Tri Tue Dam Dong - Vi Sao Da So Thong Minh Hon Thieu So

["ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c b\u1ecdt t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n Crater h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n \u0111\u00e3 v\u0103ng v\u00e0o t\u00e0u Columbia, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd NASA v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t gi\u1edd sau bu\u1ed5i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 bu\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n v\u00e0 McCormack t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. \\\"H\u1ecd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i. \\\"R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc tr\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed va \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0 g\u00f3c t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3.\\\" Cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. Ham ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \\\"Kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thay t\u1ea5m l\u1ee3p ch\u0103ng?\\\" McCormack n\u00f3i: \\\"Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n bay \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y trong","m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xem x\u00e9t\\\". Ham tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c mang h\u00e0m \u00fd \\\"Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ea3\\\": \\\"Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n bay v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phi v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u0103ng?\\\" Sau cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa Ham, McCormack v\u00e0 Calvin Schomburg, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed9i tham gia h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u1eeb xa n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghe th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u McCormack n\u00f3i. Ham t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn: \\\"Anh ta ch\u1ec9 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Calvin r\u1eb1ng anh ta kh\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e1y n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n bay, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bay kh\u00e1c. V\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t ch\u01b0a? T h\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f2n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng?\\\" T h\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 khi cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Columbia v\u1eabn b\u1ecb b\u1ecbt k\u00edn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp h\u00f4m 24 th\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0 CAIB \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y khi McCormack t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m trong \u0111\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean","c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng khi McCormack \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng ta gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do Ham r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n. Vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a McCormack - \\\"Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e1y, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c - \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. V\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham gia cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp kinh doanh \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \\\"T h\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f2n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng?\\\" th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \\\"Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa; \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?\\\" \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a NASA. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 NASA v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t n\u00f3 theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdt, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p c\u00e1nh t\u00e0u Orbite tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1eadt c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd - ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1eafng nghe m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 vi","ph\u1ea1m g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. T r\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eeba g\u00f2 khu\u00f4n l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba thi\u1ebfu quy c\u1ee7. Ch\u00fang g\u00f2 khu\u00f4n v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i \u1edf vi\u1ec7c Ham \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. N\u00f3 l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. \u0110\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u00f2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3 dung n\u1ea1p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u00ean l\u00e0 Scott Stasser \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00f3m 8 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a 32 sinh vi\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p hai th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m thi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd), trong khi hai th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam hai th\u00f4ng tin n\u1eefa (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong l\u1edbp, v.v...) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hai th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb. T h\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi b\u1ecb coi nh\u1eb9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. Stasser c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0o, th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, th\u1eadt ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. K\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 h\u01a1n, th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i sai. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u0169, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed5 sung gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t (N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mong \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecd n\u00f3i, th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n). Ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh dung t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. James Oberg, c\u1ef1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u1edf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 (Mission Control) v\u00e0 nay l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a NBC, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a NASA ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1","c\u00e1c phi v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Apollo th\u1ef1c ra \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3 tin, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u1edf Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1eaft t\u00f3c h\u00fai cua v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u00e1o s\u01a1 mi tr\u1eafng ng\u1eafn tay nh\u01b0 nhau. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 Oberg \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i NASA trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u00e0o c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a NASA ng\u00e0y nay r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u1eb3ng c\u01a1 quan ngay t\u1eeb khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1eb7t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1eb7t. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Chandra Nemeth \u1edf Berkeley \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 trong nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed gi\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang ngay c\u1ea3 khi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a ra l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh dung, m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n sai. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c \u0111a s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd \u0111i theo c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n M\u01b0\u1eddi hai con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eadn d\u1eef (Twelev Angry men), trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ee9ng ra thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c 11 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp s\u1eeda th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m.","Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u00f3m th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1nh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd nghi ng\u1edd, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra k\u00e9m h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m trong nh\u00f3m. T h\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, khi ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i, ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh dung v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00e0 ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u khi s\u1ef1 b\u00e0n c\u00e3i th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m trong nh\u00f3m v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5, v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 b\u00e0n c\u00e3i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng dung h\u00f2a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1","m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u00f3m th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn bi quan v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u1edf n\u00ean bi quan h\u01a1n sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i. T \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n n\u00f3i chung l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n sau khi b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 lu\u1eadt Cass Sunstein c\u1ee7a T r\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed1n T \u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m (Why Societies Need Dissent) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eebng ngh\u0129, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt chung, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong nh\u00f3m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c \u0111oan h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ecd \u0111em v\u00e0o th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. T \u1ea1i sao x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c? M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \\\"ph\u00e9p so s\u00e1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\\\". \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng so s\u00e1nh m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady). N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n so s\u00e1nh m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec","v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong nh\u00f3m. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1eefa nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m di chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecbch v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang ph\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady so v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m sang ph\u1ea3i, khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u00e9p so s\u00e1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c theo \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. T uy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m. K\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 thay, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 xem \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - h\u00e3y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa nh\u00ecn l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng - nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u1eafm v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh tin s\u1ebd tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong nh\u00f3m. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn k\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. T \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c \u0111oan h\u01a1n th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5","c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn s\u1edbm h\u01a1n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean khung s\u01b0\u1eddn chung cho bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 trong th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin, khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u01b0\u1eddn chung, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed, c\u00f3 2\/3 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ngh\u1ecb \u00e1n l\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ngh\u1ecb \u00e1n nam ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi n\u1eef, d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y ai cho r\u1eb1ng nam gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i hay v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i \u1edf nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nhau, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed7i l\u00fac m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 uy quy\u1ec1n","c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 do h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 logic, \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hoa ti\u00eau, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 khi phi c\u00f4ng sai v\u00e0 hoa ti\u00eau \u0111\u00fang. Hoa ti\u00eau ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ec1u theo phi c\u00f4ng - d\u00f9 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p phi c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 - b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a phi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 phi c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Ki\u1ec3u chi\u1ec1u theo n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1i l\u00fd x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T h\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t gi\u00fap cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. L\u00fd do kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng hay tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0n c\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ee9ng ra b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. T rong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u","c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, d\u00f9 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 hay \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb hay t\u00ednh n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc hay c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o, th\u00ec c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng minh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i. T \u00ednh n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu \u1edf trong nh\u00f3m, b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ng\u1eabm coi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong nh\u00f3m, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eafng nghe. V\u00e0 t\u00ednh n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00f3m h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00e0ng n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i t\u1edbi. Do v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u1ed1t n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u khi th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. V\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, n\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o. T h\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 phi c\u00f4ng l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho","th\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ebd hay \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, t\u1ecf v\u1ebb qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 tinh th\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Brock Blomberg v\u00e0 Joseph Hamngton \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c \u0111oan th\u01b0\u1eddng hay c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 tin ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00f4n h\u00f2a, n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00f4i k\u00e9o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ra xa \u0111i\u1ec3m dung h\u00f2a. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3. S\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hay quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. T \u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u00ean giao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi - ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c \u0111oan h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh - sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m 10 ho\u1eb7c 12 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3. T r\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T rong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 hai nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi","n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n nhau. C\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 th\u1eadt ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u00f3m, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c nh\u00f3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf, m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m nghi\u00eang sang h\u01b0\u1edbng sai (T heo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u0111ang ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd.). Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf x\u1ea3y ra. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u1edf Princeton l\u00e0 Alan Blinder v\u00e0 John Morgan. Blinder t\u1eebng l\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch C\u1ee5c D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef Li\u00ean bang th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nghi ng\u1edd vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y ban (Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do \u1ee7y ban T h\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do li\u00ean bang c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef","Li\u00ean bang quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, g\u1ed3m 12 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 7 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef Li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 5 ch\u1ee7 l\u1ecbch ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef Li\u00ean bang.). B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Morgan \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng m\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban l\u00e0 xem h\u1ecd k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m hai th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 qua nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 C\u1ee5c D\u1ef1 T r\u1eef Li\u00ean bang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n. \u1ede th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3 hai s\u1ed1 bi xanh v\u00e0 bi \u0111\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng nhau. T i\u1ebfp theo, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y bi t\u1eeb b\u00ecnh ra, bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng sau 10 l\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y bi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan trong b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, do \u0111\u00f3 70% s\u1ed1 bi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 30% l\u00e0 xanh (ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i), m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 xem m\u00e0u n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nhanh ch\u00f3ng ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y bi sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi nhau theo t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u1ea1i ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m (Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi.). C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m v\u1eeba nhanh h\u01a1n, v\u1eeba ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n (nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00fang 89% s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n, so v\u1edbi 84% c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n) v\u00e0 th\u1eadm","ch\u00ed l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t. T h\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng vai c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t theo nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 xem li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t theo \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 l\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t sai h\u01b0\u1edbng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng nh\u01b0 nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u00f3m v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f2n th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t trong nh\u00f3m. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin g\u00e2y s\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Blinder. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t, th\u00ec r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u00ean l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec3m","th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng h\u00f3a ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u00edch g\u00ec khi bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng cho nh\u00f3m m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m. N\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00f4i k\u00e9o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n g\u00e2y n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 con t\u00e0u Columbia l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u1ea5y bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 t\u00e0u Columbia tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10. C\u00d4NG TY G\u1eb7p \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u0169 I C\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 Ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y \u1edf SoHo, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe t\u1ea3i l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i \u00ec \u1ea1ch r\u1ebd v\u00e0o b\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed7 xe \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Broadway \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng. T \u1eeb ngo\u00e0i xe nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u00e0 chua New Jersey hay nh\u1eefng b\u1eafp ng\u00f4 ng\u1ecdt Long Island t\u01b0\u01a1i ngon, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed3ng \u00e1o s\u01a1 mi m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc v\u00e1y \u0111en thanh m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o jacket nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef - t\u1eeb xa - tr\u00f4ng ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi t\u1eeb s\u00e2n bay Milan. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m chung. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kho h\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u foot vu\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty Zara n\u1eb1m \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 La Coruna thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Galicia, T \u00e2y Ban Nha. V\u00e0, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ba tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a l\u00f3e l\u00ean trong con m\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Vi\u1ec7c giao h\u00e0ng m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n hai l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong kinh doanh h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng trong kinh doanh b\u00e1n l\u1ebb h\u00e0ng th\u1eddi trang th\u00ec ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng nghe n\u00f3i bao gi\u1edd. C\u00e1i kh\u00f3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh th\u1eddi trang l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u t\u1eeb kh\u00e2u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc th\u00e2n v\u00e1y ch\u1eef \\\"A\\\" m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","\u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi kho h\u00e0ng. T h\u1eddi gian ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111o\u00e1n xem h\u1ecd s\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec sau s\u00e1u ho\u1eb7c ch\u00edn th\u00e1ng n\u1eefa. C\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i DVD hay xem ti vi. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u00e1n m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nhanh l\u1ed7i m\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o th\u1eddi trang. V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty may m\u1eb7c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, n\u01a1i r\u1ea5t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean s\u0103n l\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ty. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Zara \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi. T hay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi theo m\u00f9a, th\u00ec Zara l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng hai l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng gian h\u00e0ng trong s\u1ed1 400 gian h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T hay v\u00ec m\u1ed7i n\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 200 ho\u1eb7c 300 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau, Zara cho ra h\u01a1n 20.000 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Zara kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang nhanh ra kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e1 trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u1edf c\u00e1c gian h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m tay \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u1edf T \u00e2y Ban Nha, do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng chu\u1ed9ng v\u00e0","kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u00ecm mua nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng ty ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 15 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb kh\u00e2u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7m m\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 mang m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111em b\u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 tin \u0111\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong m\u1ed9t gian h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Zara. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c h\u00e3ng th\u1eddi trang LVMH - \u00f4ng Daniel Piette - g\u1ecdi Zara \\\"c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00e3ng b\u00e1n l\u1ebb nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\\\". Zara c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng b\u00e1n l\u1ebb h\u00e0ng th\u1eddi trang, Zara nh\u1eadp 90% v\u1ea3i li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng b\u00e1n l\u1ebb h\u00e0ng th\u1eddi trang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng giao cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 T rung Qu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c Honduras, Zara t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 v\u1ea3i li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. C\u00f4ng ty s\u1edf h\u1eefu 14 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng cao \u1edf T \u00e2y Ban Nha, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c robot l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 24 gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u, c\u1eaft v\u00e0 nhu\u1ed9m. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap Zara ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u00e1t sao nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. T hay v\u00ec m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfc qu\u1ea7n l\u00f3t Capri m\u1edbi, Zara ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng l\u00f4 h\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i tr\u0103m chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra","nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00eam. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho m\u00e1y ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u00e1p nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 v\u00e1y \u00e1o v\u00e0 trang ph\u1ee5c, Zara giao ph\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng ba tr\u0103m c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf \u1edf Galicia v\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tay ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng n\u01a1i, trong khi v\u1eabn ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng - v\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Zara h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Zara, s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4ng ty tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i lo th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb n\u00e0o: nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho kh\u00f4ng ai mu\u1ed1n. T rong m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 kinh doanh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o, d\u00f9 cho b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00e1n ch\u00fang v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, trong qu\u1ea7y h\u00e0ng. T heo bi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef kinh doanh, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n kho m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Zara kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng trong kho kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi trang, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. H\u00e3ng Gap ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng trong kho h\u01a1n ba th\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao khi Gap d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n sai th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c gian h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng n\u00e0y tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp h\u00e0ng h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1. H\u00e0ng trong kho v\u01a1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u00e1n m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng","\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, n\u00f3i chung b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u chi ph\u00ed cho m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Zara c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb v\u00ec h\u1ecd b\u00e1n ch\u00fang nhanh h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Zara c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y Zara \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng Zara m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm (ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm). M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa l\u00e0 Zara t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai) theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Brian Arthur c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1n bar El Farol kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1ch hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n khi \u0111i qua nhau tr\u00ean l\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb9p. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00e1nh nhau, c\u00f2n Zara mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i) nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee9 hai Zara \u0111ang l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung: s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00e1n nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 trang ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n mua. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y","v\u00e0o l\u00fac 10 s\u00e1ng, c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gian h\u00e0ng Zara \u1edf SoHo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf. C\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y, khi chi\u1ebfc xe t\u1ea3i t\u1edbi n\u01a1i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Zara \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1t m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c m\u00e1y c\u1eaft t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng ty ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u00f2a nh\u1ecbp v\u1edbi nhau, sao cho c\u00e0ng \u00edt l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh gi\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Zara c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd di\u1ec5n ra th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1edd gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu Zara \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 Zara c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u1ea3i li\u1ec7u cho h\u1ecd, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Zara c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p di\u1ec5n ra th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng (tuy c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00eda sau). V\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao Zara c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd? Ho\u1eb7c, n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n Zara ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhau? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec? Hay, n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c","\u0111i t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i? Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 phi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng - c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ho\u1eb7c, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh D. H. Robertson \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \\\"nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o mang s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng b\u01a1 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i trong th\u00f9ng s\u1eefa\\\". Khi Zara mu\u1ed1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7m m\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ra \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nhau b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm xem nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd - t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 - y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00f3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7m m\u1edbi. T \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a Zara b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eeda. C\u00f4ng ty tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho anh ta ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty n\u00ean t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m bao nhi\u00eau vi\u1ec7c cho","m\u00ecnh? Microsoft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u1ec7 sinh ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 lau ch\u00f9i c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Intel c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft x\u00e9n c\u1ecf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng ty, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p phong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec5 nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u00ea b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ranh gi\u1edbi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i thu\u00ea. N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p phong c\u1ea3nh di\u1ec5n ra su\u00f4n s\u1ebb, t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf to\u00e1n? V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf to\u00e1n di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf? H\u00e3ng Gap, suy cho c\u00f9ng, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 \u0111i thu\u00ea to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Zara, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, s\u1edf h\u1eefu 14 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y. Nh\u01b0ng Zara c\u0169ng giao l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e2u v\u00e0 may cho c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf \u1edf Galia. N\u1ebfu thu\u00ea l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng thu\u00ea m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c? Ho\u1eb7c, n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ty? T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m phim \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau: ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m","s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, b\u1ed9 phim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tan r\u00e3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhau. T \u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u0169 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ronald Coase t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1937. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \\\"thu\u00ea l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c\\\", Coase th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thu x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 cho h\u1ecd bao nhi\u00eau. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft. V\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o, sau khi m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m xong, r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Coase g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch\\\", bao g\u1ed3m \\\"chi ph\u00ed t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin, chi ph\u00ed th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, chi ph\u00ed k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng\\\". C\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu th\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c th\u00ec g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng s\u1ebd nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng ty. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ty th\u00ec t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho h\u1ecd theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho b\u1ea1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0","ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean so v\u1edbi n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi m\u1ed7i khi mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t: kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1eeb khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 2 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ba n\u0103m. T uy nhi\u00ean, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n, hay n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, \u0111\u00f4i khi mang vi\u1ec7c \u0111i thu\u00ea c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m l\u1ea5y. L\u1ea5y cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5. T \u00f4i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho Doubleday. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i k\u00fd m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Doubleday \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u00e1n. V\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, Doubleday c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 bi\u00ean ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u00e0m to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian, \u0103n l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch. Khi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lo l\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a s\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c (v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n k\u00e9m t\u00e0i h\u01a1n). Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hay h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf c\u1eeda cho nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00fd h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eebng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p (T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u00e1n s\u00e1ch, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch","\u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1edbt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ch\u00ed ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch, l\u00e0 k\u00fd th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch.). M\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p kinh doanh kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1eadt k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Hollywood v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim gangster \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Hollywood. