurus 70, 74 Kostelic, Janica 262 jackfruit 227 World War II 331 Kenya, flag 196 Krakatau (Indonesia) 161, 163 Jackson, Andrew 319 Jin Mao Tower (Shanghai) 219 Kepler, Johannes 18 krill 91, 150, 153 Jacquard, Joseph 43 jirds 124 kestrels 119, 132 Krishna 202 jaguars 128, 129, 145, 147, 187 jitterbug 214 kettle lakes 171 Kronosaurus 79 Jahangir, Emperor 302 jive 215 Kevlar 29 Kublai Khan 306 Jainism 203 John Deere 52 keyboards 211, 212–13 Kuiper Belt, missions to 17 Jakarta (Indonesia) 180 John Dory 98 KGB 333 kung fu 272 Jamaica, flag 196 Johnson, Amy 63 Khafra 288 Kurilian bobtails 137 James I, King 324 Johnson, Andrew 319 Khrushchev, Nikita 332 Kuwait, flag 197 James Webb Space Telescope Johnson, Lyndon B. 318 Khufu 288 Kyrgyzstan, flag 197 19 joints 37 kicking kyudo 272 Jane Eyre (Bronte) 220 Jolly Roger 197 labradoodles 135 janissaries 300 Jordan 182 American football 251 lacrosse 247 Jantar Mantar Observatory (Delhi) flag 197 football 249 ladybirds 92, 143 302 jousting 309 Kilauea (Hawaii) 160 Laestrygonians 293 Japan Joyon, Francis 269 killer whales 130–1 Lafayette, James Armistead 334 art 209 Judas trees 85 Kimetto, Dennis Kipruto 260 Lagos (Nigeria) 190 cherry blossom 183 judo 272, 273 King Charles spaniels 135 lagotto romagnolo 134 earthquakes and tsunamis 162, jujitsu 272 king cobra 110, 111 laikas 134 163 Julius II, Pope 312 Kingcycle 64 Lake Eyre (Australia) 193 fish 236 jumping 260 Kingdoms, Egyptian 289 Lake Huron (Canada/USA) 171 flag 197 horse 281 kingdoms, tree of life 69 Lake Lagoda (Russian Federation) Imperial 304–5 jumping spiders 88 kingfishers 117, 121, 143 Meiji Restoration 317 jungle cat 129 Kingsley, Mary 315 188 space programme 15, 17 junipers 85 kingsnakes 110–11, 148 Lake Michigan (USA) 171 World War II 330–1 Juno spacecraft 16 kinkajou 145 Lake Superior (Canada/USA) 171, Japanese bobtails 137 Jupiter 12 kinkalows 137 Jarnsmida Bjorn 297 missions to 16 Kiribati 184 Jason, and the Golden Fleece 293 Jurassic Period 70 fish 236 Lake Taupo (New Zealand) 161 javelin 261 Jutland horses 138 flag 197 Lake Titicaca (Bolivia/Peru) 186, 187 jawbones 36 kirmish formation 294 Lake Toba (Sumatra) 161 jawless fish 99 Lake Victoria (Uganda/Kenya/ jaws Tanzania) 171, 190 Lake Vostok (Russia) 195 346

lakes 164, 165, 171 Lesotho, flag 196 Locke, John 222 Madagascar, flag 196 Laki (Iceland) 161 Lesothosaurus 75 locusts 92, 122, 123, 149 Madison, James 319 lamb 239 lettuce 198 lodestones 315 Magellan, Ferdinand 314, 315 Lamborghini cars 51 levitation tricks 279 Loganellia 71 Magellan spacecraft 17 Lancastrians 324–5 Lhasa apsos 135 loggerhead sea turtles 106 Magellanic clouds 22 lancetfish 153 Lhotse 1 179 logging 145 magic 278–9 land iguanas, Galápagos 186 Liberia, flag 196 long jump 260 magma 159, 160 Land Rover cars 51 Libya, flag 196 Long Valley Caldera (USA) 161 magnetic field 158 land slugs 96 lichens 68, 143 long-distance running 261 magnetic trains 57 land snails 96 Liechtenstein, flag 197 long-haired cats 136–7 magnetism 24, 28 land speed record 51 life longhorn beetles 92, 93 magnolias 80, 85 landscape, shaping of 164–5 longitude 178 magpies 143 language 40, 206–7 beginning of 70–1 Lotus Eaters 293 mahjong 276 Laos, flag 