Tri Tue Dam Dong - Vi Sao Da So Thong Minh Hon Thieu So

["Do v\u1eady n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd lo b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc nhau. Khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ecd h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng thu h\u1eb9p ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n thu h\u1eb9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc nhau kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin g\u00ec m\u1edbi. IV Herders ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u, h\u1ecd theo s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. H\u1ecd theo s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng Keynes \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chung (T he General T heory), \\\"Kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng t\u1ed1t, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i theo l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\\\". Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn","nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed1c h\u01a1n. T h\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong tay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin c\u1eady d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng? H\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc. H\u00e3y xem trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u201c c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n\\\" m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc John Majewski v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Daniel Klein \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i\\\" - k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf M\u1ef9 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n th\u1ebf. N\u0103m 1825, khi k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o Erie d\u00e0i 363 d\u1eb7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n giao th\u00f4ng t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3 Erie th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian \u0111i t\u1eeb b\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ph\u00eda T \u00e2y r\u00fat ng\u1eafn xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3m t\u1edbi 90%. T rong v\u00e0i n\u0103m, khi nh\u1eefng thanh t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea5t b\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c thu ph\u00ed ri\u00eang \u1edf kh\u1eafp khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.","T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T uy c\u00e1c k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t do \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n giao th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 khu \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb (c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y qua), nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u0111a ph\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho giao th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb (tuy r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed1i \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft), nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft. \\\"H\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, th\u00ec tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m\\\", Majewski v\u00e0 Klein vi\u1ebft. \u201c M\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khi m\u01b0a th\u00ec l\u1ea7y l\u1ed9i, khi n\u1eafng th\u00ec b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m, giao th\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt.\\\" T uy v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00ean George Geddes tin r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n - nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1t th\u00e0nh hai h\u00e0ng - b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Canada h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1840 v\u00e0 sau khi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, Geddes tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9.","\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea7y l\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n - m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 sinh l\u1ee3i hay kh\u00f4ng. Geddes tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd 8 n\u0103m, l\u00e2u h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1846, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u1edf Salina, New York, thu\u00ea m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \\\"c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n\\\" nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp New York, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn Mid-Atlantic v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng trung t\u00e2m ph\u00eda B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Geddes tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c bang \u1edf M\u1ef9. T rong m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1edbi 1,2 c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n \u1edf New York v\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 8 n\u0103m nh\u01b0 Geddes \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a (ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 12 n\u0103m). T u\u1ed5i th\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 4 n\u0103m khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ph\u1ea3i chi ph\u00ed qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1850, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9","m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng - k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i 13 d\u1eb7m v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Route 27A \u1edf Jamaica, Queens - v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1880, \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. *** Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1840-1850 \u1edf New York l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin\\\". Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Salina \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ngay sau \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p trong tay. V\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n h\u01a1n, n\u00ean t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i. M\u00e3i m\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n - tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd ng\u1eafn - c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y m\u1edbi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T h\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1edbm c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho b\u00f3ng l\u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1eabu c\u00f3 b\u1ecb x\u00ec h\u01a1i, th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 di chuy\u1ec3n. T \u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf Sushil Bickhchandani, David Hirshleifer v\u00e0 Ivo Welch, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin","l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 sau: Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong hai nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi) so v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng kia. V\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin cho bi\u1ebft nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f4i khi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i sai h\u01b0\u1edbng. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean quan s\u00e1t xem nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m g\u00ec (C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00edch.). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t theo nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1edbi l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111i theo. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu c\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi m\u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Indonesia r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i sau \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Indonesia t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00ec \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eefa \u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.","\u00dd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebfu suy ngh\u0129. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n theo \u0111u\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ngang h\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mua \u0111\u0129a h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Britney Spears v\u00ec c\u00f4 ca s\u1ef9 n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m theo nhau v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb g\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 George Geddes kh\u00e9o n\u00f3i, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc cho r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n m\u1edbi v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u00ean kia s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n.\\\" C\u01a1n s\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian \u0111i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0o. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. C\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, m\u1ed7i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean, v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. V\u00e0 m\u1ed7i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0169ng mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t","\u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1eebng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang\\\" c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - v\u00e0 thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc theo (N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nhau v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.). Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1eefa, th\u00ec th\u00e1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin n\u1eefa. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. T hay v\u00ec t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, th\u00e1c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed3i - t\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t v\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c xa so v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e1c (th\u00f4ng tin). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong T he T ipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 - m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 maven, ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng - trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi. T heo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Bikchandani v\u00e0 Hirshleifer, th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng","ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1edbm ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 do h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i sau quan s\u00e1t. T rong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Gladwell, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch), m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 n\u1eb7c danh quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a nhau. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u00f4ng tin, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng maven, ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c th\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed3i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc \u0111inh v\u00edt khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1864, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ngang t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 William Seuers, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u1ed1c v\u00edt ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt n\u00e0y ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u00f4ng. Khi Sellers b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc \u1ed1c v\u00edt \u1edf M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng tay. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u1ee3","m\u00e1y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u00ednh theo c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o theo \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf l\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i cho ri\u00eang h\u1ecd c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 mua m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa hay thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u1ed1c v\u00edt. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u1ed1c v\u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhau th\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u00edt l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Sellers hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i lo s\u1ee3 n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt m\u00e0 \u00f4ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n, r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u1ed1c v\u00edt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u00e3i n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y li\u00ean k\u1ebft r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do v\u1eady, trong 5 n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo, \u00f4ng nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Pennsylvania v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t xung l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi ph\u00eda sau lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt n\u00e0y. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Sellers d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n. T rong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt n\u00e0y tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t","ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t. V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Sellers \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Sellers l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 \u00edch. T hi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt n\u00e0y, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt c\u1ee7a Anh. V\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y l\u1edbn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m g\u00e2y n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0: N\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfc \u1ed1c v\u00edt c\u1ee7a Sellers \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 may m\u1eafn ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Sellers v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt t\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i theo Sellers m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm xem lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1c v\u00edt n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi hay nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, x\u00e9t trung b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o","\u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T rong c\u00e1c th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. T h\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng - ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi - h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin. T rong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc - trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh - b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf quanh h\u1ecd. T h\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin tai h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t trong ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng h\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990. T h\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 Internet, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u0103ng 1.000%. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1996, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 (nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i). Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u1eadn ra. Con s\u1ed1 \\\"1.000% \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4i th\u00fac c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m, h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u1ec3","x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3. T h\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ngang v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 t\u1eed. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd li\u1ec7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf quanh b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ee1 tan, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 su\u00fdt t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. V V\u1eady th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u00ean giam m\u00ecnh trong ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 n\u1eefa). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. B\u1ea1n l\u00e0m theo t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. T hay v\u00ec th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed7i khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft m\u00ecnh. L\u1ea5y v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft c\u00f3","n\u00ean mang theo \u00f4 kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t - th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c b\u1eadt xem k\u00eanh D\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft - l\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t, nh\u00ecn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xem m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang theo \u00f4, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi m\u1eb9o nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1eefa \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Brooklyn, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed7 xe b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n hai l\u1ea7n, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi xe kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc 11 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u1ed1. T heo th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, kho\u1ea3ng 10 gi\u1edd 45, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed7 tr\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi \u0111i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. T uy v\u1eady, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng t\u00f4i ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 l\u00fac 10 gi\u1edd 40 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xe v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed7 \u1edf nguy\u00ean ch\u1ed7 c\u0169 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n xe c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i n\u1eefa. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u00e1i xe kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed7 xe tr\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u theo d\u00f5i s\u00e1t sao nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i: d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra. V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 (ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n) th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lan r\u1ed9ng khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd (Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebf h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn). S\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi","r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. T h\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan ra c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u00e9 ph\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 th\u00f4ng tin, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngay \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn khi n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi xe. T uy t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 Milgram \u0111\u00e3 theo s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn l\u00ean tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111i qua ch\u00e0ng trai \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng ng\u1ea9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn l\u00ean, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i xem anh ta nh\u00ecn g\u00ec n\u1eefa. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ecf ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebfu suy ngh\u0129. S\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m trong c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Herbert Simon \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t suy \u0111o\u00e1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng kh\u1ec9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Koshima c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, con kh\u1ec9 c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Imo kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch r\u1eeda khoai lang d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ea1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0103n. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa kh\u1ec9 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Koshima l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn r\u1eeda khoai lang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0103n. V\u00e0i n\u0103m sau, Imo l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i khoai","lang ra, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f2n cho b\u1ecdn kh\u1ec9 \u0103n l\u00faa m\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00faa m\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e3i tr\u00ean b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1t. T uy nhi\u00ean, Imo \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t n\u1eafm l\u00faa m\u00ec l\u1eabn c\u00e1t xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1t s\u1ebd ch\u00ecm c\u00f2n l\u00faa m\u00ec n\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u00fa kh\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Imo. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u00fa kh\u1ec9 Imo r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \\\"x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\\\" kh\u1ec9. V\u1eady th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4n ngoan t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o? S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Imo c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m kh\u1ec9. Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn). Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 hi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng - d\u00f9 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kinh doanh, th\u1ec3 thao hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0103n l\u00faa m\u00ec. T rong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a - c\u1ed9ng","\u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc gien. Hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Robert Boyd v\u00e0 Peter Richerson l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t cho c\u1ea3 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 xem h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed7i \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\" r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Boyd v\u00e0 Richerson nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc - c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, h\u1ecd th\u00f4i b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc - l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao; m\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc. T rong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o di\u1ec5n ra c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng (b\u1edfi l\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc.) Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng minh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin","r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i; th\u1ee9 hai, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i? T r\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ta mong \u0111\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, n\u00f3i chung th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 tin th\u00e1i qu\u00e1. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m trong vi\u1ec7c ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0, l\u1ea1 thay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 tin th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng hay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00ec h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn sai l\u1ea7m, song \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 tin th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u00edt c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecb l\u1ee5t trong th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c n\u1eefa. N\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 tin th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1edbt l\u1edd th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang nh\u1eadn. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m theo k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ngay c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t","c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1943, hai nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Bryce Ryan v\u00e0 Neal Gross \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Iowa \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4, n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o - c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ryan v\u00e0 Gross \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y: ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4 khi h\u1ecd v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, cho d\u00f9 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1t cho th\u1ea5y, gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn 20%. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4 n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \\\"th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin\\\" v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Song trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u1eadm th\u00ed sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gieo gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4 lai n\u00e0y tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t ch\u00edn n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1ed3ng ng\u00f4 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong v\u00f9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 - \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ed9i v\u00e3, thi\u1ebfu c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc. T \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t l\u00fd th\u00fa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u00e1","tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cao s\u1ea3n m\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Xanh cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60, Kaivan Munshi \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa g\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa m\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa m\u1edbi theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. \u1ede v\u00f9ng tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa m\u00ec m\u00e0 Munshi quan s\u00e1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ede khu v\u1ef1c tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa g\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gieo tr\u1ed3ng, thu ho\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i. N\u00ean n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa g\u1ea1o th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1ed9i thu v\u1edbi gi\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa g\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa g\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i n\u1eefa \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng","h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa m\u00ec th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn sau khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa m\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0103n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ed1ng ng\u00f4 hay gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa m\u00ec t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra, do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \\\"th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin\\\" h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u1eddi trang v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u1edf l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1ed1t th\u00ec c\u00e1i m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao h\u00e0m l\u1eabn nhau. T \u00f4i th\u00edch m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc v\u00e1y theo ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u v\u00e1y m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3, \u1eaft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00edch. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u00f9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00edt d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t h\u01a1n, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u00f3a (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n) \u2013 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta theo d\u00f5i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em ra t\u00e1n g\u1eabu v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. T h\u1eadm ch\u00ed, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 ai l\u1ea1i th\u00edch \u0103n trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch n\u00e0o","\u0111\u00e2u? Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai mua m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y nghe nh\u1ea1c Ipod v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 n\u00f3 - tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 \u0111i xem phim ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ta \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea1p v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 - nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \\\"th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin\\\" (lo\u1ea1i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1eady) c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \\\"qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o\\\" v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng mang t\u00ednh c\u0103n c\u1ed1t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \\\"th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin\\\". \u0110\u00f3 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. VI \u0110i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn cho \u201c th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin\\\" tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u00fd th\u00fa b\u1edfi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \\\"th\u00e1c\\\" th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ec7. T rong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t, kho\u1ea3ng 80% th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c \\\"nh\u00f3m th\u00e1c\\\" (cascading groups) ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so","v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u201c th\u00e1c\\\" l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay v\u00ec th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 - c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (sau c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ebb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u0169 h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 mua ch\u00fang.). Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \\\"th\u00e1c\\\" c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n n\u00e2ng cao kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hay m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty th\u00ec m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi (ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t. M\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y qua m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 t\u00f4i v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m do hai nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, Angela Hung v\u00e0 Charles Plott kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c: l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00f2n bi m\u00e0u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 hai chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh: M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh (b\u00ecnh A) c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 bi s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ed1 bi s\u1eabm m\u00e0u. T rong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf b\u00ecnh kia (b\u00ecnh B), s\u1ed1 bi s\u1eabm m\u00e0u l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ed1 bi s\u00e1ng","m\u00e0u. M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed ra l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong hai chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y ra t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n bi. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0: Chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang gi\u00fap h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i \u0111\u00f4 la. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hai ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u00f2n bi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y ra t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu h\u00f2n bi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y ra l\u00e0 h\u00f2n bi s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u, nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh A. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 vi\u00ean s\u1eabm m\u00e0u th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh B. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \\\"th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\\\" v\u00ec theo lu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u00e0u vi\u00ean bi m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u cho bi\u1ebft ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00f3 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh B nh\u01b0ng h\u00f2n bi b\u1ea1n l\u1ea5y ra l\u1ea1i s\u1eabm m\u00e0u, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh A \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i? C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111a ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh B - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng duy l\u00fd. V\u00e0 78% l\u1ea7n th\u1eed, \\\"th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin\\\" \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 Hung v\u00e0 Plott thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u1ea5y","h\u00f2n bi t\u1eeb b\u00ecnh ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. Song, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec anh ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng - c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sang vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra: m\u1ed7i sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u00edt ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t khi n\u00f3 dung h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau). H\u00e3y suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed7i sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng minh b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u1eebng sinh vi\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn sai (V\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t d\u1edf v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sai.). T uy nhi\u00ean, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m, n\u00f3i chung th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n. Khi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi tr\u1ecdng th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin chung. V\u00e0","quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Hung v\u00e0 Plott \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf (ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt) nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng k\u00e8m theo trong c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfc m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c - ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \\\"\u0110\u1ed3ng \u00fd\\\" hay \\\"Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ph\u1ee5 khi \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 n\u00ean l\u00e0m. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n th\u00ec m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1edbt l\u1edd - ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn - nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang n\u00f3i. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4. GH\u00c9P C\u00c1C M\u1ea8U NH\u1ece V\u1edaI NHAU Cia, Linux v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt phi t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a I T h\u00e1ng T \u01b0 n\u0103m 1946, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n do T he New York Herald t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, T \u01b0\u1edbng Wild Bill Donovan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u mang ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \\\"Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t C\u1ee5c T \u00ecnh b\u00e1o T rung \u01b0\u01a1ng\\\". T rong \u0110\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi II, Donovan l\u00e0 T r\u01b0\u1edfng ban Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng khai \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ban Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh. T r\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh, M\u1ef9 ph\u00e2n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thu th\u1eadp tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o cho nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o T r\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng - m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, nguy c\u01a1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3","n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi - nh\u01b0 Donovan \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn: \\\"t\u00ean l\u1eeda, bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, chi\u1ebfn tranh vi khu\u1ea9n\\\" - khi\u1ebfn cho bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi M\u1ef9 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T rong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u h\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng T \u01b0 \u0111\u00f3, Donovan \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng M\u1ef9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \\\"c\u01a1 quan t\u1eadp trung, c\u00f4ng minh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\\\" \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a Donovan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch gay g\u1eaft \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i xa l\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. T uy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103m 1947 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Lu\u1eadt An ninh Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u1ee5c T \u00ecnh b\u00e1o T rung \u01b0\u01a1ng. T