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim gangster \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng (h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim gangster c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhau nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung. N\u00f3i chung, c\u00f3 ba c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 b\u1ecdn gangster d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim n\u00e0y. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong b\u1ed9 phim B\u1ed1 gi\u00e0. Ph\u1ea7n II (T he Godfather, Part II). T rong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf gia \u0111\u00ecnh Corleone \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfu t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi Michael Corleone l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi","\u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh sang nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh m\u1edbi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. T \u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh: cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. V\u00ec Michael c\u00f3 tr\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i n\u00ean \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb xa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. V\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh sinh l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n n\u00ean Michael c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. T uy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Michael c\u00f3 l\u00fac g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u00ec c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho nh\u00e0 Corleone kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t th\u00f4ng tin ho\u1eb7c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n khi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Michael ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean xa r\u1eddi h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng. T heo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Michael c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng","ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng. Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1m g\u1edf cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00f3m r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong b\u1ed9 phim h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng Heat c\u1ee7a Michael Mann, trong \u0111\u00f3 Robert De Niro \u0111\u00f3ng vai th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1edbp nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang, c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p cao. B\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1edbp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m \u0103n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nhau. V\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhau n\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn. V\u00e0 do vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng trong b\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ee9c th\u00ec v\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i t\u00ean n\u00ean m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf n\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. T ham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3. V\u00ec s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang n\u00ean h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 cho sai s\u00f3t trong nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m. S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1edbp,","trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng quen bi\u1ebft, t\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a b\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1edbp. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 phim nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn (T he Asphalt Jungle) v\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa ch\u00f3 v\u00f9ng H\u1ed3 l\u1edbn (Reservoir Dogs), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m, c\u00f9ng nhau th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xong m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang theo nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, m\u1edf tr\u1ed9m k\u00e9t, ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5, v.v...), nh\u1edd v\u1eady, nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. V\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. T uy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ronald Coase \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 khi \u00f4ng b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m. Kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 khi thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nhau), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i nhau (T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0103n tr\u1ed9m \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t","tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3: h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cam k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.) \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh doanh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong phim gangster ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda sau v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sinh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00ean t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng hay r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thu\u00ea b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. T \u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c, v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n n\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. T uy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng","nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn. Khi \u1ea5y, quy lu\u1eadt chung l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c khi chi ph\u00ed r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Zara, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. T h\u1ef1c ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf T rung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1eaft v\u00e0 nhu\u1ed9m v\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m Zara m\u1ea5t \u0111i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. II Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai) v\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0m cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai d\u1ec5 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty). M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ra l\u1ec7nh), v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng ty quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t","k\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. T uy nhi\u00ean, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 trong c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. T h\u1ef1c ra, ch\u00fang ta cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00cdt c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u01b0 Henry Ford khi \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 Ford Motor Co. nh\u1eadn ch\u1edf s\u1eaft l\u1eabn c\u00e1t tr\u00ean xe c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec n\u00ean t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh. T h\u1ee9 hai, t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00f3. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, hay quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh theo t\u1eebng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n (v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n). V\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba, t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp trung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. T h\u1ef1c ra, c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, General Motors, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u phi t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn - Buick, Chevrolet, Cadillac - \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eebng","ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a General Motors ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a General Motors. T h\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd, trong t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ki\u1ec3u c\u0169 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 trong tay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi: ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb. Khi \u1ea5y, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n kinh doanh M\u1ef9 su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. T \u1ea1i sao? H\u00e3y, l\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i xe Pinto l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5. Lo\u1ea1i xe n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00f4ng ty Ford Motors \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1971. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe x\u1ea5u, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ed1n xy lanh y\u1ebfu. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, Ford \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfc Pinto. N\u0103m 1978, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thu h\u1ed3i, sau khi c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd an to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ec7nh cho Ford ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5 tung khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e2m t\u1eeb ph\u00eda sau. R\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u1eefa l\u00e0 Ford v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1i xe Pinto trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m n\u1eefa sau khi c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh thu h\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1980, Pinto r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng xe Escort v\u00e0 Lynx. Pinto l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m","h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng Pinto c\u00f2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m M\u1ef9 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 v\u00e0 1970. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed3i, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, Pinto kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty M\u1ef9 h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3 th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c th\u1ee3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u00e1y m\u00f3c l\u00e0m \u0103n r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c. T rong hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh. T h\u1ef1c ra, khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n, b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4, t\u0103ng l\u00ean g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1970. T \u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ee5t h\u1eb3n xu\u1ed1ng (T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970.). T h\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f5i Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.","V\u1eady th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i? T \u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty M\u1ef9 th\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xem ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau ph\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sinh l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngh\u0129 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0: n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng M\u1ef9, bi\u1ebfn \\\"made in Japan\\\" t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \\\"m\u1ecfng manh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn\\\" th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb mang ngh\u0129a \\\"\u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady\\\". C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Edward Deming, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti vi, m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh, xe h\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y video v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfm th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty M\u1ef9. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc Toyota v\u00e0 Sony c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty M\u1ef9 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng ch\u1ecdn Deming l\u00e0m ti\u00ean phong v\u00e0 \u0111i theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u00e0 khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng \u0111i theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 v\u1ebb mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a chung \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t m\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0y nay, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c","nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 k\u00e9m ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u cho ra nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n). Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n M\u1ef9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m \u0103n b\u00e9o b\u1edf v\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng, m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh th\u00e1p, th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u1edd \u0111i nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (L\u1ea1i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Detroit ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1eadm nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i xe h\u01a1i nh\u1ecf ngay sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 190.). \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt (v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c) v\u00e0 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh. C\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, gi\u1eef kh\u00f4ng cho gi\u00e1 l\u00ean v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T rong ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, ba c\u00f4ng ty \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng trong ph\u00f2ng c\u00e1ch \u00e2m, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1eafng nghe ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean","xa r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mua c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4, ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, c\u00f2n mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 trong hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. III Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u0169 ngay sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. T rong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, h\u1ecd n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u00edt v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m chi ph\u1ed1i t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ki\u1ec3u c\u0169 - c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng - ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh doanh M\u1ef9. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0169 \u1ea9n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf \\\"trao quy\u1ec1n\\\" cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi. T rong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ban gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3","tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n khi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea5p trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. T h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u1edf T hung l\u0169ng Silicon, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty, n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u phi t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n, \u00edt ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi. cho d\u00f9 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1eabn t\u1eadp trung \u1edf c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \\\"trao quy\u1ec1n\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1edbi. T r\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1910, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 trao cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed trong c\u00f4ng ty. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, phong tr\u00e0o mang t\u00ean \\\"phong tr\u00e0o li\u00ean k\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\\\"human relations movement) do nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Elton Mayo d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n khi th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c l\u1eafng nghe. V\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n quan li\u00eau c\u0169, theo c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0","c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y ban. B\u00e0i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a William H. Whyte v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u, Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (T he Organization Man), b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m theo nh\u00f3m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Whyte, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf gi\u1eefa th\u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, \\\"Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a... m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\\\" Song, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1i khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Alfred P. Sloan, General Motors c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 phi t\u1eadp trung ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng phu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0o \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Sloan c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m. Nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \\\"C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 ra","quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn phi\u1ec1n h\u00e0, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u00e9o theo vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o nh\u00f3m c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra; c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh (average down). Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf General Motors t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ghi ch\u00e9p cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c tr\u00ean trung b\u00ecnh (average up)\\\". T uy nhi\u00ean, Sloan cho th\u1ea5y tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00d4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \\\"n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t t\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u0103ng m\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Sloan lo l\u1eafng nhi\u1ec1u. T h\u1ee9 hai, vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t hay b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u William Whyte gh\u00e9t cay gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1eafng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c bu\u1ed9c \u0111a s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 k\u1ebb c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd sai - tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t c\u00f3 m\u1eabu s\u1ed1 chung th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m ai, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng. T hay v\u00ec th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m","s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng trao \u0111\u1ed5i theo ki\u1ec3u quen thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2m h\u1ecdng. N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng \\\"t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p\\\" n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o r\u1ea1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u00e0 khi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e0ng bao qu\u00e1t c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty th\u1ef1c ra c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t xa r\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n - ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n - v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T