Nepal Parichya

#! ;/' l Ift 5fkfvfgf #@ ;fdflhs ;/' Iff / ul/aL lgjf/0 f ## ;j+ }wflgs lgsfox¿, /fli6«o dxŒjsf cfof]ux¿ #$ k'/ftflTjs dxŒjsf :y fg / k|frLg :d f/s ;ª\\3, kb| ]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;\"rLdf jf ;femf ;r\" Ldf #% pNnv] gePsf] sg' } ljifo tyf of] ;+ljwfg / ;ª3\\ Lo sfgg' df gtf]l sPsf] ljifo cg';\"rL–^ -wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f -@_, wf/f !^@ sf] pkwf/f -$_, wf/f !(&, wf/f @#! sfp] kwf/f -#_, wf/f @#@ sf] pkwf/f -&_, wf/f @&$ sf] pkwf/f -$_ / wf/f @(^ sf] pkwf/f -$_ ;u“ ;DalGwt_ k|b]z sf] clwsf/s f] ;r\" L qm=;=+ ljifox¿ != k|bz] kx| /L kz| f;g / zflGt ;'/I ff @= g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] gLlt cg'¿k ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfng, ;xsf/L ;:+ y f, s]Gbs| f] ;xdltdf jb} ]lzs cg'bfg / ;xofu] #= /]l8of], Pkm= Pd, 6l] nlehg ;~rfng $= 3/ hUuf /l hi6]«;g z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, dgf/] ~hg s/, lj1fkg s/, ko{6g, sl[ if cfodf s/, ;j] f z'Ns b:t '/, b08 hl/j fgf %= k|b]z lghfdtL ;j] f / cGo ;/sf/L ;j] f ^= kb| z] tYofª\\s &= kb| z] :t/sf] ljBt' \\, l;rfO / vfgk] fgL ;]jf, kl/jxg *= k|bz]  ljZjljBfno, pRr lzIff, k:' t sfno, ;u+ x| fno (= :jf:Y o ;]j f !)= k|b]z ;ef, k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb;\\ DaGwL !!= k|b]zleqsf] Jofkf/ !@= kb| z] nf]sdfu{ !#= k|b]z cg';Gwfg Ao/' f] g]k fn kl/ro÷139

!$= kb| z] ;/s f/L sfofn{ ox¿sf] efl} ts Joj:y fkg / cGo cfjZos ljifo !%= kb| z] nfs] ;j] f cfofu] !^= el\" d Joj:y fkg, hUufsf] clen]v !&= vfgL cGji] f0f / Joj:y fkg !*= efiff, lnlk, ;+:s [lt, nlntsnf / wds{ f] ;+/If0f / k|ofu] !(= kb| ]z leqsf] /f li6«o jg, hn pkof]u tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg @)= s[lif tyf kz' ljsf;, snsf/vfgf, cf}Bfl] usLs/0f, Jofkf/ Joj;fo, oftfoft, @!= u7' L Joj:yfkg cg';\"rL–& -wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f -#_, wf/f !)(, wf/f !^@ sf] pkwf/f -$_, wf/f !(& ;u“ ;DalGwt_ ;ª\\3 / k|bz] sf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;\"rL qm=;+= ljifox¿ != kmf}hbf/L tyf bj] fgL sfol{ jlw / kd| f0f / zky -sfg'gL dfGotf, ;fjh{ lgs sfo{ / clen]v / Goflos kl| qmof_ @= cfjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk\"lt{, ljt/0 f, dN\" o lgoGq0f, u0' f:t/ / cgu' dg #= b]zsf] ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf lgjf/s gh/aGb, sf/f uf/ tyf lx/f;t Joj:yfkg / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf $= Ps kb| ]zaf6 csf{] k|b]zdf cleo'Qm, y'gj' f / s}bLsf] :yfgfGt/0 f kfl/jfl/s dfldnf -ljjfx, ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f, ;DaGw ljR5]b, %= nfk] fG] d'v, 6'x'/f, wdk{ q' , wd{kq' L pQ/flwsf/ / ;o+ Q' m kl/j f/_ ;DaGwL sfgg' 140÷g]kfn kl/ro

^= ;DklQ kf| lKt, clwux| 0f / clwsf/sf] ;h[ gf &= s/f /, ;xsf/L, ;fem]bf/L / PhG] ;L ;DaGwL *= 6f6 kN6s] f] / bfdf;fxL;DaGwL (= cf}iflw / ljifflb !)= of]hgf, kl/j f/ lgof]hg / hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkg !!= ;fdflhs ;/' Iff / /f]huf/L , 6«8] o'lgog, cf}Bfl] us ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg, >ldssf xs, clwsf//ljjfb ;DaGwL sfo{ !@= sfg'g Joj;fo, n]vfk/L If0f, OlGhlgol/ª, lrlsT;f, cfo'jb{] lrlsT;f, kz' lrlsT;f, cfDrL /cGo kz]  f !#= kb| z] ;Ldf gbL, hndfu{, jftfj/0f ;/+ I f0f, h}ljs ljljwtf !$= ;~rf/ dfWod ;DaGwL !%= pBf]u tyf vlgh / efl} ts k\"jfw{ f/ !^= Sofl;gf,] lr77\\ f !&= kf| sl[ ts tyf u/}  kf| sl[ ts ljkb kj\" { tof/L, p4f/ tyf /f xt / kg' nfe{ !*= ko{6g, vfgk] fgL tyf ;/; kmfO !(= rnlrq, l;gd] f xn, v]nsb' @)= aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng / Joj:y fkg @!= ul/aL lgjf/0 f / cfB} f]uLs/0f @@= j}1 flgs cg;' Gwfg, lj1fg kl| jlw /dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf; @#= cGt/k f| b]lzs ¿kdf km}lnPsf] hªu\\ n, lxdfn, jg ;/+ I f0f If]q hn pkof]u @$= el\" d gLlt /;f] ;DaGwL sfgg' @%= /f ]h uf/L / a]/ fh] uf/ ;xfotf gk] fn kl/r o÷141

cg;' r\" L–* -wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f -$_, wf/f @!$ sf] pkwf/f -@_, wf/f @@! sf] pkwf/f -@_ / wf/f @@^ sf] pkwf/f -!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_ qm=;+ :y fgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;r\" L != gu/ k|x/L ljifox¿ @= ;xsf/L ;:+ yf #= Pkm= Pd ;~rfng :yfgLo s/ -;DklQ s/, 3/ axfn s/, 3/ hUuf /lhi6]z« g z'Ns, $= ;jf/L ;fwg s/_ , ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, ko{6g zN' s, lj1fkg s/, Joj;fo s/, el\" ds/ -dfnkf]t_, b08 hl/jfgf, dgf]/ ~ hg s/, dfnkf]t ;~rfng %= :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:y fkg ^= :yfgLo tYofª\\s / clenv] ;ª\\sng &= :y fgLo :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx¿ *= cfwf/e\"t / dfWolds lzIff (= cfwf/et\" :j f:Yo / ;/;kmfO !)= :yfgLo ahf/ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0 f ;/+ I f0f / h}ljs ljljwtf !!= :y fgLo ;8s, uf| dL0f ;8s, sl[ if ;8s, l;+rfO !@= ufpF ;ef, gu/;ef, lhNnf ;ef, :yfgLo cbfnt, dn] ldnfk / dWo:ytfsf] Joj:yfkg !#= :yfgLo clenv] Joj:y fkg !$= 3/ hUuf wgL kh' f{ ljt/0f !%= s[lif tyf kzk' fng, sl[ if pTkfbg Joj:yfkg, kz' :jf:Yo, ;xsf/L 142÷gk] fn kl/ro

!^= Hoi] 7 gful/s , ckf+utf ePsf JolQm / czQmx¿sf] Joj:yfkg !&= a]/f ]huf/sf] tYofs+ ;~rfng !*= sl[ if k|;f/sf] Joj:yfkg, ;+rfng / lgoGq0f !(= vfg]kfgL, ;fgf hnljB't\\ cfof]h gf, j}slNks pmhf{ @)= ljkb\\ Joj:y fkg @!= hnfwf/, jGohGt,' vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{sf] ;/+ If0f @@= efiff, ;+:sl[ t / nlntsnfsf] ;+/I f0f / ljsf; cg';\"rL–( -wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f -%_, wf/f !)(, wf/f !^@ sf] pkwf/f -$_, wf/f !(&, wf/f @!$ sf] pkwf/f -@_, wf/f @@! sf] pkwf/f -@_ / wf/f @@^ sf] pkwf/f -!_ ;u“ ;DalGwt_ ;ª\\3, k|bz] / :y fgLo txsf] clwsf/s f] ;femf ;\"rL qm=;+= ljifox¿ != ;xsf/L @= lzIff, v]n sb' / kqklqsf #= :jf:Yo $= sl[ if %= ljB't,\\ vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO h:tf ;]jfx¿ ^= ;j] f z'Ns, b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf tyf k|fsl[ ts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L, ko6{ g z'Ns &= jg, h+un, jGohGt', r/fr?' ª\\uL, hn pkof]u, jftfj/0f, kofj{ /0 f tyf h}l js ljljwtf *= vfgL tyf vlgh (= ljkb Joj:y fkg gk] fn kl/ro÷143

!)= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ul/a L lgjf/0 f !!= JolQmut 36gf, hGd, d[To,' ljjfx /tYof+s !@= k/' ftTj, k|frLg :df/s / ;+u|xfno !#= ;s' 'Daf;L Joj:yfkg !$= kf| sl[ ts ;|f]t af6 kf| Kt /f ]oN6L !%= ;jf/L ;fwg cg'dlt lll 144÷gk] fn kl/r o

kl/R5]b M rf/ g]kfnsf] ;fjh{ lgs kz| f;g /fHo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] piffsfnb]lv g} ;fjh{ lgs k|zf;gsf] cl:t Tj /x ]sf] kfOG5  . b]zdf cdgrog sfod ug'{ / hgtfnfO{ /f Hoaf6 lgwfl{ /t ;]jf / ;/' I ff kb| fg ub{} /fHo / gful/slarsf] ;DaGw ;b' [9 ug{' ;fjh{ lgs k|zf;gsf] kd| 'v p2]Z o Pjd\\ bfloTj xf ] . gk] fnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf uf]kfn j+z, dlxifkfn jz+ , ls/ft j+z, lnR5lj j+z, dNn j+z / zfx jz+ n] /f Ho u/s] fÙ] klZrd g]k fndf v; j+zn] /fHo u/]sf]Ù blIf0f klZrd t/fOI{ fq] slknj:t 'df zfSo j+zÙ blIf0fkj\" {t/fO{ If]qdf s0ff{6 jz+ Lx¿n] /fHo u/]sf] kfOG5  . sf7df8fF} pkTosfsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8fF,} v; /f Hosf] /fhwfgL l;hF f, slknj:ts' f] /fhwfgL n'lDagL / s0ff{6 j+zLsf] 8f]o -lt/x't_ sf] /fhwfgL l;df| g} u9 lyof]  . ;fy} bfªdf yf¿ hflt tyf hgsk'/df ldlynf l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F g]kfn kl/r o÷145