197 on Earth 159 Lotus Temple (Delhi) 203 Mahmud II, Sultan 300 Laperm longhairs 137 essentials for 32 Louis XIV, King of France 216, 316 Maiasaura 75 larch 80 tree of 68–9 Louis XVI, King of France 317 Maine coons 137 Large Magellanic Cloud 22 lifecycle L’Ouverture, Toussaint 317 maize (corn) 198 Lariosaurus 78 butterflies 95 lowland rainforest 145 Malawi, flag 196 larvae 93, 133 crabs 90 Lucas terriers 135 Malaysia Latin 295 frogs 104 Lufengosaurus 74 Latin American Revolutions 317 insects 93 luge 263 fish 236 latitude 178 mushrooms 87 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 16–17 flag 197 Latvia, flag 197 turtles 107 Lunar Roving Vehicle 15 Maldives laurels 85 light 25 lungs 34 fish 236 lava 160, 161 light bulbs 44 lupins 83 flag 197 Lavoisier, Antoine 29 lightning 26, 174 lurchers 135 Mali, flag 196 law, early civilizations 287 Liliensternus 76 lures (fishing) 271 Mallard 56 laws of motion 24 Lilienthal, Otto 63 lutes 313 Malta, flag 197 leaf frogs 104–5 lilies 81, 82 Luther, Martin 312 Mamenchisaurus 74 leafy vegetables 228–9 limbic system 40 Luxembourg, flag 197 mammals 124–41 Leakey, Louis 33 limes 199 lymphatic system 35 cats 136–7 leatherback turtles 123 limestone landscapes 165 lynxes 128, 129, 143 desert 148 leavened bread 232 limpets 102 lycopene 228 dogs 134–5 leaves Lincoln, Abraham 319, 320, 321 Lyra constellation 20 egg-laying 68 Lindbergh, Charles 63 Lystrosaurus 78 evolution 78, 79 plants 80 line dancing 214 farm animals 140–1 trees 84 lines, fishing 270 MN forests 142–3 Lebanon, flag 197 The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe horses 138–9 Lee, Robert E. 321 (Lewis) 221 M4 globular cluster 22 monkeys and apes 126–7 Leedsichthys 79 lionfish 99, 152, 155 M13 star cluster 20 polar regions 150–1 legless lizards 109 lions 69, 128, 129, 146–7 M15 star cluster 20 rainforest 144–5 legumes 228–9 Liopleurodon 78 M71 star cluster 20 rodents 124–5 Leif the Lucky 297 literature 220–1 Maalu 1 179 savanna 146–7 lemmings 150 Lithuania, flag 197 Maat Mons (Venus) 12 skeletons 132–3 lemon trees 85 The Little Prince (Saint-Exupéry) 220 macaques 126–7 tree of life 68, 69 lemons 199 liverwort 81 MacArthur, Ellen 269 whales and relatives 130–1 lemurs 127 lizardfish 98, 152 Macedonia, flag 197 wild cats 128–9 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 316–17 lizards 68, 108–9, 132, 147, 148 Machiavelli, Niccolò 223, 312 mammoths 71, 73, 79 Leo constellation 20 eggs 115 Machu Picchu (Peru) 298 man-made elements 30 Leonardo da Vinci 62, 208, 312, 313 llamas 141 mackerel 98–9 man-made lakes 171 leopard cats 129 loaches 99 McKinley, William 318 manatees 68 leopards 69, 128–9 lobsters 90–1, 133, 237 McLaren 51 mancala 276, 277 Lepanto, Battle of 300 Local Group 10 Manchester terriers 134 347