r\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua t\u1eebng c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p. V\u00e0 v\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban xem x\u00e9t, n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, th\u00ec gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. \u1ede General Motors ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n pha m\u1edbi cho \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong 15 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 th\u1eadt k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty tham d\u1ef1 5 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp cu\u1ed1i trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n k\u00fd v\u00e0o v\u0103n","b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin l\u00ean c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng do c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd - ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y th\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, n\u00ean h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi 15 ho\u1eb7c 20 c\u1ea5p ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t trong khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y - ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 10 c\u1ea5p ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u00e2n x\u01b0\u1edfng - th\u00ec kh\u00f3 b\u1eaft ai ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ef1 do. L\u00fd do duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng nhau h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi khi l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n nh\u1ecf \u0111ang c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, trong qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 (v\u00e0 \u0111ang) \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng l\u1ec7ch v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103m 1962 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i cho","th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n leo l\u00ean n\u1ea5c thang danh v\u1ecdng, th\u00ec \\\"h\u1ecd trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e0ng k\u00e9m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\u201d. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 52 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea5p trung b\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng \u1ee7y vi\u00ean ban qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9. v.v... T h\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tr\u1eeb khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u01b0a x\u1ea3y ra. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y ki\u1ec3u chia s\u1ebb n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n ra. Chris Argyris m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc l\u00e3o th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong 40 n\u0103m, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"h\u00e0nh vi gi\u1ea3\\\" th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Argyris cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u xen v\u00e0o khi trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u00e2m c\u0103n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebf \u1edf ph\u00eda c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd nghe theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u","khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nguy h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 Argyris \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n. T h\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n khi m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u so v\u1edbi mong \u0111\u1ee3i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 trao cho c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng m\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7t ra: C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed1i th\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1. H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Donald Roy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee3 ti\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng c\u01a1 kh\u00ed. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 ti\u1ec7n trong c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng theo c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng theo s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7t ra, m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng theo s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo khi h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng theo s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u0103ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i","v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c hay qu\u00e1 nhanh, th\u00ec m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb n\u00e2ng l\u00ean, b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1edfng cho h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. T hay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00e0ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, h\u1ecd b\u1ecf th\u1eddi gian t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Roy \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho b\u00e0i b\u00e1o vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \\\"T r\u00e1nh n\u00e9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng c\u01a1 kh\u00ed\u201d. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t c\u00f3 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Michael Jensen \u1edf khoa Kinh doanh T r\u01b0\u1eddng Harvard \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5, h\u00e3y n\u00f3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng anh ta ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4 ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1edfng khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 hai vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn x\u1ea3y ra. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u00fd n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong n\u0103m t\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3. T h\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n gian l\u1eadn, n\u00f3i t\u0103ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u0103m nay nh\u01b0ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng","qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103n 1990, khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 M\u1ef9 Ph\u1ed1 Wall.). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, Jensen n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \\\"chi ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i\\\". C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, th\u1eadt h\u1eefu \u00edch khi \u0111em so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u mong \u0111\u1ee3i hay kh\u00f4ng. T rong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd l\u00e0m. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n th\u00eam n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu doanh thu cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ta ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfm. T h\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty. T \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef k\u00edn th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 che gi\u1ea5u \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef k\u00edn th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e0y v\u1ea3i n\u00e0o b\u1ecdn tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd mua m\u00f9a h\u00e8 hay lo\u1ea1i","m\u00e1y stereo n\u00e0o h\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t). T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 (b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mua m\u00e1y stereo ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n gi\u00e0y v\u1ea3i hay mua c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u00e0y v\u1ea3i). V\u00e0 ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u00e0m, th\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin, theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n: khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n mu\u1ed1n x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ra ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00f4ng ty General Electric (GE) \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n GE l\u00e0m \u0103n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho GE c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0103n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi hai mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau. Khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0103n ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 khi h\u00ecnh dung m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ty n\u00f3i chung. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn mua c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n. V\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 khi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111ang t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn mua c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3, do","c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf Joseph Blasi v\u00e0 Eric Kruse th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n thu v\u00e0o t\u1eeb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra g\u00e2y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng - \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1ecf t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p mua c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n \u00edt \u1ecfi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, n\u00f3i chung, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef g\u00ecn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i thu\u00ea. T uy nhi\u00ean, Blasi v\u00e0 Kruse nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn mua c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n cho \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn mua c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong ban qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn mua c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 Blasi v\u00e0 Kruse vi\u1ebft: \\\"Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.\\\" \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3"]