efifLn] zf;g u/s] f] klg kfOG5  . k|frLg gk] fndf ef}ufl] ns 6fs/' f , Ifq] / e\"efudf ;;fgf /f Hox¿ ePsf / tL /f Hox¿df cfcfkm\\g} k|sf/sf] kz| f;g k|0ffnL cljsl;t cj:yfdf /xs] f] kfOG5  . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fkZrft\\ g]kfndf ;fjh{ lgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ePsf] bl] vG5  . gk] fnsf] kz| f;gnfO{ ;do cjlwsf bl[ i6sf0]fn]rf/;dx\" df ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ pkoQ' m xG' 5 . -!_ kf| rLg sfn -PsLs/0fk\"j_{ -@_ dWosfn -/f0ff zf;gsf] cGt;Dd_ -#_ cfw'lgs sfn -kh| ftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 nfs] tGqsf] :yfkgf;Dd_ -$_ pQ/cfwl' gs sfn -nf]stGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 xfn;Dd_ $=! k|frLg sfn -lj=;+= !*@% cufl8_ ;fj{hlgs kz| f;gsf] kf| rLgsfn PsLs/0 fk\"j{sf] sfn ePsfn] ] o;n] sf7df8f,F} v; k|bz] , slknj:t', 8fo] /fHo, ldlynf kb| ]z , yf¿ Ifq] sf] kz| f;gnfO{ ;d6] g\\ k' g{] x'G5  . ;/n zAbdf eGbf o; sfnsf] kz| f;g s:tf] lyof] eGg] kIf vf]hsf] ljifo s} ¿kdf /xs] f] kfOG5  . oBlk o; ;dosf] kz| f;g /fhf sl] Gb|t xG' Yof]  . /f hf wdu{ G| ynfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ zf;g uby{ ]  . /f hfsf ljZjf; kfqnfO{ o'4 / /f hZj ;ªs\\ ngsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] xG' Yof]  . kb / sfdsf] ljefhg lyPg  . ;}l gs ansf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOGYof]  . kf| rLg gk] fn ;dosf] ult;Fu} tLg v08 sf7df8f},F lt/xt' / v; /f Hodf ljeQm xg' ku' s] f] lyof]  . h;nfO{ cGwsf/s f] ;do klg elgG5  . Oltxf;nfO{ sn] fpbF f lnR5lj sfndf /fhfn] zf;g rnfpg dlGqkl/ifb\\ u7g ug]{ uy ]{ . dlGqkl/i fbd\\ f cdfTo / dGqLx¿ lgo'Qm ul/G y ] . zf;gdf ;xof]u ug{ ;jb{ 08gfos, b08gfos, dxfkl| txf/, kl| txf/h:tf clwsf/L lgo'Qm x'Gy]  . /fH onfO{ ljleGg b«ª -lhNnf_, uf| d -ufpF_ /tn -ahf/_ df ljefhg u/L ljsl] Gb|t zf;g ul/G Yof]  . :y fgLo txdf zf;g kf~rfnL -JolQmx¿sf] ;dx\" _ n] ubY{ of]  . dNnsfndf klg /f hf ;j{];jf{ lyP  . /fhfkl5 /f hsd' f/ x'Gy ] . oBlk zf;gdf ;xof]u k¥' ofpg dGqL, ;g] fklt lgo'Qm ub{y] . cfk;L k|lt:k wfd{ f afFRgsf nflu dNn /fhfx¿n] ;]gfdf w]/} vr{ ug{] ub{y]  . kf| rLgsfndf /fhtGqfTds zf;g k0| ffnL lyof]  . /fhfx¿ wflds{ uG| y, gLlt zf:q Pjd\\ wd{1fsf] cfwf/df zf;g ub{y ] . ;f/df k|frLgsfnLg kz| f;g Gofo, ;l} gs / lghfdtL kbdf :ki6 ljefhg gePsf,] sdr{ f/L sf] sfd, stJ{ o, lgol' Qm, ;?jf a9j' f zf;ssf] :jljj]sdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] kfOG5  . 146÷gk] fn kl/r o

lnR5jLsflng lgsfox¿M sy' /]  clws/0f M hUuf hldgsf] s't p7fpg] jf dfnkft] sf] sfo{ ug{] lgsfo dfKrfs] M ljjfx, kf/kfr's];DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ lgsfo lnu+ jn M s'nf], k}gL, afFw, af6f]3f6f] ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ lgsfo zN' nL÷zf]Nn clws/0f M k~rk/fw -rf/] L, xTof, k/: qLudg, /fhbf| ]x / o;df ;3fpg_] sf] 5fgljg u/L Gofo lbg] lgsfo  . lnR5jL sfndf lqs/kr| lnt lyof] h;df efus/M e\"ld jf sl[ ifdf nfUg] s/ ef]us/ M kz'kfngdf nfUg] s/ s/ M pBfu] , jfl0fHo, Jofkf/d f nfUg] s/ cGo s/x¿df M l;s/ M kmlgr{ /df nfUg] s/ rn} s/ M sk8fdf nfUg] s/ t}ns/ M tn] df nfUg] s/ cfk0fs/ M k;ndf nfUg] s/ dNno'4s/ M ;fFw]h'wfO, dgf]/~ hgdf lnR5jLsfnsf kbx¿ dxf;j{b08gfos M k|wfg Gofoflwz ;j{b08 gfos M GofofwLz b08gfos M kx| /L kd| 'v e§ M l;kfxL k|wfg M uf| dk|zf;s ;fdGt M k|zf;s k|;fbflwst[ M sfof{no k|dv' e66\\ gfos M ;]gfWoIf jnfWoIf M ;g] fklt dxfjnfWoIf M k|wfg;]g fklt uf]lNds M ;g] fgfos cdfTo M dGqL:t/L o clwsf/L k|ltxf/ M /fhb/jf/ x]g]{ clwst[ dxfkl| txf/ M /fhb/af/ x]g{] k|dv' 9'6s M /fh3f]if0ff k|rf/ k;| f/ ug]{ o'j/f h M efjL /fhf g]kfn kl/ro÷147

bt' M s[lif, jg, l;rF fO Jofkf/xg]  { ]. dNnsflng kbx¿M rft} f/f M kw| fgdGqL cdfTo M dGqL;/x sf] kb åf/] M ufpFsf] emu8f x]g{] k|wfg M 6fn] x]g]{ clwsf/L v/bf/ M bz] el/s f] ed| 0f u/L Gofo lbg]  ysfnL M k~rsf]dV' o JolQm pd/f M ;}lgs clws[t sf]6gfos M lsNnf /Ifs ;fdGt M kz| f;s peo M ;}lgs clwsf/L 5]e08]n M /fhfsf] e08f/ jf cGgsf] Joj:yf ug{] rl/bf/ M cg';Gwfg clwst[ sf]tjfn M zflGt ;/' I ff x]g{] 6S;f/L M l;Ssf 5fKg] uDle/ ck/f w rf/] L, k/: qLx/0f, /f hbf| ]x, ufx} Tof, jfnxTof, :qLxTof, lkt[xTof, u'?xTof lgsfox¿ 9fNkf M sn' f,] gx/ cflbsf] /v] b]v ug]{ lgsfo ljifo M lhNnf k~r;dR' ro M ;fgfltgf emu8f x]g],{ a9' fkfsfsf] ;dx\" , ef/bf/L;ef M /f h;ef 6s;f/L M db' |f 6s;/L ug]{ :y fg $=@ dWosfn -lj=;=+ !*@%–@))&_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfnsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] PsLs/0 f lj=;=+ !*@^ -;g\\ !&^*_ df k/\" f u/s] f lyP  . To; an] f /f hfx¿n] lxGb\"wd{cg;' f/ zf;g ub{y ] . /fhf k|zf;gsf ;j];{ jf{ lyP  . zf;g sG] bL| s[t lyof ] . /f hfn] cfˆgf lko| kfqnfO{ kz| f;gsf dxŒjk\"0f{ kbdf lgol' Qm ub{y ] . o; sfnsf] cGtlt/ g} /f hfnfO{ zlQmxLg agfP/ /f0ff kl/jf/sf] lg/s+ z' hxflgofF zf;g rns] f] lyof]  . b|Jo zfxnfO{ uf]/vf ljho ug{ ;3fPsf cofn{ , kf08,] vgfn, kGt, afx] /f / /fgf 5 y/x ¿nfO{ kz| f;gsf dxŒjk0\" f{ kbdf klxnf] dfs} f lbOGYof ] . /f 0ffsfnsf] pbokl5 y/3 /sf] :y fgdf s'Fj/ -/f0ff_, a:g ]t / yfkfsf] jr{Zj sfod ePsf] lyof]  . o;sfndf sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf] 148÷gk] fn kl/ro

5'§} Joj:yf lyPg  . ;a} clwsf/ /fhf jf /f0ffdf lglxt lyof]  . oBlk zf;g ;~rfngdf ;Nnfx / k/fdz{ lng ef/bf/sf] Joj:y f lyof] eg] bl} gs sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu k|zf;gsf] Joj:yf lyof ] . ef/b f/L kbdf lgol' Qm xg' ] sdr{ f/L tn' gfTds ¿kdf /f hf÷/f0ffsf glhs xG' y ] . To:t f kbdf u?' , rft} fl/of, sfhL, ;/bf/, sk/b f/, vhf~rL, bbf, åf/] lyP  . kz| f;sLo wdfl{ wsf/, k/' fl] xt, sKtfg, dL/d G' ;L, jlsn, ;A' af, l8¶f, v/bf/, dl' vof sft] afn, ljrf/L, b/fu] f, txljnbf/ pd/f cf,] sft] ] hdbf/h :t f kbx¿ lyP . o; sfndf ul/Psf dxŒjk0\" f{ kz| f;sLo sfo{ o;ks| f/ /x s] f 5g\\ M • k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ofU] o / ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ lgol' Qm / kbf]Gglt ub}{ hfg] p2Z] on] ;l} gs ;]jf dfkmt{ khgL k0| ffnLsf] ;?' jftsf ;fy} o4' df jL/ult k|fKt ug]{ ;l} gsx¿sf kl/j f/x¿nfO{ pgsf ;Gtfgx¿ gx'lsp{ Gh]n;Dd eQfsf] ¿kdf hUuf kb| fg ug]{ d/j 6 gLlt canDag u/s] f, • /f0ff k|wfgdGqL /0ff]låk l;x+ n] sd{rf/L x¿nfO{ gub C0f lbg] p2Z] on] th] f/y c88\\ f :y fkgf, • jL/;d;]/n] bf8} fxf ky| fsf] ;'?jft u/L k|zf;g ;w' f/s f] ko| Tg u/]sf, • lj=;+= !(%) df kz| f;sLo sfo{ Jojl:y t ug{ t/fO{df !@ /kxf8df @# u/L #% lhNnfdf bz] sf] efu} fl] ns ljefhg jL/ ;d;/] n] u/]  . h;cg'¿k lhNnfdf kd| v' kz| f;ssf] ¿kdf j8f xflsdsf] Joj:yf, • bj] ;d;]/ n ] sfof{no ;do !)–)% lgwf{/0f u/]sf, • lj=;+= !(&$ df v8u\\ lgzfgsf] 5fk rGb|;d;/] n] rngdf NofP, • ;/s f/L ;j] fdf kj| z] ug{ rf/ kf; ug'{kg{] Joj:yf u/L sd{rf/L nfO{ tflnd lbg] Joj:y fsf] ;'?jft, • eLd ;d;/] n] zlgaf/ labf lbg] / sfofn{ o ;do !) ah] laxfgbl] v $ ah] ;feF m;Dd sfod ugs{' f ;fy} sf7df8fsF} f] l8NnLahf/d f 5l/P/ /xs] f ;/s f/L c88\\ fx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpdF f /fVg] Joj:y f ub{} rf/v fn c88\\ fsf] :yfkgf, • h4' ;d;/] n] ;l} gs b|Jo sfi] f v8f u/]  . ;l} gs / lghfdtL sdr{ f/L nfO{ lgjl[ Qe/0f lbg] Joj:y f u/ ] . ljz]iftf /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;Dk\"0f{ clwsf/ /f hfdf lglxt lyof ] . k|zf;gsf dxŒjk\"0f{ kbx¿ ^ y/3/s f JolQmx¿nfO{ zfx /fhfx¿n] ;/' lIft u/]sf lyP  . /f 0ff sfndf o:tf kbx¿ /f0ff kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;/' l Ift ul/Psf lyP  . sd{rf/Lsf] khgL jflifs{ ¿kdf ul/G Yof] / sd{rf/LnfO{ lhG;L -afnL_ / gub tna lbOGYof ] . ;g] f, Gofo / lghfdtL kbdf Ps} kbflwsf/L /xg] uby{ ]  . /f0ffsfndf vr{ eO{ ars] f] /sd kw| fgdGqLsf] lghL 9's'6Ldf hfGYof]  . gk] fn kl/ro÷149