heo nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Michael Warner ghi l\u1ea1i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \\\"th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o\\\". S\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m cho M\u1ef9 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u1ef9 an to\u00e0n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. T uy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u CIA \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua, gi\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o tr\u1edf n\u00ean chia r\u1ebd h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1edb h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong CIA, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0","nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o, bao g\u1ed3m C\u1ee5c An ninh Qu\u1ed1c gia, C\u1ee5c \u1ea2nh v\u00e0 B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Qu\u1ed1c gia, C\u1ee5c T rinh s\u00e1t Qu\u1ed1c gia, C\u1ee5c T \u00ecnh b\u00e1o Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ba qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 CIA. T r\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c CIA ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o n\u00f3i chung, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kinh ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, FBI - n\u01a1i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc - g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u00e0i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 b\u1ecdn kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a CIA. T hay v\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eadp trung m\u00e0 Donovan \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, phi t\u1eadp trung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u1edbn - b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 an to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng - nh\u01b0ng theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y 11\/9\/2001. Gi\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh bom T rung t\u00e2m T h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i T h\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1993 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh bom n\u0103m 1998 v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 qu\u00e1n M\u1ef9 \u1edf Kenya v\u00e0 H\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Cole \u1edf Yemen. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 11\/9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 trong vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. Ph\u00f2ng T hanh tra chung c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c","h\u1ed9i (the Congressional Join Inquiry) \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 \\\"\u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a chung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin s\u1eb5n c\u00f3; c\u00f3 v\u1ebb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n 11\/9\\\". C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \\\"b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eadp tan \u00e2m m\u01b0u trong v\u1ee5 11\/9\\\" v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \\\"m\u1edf ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n T r\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c thanh tra c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"m\u1ea5t b\u00f2 m\u1edbi lo l\u00e0m chu\u1ed3ng\\\". Do ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o x\u1eed l\u00fd, th\u1ebf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 trong tay t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u1ea3y ra cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11\/9. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ngay t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u00ean quan trong t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u. T rong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o trong v\u1ee5 T r\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u C\u1ea3ng \\\"C\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\\\" (Warning and Decision), b\u00e0 Roberta Wohlstetter ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1eeb \\\"v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng","tin l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n\\\" \u0111\u00f3. Wohlstetter cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m m\u00e1y bay, t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 19 t\u00ean c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n bi\u1ebft ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o? T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea3i b\u0103n kho\u0103n. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1993 \u0111\u1ebfn 2001, th\u00ec li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Ph\u00f2ng T hanh tra chung c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"\u00fd ngh\u0129a chung\\\" c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 trong tay hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0o T rung t\u00e2m T h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i T h\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 L\u1ea7u N\u0103m G\u00f3c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu \\\"chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin\\\" gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan. T hay v\u00ec d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u01a1 quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u","g\u00f3c \u1ea3nh khu bi\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch gay g\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef9 Richard Shelby, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng FBI b\u1ecb t\u00ea li\u1ec7t b\u1edfi \\\"c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi t\u1eadp trung\\\" c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \\\"vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm th\u00f4ng tin khoanh v\u00f9ng theo nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn\\\". V\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 trong tay nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m, theo Shelby, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 khoanh v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 Bill Donovan \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ee9ng \\\"cao h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau hay l\u00fd s\u1ef1\\\" \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9. Phi t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho M\u1ef9 \u0111i l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng. T \u1eadp trung h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ed5n th\u1ecfa h\u01a1n. II Khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung, Shelby c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 15 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eebng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. T rong kinh doanh, c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, trong khi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n","t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. T rong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, phi t\u1eadp trung - nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea7y ong - nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m v\u1eabn t\u1ecf ra m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng ra ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Internet v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phi t\u1eadp trung d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi - v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 chia s\u1ebb file ngang h\u00e0ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1eb1ng Napster), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng (v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v.v\u2026) m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng c\u0169ng coi s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1eefu \u00edch. N\u00f3i chung t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n giao cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 nhau theo c\u00e1ch phi t\u1eadp trung, thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, th\u00ec c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u0111ang gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 nhau (b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an to\u00e0n cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc)","theo c\u00e1ch phi t\u1eadp trung. V\u1eady th\u00ec sai s\u00f3t n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? T \u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ef1a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n? S\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? T r\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: d\u1ea7u sao ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, \u201c phi t\u1eadp trung\\\" c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n chim, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ngang h\u00e0ng: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng, giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 phi t\u1eadp trung. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00ec chung? T rong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gia c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa tr\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng hay th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1. C\u00e1ch chung nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 (n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n h\u01a1i c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u): trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phi t\u1eadp trung, m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n","\u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 \u1edf nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phi t\u1eadp trung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phi t\u1eadp trung th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. III N\u0103m 1991, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Na Uy t\u00ean l\u00e0 Linux Torvalds \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 H\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Linux. Sau \u0111\u00f3, anh ta c\u00f4ng khai m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, cho n\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng - th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh - \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec anh ta l\u00e0m. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, anh ta c\u00f2n \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m th\u00eam c\u00e2u: \\\"N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec t\u00f4i s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung ch\u00fang v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y.\\\" \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u tin \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh. Nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Linux nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"T rong s\u1ed1 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea3i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Linux xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng m\u1edbi.\\\" Qua th\u1eddi gian, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a c\u00f3 khi c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf cho h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, l\u00e0m cho Linux tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft.","Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Windows, h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Microsoft v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 do c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean Microsoft t\u1ea1o ra, Linux kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang ai. Khi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Linux, th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 - m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf - l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t b\u1eeba b\u00e3i. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, khi\u1ebfn cho Linux l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Microsoft. Linux r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phi t\u1eadp trung v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho Linux \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung mang l\u1ea1i cho Linux l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. T heo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd cao nh\u1ea5t thu\u00ea nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chung cho h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed3i. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1edbn v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i","l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 kh\u00e1c nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian) v\u00e0 do th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan li\u00eau. Linux, th\u1ef1c ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo ng\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. T h\u1eadt ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 s\u1ebd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, cho n\u00ean d\u00f9 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn l\u1edbn trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hindu, \u00f4ng Eric Raymond, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \u201c N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, m\u1ecdi con r\u1ec7p s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n.\\\" T h\u1ef1c ra, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, Linux kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i chung, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea7y ong, ch\u00fang ph\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u con ong \u0111i th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng con ong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1eddn hoa. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1eddn hoa ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn ra con ong th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t \u0111i th\u0103m d\u00f2. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng b\u1ecf th\u1eddi gian","\u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 l\u1ebd ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c. T uy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Linux c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady (m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty v\u00ec l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 may hay r\u1ee7i). B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn \u0111o\u00e1 hoa c\u00f9ng khoe s\u1eafc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y b\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t. IV V\u1eady th\u00ec ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn ra b\u00f4ng hoa \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e2y? Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby: h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phi t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed do \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng minh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. T rong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Francis Galton \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. T rong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3. Gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh, tuy kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o","\u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng. V\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Linux, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c m\u1eadt m\u00e3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Torvalds, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean Linux c\u00f3 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Linux. Hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ai bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 Linux v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 trong tay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady hay kh\u00f4ng. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng Torvalds v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00ec ch\u00ednh Linux c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. Song, n\u1ebfu nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau l\u1ea1i th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec","v\u1eady, th\u1eadt ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p - b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a phi t\u1eadp trung. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec khi nghe \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn \\\"c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch trung \u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh dung ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi - ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi - quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u00f4i gi\u00e0y trong ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 do c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean phi t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u01b0a ra. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung di\u1ec5n ra khi n\u00e0o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp trung. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong s\u00e1ch, s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. T rong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh phi t\u1eadp trung, th\u00ec n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 h\u00e3y quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u00f9n t\u1eafc","giao th\u00f4ng hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1ec7nh. T \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean say s\u01b0a v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb sinh h\u1ecdc. Lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e0n. Vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Song, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. R\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c phi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 phi t\u1eadp trung r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Iraq trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Iraq n\u0103m 2003. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 fedayeen c\u1ee7a Iraq khi\u1ebfn li\u00ean qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9-Anh b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m phi t\u1eadp trung th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00e0o t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. T h\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1edd b\u00e1o so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh fedayeen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn trong \u0111\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \\\"t\u1ed1t\\\" ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng qua li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh ngay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng sau v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng fedayeen \u0111ang d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a","h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 huy ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh fedayeen ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng fedayeen th\u1ef1c ra r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn - tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. T uy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh l\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u1ec9a mai trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung trong xung \u0111\u1ed9t M\u1ef9 - Iraq l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9. T r\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ednh M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \\\"hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c tinh x\u1ea3o n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4n ngoan mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9. C\u00e1c t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft","c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Baghdad, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0a ra chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Iraq khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Iraq r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 huy v\u1eabn mang t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u di\u1ec5n ra trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 huy, \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch. Nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y 11\/9, th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u phi t\u1eadp trung m\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o \u0111ang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u00ecn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. S\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e1 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e0ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3","n\u0103ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4n ngoan. Quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c CIA, \u00f4ng Lowell Jacoby, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 sau: \\\"Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.\\\" T uy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf thu h\u00fat tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean NSA, CIA v\u00e0 FBI. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Shelby cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y - th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o trung \u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 - m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 giao cho \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phi t\u1eadp trung mang l\u1ea1i - t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Shelby \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang khi cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 - ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 - gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m, s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng tin, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n xem \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng","nh\u00f3m \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00f4ng minh \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 d\u0129: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau mua b\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 b\u00e1n giao sau d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf T rung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh FutureMAP. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u1ee5c D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng (DARPA) t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3. T rong FutureMAP c\u00f3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. T h\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 30 ng\u01b0\u1eddi), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tham gia ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai trong FutureMAP l\u00e0 T h\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch","ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch (PAM). M\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 2003, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u01a1n b\u00e3o l\u1eeda ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111ang ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh ph\u00eda sau PAM r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n (v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9): c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed Iowa l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o T rung \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f4ng khai tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp x\u1ea3y ra. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef9 Ron Wyden v\u00e0 Byron Dorgan, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf PAM, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ecbch h\u1ec7t l\u00ean \u00e1n PAM l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh \\\"n\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i\\\", \\\"c\u00f4ng k\u00edch\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng\\\". B\u00e1o ch\u00ed h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i chung c\u0169ng theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T heo lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng PAM l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t hay. C\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra c\u00f4ng khai tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3","th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia th\u00ec \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y ra c\u00f4ng khai tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi CIA - d\u00f9 l\u00e0 v\u00ec y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i hay o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn - \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf T rung \u0110\u00f4ng. T heo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Shelby nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o, th\u00ec PAM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia giao d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang - t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quan li\u00eau t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - v\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u00fang, n\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trung th\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. T h\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef9 Wyden b\u00e1c b\u1ecf PAM, coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u201c c\u1ed5 t\u00edch\\\" v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng DARFA t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kinh ph\u00ed cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \\\"th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c\\\". Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t sai l\u1ea7m. \u0110\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. PAM ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thu th\u1eadp","th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o th\u00ec m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \\\"th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c\\\". N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o PAM kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hay kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi PAM, nh\u01b0 Wyden v\u00e0 Dorgan \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh \\\"k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d, v\u1eeba \\\"sai tr\u00e1i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\\\". Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng PAM \u0111\u01b0a ra: Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Jordan v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng Ho\u00e0ng gia Arab Saudi b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 hay kh\u00f4ng? Ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Palestin n\u0103m 2004? Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. T uy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu coi l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 PAM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1.","Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch CIA kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 mua nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sai sao? Ho\u1eb7c ta h\u00e3y x\u00e9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (V\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n th\u1ecd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m c\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m c\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng \u00edt h\u01a1n). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eabn t\u00e2m trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m: khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng. T rong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 PAM th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m cho an ninh n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 th\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 PAM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua","\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1m s\u00e1t Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Jordan, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn cho d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng sai \u0111i, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 c\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 (ho\u1eb7c, theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3.). Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 PAM tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1eabn c\u00f3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o m\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi PAM \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 \u00e1m s\u00e1t Arafat, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u201c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\" c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi giao d\u1ecbch trong PAM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Jordan trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hay qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Syria h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c"]