Tri Tue Dam Dong - Vi Sao Da So Thong Minh Hon Thieu So

["C\u00e1ch thu ph\u00ed l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i tinh vi h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 5 b\u1ea3ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a London. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Vickrey \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong \u0111\u00f3 giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng \\\"m\u1ee9c ph\u00ed ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng\u201d, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ee9c ph\u00ed b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, hay v\u00e0o th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i xe b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng I-5 t\u1eeb Sacramento \u0111\u1ebfn San Francisco \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn v\u00ec m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe mo\u00f3c b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ebd sang nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y trong m\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3 thi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thu ph\u00ed r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa (C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed khi \u0111i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 70 d\u1eb7m\/ gi\u1edd.). T uy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00eam r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c c\u00f3 g\u1eafn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn d\u00f2 lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4 s\u01a1, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch London \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi","kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc. Giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i kho\u1ea3ng 20%, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u00f9n t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 theo \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n 40% (T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i 11 d\u1eb7m\/ gi\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i kh\u1ea3 d\u0129.). T rong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m n\u1eefa l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt vi\u1ec7c l\u00e1i xe. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thu ph\u00ed nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn, suy cho c\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe, v\u00ec tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc (v\u00e0 g\u1ea1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean), th\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua l\u1ea1i. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi l\u00e1i xe v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n h\u1ecd b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu. T rong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p London, nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1edbt \u0111i. C\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y xe c\u1ed9, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u00f5 h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e1i xe, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n nay, giao th\u00f4ng London cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 suy x\u00e9t kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n. II N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thanh to\u00e1n m\u1ecdi \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee9c thu ph\u00ed th\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p th\u00ec","ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 an \u1ee7i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t tr\u00ean xa l\u1ed9 Cross-Bronx trong v\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. T h\u1ef1c ra, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee5 \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u xe \u0111i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eeba l\u1ea1i hai gi\u00e2y khi di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c xe kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a 1.800 xe trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00f3a ra, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf khi ng\u1ed3i sau tay l\u00e1i, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c California, m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 2.400 xe c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0, li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch thu ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a Vickrey c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ed1 xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1ch t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec cho v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn giao th\u00f4ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng - c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tai n\u1ea1n, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ed1c l\u00ean, d\u1ed1c xu\u1ed1ng - c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ec kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 l\u00fan nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1i cong ho\u1eb7c d\u1ed1c nghi\u00eang, chi\u1ebfc xe t\u1ea3i ch\u1edf n\u1eb7ng \u1edf l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do g\u00ec. Quan s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c giao th\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ai trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd.","\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra su\u00f4n s\u1ebb ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c xe ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean ph\u1ed1, hay nh\u1eefng con chim bay theo \u0111\u00e0n. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n phi t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n - kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111u\u00f4i xe tr\u01b0\u1edbc, chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, l\u00e1i nhanh khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e1i an to\u00e0n - v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nhau. T rong giao th\u00f4ng, m\u1ed7i l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng anh ta c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n giao th\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chung di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e0ng nhanh c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. T rong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t hay. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u00e1i xe phi t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n g\u00e2y t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn giao th\u00f4ng. V\u1eady v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sai s\u00f3t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? C\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Khi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eafng xe qua l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ea1y nhanh h\u01a1n hay ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. M\u1ed7i xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xe xung quanh v\u00e0 v\u1eabn di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"d\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 do\\\". T uy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, khi c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u xe \u0111i v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 - ho\u1eb7c khi c\u00e1c xe c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ebd sang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c - th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n phanh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch","an to\u00e0n. Khi h\u1ecd nh\u1ea5n phanh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00eda sau c\u0169ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5n phanh lan ra c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng xe ch\u1eadt n\u00edch. \u1ede nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y nhanh h\u01a1n, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng do nh\u1ea5n phanh t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e0ng lan nhanh h\u01a1n, v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a (n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3) l\u00e0 xe c\u1ed9 \u1edf l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea1y nhanh h\u01a1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n th\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngang nhau khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y xe. T hay v\u00ec lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do, c\u00e1c xe \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xe di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 nhau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T \u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eebng-v\u00e0- ch\u1ea1y. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00f9n t\u1eafc, th\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 tho\u00e1t ra. Nh\u1eefng xe \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 \u00f9n t\u1eafc di chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng xe ph\u00eda sau \u0111ang \u0111i v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 \u00f9n t\u1eafc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, d\u00f2ng xe c\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi lui tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 b\u1ecb \u00f9n t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 Kai Nagel, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \\\"Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, th\u00ec t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn n\u00e0o \u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3","trong su\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao th\u00f4ng.\\\" T \u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i gay g\u1eaft xoay quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn giao th\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n hay l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y xe c\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. T rong cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a xe c\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4ng, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y tinh. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t b\u1ecb t\u1eafc l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 khi lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 \u00f9n t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t\\\" c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c. C\u00f2n b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 giao th\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ch\u1ed7 \u00f9n t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u do m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u00fat \\\"th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 chai\\\" g\u00e2y ra. V\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, v\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 giao th\u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \\\"kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm.","S\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u n\u0103m 2000, Carlos Daganzo v\u00e0 Juan Munoz, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Giao th\u00f4ng V\u1eadn t\u1ea3i Berkeley, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ea1y l\u00ean c\u1ea7u Richmond-San Rafael g\u1ea7n San Francisco, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh \u1edf m\u1ee9c an to\u00e0n (nhanh h\u01a1n 60 d\u1eb7m\/ gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat) v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m. Chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y d\u00e0i 5,5 d\u1eb7m, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hai l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 d\u1ed1c r\u1ebd v\u00e0o hay r\u1ebd ra. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Xe c\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \\\"xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng\u201d, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00fat \\\"th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 chai\\\" v\u1eabn \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft l\u00f5m l\u1edbn trong lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00ed do nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 n\u00fat th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 chai g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0n xe, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 n\u00fat th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 chai th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e0n xe m\u00e1y kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau (N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0n xe th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111i qua b\u00ean tr\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.). T rong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, khi c\u00e1c l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe","ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd d\u00e3n r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xe kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m cho l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01a1n (v\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c xe c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ed1 xe ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i \u00edt h\u01a1n 10% so v\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n xe. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, khi m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe kh\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau h\u01a1n. M\u1ed7i l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng l\u00e1i xe kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c xe v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00e8n phanh v\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u xi nhan, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh. M\u1ed9t l\u00e1i xe lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1p phanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe kh\u00f4ng bao qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n - r\u1ebd sang l\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i ch\u1eadm tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. T hay v\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng, ngay ng\u1eafn, c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee9 d\u1eebng-v\u00e0-ch\u1ea1y g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng. III M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 kh\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3","th\u1ea5y, t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n. Mitch Resnick \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng giao th\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh StarLogo do ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, Resnick vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n R\u00f9a, M\u1ed1i v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng (T urtles, Termites, and T raffic Jams), giao th\u00f4ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c xe ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u nhau v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ngang nhau. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 h\u1ec5 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c xe bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1p phanh hay t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c th\u00ec \u00e1ch t\u1eafc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. T rong m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1i t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra. T \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ra \u0111a \u0111o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u00f9n t\u1eafc. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e1i xe l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i th\u00ec li\u1ec7u t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e1i xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng T \u00e1m n\u0103m 1997, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u","trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh PAT H c\u1ee7a California \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i 7,5 d\u1eb7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng I-15 g\u1ea7n San Diego \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 mang theo 8 chi\u1ebfc Buick LeSabres, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 trang b\u1ecb th\u00eam t\u1edbi v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f4 la, g\u1ed3m b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i, tay ga, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, ra \u0111a v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng T h\u00f4ng T in Li\u00ean L\u1ea1c v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gia t\u1ed1c t\u1edbi 50 l\u1ea7n\/ gi\u00e2y. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf hai \u0111i\u1ec3m: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 t\u1ef1 l\u00e1i; th\u1ee9 hai, cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i xe di chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c xe th\u00f4ng qua li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe LeSabres c\u00f9ng tham gia m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng, \u0111i c\u00e1ch nhau \u0111\u00fang 21 foot. C\u00e1c xe chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 do ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e1i xe kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra. Ngay sau khi m\u1ed9t xe thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe kh\u00e1c ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. Qua su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y, \u0111o\u00e0n xe \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c 65 d\u1eb7m\/ gi\u1edd tr\u00ean qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m d\u1eb7m, ch\u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. V\u1eady trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00f4n c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch nhau 4 foot d\u1ecdc b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111i \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0n","\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng). M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 tham gia giao th\u00f4ng, xe c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng xe ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f9ng di chuy\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4ng tham gia n\u1eefa (Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed, m\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1t ch\u1eb7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ed1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.). Vi\u1ec7c trang b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00edt ti\u1ec1n, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 10.000 \u0111\u00f4 la cho m\u1ed9t d\u1eb7m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i chi ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 trang b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c xe. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ea1y th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed g\u1ea5p ba dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee1 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00ec \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c - n\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe th\u00ec h\u00e3y g\u1ee1 tay l\u00e1i ra kh\u1ecfi tay h\u1ecd - tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. L\u00fd do m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n khi giao cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c m\u00e1y bay gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y bay t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1i m\u00e1y bay. Ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e1i. M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m cho k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u01a1n. Li\u1ec7u","ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu x\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01b0a? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u00f9n t\u1eafc giao th\u00f4ng. T h\u1ef1c ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c do nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Dirk Helbing \u0111\u01b0a ra. Helbing \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng: trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9, xe h\u01a1i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n cung c\u1ea5p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giao th\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Helbing b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Bernado Huberman. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, Helbing v\u00e0 Huberman \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"d\u00f2ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft\\\". T rong d\u00f2ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft, c\u00e1c xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t - nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"kh\u1ed1i r\u1eafn\\\" - v\u00e0 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i xe \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea1y ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chung l\u1ea1i di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe t\u1ed1i \u0111a th\u1ea5y qua m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed7i ph\u00fat. \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 \u00edt xe tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u00edt xe, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p phanh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 lu\u1ed3ng giao th\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe ri\u00eang l\u1ebb","c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhanh h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chung l\u1ea1i di chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n: m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f2ng xe ch\u1ea1y \u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, h\u00f3a ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau xe ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o khi n\u00e0o. T i\u1ebfp theo, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, Helbing v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c, Martin T reiber, cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n giao th\u00f4ng. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u201c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e1i xe\\\", g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ra \u0111a thu nh\u1ecf gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho l\u00e1i xe bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1eeb ph\u00eda sau m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f9. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e1i xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, v\u1eabn theo \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c l\u00e1i xe l\u00e1i \u00eam h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i phanh g\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu xe t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. T uy nhi\u00ean, ai c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Helbing v\u00e0 T reiber cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 10% ho\u1eb7c 20% s\u1ed1 xe th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thanh to\u00e1n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng giao th\u00f4ng d\u1eebng r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111i.","\u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e1nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cua v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ecdc r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c \u1edf kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9. \u1ede M\u1ef9, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e8n giao th\u00f4ng b\u1eadt theo chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea5m gi\u1edd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. T h\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c. Song, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Helbing v\u00e0 Huberman mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c xe kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c xe \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c khi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 cho ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 khi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch giao th\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n theo d\u00f2ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft (T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i giao th\u00f4ng \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0 b\u1ea5m th\u1eddi gian cho \u0111\u00e8n giao th\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.). \u0110\u00f4i khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho giao th\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea5u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Helbing l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian giao th\u00f4ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p. B\u00ed quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8. KHOA H\u1eccC C\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 danh ti\u1ebf ng I \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m 2003, B\u1ed9 Y t\u1ebf T rung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1edbi T \u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf T h\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO) v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 305 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m 2002, trong \u0111\u00f3 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eed vong. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh c\u00fam nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00e2m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c virus g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh c\u00fam. Sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n, WHO ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin b\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng sau khi t\u1edbi T rung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Hong Kong ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp vi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00ec b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Hong Kong m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng Ba, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c SARS - t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh m\u1edbi - kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00fam m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, WHO \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh SARS cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lui t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh.","N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i b\u1ec7nh SARS l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng - v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec7nh SARS l\u00e2y t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch ly \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y - th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh, m\u1edf c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra v\u1eafc xin ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh. V\u00e0 ngay c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, WHO c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1ec7nh SARS. Ng\u00e0y 15 v\u00e0 16 th\u00e1ng Ba, WHO \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi 11 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi - g\u1ed3m Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c H\u00e0 Lan, Nh\u1eadt, M\u1ef9, Hong Kong, Singapore, Canada, Anh v\u00e0 T rung Qu\u1ed1c - v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch virus g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh SARS. T \u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng Ba h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 WHO g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"\u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111a trung t\u00e2m\\\". M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u1eeb xa, qua \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp theo. T r\u00ean m\u1ed9t trang web c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c WHO, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m g\u1eedi l\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i virus ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n SARS (b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh), nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 virus v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c m\u1eabu virus \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u1eabn nhau.","Do c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea9m gi\u1ed1ng nhau, do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ec9 sau v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i virus t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c m\u1eabu x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m hay t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n SARS, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng Ba, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf T r\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hong Kong \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i virus c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh. C\u0169ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf T rung t\u00e2m Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t D\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i virus, m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 virus c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Corona. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, Virus Corona t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eb9. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tham gia trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y virus Corona c\u00f3 trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n nhi\u1ec5m SARS. C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 Hong Kong b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i virus n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng T \u01b0, nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa kh\u1ec9 \u1edf ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m H\u00e0 Lan nhi\u1ec5m virus Corona ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb suy s\u1ee5p v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh SARS c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng T \u01b0, \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau khi b\u1eaft tay c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 tin ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh virus Corona l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh SARS.","Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra virus b\u1ec7nh SARS, d\u00f9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. V\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00fa \u00fd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Ai \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh SARS? Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n virus Corona. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Cynthia Goldsmith, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m thu\u1ed9c T rung t\u00e2m Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 Ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh Atlanta. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh SARS, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh Corona th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i virus kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh SARS c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u00fap khoanh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh SARS. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec WHO \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u00ecm b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c virus g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh n\u00ean c\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng chung s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n virus Corona. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i virus n\u00e0y. Nh\u1edd c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n.","\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, l\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t ai ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. T uy WHO t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 g\u00ec, lo\u1ea1i virus n\u00e0o, m\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, hay c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin ra sao. C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t chia s\u1ebb m\u1ecdi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh SARS l\u00e0 do h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft: WHO kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd tin l\u00e0 c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb l\u1ee3i \u00edch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nhau theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c. V\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 li\u00ean minh \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra h\u1ebft","s\u1ee9c nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec7nh SARS khi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, trong khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. T r\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1 g\u00ec khi th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 10 ho\u1eb7c 20 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.). M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra h\u1ea1t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c top quark\u201d v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994. Khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 450 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd","kh\u00e1c nhau. T \u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau? M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m\u201d. V\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a h\u01a1n v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed7i chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang trong khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y tinh x\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch v\u1edf). S\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u00f2n gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n - \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fd th\u00fa v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn trong gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u00f2n b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u virrus b\u1ec7nh SARS, vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c","ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 c\u1ee7a virus bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f9ng song song nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c m\u1eabu b\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea9m, tuy kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tr\u00f9ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 phong ph\u00fa, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng mang l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Paula Stephan ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \\\"C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \\\"ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n\\\" so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb\\\". V\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Etienne Wenger n\u00f3i th\u00eam: \\\"Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng. T h\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Leonardo da Vinci \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft.\\\" T uy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Leonardo da Vinci \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt hay \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. T rong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa","h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. T rong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1966 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a 592 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, De Solla Price v\u00e0 Donald de B. Beaver nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 3 trong s\u1ed1 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 \u2018nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai.\\\" M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Harriet Zuckerman so s\u00e1nh 41 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i Nobel c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u00ec ai c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1eabn cam k\u1ebft c\u00f9ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00f2n n\u1eefa, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u virus g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh SARS r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Barry Bozeman nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecf ra m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi","kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec qu\u00e1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. D\u00f9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \\\"kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a\\\" nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt l\u00fd, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00ed d\u1ee5 b\u1ec7nh SARS cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m v\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng li\u00ean th\u00f4ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p m\u00ecnh trong ph\u1ea1m vi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a khoa hay nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t s\u00e1ch. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ecf ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y di\u1ec5n ra theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 - c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n - s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho khoa h\u1ecdc","tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Khoa h\u1ecdc mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng minh b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u00f3i chung, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ri\u00eang h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3m tra. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft b\u1ebb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u00f4ng tin \u1edf ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T heo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p, m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. Newton n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \\\"\u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean vai nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3\\\". Nh\u01b0ng Newton, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u00e1m \u1ea3nh \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang, ch\u1ec9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a","nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u00f5 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, mang t\u00ednh t\u00edch l\u0169y (T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, Newton s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Robert Hooke, \u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00f9n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f9a \u00e1c \u00fd) Nh\u01b0ng tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u1ecd. T h\u1eadm th\u00ed c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng gi\u00fap \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngang h\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc cho c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, mu\u1ed1n thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, ch\u00ednh n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c theo \u0111\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh","th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta. T rong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y danh ti\u1ebfng cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u00f3m - t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta - tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ec7nh SARS kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi - v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n Manhattan hay D\u1ef1 \u00e1n T \u00ean l\u1eeda Atlas - trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y, \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y quan t\u00e2m, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, theo b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh","c\u1edd. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng tr\u01a1n, ch\u1edd nghe xem d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u00fd th\u00fa, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. V\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 do c\u00e1c ban x\u00e9t duy\u1ec7t ngang h\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngang h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. T uy v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00f4ng Vua Khoa h\u1ecdc (Science Czar) n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y tin r\u1eb1ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u1ea1nh tranh. Do \u0111\u00f3, khoa h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c k\u00edch th\u00edch thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng ai tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft (\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng quan t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u1ea5y quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa, v\u00ec tham v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 b\u1ecf qua l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng.). V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ganh \u0111ua c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc David Hull \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00ean danh ti\u1ebfng cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ganh \u0111ua \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u1ebfu t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngang h\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII. N\u0103m 1665, H\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng gia - m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Philosophical T ransactions \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed","n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Henry Oldendurg, th\u01b0 k\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1edd T ransactions, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ri\u00eang c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u Oldenburg n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c. T ri th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ebft \u0111i khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. T h\u1ef1c ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng s\u1eb5n d\u00f9ng, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n, v\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1eed gia Joel Mokyr vi\u1ebft: \\\"C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean, tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang n\u00f3i chung. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 do, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi T rung c\u1ed5.\\\" T ruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00fa \u00fd (economy of attention). Ch\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m","cho h\u00e0nh vi t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng - nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed l\u00e0m - b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Robert K. Merton \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \\\"T rong khoa h\u1ecdc, quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho \u0111i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\\\" B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong khoa h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi khao kh\u00e1t ki\u1ebfm t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn d\u1ec5 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb h\u00e1m danh (trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady). Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i danh hay m\u1ed1t th\u1eddi trang, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc chung. N\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thu h\u00fat t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7: ch\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trao cho nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a","l\u00e0, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay sai, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m trong con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn. Virus Corona g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh SARS tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi WHO c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u00f3 g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh SARS. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc, virus Corona ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh SARS sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111ang b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 v\u1eafc xin kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh SARS, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng virus g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh SARS l\u00e0 virus Corona. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c - theo c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp - m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 Merton \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, \\\"Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f3 trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0i nghi; m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 khi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \\\"\u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p khoa h\u1ecdc\\\": m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, d\u00f9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, cho kho t\u00e0ng tri th\u1ee9c chung.\\\" \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng: r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecf qua","m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung. T hay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tinh hoa \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n gieo r\u1eafc c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn th\u1ebb ghi gi\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho nh\u01b0ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng tri th\u1ee9c chung l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ni\u1ec1m tin ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, n\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n th\u1ebf. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. T h\u1ef1c ra, khi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p","nh\u1eadn th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0 Michael Polanyi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nghi ng\u1edd th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhau, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 thay v\u00ec kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. V\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u01b0a ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ADN t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Stene Shapin nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: \\\"Ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y ly t\u00e2m, t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t dung m\u00f4i, c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc th\u00ec t\u00f4i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ADN t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt.\\\" \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta tin t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u00f4n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea1ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0","\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gian l\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u00f3c tr\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i cho l\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 \u0111ang ganh \u0111ua nhau, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed s\u1ef1 ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T h\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng tri th\u1ee9c chung lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0o tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong h\u00ecnh dung l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. H\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1ecdc, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt b\u00e0i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u00edt ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec uy t\u00edn m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 khi hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c hai nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc","l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n. Robert K. Merton \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \\\"hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matthew\\\", theo nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng vi\u1ebft trong kinh Ph\u00fac \u00e2m: \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho th\u00eam v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u01b0 d\u1eadt: k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y \u0111i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111ang c\u00f3.\\\" N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, k\u1ebb \u0103n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n ch\u1eb3ng ra. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matthew ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 mang t\u00ednh c\u1edfi m\u1edf, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c thanh l\u1ecdc lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. V\u00e0 do trong khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1eeba - c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1ed1ng nhau - n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Matthew kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec. T uy v\u1eady, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u1eabn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc Richard Lewontin, k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng hai b\u00e0i b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc John Hubby trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1966. Hai b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y, Lewontin vi\u1ebft: \\\"L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3 khi l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.