k|zf;lgs lgod, sfg'g k4lt :ki6 lyPg, rfs8L ky| f pRr ¿kdf lyof]  . zf;ssf] OR5fdf sdr{ f/Lsf] lgol' Qm, ;?jf a9'jf, ;]jf ;l' jwf lgwf/{ 0f xG' y]  . vf;u/L kz| f;g s]GbL| st[ , k/dk/fjfbL / JolQmd'vL lyof]  . /f 0ff sfndf kb zª[ \\vnf kw| fgdGqL, dl' Vtof/L, 8fO/S] 6/ hg/n , a8fsfhL, sfhL, ;/bf/, dL/; A' af, ;'Aaf, gfoj ;'Aaf, vl/bf/, l8¶f, d'lvof, gfoa dl' vof, /f O6/, gfoa /f O6/, alxbf/ sfod ul/P sf] lyof ] . zfxsfnLg kbx¿ M sfhL M ljefusf kd| v' /Ifq] Lo kd| v' rf}tfl/o f M hª\\uL ;j] fsf If]qLo / sG] bL| o kd| v' vhf~rL M ;/sf/L vhfgfsf] xflsd dGqL M /fhfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg]sfo{kflnsf k|d'v ;/b f/ M cl86/ cfi} fwfnosf] k|d'v sk/b f/ M /f hkl/jf/s f] sk8f, uxgfsf] Joj:yf ug{] ld/d'G;L M ljbz] L jf l5d]sL dn' 's;uF ;DaGw :yflkt ug{] rfj] bf/ M rfs} Lbf/, b/a fg jlsn Ml5d]sL dn' 'sdf g]kfnsf /fhfsf] kl| tlglw ;A' af M lhNnfsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kd| v' åf/] M ;/sf/L sfo{nosf kfn], kx/b] f/ cflb /f0ffsfnLg kz| f;lgs c8\\8f M v8\\u lgzfgf c8\\8f M >L # sf];lrjfno ÷k|wfgdGqLsf] sfofn{ o -rGb|;d;/] _ d'G;Lvfgf M k// fi6« dfldnf;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] c8\\8f -eLd;]g yfkf, /0f axfb/'  zfx_ sd' f/L rf]s M nv] fk/L If0f / lgoGq0f;uF ;DalGwt -k[YjLgf/f0f zfx_ hª\\uL a:b f]j:tL c88\\ f M ;}lgs k|zf;g;DaGwL sdf08/L lstfjvfgf M ;/s f/L sdr{ f/Lsf] clenv] /fVg] ljlGtkq lgS;f/L c8\\8f M Gofo;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] ;jf{R]r c8\\8f dn' s' L aGbf]j:tL c8\\8f M bz] sf] k|zf;g ;~rfng / lg/L If0f ug{] s8n]+ rfs] M u/u xgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ -hu+ axfb/'  /fhf_ $=# cfwl' gs sfn -lj=;=+ @))&–@)^#_ dWosfnLg lg/ªs\\ z' tGq rfs8L, eg;g' , dgk/L 9ªu\\ n] lghfdtL sdr{ f/Lsf] egf,{ cj1}  flgs a9j' f Pjd\\ ;?jf /cfjZos ofU] otf ePsf sdr{ f/L cflbsf] cefjsf] cj:yfaf6 dn' s' kh| ftflGqs zf;g k0| ffnLdf kj| z] ubf{ bz] df kz| f;lgs Ifq] dhat' lyPg  . o;} tYonfO{ dgg u/L @))& ;fnsf] /f hgLlts 150÷gk] fn kl/ro

kl/jtg{ ;uF } kz| f;g ;w' f/ kf| /De ul/of ] . @))& ;fnsf] kl/jtg{ kl5sf] dlGqd08nsf ux[ dGqL /x s] f lj=lk= sfO] /fnfn] ux[ dGqfnodf kz| f;lgs kd| v' sf] ¿kdf ;lrj kbsf] l;hg{ f u/s] f lyP  . gk] fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sf] Joj:yfadfl] hd @))* c;f/ ! df lghfdtL sdr{ f/Lsf] lgol' Qm lgikIf / t6:y¿kdf :j tGq lgsfoaf6 ug{] p2Z] on] nfs] ;j] f cfofu] sf] :y fkgf ePsf] lyof]  . @))( df ef/tLo kz| f;g ljb\\ Pg Pd ar' sf] cWoIftfdf kz| f;g ;w' f/s f nflu ;ldlt aGof] / ;w' f/s f nflu ;e' mfjx¿ lbof ] . @)!# ;fndf tTsfnLg kw| fgdGqL 6s+ k;| fb cfrfos{ f] cWoIftfdf kz| f;g kg' u7{ g ofh] gf cfofu] aGof ] . o; cfofu] n] lghfdtL kz| f;gsf] ;w' f/ / ljsf;sf] lgldQ cfwf/lznf :yfkgf u¥of ] . o; cfofu] sf] ;e' mfjadfl] hd ;jk{ y| d lghfdtL ;j] f Pg] / lgodfjnLsf] Joj:y f u/L sfgg' Ls/0 f, nfs] ;j] f cfofu] af6 l;kmfl/; ePsf] JolQmdfq lghfdtL ;j] fdf kj| z] ug{ kfpg,] ofU] otfsf cfwf/d f >0] fLs/0fsf nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf u/L bIftf clej4[ Ls/0f, ;ªu\\ 7gsf] yk36 u/L ;ªu\\ 7gsf] ;fdlosLs/0 f, ;j] f ;dx\" Joj:yf u/L Joj;flosLs/0 f ugh{] :tf sfox{ ¿ ul/P  . @)!% df nfs] ;j] f cfofu] n] ofU] otfk0| ffnL cg¿' k egf{ cf/D e u/;] uF } lghfdtL kz| f;gdf cfk} rfl/s¿kdf ofU] otf k0| ffnLsf] cf/D e ePsf] xf ] . @)!* jz} fv ! df gk] fnnfO{ !$ c~rn &% lhNnfdf ljefhg ul/P ;uF } kz| f;lgs ;/+ r gf ;dt] ;fx] L cg¿' k kg' M;/+ rgf eof ] . ;a} lhNnfdf kz| f;lgs PsfOx¿ :y fkgf eP  . cGt/f l{ i6o« ;DaGw;dt] ljsf; / lj:t f/ xbF' } hfbF f ljbz] df s6' gLlts lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf eof ] . @)@@ ;fndf lhNnfl:yt kz| f;sLo kd| v' sf ¿kdf kd| v' lhNnf clwsf/L sf] Joj:y f ul/o f ] . o;kl5 /f hgLlts zf;g k0| ffnL;uF ;uF } @)@% ;fndf jb] fgGb emfsf] cWoIftfdf kl| ta4 kz| f;g k0| ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{]  p2Z] on] / @)#@ ;fndf ei] faxfb/'  yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf ljsf; kz| f;gnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] p2Z] on] kz| f;g ;w' f/s f ko| f; eP h;n] kz| f;gnfO{ cfwl' gs agfpg yk ;w' f/x ¿ ug{ ;Dej tN' ofof ] . @)$& ;fnsf] kh| ftflGqs ;/sf/n ] pbf/ / kh| ftflGqs gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg, @)$& NofPkl5 gk] fnsf] kz| f;gdf ;w' f//cfwl' gsLs/0f ug{ @)$* ;fndf tTsfnLg kw| fgdGqL lul/h fk;| fb sfO] /fnfsf] cWoIftfdf pRr:t /Lo kz| f;g ;w' f/ cfofu] agfof ] . cfofu] n] cfˆgf] kl| tjb] gdf gk] fnsf] kz| f;g ;w' f/s f nflu bx] foadfl] hdsf ;e' mfjx¿ kz] u/s] f] lyof ] . != ;/s f/s f sfoI{ f]qdf ;ª\\s'rg Pjd\\ ;/s f/L lgoGq0f v's'nf] ub}{ hghLjgsf Ifq] df lghL Ifq] sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ pTk|l] /t ugk{' g{] @= k|zf;sLo ;ª\\u7gsf] kg' u7{ g ug'k{ g{] #= ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg kl| qmofnfO{ ;l' glZrt ug]{ g]kfn kl/r o÷151

$= ofh] gf / ljsf; k|lqmofdf kg' u{7g ug{'kg]{ %= lghfdtL ;j] fnfO{ ljzi] f1 ;]jf agfpg'kg{] ^= sd{rf/Lsf] jl[ Q ljsf;, ;?jf / kb:yfkgnfO{ Jojl:y t ug{ tyf sdr{ f/Lsf] ;j] f ;/' I ffdf hf]8 lbOg'kg{] &= lghfdtL ;j] fsf] Pg] lgoddf ;d;fdlos ;w' f/ ug{ tyf sd{rf/L sf] sfo{ljj/0f nfu' ug{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg d\"Nofª\\sgdf ;'wf/ug{ hf]8 ugk'{ g{] *= k|hftflGqs zf;g k0| ffnLdf dGqL / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿larsf] ;DaGw Joj:y fkg ugk'{ g]{ (= ;/sf/L sfo{k|0ffnL / sfol{ jlwdf ;/nLs/0 f u/L pTkfbs agfpgk' g]{ !)= ljs]GbL| s/0f tyf lghLs/0f ug]{ !!= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{] cfofu] n] lbPsf s]xL ;e' mfjx¿sf cfwf/d f lghfdtL ;]j f P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%) hf/L u/L sfofG{ jog ul/o f] h;n] ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ If]q df sdL cfPsf] / ;]jf kj| fxsf If]qdf lghL Ifq] sf] ;+nUgtf a9g\\ uPsf] 5  . sd{rf/Lsf] ;zQmLs/0f, ;]jfsf] ;/' Iff, jl[ Q ljsf;sf cj;/ lj:tf/, 6]8« o'lgogsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5  . oBlk ;'wf/ ;w}sF f nflu kofK{ t xFb' g} , of] lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf]  . o;} ;dodf @)%% df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Pg] , @)%% nfu' u/L :yfgLo:t/;Dd k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5  . lghfdtL ;j] fdf ;w' f/sf nflu cf=j= @)%&÷%* df zf;sLo ;'wf/ kl/ofh] gf ;~rfngdf cfof] / To;n] ;dfj]zL lghfdtL ;j] f agfpg kxn u/]s f] lyof]  . $=$ pQ/c fw'lgs sfn -lj=;+= @)^# bl] v xfn;Dd_ kz| f;g ;w' f/sf] lg/G t/tfsf] r/0 fdf bf;] f| ] hgcfGbfn] gsf] kl/0 ffd:j¿k nfs] tGqsf] :y fkgfkZrft lghfdtL ;j] f Pg] , @)$( sf] bf;] f| ] ;z+ fw] g -@)^$÷$÷@#_ n] lghfdtL ;j] fnfO{ ;dfjz] L, nl+} usdq} L / ;j] fuf| xLpGdv' agfPsf] 5  . ;j] fnfO{ ;dfjz] L agfpgsf nflu gk] fnsf] cGtl/d ;l+ jwfg @)^# cg¿' k lghfdtL ;j] f Pg] df dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw;]  L, blnt, ckfË, lk5l8Psf] Ifq] sf nflu vN' nf kl| tofl] utfåf/f kl\" t{ xg' ] kbdWo] kt+} fnL; kl| tzt kb 56' o\\ fO{ ;f] kl| tztnfO{ Ps ;o dfgL plNnlvt ljleGg ;dx\" x¿sf nflu qmdzM ##, @&, @@, (, % /$ kl| tzt cf/If0f ul/Psf] 5 . Pg] df dlxnfsf nflu ljleGg zLifs{ df ;sf/fTds ljeb] sf] Joj:y f klg ul/Psf] 5  . @)^$ ;fndf ;z' f;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ Pg] , @)^$ hf/L u/L /fhgLlt /kz| f;glar ;Ldfs+ gsf ;fy} dV' o ;lrj, ;lrj, ljefuLo kd| v' , sfofn{ o kd| v' nufotsf kbflwsf/L x¿sf] lhDdj] f/L ls6fgsf cltl/Qm gful/s j8ffkq, 152÷gk] fn kl/ro

;/sf/L lgsfon] ja] ;fO6{ ko| fu] ug,{] sDKo6' /st[ ;r\" gf kl| jlwnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpgn] ufotsf Joj:yfdfkmt{ ;fjh{ lgs kz| f;g / ;fjh{ lgs ;j] fsf] ;b' 9[ Ls/0f u/s] f] 5  . @)^% ;fndf gk] fnnfO{ ;ª3\\ Lo u0ftGqsf] 9frF fcg;' f/sf] kz| f;lgs ;o+ Gq / ;/+ r gf agfpg ;/sf/n fO{ l;kmfl/; ugs{ f nflu ;fdfGo kz| f;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf pRr:t /Lo kz| f;g kg' M;/+ rgf cfofu] u7g ePsf,] h;n] gk] fnL ;g] f / gk] fn kx| /L afxs] ;fjh{ lgs kz| f;g Ifq] sf] ;du| ;w' f/sf nflu ;/s f/; dIf dxŒjk0\" f{ l;kmfl/; x¿ kz] u/s] f] lyof ] . ;fy} @)&) df kz| f;sLo cbfntsf cWoIf sfzL/f h bfxfnsf] ;o+ fh] sTjdf pRr:t /L o kz| f;g ;w' f/ ;e' mfj ;ldlt, @)&) u7g ePsf]  . ;f] ;ldltn] kz| f;g ;w' f/s f nflu ;du| zf;g Joj:y fdf kl/j tg{ sf nflu ;e' mfj kl| tjb] g k:| tt' u/s] f] 5  . of] kl| tjb] g sfofG{ jog nufotsf ;w' f/s f sfox{ ¿ ugs{ f nflu lgoldt ;/+ r gfsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ :y foL ks| l[ tsf] kz| f;g ;w' f/sfofG{ jog tyf cgu' dg ;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5  . @)&@ c;fh]  # df ;l+ jwfg;efaf6 ;l+ jwfg hf/L eP;uF } gk] fn ;ª3\\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqdf kj| z] u/s] f] 5  . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] gk] fnsf] dn\" ;/+ rgf ;ª3\\ , kb| z] / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] xg' ] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5  . ;fx] L adfl] hd tLg txx¿lar :j zf;g / ;femf zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff cg¿' k /f HozlQmsf] jf8F kmf8F ;dt] ul/P sf] 5  . jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgsf] wf/f @*% n] ;ª3\\ Lo ;/s f/, kb| z] ;/s f/ / :y fgLo ;/sf/n] cf–cfkmg\\ f] kz| f;g ;~rfngsf nflu lghfdtL / cGo ;/sf/L ;j] fsf] u7g / ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5  . sdr{ f/L ;dfofh] g Pg] , @)&% adfl] hd lghfdtL ;j] fdf sfo/{ t sdr{ f/L x¿nfO{ ;ª3\\ , kb| z] / :y fgLo txdf ;dfofh] g u/L ;ª3\\ Lo 9frF fcg¿' k g} kz| f;gsf] kg' M;/+ r gf ;DkGg ePsf] 5  . h;cGtut{ sG] bd| f ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/, ;ft kb| z] ;/s f/ / &%# :yfgLo txcGtut{ ljljw lgsfox¿ v8f u/L kz| f;lgs Joj:y f ;~rfng ul/P sf] 5 / ;j] fkf| Kt ug{' cfd gful/ssf] xs xf] eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} kz| f;lgs ;o+ GqnfO{ ;j]  fuf| xLdv' L agfpg] ko| f; klg ePsf] 5 . gk] fnsf] ;fjh{ lgs k|zf;g b]z sf] hg;ª\\Vofsf] t'ngfdf 7n' f] 5}g  . o;n] ;/sf/sf lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog ug{] / hgtfnfO{ ;j] f k'¥ofpg] sfo{ /fhgLlts pynk'yn Pjd\\ sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfdf klg lg/G t/ ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5  . jtd{ fgdf ;ª\\3Lotf cjnDag;uF } gful/ssf] 3/cfuF gdf clwsf/;DkGg kz| f;lgs lgsfosf] Joj:y f ePsf] 5  . o;af6 gful/sx¿n] glhs}s f] lgsfoaf6 lgoldt, ljsf;fTds / cfsl:d s ;]jfnufotsf zf;sLo nfex¿ ;/n , ;xh, ldtJooL, u0' f:t/Lo / ke| fjsf/L¿kdf kf| Kt ub}{k|zflgs ;+oGqsf];lqmotfdfkm{t zf;g k|0ffnLdf clws hg;xeflutf gk] fn kl/ro÷153

