Tri Tue Dam Dong - Vi Sao Da So Thong Minh Hon Thieu So

["th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t. T \u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu v\u00ec kh\u00f3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ngh\u0129 xem m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 g\u1ea1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n th\u00f4ng tin s\u1ebd t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Paul Andreassen \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf T r\u01b0\u1eddng MIT, qua \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Andreassen chia c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m. M\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m ch\u1ecdn ra m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu s\u1ebd l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3. T i\u1ebfp theo, Andreassen \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua v\u00e0 b\u00e1n n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean hay xu\u1ed1ng. Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n tin t\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra. T h\u1eadt ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, nh\u00f3m \u00edt th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi tin t \u1ee9c. Andreassen cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n tin, do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a","ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu s\u1ee5t gi\u00e1 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, trong khi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu \u0111ang l\u00ean d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi xanh \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh. H\u1ecd mua b\u00e1n c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e1i qu\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch giao d\u1ecbch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3. Ta h\u00e3y xem m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh Jack T reynor \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. T r\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, T reynor y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean trong l\u1edbp t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, con s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n trung b\u00ecnh l\u1ec7ch d\u01b0\u1edbi 3% so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu trong b\u00ecnh (trong b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 850 h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 871) v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u1edbp \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i chung. \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, T reynor \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Francis Galton v\u1edbi con b\u00f2.","Sau \u0111\u00f3, T reynor l\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eadu m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. T uy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u00eam d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 trong b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y tinh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eadu h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m sai 15% v\u00e0 k\u00e9m h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u1edbp. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung. D\u1eef ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a ra cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eadu h\u01a1n h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 - n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, thay v\u00ec n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh nh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eadu, T reynor \u0111\u00e3 quay sang gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u nh\u1ef1a l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng. Khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c ra \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y b\u1edbt th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean. H\u1ecd c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin th\u00ec th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1eadu trong b\u00ecnh. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng khai th\u00f4ng tin cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a T reynor v\u00e0 Andreassen cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai th\u00f4ng tin cho","c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1eafm gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. T heo quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 C\u1ee5c D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef Li\u00ean bang th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh - l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4n ngoan. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng minh khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 ri\u00eang. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sai, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. T rong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Nhi\u1ec1u khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u0169ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t - hay nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 - l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f9ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. T rong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, hi\u1ebfm khi nghe th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u0111ang t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n khi m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u1ea5u \u0111i, c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hoang mang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m. T heo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n - d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u00e2y n\u00ean - v\u00f2ng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh","m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau. Khi \u0111ang trong c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 trong c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft l\u00fd tr\u00ed, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch phi l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn khi th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh sau cu\u1ed9c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m theo nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t t h \u01b0\u1eddn g. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ta h\u00e3y xem m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf Seattle \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef 26 tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7u Seattle Memorial h\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng T \u00e1m n\u0103m 2001. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng xe tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 leo qua th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u. Ph\u00eda sau xe c\u00f4, giao th\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f9n t\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f2 m\u00f2 b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng ch\u1ea1y ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn cho giao th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f2 l\u00ea tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00f4 ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 nguy hi\u1ec3m. Khi c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t l\u00e0m v\u1eady th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe bu\u00fdt c\u1ee7a h\u00e3ng MetroBus b\u1ecb \u00e1ch l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u00e0o th\u00e9t gi\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng. \\\"H\u00e3y nh\u1ea3y \u0111i!\\\" h\u1ecd la l\u00ean: \\\"Nh\u1ea3y \u0111i, \u0111\u1ed3 qu\u1ef7 c\u00e1i! Nh\u1ea3y \u0111i ch\u1ee9!\\\". C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea5n an ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.","Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 \u00edch. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u00e0o th\u00e9t, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 cao b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 16 t\u1ea7ng (T h\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin, c\u00f4 v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng.). S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Seattle l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Leon Mann g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"\u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. T rong m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 nh\u1ea3y s\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 v\u1eabn m\u00e0 Mann nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea3y. Mann nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, l\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang la h\u00e9t th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n la h\u00e9t theo. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ebfm. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. V\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n. \u0110\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111ang trong c\u01a1n n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t xem ra gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb c\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed. V\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc","Mark Granovetter l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn sang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng. Granovetter cho th\u1ea5y, trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n - \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \\\"k\u1ebb x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c\\\". Nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 trung dung. \u00dd mu\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111ang n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, th\u00ec c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n (H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Andy Serwer vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n: \\\"C\u00e1c c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng gi\u00e1, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\\\".). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nghe nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u00e2y \u1ea7m \u0129 th\u00ec t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u00e1o lo\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0ng theo Granovetter, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i k\u1ebb x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c \\\"nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn\\\" - nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p (r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c) - v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng.","C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Granovetter c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m \u00fd n\u1eefa l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o - t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chung - th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, th\u00ec c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean: c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i mua c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang mua ch\u00fang th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng \u00edt kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00f9ng l\u00ean c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t. C\u00e0ng \u00edt nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 coi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c thi hoa h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a Keynes th\u00ec c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Granovetter cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba hay \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao, khi n\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111i sai h\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u1ecd \u0111i sai h\u01b0\u1edbng theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c th\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra theo nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i chung th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd mang t\u00ednh c\u1ef1c \u0111oan.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12. CH\u1ebe \u0110\u1ed8 D\u00c2N CH\u1ee6 Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u00ea n lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung I T h\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t n\u0103m 2003, c\u00f3 343 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung \u1edf Philadelphia \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda xung \u0111\u1ed9t x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi Iraq, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch AIDS tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. T r\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, trong tu\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u1eafp t\u1edbi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Khi t\u1edbi n\u01a1i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn k\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Bu\u1ed5i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eefng suy t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.","Cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i: \\\"T h\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia\\\" - s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb James Fishkin \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Texas. Fishkin ngh\u0129 ra cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y b\u1edfi \u00f4ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u b\u1ea7u c\u1eed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng minh. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00eda sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn - m\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngang h\u00e0ng th\u00ec d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb T heo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a Fishkin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ea1c quan, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u1ec1m tin s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Fishkin mu\u1ed1n cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00eam cho ch\u00fang. V\u00ec c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u00f5 h\u01a1n suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, do \u0111\u00f3, theo \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb","gia M\u1ef9 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u tra Gallup l\u1ea5y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng b\u1edfi l\u1ebd vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00ean kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9 (V\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin hay kh\u00f4ng.). Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Fishkin, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \\\"Ng\u00e0y T h\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn\\\" (Deliberation Day\\\"). Ng\u00e0y T h\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn do Fishkin v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale, Bruce Ackerman \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia hai tu\u1ea7n. V\u00e0o h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng c\u1eed tri \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf 15 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u1edf tu\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 150 \u0111\u00f4 la. K\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Ackerman v\u00e0 Fishkin mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea5m m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o Ng\u00e0y T h\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, \\\"tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t\\\". C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, Ackerman v\u00e0 Fishkin nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng - hay \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7u. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd","l\u1ea1i bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0i m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 M\u1ef9. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1eddi xa nhau v\u00e0 th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chung tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00edt th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung \u0111ang d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb lu m\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, cho h\u1ecd c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \\\"d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn\\\" n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m phi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 kho\u00e1c cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ma thu\u1eadt. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 mang v\u1ebb h\u1ed1ng h\u00e1ch ta \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn hay n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, T h\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T \u00f2a \u00e1n T \u1ed1i cao Li\u00ean bang M\u1ef9 Richard Posner \u0111\u00e3 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh. \u201c H\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u","s\u1eafc\\\", \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \\\"C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 hi\u1ebfm khi th\u00edch c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00edt c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1eed tri hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy xem \\\"l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \\\"Vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u\\\", Posner vi\u1ebft. \\\"Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh - l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, ki\u1ec3u l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang - d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, d\u1ea1ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung.\\\" Khi li\u1ec7t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m 1, Posner cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 theo Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m 2, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n nay. Posner vi\u1ebft: \\\"D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 theo Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m 2 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p, mua chu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ee3i \u00edch hay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, duy tr\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng - t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o. Posner cho r\u1eb1ng, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con","ng\u01b0\u1eddi an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec, nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng cho th\u1ea5y, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng (C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfc xe Mercedes, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i mua chi\u1ebfc Accord v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng.). T h\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Posner vi\u1ebft, \\\"Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m 2 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\\\" S\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Posner v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn mang d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft duy th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m 2 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u1ea3 thi (n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c Posner r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh). T uy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0m \u00fd b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong s\u00e1ch. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ecfi (ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ecfi) ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi - l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u00e0nh s\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. N\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng ra, mi\u1ec5n sao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n","tr\u1ea3 \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea1nh tranh, v.v...), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mua b\u00e1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Posner \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T h\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi - trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 60 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng - song n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh, theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chung s\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, d\u00f9 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 lo cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng lo l\u1eafng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \\\"k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3\\\" to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. T uy nhi\u00ean, trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 - ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed hay d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n doanh s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n m\u00e1y in c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty trong qu\u00fd t\u1edbi b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng hay, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang. V\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh xem gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, h\u1ecd \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n - n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed1t, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i. Nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng","tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \\\"\u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \\\"\u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang\\\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef kh\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ed1t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1). V\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 - \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec - l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 v\u1eady cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 IQ th\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi 100 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u00fap t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hay th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng minh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0: \\\"\u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9i Tampa Bay Buccaneer v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i Carolina Panthers trong tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt?\\\", ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o h\u01a1n (tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng \u00edt th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u), nh\u01b0: \\\"Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng quay ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Microsoft l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? T \u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng minh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0: \\\"L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Medicare c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 hay kh\u00f4ng?\\\" N\u1ebfu Posner \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u","\u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129. *** T uy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \\\"\u0111\u00fang\u201d hay \\\"sai\\\" c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 - n\u00f3 \u1ea9n t\u00e0ng trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung - nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac, h\u01a1i m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Posner b\u00f3ng gi\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \\\"x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc mang t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 H\u1ee3p ch\u00fang qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u00ec \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung \u00edt c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u00e3y x\u00e9t t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hay kh\u00f4ng. T h\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o","\u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00ec n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch? Hay ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd? II H\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u1edbc Condorcel \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3: D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. Condorcet l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi Khai s\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tham ch\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Condorcet b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00fap \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. H\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa","nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1780, Condorcet \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft n\u00ean ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c T i\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn (L\u2019 Essai) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft s\u00fac t\u00edch, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, v\u1ec1 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T rong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Condorcet ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong T i\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111\u00fang ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. H\u00ecnh dung m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem trong hai l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang (V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft \u00e1n k\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tha b\u1ed5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i.). Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang, Condorcet ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trung b\u00ecnh trong nh\u00f3m, v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. T h\u1ef1c ra, nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. Condorcet s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t","theo nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi sai. V\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng Condorcet kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd n\u00e0y trong ph\u00f2ng x\u1eed \u00e1n, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb bi\u1ec7n minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc hai l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu). T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady trong quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m cao h\u01a1n khi nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n th\u00ec n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. Condorcet tin r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. T uy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby. T r\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean m\u00e0 h\u1ecd coi l\u00e0 s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u1ea5t cho h\u1ecd m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T h\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng \u0111i theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn","ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. T h\u1ee9 ba, c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trung b\u00ecnh h\u01a1n 50% c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u00ecm ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e2n \u0111o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c - \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o (\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi \\\"ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m\\\".). Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng. T h\u1ee9 t\u01b0, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang. C\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \\\"\u0111\u00fang\\\" theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u xa n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \\\"\u0111\u00fang theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i chung. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u: n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung hay l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u khi suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n sau, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n xem x\u00e9t t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: C\u00e1c c\u1eed tri, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf M\u1ef9, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? V\u00e0: C\u00f3 l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m hay kh\u00f4ng (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u0129 nhi\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng minh)?","III \u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 do g\u1eafn vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh - x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i. C\u1eed tri mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea7u cho \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean n\u00e0o quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung (tr\u1eeb khi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1eed tri). C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia mu\u1ed1n, tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed tri, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang m\u1ea1nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh","v\u00e0 bao qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd l\u00e0m v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1t cho t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. T hay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y - g\u1ecdi n\u00f4m na l\u00e0 \\\"c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang\u201d - coi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00ecnh to ra (v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang khi c\u00f3 th\u00eam ch\u00fat g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3), ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1ed5n th\u1ecfa nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c thay v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang n\u00f3i chung. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3, theo tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba sai. T heo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft, th\u00ec h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y bu\u1ed3n n\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1edf Washington trong con m\u1eaft","ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n khi \u0111i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng. T heo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang th\u00ec hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 James Buchanan v\u00e0 Gordon T ullock \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: M\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung khi anh ta tham gia v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.\\\" Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u0169ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u1eefa l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hay kh\u00f4ng? \u00dd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri. Ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0: cho d\u00f9 ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean m\u00e0 anh ta ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung th\u00ec t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 anh ta ngh\u0129 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1eb7ng k\u00fd hay nh\u1eb9 k\u00fd. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 t\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch.","Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 lo l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n b\u1ecb t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i d\u1eabn d\u1eaft. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi than v\u00e3n v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eed tri tham gia b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai lo l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia n\u00e0o - th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng - \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf. N\u1ebfu l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eafng c\u1eed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y quan tr\u1ecdng, th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, William Riker l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i\\\" v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 (c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd) trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\\\", ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00ec ngh\u0129 h\u1ecd n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady - c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Riker v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 cho th\u1ea5y \\\"\u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 duy","nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu hay kh\u00f4ng - v\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, d\u1eabu r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ecd. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i. T r\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p, v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. T uy nhi\u00ean, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1980, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu nh\u1eadp ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, trong h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, Donald Kinder v\u00e0 Roderick Kiewiet \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri n\u00f3i h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T h\u1eadm th\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb David Sears c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng B\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe qu\u1ed1c gia, trong khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3ng T \u1ef1 do, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, l\u1ea1i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9","n\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng c\u1eed tri M\u1ef9 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 th\u1eadt th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecf l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft s\u1ebd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 khi \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh - ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn l\u00e0m trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd. IV T heo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Condorcet, nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mang t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n theo v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp so v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch","th\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, hay \u0111\u00fang ra l\u1ea1i theo s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u? V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u00f4i k\u00e9o th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 phi l\u00fd. T rong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, C\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn (Public Opinion) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Walter Lippmann \u0111\u00e3 coi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft: \\\"T rong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nay \u0111ang n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Kh\u00f4ng ai trong ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec3u ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ecdi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.\\\" V\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T h\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, th\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb M\u1ef9, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a theo ki\u1ec3u t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ea1i s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t. T rong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed","t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1940 - 1944 \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c bang Ohio, Paul Lazarsfeld nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \\\"s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i\\\". C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00eang h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda n\u00e0y hay ph\u00eda kia v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghe nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \\\"Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t - nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t - l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghe \u00edt nh\u1ea5t .\\\" R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, trong 60 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u01b0ng, d\u00f9 g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \\\"s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i\\\" v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1eefng h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ng\u00e0y nay nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ecdi l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y hay h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n chung mang t\u00ednh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng: trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o ch\u00ed gi\u1eadt g\u00e2n, m\u1ed7i phe ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o ri\u00eang v\u00e0","\u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh \\\"kh\u00e1ch quan\\\" v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft g\u00e2y tai h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa so v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Condorcet. V T heo m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a T r\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Maryland th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2001, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 n\u00ean chi 1 \u0111\u00f4 la cho vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i so v\u1edbi 3 \u0111\u00f4 la cho qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng (T \u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n). T h\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, M\u1ef9 - n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n - chi 1 \u0111\u00f4 la cho tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i so v\u1edbi 19 \u0111\u00f4 la chi cho qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. T uy nhi\u00ean, khi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang chi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n cho tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \\\"c\u00f3\\\". M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1ee7a T r\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Maryland \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 chi 24% ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd chi d\u01b0\u1edbi 1%. Cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec khi \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u1eed tri","M\u1ef9 bi\u1ebft \u00edt t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd n\u0103m 2003 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf trong hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. 30% ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng thu\u1ebf An ninh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Medicare l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 25% kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady hay kh\u00f4ng. \u1ede th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a NAT O. N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1eed tri M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 50% c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung hay kh\u00f4ng? \u1ed2 kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. T rong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0: C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 50% c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng? V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd c\u00f3. T r\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, trung b\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 50% c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft M\u1ef9 chi bao nhi\u00eau cho vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng minh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin, m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng","ph\u00e2n chia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Khi \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai. T uy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua. T heo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y. m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh. C\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t h\u01a1n khi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1edfi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u00f3p bu theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, v\u1eeba ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung nh\u01b0 Condorcet c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n. T \u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Donald Rumsfeld hay Colin Powell trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u00f3p bu \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu","h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp? \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng. T r\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia l\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd: l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, th\u00ec kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1ecf qua l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u00f3p bu ch\u1ec9 theo \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u1eed tri b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau, khi b\u1ea1n thu h\u1eb9p quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng thu h\u1eb9p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. T \u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u1eed tri b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. T homas Jefferson h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n. \\\"L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u00f4ng gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u00e0y s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00ec anh ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0m cho l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i.\\\"","C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1eefa l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho ph\u00e9p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \\\"ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9\\\". Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, suy cho c\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. V\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u1ebfu ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 Richard Posner \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \\\"C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \\\"b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. T uy kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1ecb d\u00e2n ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean gia, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean gia. VI","Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec th\u1ef1c ra d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Condorcet. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t; c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp; v\u00e0 c\u1eed tri b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n khi anh ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn ra \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng minh, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang, theo ngh\u0129a c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T rong m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean t\u00f2a, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: n\u1ebfu b\u00ean b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i, h\u00e3y bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i anh ta; n\u1ebfu anh ta v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 anh ta t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, th\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung hay kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Condorcet \u0111\u00e3 tin l\u00e0 c\u00f3. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd - n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 tin, t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed? - c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd (M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.). Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \\\"\u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u1ed1ng nhau... th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu gi\u1ed1ng nhau\\\", do \u0111\u00f3,","c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ra l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, do \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m quan hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd cho l\u00e0 h\u01a1i \\\"s\u1ebfn\\\": \\\"T \u1ea1o h\u00f3a li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.\\\" Condorcet cho r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u1edf M\u1ef9. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Norman Schofield th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Condorcet c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a James Madison, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ban h\u1ed9i th\u1ea9m, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung. L\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \\\"thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng l\u00fd\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i chung\u201d. V\u00e0 Madison, trong cu\u1ed1n \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean bang, b\u00e0i s\u1ed1 51 (Federalist 51), \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p: \\\"T h\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; th\u1ee9 hai, n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3.\\\" T rong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \\\"\u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i\\\" l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \\\"l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang\\\". M\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho","\u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay trong b\u00e0i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh lang, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ri\u00eang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i x\u1ea5u xa \u1edf Washington ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng vang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri b\u1edfi l\u1ebd m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung. T r\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ecf ra m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf Washington b\u1ecb kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1eafc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u1ed5 l\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Margaret T hatcher t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0: \\\"X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\\\", th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kh\u00e1t khao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i! V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 trong thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Robert Dahl cho r\u1eb1ng: theo \u0111\u1ecbnh","ngh\u0129a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \\\"h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d. T heo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T \u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 n\u00e0y m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eafn cho ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o. V\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \\\"\u0111\u00fang\\\" th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. T uy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00fa v\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 th\u00ec ti\u00eau ch\u00ed duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nhau v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n - s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn khi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3","t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung th\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung \u0111\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng."]