\\\" \u1ede b\u00e0i b\u00e1o th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh Hubby \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. \u1ede b\u00e0i th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc Lewontin l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do n\u00e0o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y v\u00ec sao","m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m b\u00e0i n\u00e0y h\u01a1n b\u00e0i kia, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, b\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u00ean Lewontin \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i h\u01a1n 50% so v\u1edbi b\u00e0i kia. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t, Lewontin cho l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong khi Hubby v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Khi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Luis Alvarez \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \\\"Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t anh ch\u00e0ng h\u1ea1ng hai n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Fermi.\u201d M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 l\u1eafng nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao h\u00e0m b\u00ean trong, bao g\u1ed3m \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebft ai l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng hai, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u Fermi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u nguy hi\u1ec3m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua v\u00ec t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Gregor Mendel, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh di truy\u1ec1n t\u1eebng b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean m\u00e0","nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y tu kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eebng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 danh ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn trung th\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau b\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng danh ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc trong khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh, t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0 Merton \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n khoa h\u1ecdc: \\\"Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, giai c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y\u201d. C\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ai (hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ai), m\u00e0 v\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00ec ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9. \u1ee6Y BAN, BAN H\u1ed8I TH\u1ea8M V\u00c0 NH\u00d3M \u0110\u1ed8I Th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u con thoi Columbia v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7 c S\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t n\u0103m 2003, \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phi v\u1ee5 ST S-107 c\u1ee7a NASA - chuy\u1ebfn bay th\u1ee9 28 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 con thoi Columbia - \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u1eeb xa, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e0u Columbia ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t. M\u1ed9t gi\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp, Don McCormack \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n (Debris Assessment Team) ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb NASA, Boeing v\u00e0 Lockheed Martin, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian n\u0103m ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n v\u00e0o t\u00e0u Columbia. Khi t\u00e0u \u0111ang bay v\u00e0o t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh b\u1ecdt l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 hai ch\u00e2n b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ngo\u00e0i t\u00e0u con thoi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1nh tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 camera n\u00e0o \u0111ang theo d\u00f5i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f3ng t\u00e0u cung c\u1ea5p \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 b\u1ecdt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. V\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Columbia nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn","ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdt v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00e0u Columbia v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Crater \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n xem m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2m xuy\u00ean v\u00e0o l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u con thoi s\u00e2u t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd cho McCormack th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. McCormack \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u1eeb xa. S\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2\/3; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra sau khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i camera b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u, c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0u con thoi v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. Khi \u0111\u00f3 Linda Ham, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u McCormack c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u tra m\u1ee9c h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng khi t\u00e0u Columbia b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong v\u1ee5 ST S-87 n\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \\\"h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i\u201d r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch Ham tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \\\"V\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khi bay b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m","\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3\\\". N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Ham \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdt kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, b\u00e0 c\u0169ng qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdt. \u0110\u00e1ng ra theo logic, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 McCormack n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00e0u con thoi tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia b\u1ecb c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, khi nh\u1eadn ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 sau v\u1ee5 11\/9, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a NASA v\u00ec sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0u Columbia l\u00fac t\u00e0u bay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng Hai. T h\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch NASA th\u1eadm t\u1ec7 c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m v\u00ec n\u00f3 che khu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e2u xa v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y (v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd n\u0103m 1986, khi t\u00e0u Challenger b\u1ecb n\u1ed5 tung). Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 NASA r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i sao \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5","gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ee5 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Columbia k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady. Xem x\u00e9t h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 Ban \u0110i\u1ec1u tra Tai n\u1ea1n t\u00e0u Columbia (CAIB) thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u Columbia s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed9i b\u1ecb h\u1ed1i th\u00fac trong nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbp kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u con thoi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o cho bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1ecdt, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c l\u00e0m \\\"ch\u00e1y\\\" - h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y xuy\u00ean qua l\u1edbp l\u1ee3p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e2n t\u00e0u - khi t\u00e0u bay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00f3i chung ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0u Columbia. T h\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc nh\u00e3n ti\u1ec1n cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh th\u00ec s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u1ed1c ngh\u1ebfch h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi hai l\u00fd do. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o t\u00f9","hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c ban gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. V\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta di\u1ec5n ra theo nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9i, hay ch\u00ed \u00edt l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf th\u1ef1c ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. T h\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \\\"nh\u00f3m\\\" nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 hay kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c \\\"nh\u00f3m\\\" \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh kinh nghi\u1ec7m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, c\u00f2n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c T h\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed Iowa t\u1ea1o ra, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng ri\u00eang - d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb. V\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nhau l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.","Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t t\u1ed3i, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb\/ m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n, suy ngh\u0129 th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m. T rong cu\u1ed1n Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 (T he Amateurs) vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua thuy\u1ec1n Olympic, David Halberstam vi\u1ebft: \\\"Khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tay ch\u00e8o k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e1i thuy\u1ec1n, c\u1ea3 t\u00e1m m\u00e1i ch\u00e8o c\u00f9ng khua trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. T rong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, con thuy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1edbt tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c tay ch\u00e8o g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \\\"th\u0103ng hoa\u201d. Khi con thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng hoa, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u00ec. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1m tay ch\u00e8o tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi - ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o - \u0111ang ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n \u0111ua. V\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng hoa v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.\\\"","T uy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u0103ng hoa \u1ea5y. T rong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u00edt c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t. T heo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3i b\u00f4i, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nhi\u1ec1u khi, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng th\u00eam gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ea5y b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Ralph Cordiner, c\u1ef1u Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch T \u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n Golden Eagle, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: \\\"N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i do m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00ec t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t trong \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u00f3 - m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi \u0111\u00f3 anh ta ch\u01b0a c\u1ea1o r\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00e0m, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong \u1ee7y ban \u0111ang n\u00f3i huy\u00ean thuy\u00ean - ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\\\". V\u1edbi l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u00fang l\u00e0 g\u00ec, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho t\u00e0u con thoi hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi xong. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00fang ra, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do kh\u00f4ng may, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ngay","t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ecdt kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i g\u00ec nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 anh ta v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e1ng ra b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd b\u1ecf qua nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u1ea3nh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. T h\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0u Columbia th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd coi nh\u1eb9 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. T heo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu thua tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn\\\", l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c bit th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cho tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m trong h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m tin b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0u con thoi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00f9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ecf b\u1ecb b\u1ecdt t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. T h\u1ef1c ra, nh\u01b0 CAIB \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y,","kh\u00f4ng ai trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng - n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh - cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea3nh. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \\\"\u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0o\\\" v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed, th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n, s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 suy t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh coi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e0ng nhanh v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd, l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1ch Linda Ham \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y sau cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ecdt l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Ham \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi th\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed cho hai th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c","li\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdt trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u con thoi hay kh\u00f4ng. B\u00e0 vi\u1ebft: \\\"Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf qua m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a ET (th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i), v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n bay c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Orbiter do t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng hay kh\u00f4ng?\\\" C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u00e0 Ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ngay c\u1ea3 khi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh c\u1edd, m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p cho Ham c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. Lambert Austin \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 \\\"KH\u00d4NG\\\", vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef in hoa v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \\\"NG\u0102N NG\u1eeaA\u201d kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 b\u1ecdt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho t\u1ea5m l\u1ee3p. V\u1eady nh\u01b0ng, l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Austin h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T \u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp h\u00f4m 21 th\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n nh\u1edb ch\u1ee9, Ham \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \\\"V\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khi bay b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3\\\". Hai ng\u00e0y sau. Calvin Schomburg, chuy\u00ean gia k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ecdt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi t\u1ea5m l\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi Rodney Rocha, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n. T \u1eeb","th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan t\u00e2m h\u01a1n, cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i do b\u1ecdt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec3n kh\u00ed T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Rocha v\u00e0 Schomburg n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5m l\u1ee3p b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec \\\"kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec\\\". \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m l\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. T r\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a CAIB cho th\u1ea5y: c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a NASA \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra hai chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 mang phi h\u00e0nh \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u Columbia tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh con t\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn bi \u0111\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecdt t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng). T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng. V\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 chung quy l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft - ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng. T h\u1ef1c ra, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a CAIB bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n tin kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau t\u00ean c\u1ee7a NASA cho bi\u1ebft khi Ham h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p c\u00e1nh t\u00e0u Columbia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n, \\\"[b\u00e0] n\u00f3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u1eefa v\u00ec cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3","l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3\\\". \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00e0u Apollo 13 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng suy ngh\u0129 nh\u00f3m m\u00e0 Irving Janis \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch V\u1ecbnh Con l\u1ee3n, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u nghi ng\u1edd. Ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t, \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p Don McCormack, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed9i Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdt. Ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cho phi c\u00f4ng, n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m ph\u00f2ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 lo l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o. T rong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, \u0110\u1ed9i \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u0103m k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0u con thoi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf do thi\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3"]