;l' glZrt xg' ] bl] vG5  . $=% gk] fnsf] ;fjh{ lgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg ;/+ r gf jtd{ fg ;l+ jwfgsf] wf/ %^ n] /fHosf] d\"n ;+/rgf ;ª\\3, kb| z] / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] /x g] Joj:y f u/s] f] 5  . ;fx] L cg'¿k g]kfnsf] ;fjh{ lgs kz| f;gsf] ljBdfg ;/+ rgf;dt] tLg txdf juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] 5  . != ;ª3\\ Lo kz| f;lgs ;+/r gf M ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/;Fu k|ToIf ;/f ]sf/ / ;DaGw ePsf cyf{t ;ª\\3Lo ;/s f/sf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ k|zf;lgs ;+/r gfx¿ g} s]GbLo k|zf;lgs ;/+ rgf x'g \\ . g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf] cg;' r\" L %, & / ( tyf cjlzi6 clwsf/ ;dt] sf] cEof; ug]{ oL ;/+ rgfx¿n] s]GbL| o gLlt lgdf0{ fdf ;xofu] , :j Ls[t gLlt tyf sfoq{ mdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog, ;]jf k|jfx, dftxtsf tyf cGo lgsfox¿nfO{ lgbz]{ g, lgoGq0f, ;dGjo, ;'kl/j I] f0fnufotsf sfo{x¿ ub5{ g\\  . o; cGtu{t /fi6k« ltsf] sfofn{ o, pk/f i6k« ltsf] sfofn{ o, kw| fgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbs\\ f] sfof{no, gk] fn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfnox¿ tyf logsf dftxtsf ljefu, ;lrjfno, sfof{nox¿, tLg txsf]Gofokflnsf, ;j+ w} flgs lgsfox¿, ;ª\\3Lo ;;+ b, lghfdtL ;]jf, g]kfnL ;g] f, g]kfn k|x/L cflb kb5{ g \\ . @= kf| b]lzs k|zf;lgs ;+/r gf M gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf] cg;' \"rL $ df g]kfndf & cf6] f k|bz] /x g] Joj:y f u/s] f] 5  . kb| z] ;/sf/ cGtu{t /x L ;l+ jwfgsf] cg;' \"rL ^, & /( adfl] h dsf sfofx{ ¿ ;~rfng ug{] kz| f;lgs ;+/r gfx¿ kf| bl] zs kz| f;lgs ;/+ rgf x'g\\  . o; cGtut{ ;ft} k|bz] sf k|b]z k|d'vsf] sfofn{ o, d'VodGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbs\\ f] sfofn{ o;lxt ljleGg k|fb]lzs dGqfnox¿ tyf logsf dftxtsf lgsfo /sfof{no, kb| z] ;ef, k|bz] k|x/L cflb kb{5g \\ . #= :yfgLo kz| f;lgs ;+/r gf M :yfgLo txcGtut{ ufpkF flnsf, gu/k flnsf /lhNnf ;ef kb5{ g \\ . xfn gk]fndf && lhNnf ;ef, ^ dxfgu/kflnsf, !! pkdxfgu/k flnsf, @&^ gu/kflnsf / $^) ufpFkflnsf u/L &%# :yfgLo tx /xs] f 5g \\ . log} :y fgLo tx cGtu{t /xL ;+ljwfgsf] cg';r\" L * / ( adf]lhdsf kz| f;lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ ;/+ rgfx¿ :yfgLo kz| f;lgs ;+/r gf x'g\\ . o;cGtut{ ufpF sfo{kflnsf, gu/s fo{kflnsf, j8f sfof{nox¿, Goflos ;ldlt, lhNnf ;ef, ufp;F ef, gu/; ef, gu/k|x/L tyf cGo :y fgLo ;]jfx¿ kb{5g\\  . lll 154÷gk] fn kl/ro

kl/R5]b M kfrF gk] fnsf] cfly{s ljsf; gk] fn ljsf;f]Gd'v dn' 's xf ] . ;o+ Q' m /fi6« ;ª\\3n] ;g\\ !(&! df g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« ePsf] pNnv] u/s] f] lyof ] . g]kfndf Go\"g kl| tJolQm cfo, /f li6o« cfDbfgLsf] c;dfg ljt/0 f, clwsfz+ hgtfx¿ s[lifdf lge/{  /xg' tyf /f]huf/L d\"ns Jofj;flos lzIffsf] cefj cflb sf/0 fx¿n] ubf{ gk] fn ljZjsf ul/a dn' s' x¿df /x bF } uPsf] xf ] . ul/aLsf cGo sf/0fx¿df a;fO;F /fO, lzIffsf] cefj, hgr]tgfsf] cefj, cTolws hg;ªV\\ of jl[ 4, ek\" l/j]l i7t cyt{ Gq, cfoftdf a9L hf8] tyf k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿sf] plrt ;bk' of]usf] cefj cflb /xs] f 5g \\ . wfg /f]K gsf nflu vt] ;Dofpb} ls;fg g]kfn kl/ro÷155

sl[ ifdf cfwfl/t hg;ªV\\ of, ljk|i] f0fdf cfwfl/t cyt{ Gq, ul/aL, ek\" l/jl] i7t cy{tGq, cNkljsl;t bz] , /fli6o« cfosf] c;dfg ljt/0f, c;Gtl' nt Ifq] Lo ljsf;, kf| s[lts ;f| ]tsf] cNk pkofu] , ;fgf] cfsf/sf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/, ldl>t cy{tGq, ljbz]  L ;xfotfdf lge/{ cyt{ Gq, dfgj ;+;fwgsf]Gog\" ljsf;, k|r/'  ;Defjgflar Gog\" ko6{ sLo Joj;fo, ;f+:s l[ ts ;Dkbfsf] Go\"g pkof]u , Gog\" pmhf{ pkof]u, Go\"g cfly{s ljsf; b/cflb jtd{ fg g]kfnsf]pGgt cfly{s ljsf;df afwssf] ¿kdf /xs] f 5g\\  . %=! gk] fndf ofh] gfa4 ljsf; lglZrt nIo tyf p2]Zok|fKt ug{ lglZrt ;dofjlwleq s]GbL| o clwsf/Lx¿åf/f lgofl] ht ¿kn] ul/g] cy{tGqdflysf] lgoGq0f tyf lgb]{zg g} of]hgf xf]  . of]hgfdf k0\" f{ /f ]h uf/L , c;dfgtf 36fpFb} hfg,] ul/a L 36fpg], ;fwg;f| t] sf] ;b'kof]u ug{], cflys{ ljsf;sf] ult tLj| agfpg], ;Gtl' nt ljsf; kf| ]T;flxt u/fpg], cfTdlge/{ tftkm{ pGd'v xg' ], ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / cflys{ l:y/tf kb| fg ug{] h:tf p2Z] ox¿ cGtlgl{ xt xG' 5g\\  . g]kfndf of]hgfsf] Oltxf; Tolt w/] } k/' fgf] 5g}   . !)$ jif;{ Dd g]kfnsf] zf;gsf] afu8f/]  /f 0ffx¿n] xftdf lnP klg of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf nflu vf; sbdx¿ rfng] g \\ . oBlk /f 0ff kw| fgdGqL h4' ;d;/] n] @) jifL{o ofh] gfsf] 3f]if0ff u/]s f lyP  . t/ o;nfO{ sfofG{ jogdf NofOPg  . /fhg}lts l:y/tf / lbzfaf]w :ki6 gePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ @))& ;fnkl5 cfly{s of]h gfsf] ;'¿jft geP tfklg o; ;DaGwdf kz| :t u[xsfo{x¿ eP . @))* ;fndf klxnfk] N6 ah]6sf] Joj:y f eof]  . lj=;+= @)!# ;fnbl] v g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL ePsf] xf]  . oL ljleGg ofh] gfx¿nfO{ ;ªI\\ fk] df tn k|:tt' ul/P sf] 5 M %=!=! ky| d k~rjifL{o of]h gf -@)!#–@)!*_ ky| d k~rjifL{o of]h gf lj=;=+ @)!# ;fn cflZjg ! ut]b]lv ;?' eO{ @)!* ;fn >fj0f d;fGt;Dddf k\"/f ePsf] lyof ] . p2]Zo -s_ pTkfbg / /f h] uf/L jl[ 4 ug{] -v_ eb] efj/lxt tl/s fn] hgtfsf] hLjg:t/d f ;w' f/ Nofpg] -u_ eljiodf of]h gfx¿sf nflu kj\" fw{ f/tof/ug{] qmddf cfjZos cfly{s ;j]{If0fx¿ ;DkGg ug{] k|fyldstf -s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ 156÷g]kfn kl/ro

-v_ l;FrfO pmhf{ /jg -u_ s[lif tyf sl[ ifhGo -3_ ;fdflhs ;]j f -ª_ pBfu] , vfgL / ko{6g %=!=@ bf];|f] lqjifL{o ofh] gf -@)!(–@)@@_ bf;] |f] lqjifL{o ofh] gf @)!( ;fnbl] v ;'? eO{ @)@@ ;fndf k\"/f eof]  . p2Z] o -s_ a9b\\ f] hg;ªV\\ ofsf] cfjZostf k/\" f ug{ s[lif tyf cfB} f]lus Ifq] sf] pTkfbg jl[ 4 ug{] -v_ d\"No l:y/tf sfod u/L ljsf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ -u_ >ddn\" s k|ljlwsf] ko| f]u u/L /f]huf/L sf cj;/x¿ a9fpg] -3_ Gofof]lrt ;fdflhs Joj:yf sfod ug{] k|fyldstf -s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ -v_ ;fdflhs ;]jf -u_ pBf]u , vfgL tyf ko6{ g -3_ s[lif, l;rF fO, jg tyf vfg]kfgL -ª_ pmhf{ (Energy) -r_ ljljw %=!=# t;] f| ] k~rjifLo{ ofh] gf -@)@@–@)@&_ t;]  f| ]k~rjifL{o ofh]  gf lj=;=+ @)@@ ;fndf ;?' eO{ @)@& ;fndf ;dfKt ePsf] lyof ] . o; of]h gfn] !% jif{leq /fli6o« pTkfbgnfO{ bfA] a/ ug]{ nIo lnPsf] lyof ] . o;cg';f/ /fli6o« cfodf !( kl| tzt, kl| tJolQm cf;} t cfo ( kl| tzt, vfBfGg pTkfbgdf !% k|ltzt /guba]  fnLdf &# kl| tztn] jl[ 4 ug]{  nIo /x]sf] lyof ] . p2]Zo -s_ s[lif Ifq] sf] vfBfGg pTkfbgdf j[l4 Nofpg] -v_ s[lifdf Joj:yfdn\" s ;w' f/ ug{] -u_ cfwf/e\"t If]qx¿ ljsf; ub}{ nh} fg] -3_ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] kj\" fw{ f/ l;hg{ f ug]{ g]kfn kl/ro÷157