mandarin fish 155 Marrella 71 melons 226, 227 Minis 51 Mandarin language 206 Mars 13, 19, 161 memory 40, 41 minke whales 130 mandarins 199 Mendel, Gregor 33 minks 142 mandolins 211 missions to 17 Mendeleev, Dmitri 31 Minmi 75 mandrills 127, 144 Marshall Islands, flag 197 menorahs 203 Minoan civilization 290 mango trees 85 marsupials 68, 193 men’s fashion 240–1 Minos, King 293 mangroves 80 martens 142 Mercalli scale 162, 163 Minotaur 293 Manila (Philippines) 180 Marx, Karl 222 Mercedes-Benz cars 50–1 Miohippus 138 manta rays 101, 153, 154–5 Mary I, Queen 324 Mercury 12 Mir space station 17 mantle Masai Mara 191 missiles, nuclear 333 Maseratis 50 missions to 16 Mississippi River (USA) 184 Earth 158, 159 masks, baseball 252 Merychippus 138 Mixosaurus 78 Moon 14 mass 24 Mesopotamia 286 mixtures 28 manuscripts, illuminated 208 mass dampers 163 mesosphere 159 moats 310 Manx cats 137 Massey Ferguson tractors 52–3 Mesozoic Era 70–1 mobile phones 43, 45 Mao Zedong 316, 333 mastiffs 135 Messenger spacecraft 16 Moche people 298 maples 85, 142 Mata Hari 334 metalloids 31 Moctezuma II 299 maps materials 29 metals 29, 31 modern art 209 Africa 190–1 mathematics metalware Moeritherium 79 age of exploration 314–15 Mohs hardness scale 167 animal migration 142–3 geometry 48–9 Ancient Americas 299 Moldova, flag 197 Antarctica 194–5 numbers 46–7 Vikings 296–7 mole-rats 125 Asia 182–3 matter 11, 25 metamorphic rocks 167 molecules 28 climate and weather 172–3 states of 28 metamorphosis 95 molluscs 68, 96–7, 102–3 Europe 188–9 matzah 233 meteors 19 Monaco 181 European empires 322–3 Mauna Loa (Hawaii) 160 Mexico exploration 314–15 Mauritania, flag 196 flag 196 flag 197 food production 198–9 Mauritius, flag 196 history 298–9 monarch butterflies 95, 122 North America 184–5 Mawsynram (India) 179 Mexican Revolution 317 monarchs, British 324–5 Oceania 192–3 May Day 205 Mexico City 184 Monet, Claude 209 our physical world 178–9 Maya civilization 298, 299 MI6 (UK) 335 Mongolia, flag 197 our political world 180–1 meagres 98 mice 124–5, 148 Mongols 305, 306 South America 186–7 mealworms 133 Michelangelo 208, 312, 313 Monitor lizards 108 water on Earth 170–1 meanders 164, 165 Micronesia 192 monkey puzzle trees 85 World War I 328 meat 199, 238–9 flag 197 monkeys 126–7, 133, 145 World War II 330 meat-eating dinosaurs 76–7 microscopes 45, 315 monocots 82 maras 125 Mecca 202 microwave ovens 43 Monolophosaurus 76 marbles 246 Medici, Catherine de 216 Midas, King 293 Monroe, James 319 Marcos, Ferdinand 317 Medici family 312 middle-distance running 261 monsoons 174 margays 129 medicine, US Civil War 321 midsummer 204–5 Mont Saint-Michel (France) 308 Mariana Trench 159 medieval period midwife toads 105 montane savanna 146 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France art 208 migration, animal 122–3 Montenegro, flag 197 243, 317 clothing 240, 242 military tactics, Roman 294 Montgolfier brothers 62 Mariinsky Theatre (St Petersburg) Europe 308–9 milk 140, 198 Moon 11, 14–15, 19 216 Mediterranean 189 cheese-making 230, 231 marine life Medusa 293 Milky Way 11, 19, 22 flag 197 oceans 152–3 meerkats 148 Mill, John Stuart 222 landings 15, 333 polar regions 150–1 megacities 180 millet 198 missions to 15, 16–17 see also crustaceans; fish; Megalodon 78, 79 millipedes 133 Moon Festival (China) 204 seashells; whales Mehmed II (The Conqueror), Sultan minerals 166–7 moon moths 94, 95 Mariner spacecraft 16 300 Ming dynasty 306 Moondog 19 marmosets 126 Meiji, Emperor 317 minims 212 moons 11 marmots 125 Meiji Restoration 317 mining 145, 327 morays 98–9 Melanesia 12 gemstones 169 Morganucodon 70 348