["qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u1edf Ph\u1ed1 Wall, ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f2n b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t h\u1ea5p. L\u00f2ng th\u00f4i th\u00fac \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng khi\u1ebfn Grasso ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u1edf M\u1ef9 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1eb7p r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ch\u00fa \u00fd trong ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t. N\u00f3i chung, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n thu nh\u1eadp cao d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1eadn l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec1u - cho d\u00f9 M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu nh\u1eadp b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u00edt quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngh\u0129 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 con em c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. T r\u1edb tr\u00eau thay, ch\u00ednh Grasso c\u0169ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea5t l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.","Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n Grasso \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi tr\u1ea3 x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kinh t\u1ebf, l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-m\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Samuel Bowles v\u00e0 Herbert Gintis g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\\\" (strong reciprocity), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u (v\u00e0 ban th\u01b0\u1edfng cho h\u00e0nh v\u00ec t\u1ed1t) cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t g\u00ec cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 phi l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \\\"h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\\\" v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, d\u00f9 c\u1ed1 \u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ecb tha theo ngh\u0129a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, hay bu\u1ed9c Dick Grasso ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i. H\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-m\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec n\u00ean c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u00e0 l\u1ea7n sau, khi ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd S\u1edf Giao d\u1ecbch Ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n New York s\u1ebd nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n xem ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng bao","nhi\u00eau. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n phi l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. III \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn) - v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. V\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd ng\u1ed1c t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. V\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3? C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy t\u1eafc ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Robert Axelrod \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m","1980, \u00f4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 Axelrod \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c (T he Evolution of Coorperation): \\\"N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7... D\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nhau hay kh\u00f4ng, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u1edbi nhau hay ch\u01b0a.\\\" Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng nhau b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Axelrod g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\\\". T ri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \\\"gi\u1eef li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau\u201d. Axelrod l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0 x\u1eed t\u1eed t\u1ebf - c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c - nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng s\u1eafn s\u00e0ng tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ngay khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e3y t\u1ecf ra \u201c t\u1eed t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9\u201d. Nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh Axelrod khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, v\u1ec1","quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ki\u1ec3u v\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t g\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ta l\u1ea1i quan s\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. T uy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 ch\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \\\"c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\\\" kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0103n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n boa trong nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0m t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang ta mua h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean ebay m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i xem x\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang ta k\u00fd giao k\u00e8o v\u1edbi KaZaa (nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m) v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t l\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ea3i v\u1ec1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta (c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta) t\u1ea3i b\u00e0i h\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u00e1y l\u1ea1, y\u00ean t\u00e2m tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3","nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m phi l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta (t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ghi \u00e2m) ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec9nh. T h\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. T \u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ta m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd? T \u00f4i th\u00edch c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Robert Wright, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qua th\u1eddi gian, ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i m\u00e0 khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i v\u00f4 b\u1ed5, trong \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng v\u00e0 k\u1ebb thua. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \\\"ch\u00fang ta\\\" \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng tin, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1. \u1ede ph\u1ea7n sau, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin hay s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. IV \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh h\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Quaker. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Quaker s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t","n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac gang trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng (c\u1ea3 hai Bardays v\u00e0 Lloyds \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Quaker). H\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 s\u00f4c\u00f4la v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh b\u00edch quy. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i xuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T \u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 M\u1ef9. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Quaker \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh n\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd quay sang kinh doanh. T rong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Quaker nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y d\u1ec5 k\u1ebft giao h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. T \u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Quaker \u1edf Lon don v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng qua \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng anh ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n khi \u0111\u1ebfn Philadelphia. S\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Quaker kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Quaker \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng l\u00f2ng trung th\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, h\u1ecd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch ghi ch\u00e9p. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 minh b\u1ea1ch, tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c","giao d\u1ecbch bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh. Kh\u00f4ng bao l\u00e2u sau, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Quaker v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c, nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng. V\u00e0 khi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Quaker l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n l\u00ean th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta r\u00fat ra m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi danh ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y. L\u00f2ng trung th\u1ef1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Sau khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p M\u1ef9 sa \u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u1ea1n tham nh\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n h\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 th\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i ng\u00e2y th\u01a1. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chung cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 b\u00ea b\u1ed1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: t\u00ednh tham lam, t\u00ednh ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00edch c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tham v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang xung quanh c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Chainsaw Al Dunlap th\u00edch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"kinh doanh b\u1ea7n ti\u1ec7n\\\". Nh\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec b\u1ea1n n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Quaker h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb","tham lam. T h\u1ef1c ra, theo th\u1eddi gian, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng minh b\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 \u00edt c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed t\u1ebf. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng - ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin c\u1eady - c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00f3. \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed7i v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m \u0103n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gian l\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd mua c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng, th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 cao, v\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u1eebng v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea1c quan tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eadt t\u00e2m ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho b\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1y l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd - \\\"nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua ch\u1ecbu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn\\\" v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng - m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft","c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc T homas Schelling \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kinh t\u1ebf phi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 - nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m.\\\" Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u00f2ng tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. \u1ede th\u1eddi T rung c\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong nh\u00f3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Avner Greif ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Maroc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 Maghribi \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa hai b\u1edd \u0110\u1ecba T rung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao d\u1ecbch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ai vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T rong khi \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i chung. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Genoese gi\u1edf tr\u00f2 gian l\u1eadn \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Genoese ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0103n ngay th\u1eb3ng. M\u1eb7t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0: c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n - \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i Hanseatic \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c - \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn","bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n trong ph\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Quaker \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, ni\u1ec1m tin trong nh\u00f3m v\u1eabn quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 (V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh - h\u00e3y xem th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia T rung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1.). Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Anh, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t lu\u1eadt h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3i n\u0103m 1717, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \\\"\u0110\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\\\" V\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, Daniel Defoe \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \\\"T h\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n trung th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y.\\\" T uy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c Defoe nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia trung th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia trung th\u1ef1c (N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u trung th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd.) V\u00e0 x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Quaker tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng","tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00fang ra l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng tin v\u1edbi kinh doanh l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn- Adam Smith trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia (T he Wealth of Nations), \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \\\"Khi ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n th\u00ec h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n mang t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd v\u00e0o phong c\u00e1ch\u201d, c\u00f2n Montesquieu vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m\\\" con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX - kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t - th\u00ec l\u00f2ng tin b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Richard T illy \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n kinh doanh \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh l\u1ee3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. \u1ede M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0 John Mueller \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7u t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Ralph (Capitalism, Democracy, and Ralphls Pretty Good Grocery) P. T. Barnum ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb chuy\u00ean l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3 tin th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, John Wanamaker c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 Ph\u00f2ng T h\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Kinh doanh B\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m","v\u00e0 Ph\u00f2ng Kinh doanh C\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng chung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. T rong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf Ph\u1ed1 Wall, J. P. Morgan \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh sinh l\u1ee3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00f2ng tin. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 cay \u0111\u1eafng trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 mong manh ho\u1eb7c m\u1edd \u00e1m v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n v\u00e0o M\u1ef9. N\u1ebfu trong ban gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Morgan th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. T r\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 T illy \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u coi \\\"c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i sinh l\u1ee3i\\\", thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \\\"c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng\\\". N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u00f3 l\u00e3i, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0103n th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 \\\"b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n\\\" ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng mang l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0","\u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, x\u00e9t theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, danh ti\u1ebfng v\u1eabn quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00f9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n - t\u00f4i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng anh ch\u00e0ng n\u00e0y v\u00ec t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft anh ta - ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m chung h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kinh doanh. T h\u1eafng l\u1ee3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111an xen v\u00e0o t\u1eebng s\u1ee3i v\u1ea3i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c mua v\u00e0 b\u00e1n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u00ednh phi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. T hay v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Marx v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u00ednh phi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00edch. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \\\"c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft\\\" theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i","h\u1ecdc - c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i giao ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n. T r\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ki\u1ec3u tin t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00ec n\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1edfi m\u1edf. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn quan ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf g\u1ea7n b\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Stephen Knack vi\u1ebft: \u201c Ki\u1ec3u tin t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 hay ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa hai khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i s\u1ebd l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc.\\\" V\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1edfi l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m \u0103n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, n\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn","th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y. T \u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gian h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o \u1edf M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 mua m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y nghe CD v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o t\u00f4i mua s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t, d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc xa t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn d\u1eb7m. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, cho d\u00f9 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i gian h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3. \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a gian h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi uy t\u00edn \u0111\u00f3 ra b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m. Song, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, s\u1ebd sai l\u1ea7m khi cho r\u1eb1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho m\u1ed7i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hi\u1ebfm khi ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh doanh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 gian l\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh doanh bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00f3. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u00e0, nh\u01b0 Knack v\u00e0 Keefer n\u00f3i: \\\"C\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng cao h\u01a1n \u00edt ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng","b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u00edt khi c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra\\\". Ho\u1eb7c, nh\u01b0 Axelrod tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd mua h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf v\u00f9ng trung t\u00e2m B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \\\"N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y nh\u1ea5c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i l\u00ean v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ra v\u1edbi nhau n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n kinh doanh ti\u1ebfp.\\\" S\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Axelrod, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng theo th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a anh ta t\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn chung v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady, m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c (ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u1ea1nh tranh) v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 Bowles v\u00e0 Gintis g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u00ec t\u00ednh v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tham, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, th\u00ec c\u0169ng n\u00ean xem x\u00e9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: Cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Samuel Bowles, 12 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u2013 g\u1ed3m 11 nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 1 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc - \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i s\u00e2u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u 15 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \\\"quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf\\\" (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9","t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau) v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i mang t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 3 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n, 6 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1t r\u1eaby l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng, 4 nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n du m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 2 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ba cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ba ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi: Cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-m\u1ea5t (m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft), Cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung (trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng tham gia, th\u00ec khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 \u00edch) v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-m\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \\\"kh\u00f4ng\\\" tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i theo c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00ed, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb thua, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i theo c\u00e1ch v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u01a1i. T rong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00ed trong m\u1ed7i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a. T uy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean","c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n trong Cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong Cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. T h\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nhau h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u1eb3n l\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra? C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c? V Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc ti vi \u1edf 5.000 h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc Sony ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c ti vi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u01a1 quan Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n T ruy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng Nielsen (Nielsen Media Research) n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\". T hi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i hai vi\u1ec7c theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c: Nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 ai \u0111ang xem nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t \\\"gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n m\u1ed9t","m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ri\u00eang, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp m\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecd ng\u1ed3i xem ti vi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, Nielsen t\u1ea3i s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i \u0111\u00eam - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 th\u00edch ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1ee5 \u00e1n CSI, c\u00f2n c\u00f4 con g\u00e1i tu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00edch phim trinh th\u00e1m gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng Alias h\u01a1n. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, Nielsen mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o khao kh\u00e1t c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc. Pepsi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 22.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong b\u1ed9 phim Friends. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u Pepsi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 18-34 \u0111\u00e3 xem \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng tin. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh l\u1edbn b\u00e1n qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, 5.000 h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 xem nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o n\u00e0o v\u00e0, gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0, h\u1ecd xem nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh g\u00ec. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i - li\u1ec7u 5.000 h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u1ea3 120 tri\u1ec7u gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u01b0ng Nielsen \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung. V\u00e0 trong khi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n","h\u1ea3o - qua th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00e0ng ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp - th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin: h\u1ecd theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111ang xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh g\u00ec, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 xem hay nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 xem. Nh\u00ecn chung, s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Nielsen c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 5.000 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Nielsen tho th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung \u0111ang xem, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang xem \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o b\u1ea1n xem tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh trong gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia. T rong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u1edf Fort Wayne, bang Indiana, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o v\u00e0o gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 Ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 18-34 \u1edf Fort Wayne xem. Nh\u01b0ng","c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft. T ruy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"r\u00e0 so\u00e1t\\\". B\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m - th\u00e1ng Hai, N\u0103m, B\u1ea3y v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t - Nielsen ph\u00e1t 2.500.000 s\u1ed5 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u1edf h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u1eafp th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb h\u1ecd ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 xem trong tu\u1ea7n. Nielsen c\u00f2n thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb s\u1ed5 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng t\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng \u1edf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u - ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c r\u00e0 so\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh - d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u00e0 so\u00e1t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. T \u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sai s\u00f3t c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u00e0 so\u00e1t c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 30% s\u1ed1 s\u1ed5 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd Nielsen ph\u00e1t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c\\\", ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng","t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng xem c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c (T h\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c.). V\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed5 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ecd xem truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00fang ta, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n m\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o s\u1ed5. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 theo tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, b\u1edfi v\u1eady h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadt k\u00fd th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, trong khi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1p nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c s\u1ed5 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen xem tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n ti vi. T uy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ed5 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 xem nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng r\u00e0 so\u00e1t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00ec chung v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng \u1edf t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c trong n\u0103m. Do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u00e0 so\u00e1t qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \\\"c\u1ea5p t\u1eadp\\\". H\u1ecd d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng r\u00e0 so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m 2003 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a","Michael Jackson tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi ABC, NBC v\u00e0 Fox t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u chi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la cho nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ca s\u1ef9 nh\u1ea1c pop l\u1eadp d\u1ecb n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng trong th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3, truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gay c\u1ea5n nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n (T he Bachelorette) v\u00e0 T ri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa Joe (Joe Millionaire), v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). C\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t l\u1ea1i trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng \u0111ang r\u00e0 so\u00e1t. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p t\u1eadp v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p t\u1eadp. Allen Banks, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh H\u00e3ng T ruy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang Saatchi & Saatchi \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t l\u00e0 \\\"m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp\\\". H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra cho b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong n\u0103m\\\", \u00f4ng n\u00f3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t khi mua th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng do \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, vi\u1ec7c r\u00e0 so\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc h\u1ecd c\u00f3, n\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t","c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebfu c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng. T rong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, th\u00e1ng r\u00e0 so\u00e1t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay nh\u1ea5t theo ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. T rong th\u00e1ng r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 gi\u1edd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai ho\u1eb7c ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1ng xem (n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00edch truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh). Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eabn nhau, th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, do c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay nh\u1ea5t ra \u0111\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhau n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi v\u00e0 hay trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0 so\u00e1t. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi am hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfm th\u00ec ch\u00e9n ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng Hai, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ch\u00ecm trong bi\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t l\u1eafm trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ai \u0111ang xem c\u00e1i g\u00ec; ch\u00fang bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i","di\u1ec7n; v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1eady, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u - c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nielsen - t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u00e0 so\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i theo lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: T \u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, nh\u01b0ng duy tr\u00ec cho n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n t\u1ed1n h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu l\u1eafp thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n..., \u1ed3, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec Nielsen t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed cho nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n m\u1eafc cho h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 210 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 9 ch\u1eef s\u1ed1. Con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c s\u1ed5 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd - m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1n mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed - th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 b\u01b0u ph\u00ed. T h\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ed1","ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o n\u00f3i chung hay sao. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 25 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la ti\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 25 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed. T rong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh chi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t t\u1ea1o ra. N\u00f3i chung d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi - ho\u1eb7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng minh mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. T uy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: tuy ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho vi\u1ec7c chi ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c thay th\u1ebf. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Sioux Falls \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a chi nh\u00e1nh CBSS \u1edf Sioux Falls th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Sioux Falls kh\u00f4ng chi \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n cho h\u1ecd n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 ABC c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng thua vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p t\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i","nhu\u1eadn kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh g\u00e2y nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Mancur Olson \u0111\u01b0a ra trong cu\u1ed1n Logic c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1965. T \u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Olson t\u1eadp trung xoay quanh t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf kh\u00f3 x\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Y khoa M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m khi mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, cho n\u00ean Olson ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tham gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m h\u00e3y \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia - ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Y khoa M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, hay trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf. T uy nhi\u00ean, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00f3, Olson cho r\u1eb1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i hay tham gia m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c m\u00edt tinh l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n. T \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n","h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o c\u0169ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia kinh doanh - k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec - s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu l\u1ee3i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i khoanh tay ch\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i. V\u00ec ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Olson c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft s\u1ebd c\u00f3. Ki\u1ec3u l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. C\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb m\u1eafc v\u00e0o b\u1eaby h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. T r\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Nielsen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00f3a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u r\u00e0 so\u00e1t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed n\u00ean chia \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd. T uy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh chi 90% chi ph\u00ed thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ed5 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd r\u00e0 so\u00e1t v\u00ec b\u1edfi l\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi","c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n, n\u00ean c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadt k\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t xu n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng chi cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 thu l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem \u1edf t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c trong n\u0103m, c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb3ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb theo d\u00f5i. T h\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 h\u01a1i c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh quan t\u00e2m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Hai, th\u00e1ng N\u0103m, th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t. Khi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh c\u00f2n c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf ch\u00fang. T rong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, khi Nielsen \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o Boston n\u0103m 2002, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0i qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng minh cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y","nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, th\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 khi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i \u0111ang h\u00f2a nh\u1ecbp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn, d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 b\u1ecf qua T ri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa Joe v\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Michael Jackson. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadt k\u00fd, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, m\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh qua m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o. Khi truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c r\u00e0 so\u00e1t c\u0169ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd s\u1edbm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Sioux Falls. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 2003, Nielsen \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ebfn b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2005 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 10 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho kho\u1ea3ng 30% t\u1ed3ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh). V\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Nielsen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh c\u00e1p n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong kinh doanh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7","th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c r\u00e0 so\u00e1t v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung trong tay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt (c\u00e1c chi nh\u00e1nh.) M\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u00e0 khi h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p c\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng minh mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n. T rong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. VI Khi khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty \u1ee7y th\u00e1c \u1edf qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Cayman n\u0103m 1986, John Mathewson c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u01a1 qua v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn xa tr\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng. Mathewson nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 l\u1eafm ti\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 S\u1edf T hu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba (IRS) bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n kha kh\u00e1 n\u1ebfu Mathewson c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef ti\u1ec1n cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc con m\u1eaft soi m\u00f3i c\u1ee7a IRS. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady Mathewson \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n b\u00ecnh phong. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi IRS c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n g\u1eedi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn. V\u00e0, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng c\u1ea5p cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c s\u1ed5 ghi n\u1ee3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd truy nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf Ng\u00e2n","h\u00e0ng Gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Mathewson thu l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao cho c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh - 8.000 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n, 100 \u0111\u00f4 la cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n giao d\u1ecbch - nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng ai ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 150 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la ti\u1ec1n g\u1eedi v\u00e0 2.000 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u0103m 1995, Mathewson r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Cayman sau khi x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn San Antonio ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u. T h\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u. Sau v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00ec t\u1ed9i r\u1eeda ti\u1ec1n. Mathewson \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o t\u00f9. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 do cho m\u00ecnh: c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 m\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ty \u1ee7y th\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn t\u1ed9i (v\u00e0 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n 5 n\u0103m t\u00f9 treo v\u00e0 500 gi\u1edd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng \u00edch). V\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf. T h\u00f4ng tin th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Mathewson cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ma t\u00fay v\u00e0 r\u1eeda ti\u1ec1n n\u1eefa. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 2000, Mathewson \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef9: \\\"\u0110a s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi","kinh doanh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1.\\\" M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Mathewson l\u00e0 Mark Vicini, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf bang New Jersey, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ty m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u00ean Micro Rental & Sales. T heo nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Vicini l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng \u0111i h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1. \u00d4ng h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1991-1994, Vicini \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi 9 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la \u1edf Cayman, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 6 tri\u1ec7u \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1edbi IRS. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2,1 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la (N\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 th\u00e1ng t\u00f9 giam \u1edf nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 li\u00ean bang, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 sau khi nh\u1eadn t\u1ed9i tr\u1ed1n t h u\u1ebf.) C\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Mathewson c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t. T h\u1ef1c ra, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 n\u1ea1n tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, 2.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i. 15 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng ai c\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o cho vi\u1ec7c \\\"\u1ee7y th\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng\\\", \\\"\u1ee7y th\u00e1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"\u1ee7y th\u00e1c theo hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p\\\". M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf ngoan c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf v\u00ec thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ef1c ra ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u0169 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i - v\u1eabn gi\u1eef hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch, s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb","thi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 xo\u00e1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong s\u1ed5 v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u00e0m t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p - con s\u1ed1 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ea5t \u0111i 200 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 H\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1chh vi\u1ec7c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang r\u1eb1ng gian l\u1eadn thu\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c sai tr\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 ai nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y - v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng - khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 \u0111a nghi h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf. T h\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n - \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng - v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 n\u1ea1n tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u00e2y n\u00ean \\\"m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u1ed5i\\\" nh\u01b0 B\u1ed9 T \u00e0i ch\u00ednh nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t h\u1ed3i n\u0103m 1999. T i\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean Forbes n\u0103m 2001 v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau b\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111ang b\u0103n kho\u0103n v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh: B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed1c ngh\u1ebfch kh\u00f4ng?\\\" T \u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? T \u1ea1i v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng","thu\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb thu\u1ebf. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ea1n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho con b\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho con c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u00edch, khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3 b\u1ea1n l\u00fac tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0), \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, c\u1ee9u ho\u1ea3 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. (B\u1ea1n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf v\u1eabn th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y d\u00f9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110a s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf - c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 t\u00ean l\u1eeda qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf hay ch\u01b0a. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng I-95 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf. V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung d\u00f9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1n hay kh\u00f4ng, n\u00ean b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung.","\u0110\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c mang l\u1ea1i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u00e9t theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng: tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf, nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb b\u1eaft th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00e1 \u00edt. N\u0103m 2001, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, IRS ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a 1% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n thu v\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00ednh theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd, vi\u1ec7c gian l\u1eadn th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n lu\u1eadt. Suy cho c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng). \u0110\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c n\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng tham gia. V\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea1i sao \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 M\u1ef9, n\u01a1i t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thu\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf? C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Dick Grasso: nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 tham gia n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng tham gia. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 \\\"nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c\\\" theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Margaret Levi. H\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng,","mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. \\\"Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t b\u1ecb t\u00ea li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t, th\u00ec h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng\\\", Michael Graetz, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 lu\u1eadt \u1edf T r\u01b0\u1eddng Yale, n\u00f3i. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7n. Ta h\u00e3y xem l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ernst Fehr \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 sau: m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 20 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i s\u1ebd g\u1ed3m 4 v\u00f2ng ch\u01a1i. \u1ede m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh chung ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eef ti\u1ec1n cho m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng, anh ta s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n. Anh ta \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 0,4 \u0111\u1ed3ng (\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung). T heo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra, th\u00ec v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng 0,4 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i chung s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1,6 \u0111\u1ed3ng cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. \u00dd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 gi\u1eef ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 20 \u0111\u1ed3ng. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 32 \u0111\u1ed3ng. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4n ngoan nh\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng","g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec th\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-m\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00edch k\u1ef7. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh chung. Nh\u01b0ng qua m\u1ed7i v\u00f2ng ch\u01a1i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i, th\u00ec t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. \u0110\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 50 \u0111\u1ebfn 80% ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i chung ngh\u00e8o \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Fehr cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3i chung m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong ba ti\u00eau ch\u00ed. Kho\u1ea3ng 25% l\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7 - t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u00fd, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a kinh t\u1ebf - v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u (T \u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c- m\u1ea5t). Kho\u1ea3ng 30% kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \\\"nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh,\\\" h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh chung ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady d\u00f9 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t. T uy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c. N\u00f3i chung, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u00edt nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i, th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n ra n\u1eefa. T rong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t","h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c n\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, th\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd n\u00f3i chung s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang m\u1ecdi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Bruce Scholz, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf SUNY-Stony Brook, nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 coi vi\u1ec7c gian l\u1eadn v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf l\u00e0 sai tr\u00e1i. \u0110i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1ebd chi ti\u00eau nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, Scholz nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 vui l\u00f2ng h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf (ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i). D\u1ea1ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm ra v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb k\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i - nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i","\u00edch khi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf M\u1ef9 - s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd vui l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf h\u01a1n (ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i). V\u00e0, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecd gian l\u1eadn thu\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u00edt h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh chung c\u1ee7a IRS c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c. Mark Matthews, tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y, bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n theo m\u1ee9c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00fang m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang g\u00e2y ra. \\\"M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u1ea5u n\u00e0y x\u00fai b\u1ea9y, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch thu\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a\\\", Matthews n\u00f3i. \\\"M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.\\\" L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ebf c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ebf c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 x\u00e9t theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u1edbn ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra h\u1ecd tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y d\u00f9 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi","\u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung. V\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo th\u1eddi gian. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. Lo\u1ea1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo th\u1eddi gian, khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi - nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb kh\u1edfi t\u1ed1 - nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u00f2ng h\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t. Sau c\u00f9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y Mancur Olson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang: n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf, th\u1ea5m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, \u0111i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed hay tham gia c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng ra, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed1n vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t (v\u00ec chi ph\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 cao) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i day d\u1ee9t v\u00ec m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch","h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n boa cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 xa x\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec g\u00e2y ra ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1y l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u0169 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng nhau.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7. GIAO TH\u00d4NG Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1 u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ch\u01b0a t\u1ed1t I N\u0103m 2002, khu th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i London, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn giao th\u00f4ng. M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 250.000 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o trong 8 d\u1eb7m vu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a T rung t\u00e2m London, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111ua c\u00f9ng 1.000.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. T hay v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u00e0i, London ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ed1 h\u1eb9p ch\u1eadt n\u00edch xe c\u1ed9 khi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 giao th\u00f4ng trung b\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi 10 d\u1eb7m\/ gi\u1edd. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y x\u1ea5u, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 3 d\u1eb7m\/ gi\u1edd. \u0110i b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. Giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng T h\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng London, Ken Livingstone, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e2m n\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. T h\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m 2003, London b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c thu l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe v\u00e0o khu th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o T rung t\u00e2m London trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 7 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 6 gi\u1edd 30 chi\u1ec1u, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 5 b\u1ea3ng. N\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 th\u00ec m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 230","chi\u1ebfc camera g\u1eafn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 s\u1ebd ghi l\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 xe c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t 80 b\u1ea3ng. T r\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 180 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 20% t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb1ng sau k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a London r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 anh ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho giao th\u00f4ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu chi ph\u00ed, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd. L\u1ec7 ph\u00ed c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eb1m thanh to\u00e1n nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n n\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe \u0111ang tham gia trong m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 giao th\u00f4ng d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c trong khi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean v\u1ec9a h\u00e8 c\u0169ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1ea1n, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn cho th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3n l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \\\"thu l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel l\u00e0 William Vickrey. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vickrey, kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean khan hi\u1ebfm n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c: n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1edfi v\u00ec,","gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n l\u00e1i xe tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y trong gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u1edbm h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1eb1ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf nh\u00e0, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd. C\u0169ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed, khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \\\"Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n cho m\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o?\\\" V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, thay v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng I-95 v\u00e0o l\u00fac 6 gi\u1edd 30 chi\u1ec1u, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1eddi c\u00f4ng s\u1edf s\u1edbm h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111i b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u ho\u1ea3, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb xa. V\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay, nh\u01b0ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9. Livingstone \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi London. C\u00f2n \u1edf M\u1ef9, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thu l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i (d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch) \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i xe trong gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng qua nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng trong khi","nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng khi tham gia giao th\u00f4ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ai \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thu l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh \u00f9n t\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u1ea7u Bay Bridge \u1edf San Francisco \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Vickrey. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 trong quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n khi mu\u1ed1n \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng tr\u1ea3 ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec7c thu ph\u00ed nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng. Ph\u00ed g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n, v\u00e9 xem phim ban \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn Las Vegas v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y trong tu\u1ea7n. V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c quy lu\u1eadt gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nhu c\u1ea7u - khi c\u1ea7u cao th\u00ec gi\u00e1 t\u0103ng v\u00e0 khi c\u1ea7u th\u1ea5p th\u00ec gi\u00e1 h\u1ea1. Nh\u01b0ng ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e1i xe, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 th\u00eam ph\u00ed ch\u00fat n\u00e0o - \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00ednh theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n.","Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c thu ph\u00ed giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. X\u00e9t t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Singapore. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y may m\u1eafn v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo nh\u1eefng t\u1ed1p t\u00e0i x\u1ebf gi\u1eadn d\u1eef hay nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m c\u1eed tri b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Singapore \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thu l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a London: b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111i v\u00e0o khu T rung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thu ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111i v\u00e0o khu trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong ng\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. C\u00f3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed7 xe (meter maid). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ghi l\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng xe vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed7i xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u1edf Singapore \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u00f4ng minh g\u1eafn b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n \u0111i v\u00e0o khu quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 th\u00eam ph\u00ed, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ngay s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb \u0111i tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i: kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i v\u00e0 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y ngay m\u1ee9c ph\u00ed ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 Singapore c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh thu ph\u00ed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. T r\u01b0\u1edbc kia ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho xe \u0111i v\u00e0o gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c: ph\u00ed cao \\\"t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh\\\" (t\u1eeb 8-9 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng m\u1ee9c ph\u00ed cao","g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi t\u1eeb 7 gi\u1edd 30 - 8 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng), ph\u00ed bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ph\u00ed d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng xe ch\u1ec9 \u0111i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n (l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u1eeb ph\u00ed). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf Singapore t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi London hay New York, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 xe tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T \u00e2y n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c (T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, Singapore ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf.) \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Singapore l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7: \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, do \u0111\u00f3, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 thu ph\u00ed hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong tay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (b\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ra sao). R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn giao th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ea5m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i xe v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Mexico \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mexico v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 5 hay 6, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e1i xe v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 Hai (S\u1ed1 7 ho\u1eb7c 8 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p may v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 Ba, s\u1ed1 3 ho\u1eb7c 4 - v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 T \u01b0, v.v... T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i xe \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y.). Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u cho giao th\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e0i x\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y trong tu\u1ea7n khi h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e1i xe, v\u00e0 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mexico ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n mua th\u00eam chi\u1ebfc xe th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e1ch lu\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Singapore th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0i x\u1ebf bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd","ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 bao nhi\u00eau n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng xe v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111i hay kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n n\u00ean thu l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed l\u00e1i xe \u1edf m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea5y m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i (b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i xe v\u00e0o London v\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n \u0111i b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ea7m). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng xe \u00f4 t\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecd gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch thu ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thu ph\u00ed, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed \u0111\u00f3. Singapore \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Mass Rapid T ransit si\u00eau hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Livingston \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi London c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u cho giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 giao th\u00f4ng Carlos Daganzo \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 ph\u00ed v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n mua th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c."]
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