-ª_ jb} l] zs Jofkf/d f ljljwtf Nofpg] -r_ ;fdflhs cfjZostf k\"/f ub}{ hfg] k|fyldstf -s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ -v_ sl[ if, l;FrfO, jg tyf vfgk]fgL -u_ pBfu] -3_ ;fdflhs ;]jf -ª_ cGo -ljljw_ %=!=$ rf}yf] k~rjifL{o ofh] gf -@)@&–@)#@_ rfy} f] k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;=+ @)@& ;fndf ;'? u/L @)#@ ;fndf k\"/f eof ] . p2]Zo -s_ pTkfbg j[l4df clwstd hf]8 lbg] -v_ ljsf;sf cfwf/et\" cfjZostfx¿ k\"/f ub}{ n}hfg] -u_ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f / Jofkf/ lj:tf/d f clws dxŒj k|bfg ug{] -3_ cflys{ l:y/tf / ljsf; ultdf ultzLntf Nofpg] -ª_ >dzlQmsf] clwstd pkofu] / hg;ªV\\ of lgoGq0ftkm{ Wofg lbg] -r_ zfi] f0f/l xt ;dfh l;hg{ fsf] cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{ k|fyldstf -s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ -v_ s[lif, el\" d;w' f/tyf jg -u_ pBf]u , jfl0fHo, vfgL tyf ljB't\\ -3_ k~rfot, lzIff, :jf:Y o / cGo ;fdflhs ;j] fx¿ -ª_ tYofª\\s %=!=% kfr“ f“} k~rjifLo{ of]hgf -@)#@–@)#&_ p2Z] o -s_ hg;fwf/0fx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg{] pTkfbg j[l4df hf8]  lbg] -v_ >dzlQmsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ -u_ kf| b]lzs ;Gtn' g sfod u/L kf| bl] zs PsLs/0ftkm{ hf8] lbg] kf| yldstf -s_ sl[ if, e\"ld;'wf/, l;rF fO, jg, e\";+/If0f / k'gjf{; 158÷gk] fn kl/r o

-v_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ -u_ pBfu]  , jfl0fHo, ljB't\\ tyf vfgL -3_ ;fdflhs ;]jf -lzIff, :j f:Yo cflb_ %=!=^ 5}6f“} k~rjifL{o ofh] gf -@)#&–@)$@_ p2Z] o -s_ pTkfbg j[l4b/df tLj|tf Nofpg] -v_ pTkfbgzLn /f h] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{ -u_ hgtfsf] Gog\" td cfwf/et\" cfjZostf k/\" f ug{] kf| yldstf -s_ s[lif, l;rF fO tyf jg -v_ pBf]u , vfgL / ljB't\\ -u_ ;fdflhs ;]j fx¿ -3_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ gLltx¿ -s_ s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;tkm{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg] -v_ ;fgf, 3/n] ' / s'6L/ pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ dxŒj lbg] -u_ lgsf;L Jofkf/ / ko6{ gsf] ljsf;df hf8] lbg] -3_ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] ;Dkfbsf] ;/+ If0f / hn;f| t] sf] ljsf;tkm{ ljzi] f Wofg lbOg] -ª_ tof/L cfwf/z Lnfsf] k\"0f{ pkof]u ul/g] -r_ cyt{ Gqsf] ;fr] g Ifdtf -Absorptive Capacity_ lj:tf/ / hg;ªV\\ of lgoGq0f ug]{ gLltx¿ cg';/0f ul/g] 5 /0 fgLlt -s_ cfly{s lg0fo{ ljs]G b|Ls/0 f -v_ ;:+ yfut cfwf/x ¿sf] ljsf; -u_ ;b' 9[ tyf ;Ifd ljsf; k|zf;g -3_ tflnd kf| Kt hgzlQm ljsf; -ª_ lgdf0{ f ;fduL| sf] cfkl\" t{df jl[ 4 %=!=& ;ftf}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$@–@)$&_ ;ftf}F k~rjifLo{ ofh]  gf lj=;=+ @)$@ ;fnbl] v ;?' eO{ @)$& ;fndf k/\" f eof] . g]kfn kl/ro÷159

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gLlt -s_ cfly{s ;w' f/sf] k|lqmof cyjf k4lt ;'b[9 kfb}{ cflys{ jl[ 4b/ km/f lsnf] agfpFb} nlug] -v_ bL3{sfnLg sl[ if of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/L sl[ if Ifq] sf] ljsf; tyf lj:t f/ sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpg] -u_ e\"–:jfldTjsf] ;d:of lg/fs/0f ub{} e\"lddfly e\"ldxLg ls;fgsf] kxF'r a9fpbF } sl[ ifsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg] tyf s[lifdfly cfwfl/t pBfu] x¿sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/åf/f cfDbfgL / /fh] fuf/Lsf cj;/x ¿ l;hg{ f u/L ul/a Lsf] ;d:of sd ub}{ n}hfg] -3_ hg;xeflutfnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ agfpbF } ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :y fgLo ljsf; tyf dfgjLo ;;+ fwg ljsf;sf]dfWodaf6 lk5l8Psf hflt hghfltx¿sf]  cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs pTyfg ug{]  -ª_ pBdzLn / l;kd\"ns tflndsf] ;~rfng tyf lj:tf/åf/f :j/f h] uf/L / /f]h uf/s f cj;/x¿ kf| Kt ug{ ;dyj{ fg\\ hgzlQm pTkfbg ul/g  ] . To:tf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ul/a L lgjf/0fsf] k|dv' dfWod agfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf, ;/; Nnfx, C0f kj| fxh:tf ;j] fx¿ Jofks ¿kdf uf| dL0f tx;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g] -r_ sl[ if, 3/n] ' tyf ;fgf pBfu] / ko6{ g If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ u|fdL0f tx;Dd lj:tf/ u/L cfo cfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x ¿df Jofkstf Nofpg ] . -5_ ;fwgsf] ;Lldttftkm{ Wofg lbO{ ;fwgnfO{ ;s;] Dd l56f] / Hofbf kl| tkmn lbg], /f h] uf/Ldn\" s Gofofl] rt ljt/0fnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] vfnsf sl[ if, ;fgf pBf]u / ko6{ gtkm{ sl] Gb|t ul/g] -h_ jb} ]lzs Jofkf/df lgsf;L Jofkf/nfO{ clwstd k|f]T;flxt ul/g ]  . Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] gLlt cg';/0f ubf{ t'ngfTds nfe / kl| t:k wfT{ ds jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ sfgg' L / ;:+ y fut k\"jfw{ f/ ljsf; ub{} nlug] -em_ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kj\" fw{ f/sf] Jofks ljsf; tyf lj:tf/å f/f cyt{ Gqsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbg Ifdtf a9fpFb} nh} fg] %=!=!) b;f}“ k~rjifLo{ ofh] gf -@)%(–@)^$_ p2Z] o != bz] df ljBdfg ul/aLsf] cj:y faf6 pGdl' Qm;lxt Ps ;;' :+ s t[ , cfwl' gs Pjd\\ kl| t:kwfT{ ds IfdtfoQ' m hg;dfh l;hg{ f ug{] -bL3s{ fnLg p2Z] o_ . @= ;/sf/, :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L If]q, lghL Ifq] / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;o+ Q' m ;xeflutfdf ;f| ]t ;fwgx¿sf] ;dl' rt kl/rfng ub{} cfly{s cj;/ 162÷gk] fn kl/ro

Pjd\\ /f]h uf/Lsf Ifq] x¿ lj:t f/ ug{] / ;zQmLs/0 f, dfgjLo ljsf;, ;'/I ff tyf nlIft sfo{qmddfkmt{ dlxnf, blnt, b'u{d If]qsf afl;Gbfnufot clt ul/a Pjd\\ lk5l8Psf jus{ f] ;fwg tyf cfly{s pknlAwx¿df kxrF' jl[ 4 ub{} cfly{s, dfgjLo Pjd\\ ;fdflhs kl/;r\" sx¿sf] ;w' f/ u/L ul/aL 36fpg ] . -cNksfnLg cyjf b;f}F of]hgfsf] p2]Zo_ ljz]if hf8] lbPsf Ifq] x¿M /f li6o« kf| yldstf, ljBdfg ;d:o f / ljsf; ;Defjgfsf cfwf/d f b;fF} ofh] gfdf ljzi] f hf8] lbOg] lgDgcg;' f/sf Ifq] x¿ klxrfg ul/P sf lyPM s_ s[lif ljsf;, k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf v_ u|fdL0f k\"jfw{ f/x¿sf] ljsf; tyf u|fdL0f pmhf{ u_ hg;ª\\Vof Pjd\\ ;fdflhs ;j] f / cfwf/e\"t ;fdflhs ;/' Iff 3_ gLlh If]qsf] el\" dsfdf ko6{ g, hn;f| t] , ;\"rgf kl| jlw tyf cfB} fl] us Pjd\\ Jofkfl/s If]qx¿sf] ljsf; ª_ dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f r_ blnt, hghflt tyf ljkGg ju{sf] pTyfg Pjd\\ /f h] uf/L tyf cfwf/e\"t ;/' Iffsf nflu nlIft sfo{qmd 5_ :y fgLo ljsf; tyf u/} ;/s f/L Pjd\\ ;fdb' flos ;:+ y fx¿sf] ;b' 9[ Ls/0 f h_ b'ud{ If]q Pjd\\ Ifq] ut ljsf;df hf]8 em_ u|fdL0f kl| jlwdf kl/d fh{g Pjd\\ pRr k|ljlwsf]ko| fu]  `_ ;z' f;gsf] k|Tofe\"lt / clej[l4 6_ jftfj/0 f ;/+ If0f tyf k|j4{g 7_ /fli6«o Pjd\\ If]qLo:t /sf kj\" fw{ f/x¿sf] ljsf; /0 fgLlt != pRr, lbuf] / km/f lsnf] cflys{ j[l4 -@_ ;fdflhs If]q / k\"jfw{ f/ ljsf; -#_ nlIft sfo{qmd -$_ ;z' f;g %=!=!! P3f/fF} lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^^÷^&_ hgcfGbfn] g @)^@–^# kl5sf] lqjifL{o cGtl/d ofh] gfn] ;d[4, cfwl' gs / Gofok0\" f{ g]k fnsf] lgdf0{ f ug]{ bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] cg¿' k /f]h uf/Ld\"ns, ul/aL lgjf/0f pGd'v km/f lsnf] cflys{ jl[ 4 xfl;n ugÙ]{ ;z' f;g kj| 4g{ tyf ;]j f kj| fxdf ke| fjsfl/t f a9fpg efl} ts k\"jfw{ f/ljsf;df nufgL jl[ 4 g]kfn kl/r o÷163

ug{], ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ hf8] lbgÙ] ;dfjz] L ljsf; / nlIft sfoq{ mdx¿ ;~rfng ug{] p2]Zox¿ lnPsf] lyof ] . efl} ts ;/+ rgfx¿sf] k'glgd{ f0f / kg' M:yfkgfÙ åGå k|efljtx¿nfO{ /f xt, k'gM:yfkgf tyf ;fdflhs PsLs/0f / ;dfofh] gÙ ljsf;sf ;a} ;/+ rgf, If]q / kl| qmofx¿df pk]lIft ;db' fo, If]qsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fÙ s[lif, ko6{ g tyf pBfu] nfO{ 6j] f kU' g] ljB't\\ ljsf;, ;8s, l;rF fO tyf ;~rf/h:tf efl} ts kj\" f{wf/sf] ljsf; tyf lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL ;/;kmfOsf] ljsf;dfkm{t dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] ljsf;nfO{ ofh] gfn] kf| yldstf lbPsf] lyof]  . %=!=!@ afxf| “} lqjifLo{ of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] cfufdL bO' { bzsleqdf g]kfnnfO{ clt sd ljsl;t dn' s' af6 ljsf;fG]d'v d'ns' df ¿kfGt0f u/L qmdzM ;d4[ , zfGt, Gofok\"0f{ gk]fn agfpg] o; ofh] gfsf] bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] /x ]sf] 5  . o; cj:yfdf g]kfndf pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n eO{ ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\\Vof Gog\" /x g] 5 / gk] fn Ps ;d[4 cfw'lgs /fi6s« f] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] xg' ] 5  . b]zsf ;a} Ifq] df zflGt / ;z' f;g sfod ePsf] cj:yf x'g] 5  . ;a} gk] fnLx¿n] cfˆgf] eljio ;'lglZrt ugs{ f nflu ;dfg cj;/ pkof]u u/]sf x'g] 5g\\  . ;dfhdf sfg'gL, ;fdflhs, ;f+:sl[ ts, eflifs, wfld{s, cflys{ , hftLo, nl+} us, zf/Ll/s / efu} f]lns;d]tsf ;a} k|sf/sf ljeb] / c;dfgtf cGTo ePsf] x'g] 5  . nIo ;g\\ @)!% ;Dddf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ ;Ddfghgs /nfehGo /f]h uf/L l;hg{ f ug]{, cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg,] Ifq] Lo ;Gt'ng xfl;n ug{ / ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0 fnfO{ x6fpbF } cfd gk] fnLsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4dfkm{t ul/aLnfO{ @! kl| tztdf k'¥ofpg] nIo /xs] f] lyof]  . p2Z] o /fh] uf/L s]lGbt| ;dfjz] L tyf ;dGoflos cfly{s j[l4 u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f / lbuf] zflGt :y fkgfdf ;3fp k¥' ofpFb} cfdhgtfsf] hLjgdf kl/j tg{ sf] kT| oIf cge' \"lt lbnfpg' o; of]h gfsf] k|dv' p2]Z o /x ]sf] lyof ] . /0fgLlt o; of]hgfn] ;dli6ut /0fgLltdf /fh] uf/L s]lGbt| km/flsnf] cflys{ j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ efjL ;ª\\3Lo k|bz] x¿ / If]qLo ;Gtn' gnfO{ ;dt] Wofgdf /fVb} ljsf;sf k\"jf{wf/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{Ù ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos ljsf; ug]Ù{ 164÷gk] fn kl/ro

d'ns' sf] cflys{ ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg]Ù ;'zf;g Pjd\\ ;j] f k|jfxnfO{ ke| fjsf/L agfpg] / ljsf;df dn\" k|jfxLs/0f ug];{ d]tsf lgDg /0fgLltx¿ cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] M != ;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos / ;xsf/L ;a} If]qsf] ;+o'Qm ko| f;df /fh] fu/L dn\" s tyf ul/a L lgjf/0fpGdv' lbuf] / km/flsnf] cflys{ ljsf; xfl;n ug{] @= b]z sf] efjL ;ª\\3Lo :j ¿knfO{ 6j] f k'¥ofpg] / kf| b]lzs cfly{s j[l4;d]tnfO{ ;xof]u kU' g] u/L ef}lts kj\" fwf{/ tof/ ug]{ #= lbuf] zflGt xfl;n ug{ ;dfjz]  L tyf ;dGoflos ljsf;nfO{ hf8]  lbg] $= cflys{ , ;fdflhs ;j] f ;'b[9 u/L /f Hosf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] %= ;'zf;gsf] kT| ofel\" t u//]  ;j] f k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'NofpbF } ljsf; sfon{ fO{ glthfdv\" L agfpg] ^= lghL tyf ;fd'bflos / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf; / cf}Bfu] Ls/0f, Jofkf/ tyf ;j] f If]qnfO{ /f li6o« ljsf;sf] ko| f;df dn\" k|jfxLs/0f u/L cflys{ jl[ 4 / :yfloTj ;b' 9[ ug{] kf| yldstfsf If]qx¿ o; of]hgfn] lgDglnlvt kf| yldstfsf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] M != efl} ts tyf ;fdflhs kj\" fw{ f/x ¿sf] ;Gtl' nt ljsf; @= sl[ if Ifq] sf] ljsf;nfO{ kf| yldstf lbbF } ko{6g, pBfu] / lgof{t Jofkf/n fO{ dxŒj lbO{ /f]huf/L l;hg{ f / cflys{ jl[ 4 ug]{ #= pk]lIft ;d'bfo, Ifq] / lnËsf] ;dfj]zLs/0 f u/L ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg nufgL a9fpg] $= dfgjLo hLjgofkgsf] lgldQ cTofjZos ;j] f -vfgkfgL, pmhf,{ ljBt' ,\\ ;8s, ;~rf/, vfB ;/' I ff, cfi} fwfk] rf/, lzIff_ sf] pknAwtf / lg/G t/t fnfO{ ;l' glZrt ug{ oL Ifq] x¿df cfjZos nufgL clejl[ 4 ug{] %= ;'zf;gsf] clejl[ 4 u/L hgtfnfO{ k¥' ofpg] ;j] f ;l' jwf u'0f:t/oQ' m agfO{ ;k' y d\"Nodf ;dodf pknAw u/fpg hf8]  lbg] ^= jftfj/0 f ;+/If0f u/L hnjfo' kl/jtg{ af6 kg]{ c;/ Gog\" ug{] / cj;/x¿sf] pkefu] df Wofg lbOg] &= /f li6«o :t/d f k|fyldstf k|fKt dxŒjk0\" f{ / cfdhgtfnfO{ k|ToIf /fxt lbg] sfoq{ md / cfofh] gfx¿nfO{ pRr kf| yldstf lbg] gk] fn kl/r o÷165

%=!=!#= t]/f“} of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!—@)&@÷&#_ k[i7e\"ld M gk] fn cem} klg clt sd ljsl;t d'ns' sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5  . /fhgLlts k|lta4tf;lxt ljsf; sfod{ f yk k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;lsPdf gk]fnnfO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6a« f6 dWod cfo ePsf] ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] ;r\" Ldf :t/f G] tlt ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /xs] f] 5  . o;sf ;fy} ;x;f| AbL ljsf; NfIo Pjd\\ blIf0f Pl;ofnL Ifq]Lo ;xofu]  ;ªu\\ 7gsf ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{] / lbuf] ljsf;nufotsf ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L xl/t cyt{ GqnfO{ k|j4g{ ub}{ ul/a L Gog\" Ls/0 f ug]t{ km{ of] ofh] gfnfO{ s]lGb|t ul/Psf] kfOG5  . bL3{sfnLg ;f]r M ljqmd ;+jt\\ @)&( -;g\\ @)@@_ leq gk] fnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t /f i6a« f6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f ]G tlt ug]{ p2Z] o M bz] df JofKt cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ul/aL 36fO{ cfdhgtfsf] hLjg:t /df kT| oIf kl/jtg{ sf] cg'el\" t lbnfpg] of]hgfsf] kd| 'v nIo M ul/aLsf] /v] fd'lg /xs] f] hg;ª\\Vof !* kl| tztdf emfg ]{ . cGo nIox¿ tflnsf %=! df lbOPsf]5 . tflnsf g+= %=! qm= ;\"rs cf=j= tx] f| }“ ;=+ @)^(÷&) of]hgfsf] sf] l:ylt ! jflifs{ cfi} ft cflys{ jl[ 4 b/-kl| tzt_ nIo #=% ^=) @ s[lif Ifq] sf] jflifs{ cf};t jl[ 4 b/ !=! $=% -k|ltzt_ # u/} s l[ if Ifq] sf] jflifs{ cf;} t jl[ 4 b/ $=^ ^=& -kl| tzt_ @=( #=@ $ jflifs{ cf;} t /fh] uf/L jl[ 4 b/ -kl| tzt_ ^*=* &!=) *&=% ()=) % ckl] Ift cfo' -jif{_ !=#% !=#% @*! !#$ ^ ;fIf/t f b/ -!%–@$ jif_{ & hg;ª\\Vof j[l4 b/-kl| tzt_ * dft[ d[To' b/-k|ltnfv hLljt hGd_ 166÷g]kfn kl/ro

( vfgk] fgL ;j] f ku' s] f] hg;ªV\\ of -kl| tzt_ *% (^=@% !) ;/; kmfO ;l' jwf ku' s] f] hg;ª\\Vof ^@ ()=% -k|ltzt_ !! kf| ylds tx -sIff !–%_ df vb' egf{ b/ (%=# !)) -k|ltzt_ !@ ;8s oftfoft hfl] 8Psf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd &# &% -;ªV\\ of_ !# 6l] nkmf]g, dfa] fOn;d]t -kl| t;o 3gTjdf_ &!=% !)) !$ ljBt' \\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf_ -du]  fjf6_ &%* !,$@^ !% ljBt' d\\ f kxrF' kf| Kt hg;ªV\\ of -kl| tzt_ ^&=# *& !^ l;FrfO -x]S6/_ !#,!!,))) !,$*&,@&% !& jg hª\\unn] 9fs]sf] If]q -kl| tzt_ #(=^ $) !* ;8s oftfoftsf] sn' nDafO -lsnf] ld6/_ @%,!## @*,!## /0fgLlt pk/f]St p2]Zo / nIo xfl;n ug{ of] of]hgfn] b]xfosf /0fgLltx¿ ckgfPsf] 5 M -!_ ljsf; k|lqmofdf lghL, ;/s f/L / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ofu] bfg clej[l4 u/L ;dfj]zL, km/flsnf] Pjd\\ lbuf] cflys{ jl[ 4 xfl;n ug]{ -@_ ef}lts k\"jfw{ f/sf] ljsf; ug{] -#_ ;fdflhs ;j] fsf Ifq] x¿df kxFr' , pkof]u / u'0f:t/ clejl[ 4 ug{] -$_ ;fjh{ lgs tyf cGo Ifq] x¿df ;z' f;g clej[l4 ug]{  -%_ nlIft ju,{ Ifq] / ;dx\" sf] cflys{ / ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0 fdf clejl[ 4 ug{] -^_ hnjfo' kl/jtg{ ;uF cgs' n' g xg' ] u/L ljsf; sfoq{ mdx¿ ;~rfng ug{] kf| yldstfsf If]qx¿ of] of]hgfn] tfs] s] f k|fyldstfsf Ifq] x¿ b]xfocg';f/ 5g\\ M -!_ hnljBt' \\ tyf cGo pmhf{ ljsf; -@_ s[lif Ifq] sf] pTkfbsTj j[l4, ljljwLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0 f -#_ ko{6g, pBf]u / Jofkf/ Ifq] sf] ljsf; -$_ cfwf/e t\" lzIff tyf :j f:Y o, vfgk] fgL tyf ;/;kmfO Ifq] sf] ljsf; -%_ ;'zf;g k|j4{g gk] fn kl/ro÷167

-^_ ;8s tyf cGo ef}lts kj\" f{wf/ljsf; -&_ kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]t / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f %=!=!$ rfw} f“} of]hgf -@)&#÷&$ – @)&%÷&^_ ;fr] M :j fwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf ;dfhjfb pGdv' /fli6«o cyt{ Gq Pjd\\ ;d4[ gk] fnL nIo M ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /f Ho xFb' } dWod cfo ePsf d'ns' sf] :t/df kU' g] p2Z] o M pTkfbgzLn /f h] uf/L pGdv' / Gofok0\" f{ ljt/0 f;lxtsf] pRr cflys{ jl[ 4åf/f ›t' ul/a L Gog\" Ls/0f ub{} cflys{ ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0 f ug{' tflnsf g=+ %=@ rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] kd| 'v cflys{ , ;fdflhs / ef}l ts nIo qm= ;r\" s÷nIo cf=j= rf}wf}+ ofh] gfsf] ;+= @)&@÷&# nIo sf] l:ylt -@)&%÷&^ df_ jflif{s cf;} t cflys{ jl[ 4b/ -Ü_ )=* &=@ ! sl[ if If]q -Ü_ !=# $=& u}/sl[ if Ifq] -Ü_ )=^ *=$ &(=$ !!^=% @ ufx:{ Yo kl| tJolQm cfDbfgL -?= xhf/df_ @!=^ !&=) # ul/aLsf] /]vfdl' gsf] hg;ª\\Vof -Ü_ )=%$ )=%& $ dfgj ljsf; ;r\" sfªs\\ % nª} l\\ us ;zQmLs/0f ;\"rsfÍ )=%^ )=%* ^ ck]l Ift cfo' -jif_{ ^( &@ & vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]s f] hg;ª\\Vof -Ü_ *#=^ ()=) * dfWolds txdf vb' egfb{ /-Ü_ #&=& $%=) ( ljBt' \\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf, du] fjf6_ *%! @#)! !) ljBt' \\df kx'Fr kf| Kt hg;ªV\\ of -Ü_ &$=) *&=) !! l;FrfO -xS] 6/ nfvdf_ !#=( !%=@ !@ OG6/g 6] ;]jfdf kx'rF kf| Kt hg;ªV\\ of -Ü_ $$=$ ^%=) 168÷gk] fn kl/r o

ofh] gfsf /0fgLlt != s[lif Ifq] sf] ¿kfGt/0 f, ko{6g, cf}Bfl] us Pjd\\ ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fosf] lj:t f/dfkmt{ pTkfbg jl[ 4 ug{] @= pmhf,{ ;8s tyf xjfO{ oftfoft, ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf//uf| dL0f–;x/L tyf lqbz] Lo cfa4tf ljsf;sf nflu k\"jfw{ f/ lgdf{0f ug{] #= ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pjd\\ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbFb} dfgj ljsf;df pRr tyf lbuf] ;'wf/ ug{] $= cflys{ , ;fdflhs Pjd\\ zf;sLo ;'wf/, sz' n Pjd\\ hjfkmbx]L ;fjh{ lgs ljQ, :jR5, kf/bzL{ / hgd}qL ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f Pjd\\ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;/+ If0f / k|j4g{ ub}{ ;du| ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{] %= n}ªl\\ us ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0 f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|ofu] tyf ;+:y fut Ifdtf a9fpg] %=!=!% bL3{sfnLg ;fr] @!)) ki[ 7el\" d ;ª3\\ , kb| z] / :y fgLo txsf] lgjfr{ g ;DkGg eO{ dn' s' df /fhgLlts :y floTj kf| Kt ePsf] 5  . /fhgLlts :y floTjsf] hudf tLj| cflys{ ljsf; / ;dl[ 4sf] b/\" u fdL ;fr] ;lxtsf] /f li6o« nIox¿ lgwf/{ 0f ugk'{ g5{]   . cfo jl[ 4, u0' f:t/Lo dfgjkhF' L lgdf0{ f / cflys{ hfl] vdsf] Gog\" Ls/0 f ub{} lj=;=+ @)&( ;Dddf clt sd ljsl;t bz] af6 ljsf;zLn bz] df :t/fG] glt ug{] / lj=;=+ @)*& ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ub{} pRr dWod cfo:t/ ePsf] dn' s' df :t/fG] glt xg' ] u/L o; bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] tof/ ul/Psf] 5  . ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;dtfdn\" s ;dfh lgdf0{ f ugt{] km{ bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] nlIft /x s] f] 5  . cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;f| t] -;fwg nufot cyt{ Gqsf ;xofu] L Ifq] sf] kl/r fngaf6 ¿kfGt/0fsf sfoq{ mddf nufgL sl] G›t ub{} bL3s{ fnLg ;fr] n] lnPsf nIo xfl;n ul/g ] 5  . bL3s{ fnLg ;f]r æ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL gk] fnLÆ ;dG' gt, :jfwLg / ;dfhjfb pGdv' cyt{ Gq;lxtsf] ;dfg cj;/ kf| Kt, :j:y, lzlIft, dofl{ bt / pRr hLjg:t / ePsf ;v' L gful/s a;fa] f; ug{] dn' s'   . tflnsf g=+ %=# bL3s{ fnLg /fli6o« nIo != ;d[l4 @= ;'v g]kfn kl/r o÷169

!=! ;j{;n' e cfwl' gs k\"jf{wf/Pjd\\ @=! kl/is[t tyf dofl{ bt hLjg ;3g cGt/ cfa4tf !=@ dfgj khF' L lgdf0{ f tyf @=@ ;/' lIft, ;Eo /Gofok\"0f{ ;dfh ;Defjgfsf] k0\" f{ pkofu] !=# pRr /lbuf]pTkfbg tyf @=# :j:y / ;Gt'lnt kofj{ /0f pTkfbsTj @=$= ;z' f;g !=$ pRr /;dtfdn\" s /fli6«o cfo @=% ;an nfs] tGq @=^ /fli6«o Pstf, ;'/Iff / ;Ddfg bL3s{ fnLg /fli6o« /0fgLlt != tLj|, lbuf] / /f ]huf/d\"ns cfly{s j[l4 ug]{ @= ;'ne tyf u'0f:t/L o :j f:Yo ;]jf / lzIffsf] ;l' glZrt ug]{ #= cfGtl/s tyf cGt/bz] Lo cGt/cfa4tf Pjd\\ lbuf] ;x/÷a:tL ljsf; ug]{ $= pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clejl[ 4 ug]{ %= k0\" f{, lbuf] / pTkfbgzLn ;fdflhs ;/' I ff tyf ;+/If0f ug{] ^= ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf ;lxtsf] Gofok\"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ &= k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]tsf] ;/+ I f0f / kl/r fng tyf pTyfgzLntf ljsf; ug{] / *= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;b' [9Ls/0 f, kf| b]lzt ;Gtn' g / /fli6«o Pstf ;j+ 4g{ ug,]{ tflnsf g+= %=$ bL3{sfnLg ;fr] sf kd| 'v kl/d f0ffTds nIox¿ qm=;=+ /f li6«o nIo, uGtJo / ;r\" s PsfO cf=j= cf=j= @)&%÷&^ @!))÷)! sf] 1 cflys{ j[l4b/ -cf;} t_ kl| tzt sf] l:y lt nIo 2 s'n ufx{:o pTkfbgdf sl[ if kl| tzt ^=* !)=% If]qsf] ofu] bfg @&=) ( 170÷g]kfn kl/r o

3 sn' ufx:{ Yo pTkfbgdf k|ltzt !%=@ #) pBf]u Ifq] sf] ofu] bfg %&=* ^! !,)$& !@,!)) 4 sn' ufx:{ Yo pTkfbgdf ;]jf kl| tzt !*=& ) Ifq] sf] ofu] bfg @*=^ # )=#! )=@% 5 kl| tJolQm /f li6o« cfo cdl] /s L 8n/ !=# !=! 6 ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /xs] f] kl| tzt #*=% &@ hg;ªV\\ of -lg/k]If ul/a L_ #^=% &) !,@%) $),))) 7 ax'cfoflds ul/aLdf /x]sf] k|ltzt ** !)) hg;ª\\Vof @$% #,%)) *@ (( 8 ;DklQdf cfwfl/t lhgL u'0fs &,&($ ##,))) u0' fs cfDbfgLdf dflyNnf] !) 9 kl| tzt / tNnf] $) kl| tzt cg'kft hg;ªV\\ ofsf] cgk' ft (Palma Ratio) 10 >dzlQm ;xeflutf b/-!% kl| tzt jif{ dfly_ 11 /f h] uf/Ldf cf}krfl/s Ifq] sf] kl| tzt lx:;f 12 ljBt' \\ pTkfbg -hl8t d]ufjf6 Ifdtf_ 13 ljB'td\\ f kxFr' kf| Kt kl/jf/ kl| tzt 14 k|ltJolQm ljBt' \\ pkef]u lsnfj] f6 306f 15 #) ldg6] ;Ddsf] b/\" Ldf k|ltzt oftfoft kxrF' ePsf] kl/j f/ 16 /fli6«o / kf| b]l zs nf]sdfu{ ls=ld= -@ ng] ;Dd_ gk] fn kl/ro÷171

17 /fli6o« nfs] dfu{ -@ ng] ls=ld= (^ #,))) dfly, ›t\" dfu{ ;dt] _ ls=ld= $@ @,@)) k|ltzt ^%=( !)) 18 /]ndfu{ jif{ ^(=& *) hgf @#( 19 OG6/g ]6df kxF'r k|fKt @) hg;ª\\Vof hgf #( * 20 ckl] Ift cfo' -hGd xF'bfsf_] kl| tzt @& kl| tzt %* @ 21 dft[ dT[ o'b/-k|lt nfv kl| tzt $^ (( hLljt hGddf_ kl| tzt !@ (% k|ltzt @! $) 22 kfFr jif{ dl' gsf] afn dT[ o'b/ (% -kl| txhf/ hLljt hGddf_ kl| tzt !& ;r\" sfÍ )=*(& !)) 23 % jif{ d'lgsf sd tfn}  ;r\" sfÍ )=%&( )=(( ePsf afnaflnsf )=&^) 24 ;fIf/tf b/ -!% jif{ dfly_ 25 dfWolds tx -(–!@_ df v'b eg{fb/ 26 pRr lzIffdf s'n eg{fb/ 27 pRr dWod :t/sf] vfgk] fgL ;'ljwf ku' s] f] hg;ª\\Vof 28 cfwf/e t\" ;fdflhs ;'/I ffdf cfa4 hg;ªV\\ of 29 n}ª\\lus ljsf; ;r\" sfÍ 30 dfgj ljsf; ;r\" sfÍ %=!=!^ kG„f}“ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&&–@)*)÷*!_ ki[ 7el\" d g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;dG' gt, :j fwLg / ;dfhjfb pGdv' cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug{] kl/sNkgf ul/P sf] 5  . tLj| / ;Gtl' nt cflys{ ljsf;, ;d[l4, ;'zf;g / gful/sn] ;v' sf] cg'el\" t k|fKt ug{] b/\" bl[ i6 kG„fF} ofh] gfn] /fvs] f] 5  . ;ª3\\ Lo ;+/rgfdf tLg txsf] sz' n cGt/;/s f/L ljQ Joj:y fkg / lghL, ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos If]q;uF sf] ;xsfoå{ f/f nlIft p2Z] o xfl;n ug]{ of] klxnf] ofh] gf xg' ] 5  . o; of]hgfn] jtd{ fg k':tfn] g} cge' \"t ug]{ u/L ;d[l4 172÷gk] fn kl/ro

/ ;v' k|fKt ug]{ / ;dfhjfb pGdv' cy{tGqsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug5{]   . cfo j[l4, u'0f:t /Lo dfgjkh'F L lgdf0{ f / cflys{ hf]lvdx¿sf] Go\"gLs/0f ub}{ lj=;+= @)&( ;Dddf cltsd ljsl;t dn' 'saf6 ljsf;zLn bz] df :t/fG] glt ug]{ / lj=;=+ @)*& ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf; nIonfO{ xfl;n ug]{ ;fr]  ;lxt pRr dWod cfo:t/ ePsf] d'n'sdf kU' g] u/L kGw|fF} of]h gf th'{df ul/Psf] 5  . /fli6o« nIo kG„fF} of]hgf …;d4[ g]k fn, ;'vL gk] fnLÚ sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r xfl;n ug]{ cfwf/ of]hgfsf] ¿kdf /x g] 5  . ;fa] dfl] hd ;d[4 cy{tGq, ;fdflhs Gofo tyf kl/is[t hLjg ;lxtsf] ;dfhjfb pGdv' nfs] sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ pRr cfo:t / ePsf] dn' s' df :t/f]Gglt xg' ] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ o; of]hgfsf] /fli6«o nIo /x]sf] 5  . tflnsf g=+ %=% ;dl[ 4sf /fli6«o nIo, uGtJo /;r\" s qm=;=+ /fli6o« nIo, uGtJo / ;\"rs cf=j= cf=j= PsfO @)&%÷&^ @)*)÷*! sf] l:ylt sf] nIo ! pRr / ;dtfd\"ns /fli6o« cfo !=! cfB} fl] us /f i6s« f] :t /s f] pRr cfo !=!=! cfly{s j[l4b/ -cfwf/et\" dN\" odf_ kl| tzt ^=* !)=# !=!=@ kl| tJolQm sn' /fli6o« cfo !,)$& !,%(% !=@ ul/aLsf] cGTo cdl] /sL 8n/ !*=& (=% !=@=! ul/aLsf] /v] fdl' g /x]sf] hg;ª\\Vof k|ltzt !=# !=@% -lg/kI] f ul/a L_ )=#! )=@( !=# /fli6o« cfDbfgLdf tn\\nf] $) k|ltzt hg;ªV\\ ofsf] lx:; f cfDbfgLdf dflyNnf]!) k|ltzt !=#=! / tNnf] $) k|ltzt hg;ª\\Vofsf] cgk' ft cg'kft !=#=@ ;DklQdf cfwfl/t lhgL u0' fs u0' fs g]kfn kl/ro÷173

qm=;+= /fli6o« nIo, uGtJo / ;\"rs PsfO cf=j= cf=j= @)&%÷&^ @)*)÷*! @ dfgjkF' hL lgdf0{ f tyf ;Defjgfsf]  sf] l:ylt sf] nIo k\"0f{ pkofu] ^(=& &@ @=! :j:y / nfdf] cfo' ePsf g]k fnL @#( (( #( @$ @=!=! ck]lIft cfo' -hGd x'Fbfsf_] jif{ !# ^ @=!=@ dft[ dT[ ob' /-kl| tnfv hLljt hGddf_ ;ª\\Vof %* (% (@ (( @=!=# % jif{ dl' gsf afn d[Tob' / ;ªV\\ of (# (( -kl| txhf/ hLljt hGddf_ kl| tzt $^ ^% !@ @@ @=!=$ lszf/] L cj:yfsf] kh| gg -!( jif{ #! %) dl' g_ #*=% $( @=@ u0' f:t/Lo, /f ]huf/d\"ns tyf #^=% %) hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff k|fKt gful/s @=@=! ;fIf/tf b/ -!% jif{ dfly_ k|ltzt @=@=@ o'jf ;fIf/tf b/ -!%-@$ jif_{ kl| tzt @=@=# cfwf/e \"t tx -!-*_ df v'b egfb{ / kl| tzt @=@=$ dfWolds tx -(-!@_ df v'b k|ltzt egfb{ / @=@=% pRr lzIffdf s'n egfb{ / kl| tzt sfd ug]{ pd/]  ;dx\" sf kf| ljlws kl| tzt @=@=^ / Jofj;flos If]q df tflnd kf| Kt hg;ªV\\ of @=# pTkfbgzLn / dofl{ bt /f h] uf/L @=#=! >dzlQm ;xeflutf b/-!% jif{ k|ltzt dfly_ kl| tzt @=#=@ /f]huf/L df cf}krfl/s If]qsf] lx:; f # ;j;{ 'ne cfwl' gs kj\" fw{ f/Pjd\\ ;3g cGt/c fa4tf #=! ;j;{ n' e, ;/' lIft / cfwl' gs oftfoft 174÷g]kfn kl/ro

qm=;=+ /fli6o« nIo, uGtJo / ;r\" s cf=j= cf=j= PsfO @)&%÷&^ @)*)÷*! sf] l:ylt sf] nIo #=!=! ;8s 3gTj ls=ld= kl| t )=%% )=&$ ju{ ls=ld= #=!=@ /f li6o« / kf| bl] zs nfs] dfu{ -@ ls=ld= &,&($ @),@)) ng] ;Dd_ #=!=# /f li6o« nf]s dfu{ -@ n]g dfly, ls=ld= (^ !,!&$ ›\"tdfu{ ;dt] _ #=!=$ /n] dfu{ ls=ld= $@ #$* #=@ kj\" fw{ f/d f kx'Fr tyf cfa4tf #=@=! #) ldg]6 ;Ddsf] b\"/Ldf oftfoft kl| tzt *@ (% kx'Fr ePsf] kl/jf/ #=@=@ ljB'td\\ f kxF'r kf| Kt kl/jf/ k|ltzt ** !)) #=@=# OG6/g6] df kxrF' k|fKt hg;ªV\\ of k|ltzt ^%=( *) $ pRr / lbuf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj $=! cyt{ Gqdf Ifq] ut of]ubfg $=!=! k|fylds Ifq]  -sl[ if, jg /vfgL_ kl| tzt @&=^ @#= ) $=!=@ låtLo If]q -pTkfbgd\"ns pBf]u , kl| tzt !$=^ !*=! ljBt' ,\\ Uof; /kfgL tyf lgd{f0f_ $=!=# tt[ Lo Ifq] -;j] f_ k|ltzt %&=* %*=( $=@ :jR5 pmhf{ sf] pTkfbg tyf pkef]u $=@=! ljBt' \\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf_ du] fjf6 !,@%) %,*@) $=@=@ k|ltJolQm ljBt' \\ pkef]u &)) $=# Jofkf/ ;Gtn' g lsnf]j f6 @$% 306f $=#=! j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgo{ft -s'n cg'kft (=) !%=& ufx:{ Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_ $=#=@ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft -sn' k|ltzt %)=* %! ufx:{ Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_ g]kfn kl/r o÷175

qm=;=+ /f li6«o nIo, uGtJo / ;r\" s cf=j= cf=j= $=$ /fli6«o tyf If]q ut pTkfbsTj PsfO @)&%÷&^ @)*)÷*! sf] nIo sf] l:y lt @&^ $=$=! >d pTkfbsTj ¿=xhf/d f !*$=^ $ %) $=$=@ sl[ if pTkfbsTj -kd| v' afnL_ d=] 6= k|lt #=! !)) xS] 6/ )=^@$ $=$=# l;FrfOof]Uo el\" ddWo] jifl}{ e/ l;FrfO kl| tzt ## %=! ;'ljwf ku' s] f] el\" d !!=% !% $=$=$ k|lt ko6{ s vr{ -k|lt lbg_ cdl] /s L $* *) 8n/ ^) % kl/ist[ tyf dof{ lbt hLjg (( $) %=! gful/s :j :ytf tyf ;Gtl' i6 ;r\" sfÍ )=%&( %=!=! dfgj ljsf; ;r\" sfªs\\ *( %=!=@ gful/s ;Gtl' i6sf] cg'el\" t ;\"rsfªs\\ $=& ;r\" sfªs\\ k|ltzt @*=^ k|ltzt @& %=!=# axc' foflds ul/aLdf /x s] f] hg;ªV\\ of %=!=$ % jif{ d'lgsf sd tfn}  ePsf afnaflnsf %=!=% #) ldg]6sf] b\"/Ldf :j f:Y o ;+:y fdf kl| tzt $( kxrF' ePsf] 3/– kl/jf/ %=@ ;/' lIft tyf ;'ljwf;DkGg cfjf; %=@=! ;'/l Ift cfjf;df a;f]af; ug]{ k|ltzt $) hg;ªV\\ of %=@=@ cfwf/e\"t vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf ku' ]sf] k|ltzt *( hg;ª\\Vof %=@=# pRr dWod :t/sf] vfgk] fgL ;'ljwf k|ltzt @! ku' ]s f] hg;ªV\\ of *%=# %=# efl} ts tyf cfwl' gs ;DklQ dflysf]  ;dtfdn\" s kxF' r jf :j fldTj %=#=! cfkm\\g} :jfldTjsf] cfjf;df kl| tzt a;f]af; ug{] kl/jf/ 176÷gk] fn kl/ro

qm=;=+ /fli6o« nIo, uGtJo / ;\"rs PsfO cf=j= cf=j= kl| tzt @)&%÷&^ @)*)÷*! %=#=@ ;fj{hlgs lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug{] sf] l:ylt sf] nIo hg;ª\\Vof $=$ @) ^ ;'/lIft, ;Eo / Gofok\"0f{ ;dfh ^=! ljeb] , lx;+ f / ck/f wdQ' m ;dfh ^=!=! nª} \\lus ljsf; ;\"rsfª\\s ;r\" sfª\\s )=*(& )=(^# )=$&^ )=#( ^=!=@ n}ª\\lus c;dfgtf ;\"rsfªs\\ ;r\" sfªs\\ @$=$ !# ^=!=# hLjgsfndf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s k|ltzt **=( !)) jf ofg}  lx+;f kLl8t dlxnf bt{f ePsf nª}  \\lus lx;+ f nufotsf ^=!=$ ck/f wsf 36gf / cg;' Gwfgsf] cg'kft cgk' ft ^=@ ;fdflhs–;f:+ s l[ ts ljljwtf ^=@=! dft[efiffdf k7gkf7g xg' ]ljBfno ;ªV\\ of @&) #@$ ^=@=@ ljZj;Dkbf ;\"rLdf ;\"rLs[t ;Dkbf ;ª\\Vof !) !@ ^=# ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;/+ I f0f ^=#=! cfwf/et\" ;fdflhs ;/' I ffdf cfa4 kl| tzt !& ^) hg;ªV\\ of !!=& !#=& ^=#=@ /f li6o« ah6] df ;fdflhs ;/' I ff vr{ k|ltzt & :j:y / ;Gt'lnt ko{fj/0f &=! kb| i' f0fd'Qm / :jR5 jftfj/0 f &=!=! pmh{f pkef]udf gjLs/0fLo kl| tzt & !@ pmhfs{ f] cgk' ft %) $) &=!=@ jfo' kb| 'if0fsf] cf}; t dfqf -lk lk dfOqmf]uf| d $#) $%) Pd @=%_ k|lt 3gld6/ &=@ ko{fj/0 fLo ;Gtn' g / lbuf] pkof]u &=@=! jghª\\un 3gTj ¿v k|lt xS] 6/ g]kfn kl/r o÷177

qm=;=+ /fli6«o nIo, uGtJo / ;r\" s PsfO cf=j= cf=j= @)&%÷&^ @)*)÷*! &=@=@ sf7 pTkfbg 3glkm6 sf] l:ylt sf] nIo -nfv_ !($ #)) &=# hnjfo' kl/jtg{ cgs' 'ngzLntf &=#=! cgs' 'ng ofh] gf tof/ eO{ ;ªV\\ of @!& $^) sfofG{ jog ePsf :y fgLo tx * ;'zf;g *=! ljlwsf] zf;g *=!=! ljlwsf] zf;g ;\"rsfª\\s ;r\" sfª\\s )=%$ )=%* ;\"rsfª\\s %!=^ ^) *=!=@ ljZjJofkL k|lt:kwL{ ;\"rsfªs\\ ;\"rsfª\\s ^#=@ ^* *=!=# Joj;fo ;xhLs/0f ;r\" sfª\\s ;\"rsfª\\s #=# #=* *=!=$ e|d0f tyf ko{6g kl| t:kwL{ ;\"rsfª\\s *=@ ;fjh{ lgs ;bfrf/, kf/blzt{ f / hjfkmb]x L *=@=! ei| 6frf/ Go\"gLs/0f cg'el\" t ;\"rsfªs\\ #$ $! ;r\" sfª\\s kl| tzt $*=( (* *=@=@ …x]nf] ;/sf/Údf kf| Kt ph'/L sf] km5o‌\\ f{6} sn' cflys{ k|lti7fg dWo] btf{ kl| tzt $(=( !) *=@=# gePsf -cgfk} rfl/s_ k|lti7fgsf] cg'kft *=@=$ btf{ ePsfdWo] n]vf /fVg] cfly{s k|ltzt %@ &) k|lti7fgsf] cgk' ft ( ;an nf]stGq (=!=! lgjf{rgdf dtbftfsf] ;xeflutf k|ltzt ^*=^& &@ kl| tzt %^=% ^) (=!=@ d2' f km};nf k|ltzt #( ^) (=!=# km;} nf sfof{ Gjog 178÷gk] fn kl/r o

qm=;=+ /f li6o« nIo, uGtJo / ;r\" s cf=j= cf=j= !) /fli6o« Pstf, ;/' Iff / ;Ddfg PsfO @)&%÷&^ @)*)÷*! sf] nIo sf] l:ylt !)) !)=! gk] fnLTjsf] pRr efjgf ^) !)=!=! /fli6o« kl/rokq k|fKt u/]sf k|ltzt – !)) g]kfnL gful/s #% *) % !)=!=@ gk] fnLnfO{ uGtJo dn' s' sf] ug{] dn' s' ;ªV\\ of cWofudgdf kj| z] f1f kb| fg (=* ! !)=@ dfgj tyf cGo ;'/Iff !)=@=! kfrF jifd{ 'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltzt ^# hGd btf{ !)=@=@ cfwf/et\" vfB ;/' I ffsf] l:yltdf kl| tzt $*=@ /xs] f kl/j f/ !)=@=# cfTdxTof b/-k|lt nfv ;ªV\\ of !) hg;ª\\Vofdf_ !)=# ljkb\\ pTyfgzLn ;dfh /cy{tGq !)=#=! ljkbs\\ f 36gfaf6 ke| fljt k|lt xhf/ !&=! hg;ªV\\ of !)=#=@ ljkb\\sf 36gfaf6 d[To' x'g]  k|lt nfv !=^ hg;ª\\Vof !)=$ cTofjZos j:t' / ;]jfdf cfTdlge/{ t f sn' cfoftdf cTofjZos j:t ' !$=& % !)=$=! -sl[ if pkh, hLjhGt' /vfB kbfy{_ kl| tzt sf] cz+ /fli6o« p2Z] o != ;j;{ 'ne, u'0f:t /Lo / cfw'lgs kj\" f{wf/ lgdf0{ f, pTkfbgzLn / dofl{ bt /f]huf/L clej[l4, pRr, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cfly{s jl[ 4 tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f ub}{ ;dl[ 4sf] cfwf/ lgdf0{ f ug'{ @= u0' f:t /Lo :j f:Y o tyf lzIff, :j :y tyf ;Gtl' nt jftfj/0 f, ;fdflhs Gofo / hjfkmbx] L ;fjh{ lgs ;j] f sfod u/L ;ª3\\ Lo zf;g Joj:y fsf] ;b' 9[ Ls/0 f g]kfn kl/ro÷179

ub{} gful/s nfO{ kl/i st[ / dofl{ bt hLjgofkgsf] cge' l\" t u/fpg' #= ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0 f tyf :jfwLg /fli6«o cy{tGq lgdf{0f u/L b]zsf] :j fledfg, :jtGqtf / /f li6o« lxt ;+/If0f ug'{ /fli6«o /0 fgLlt != tLj,| lbuf] / /f h] uf/d n\" s cflys{ jl[ 4 ug]{ @= ;n' e tyf u0' f:t/L o :j f:Y o ;j] f / lzIffsf] ;'lglZrt ug{] #= cfGtl/s tyf cGt/bz] Lo cGt/c fa4tf Pjd\\ lbuf] ;x/a:tL ljsf; ug{] $= pTkfbg /pTkfbsTj clejl[ 4 ug]{  %= k0\" f,{ lbuf] / pTkfbgzLn ;fdflhs ;/' I ff tyf ;+/If0f ug{] ^= ul/a L lgjf/0f /cflys{ ;fdflhs ;dfgtf ;lxtsf] Gofok0\" f{ ;dfh lgdf0{ f ug{]  &= k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]tsf] ;+/I f0f / kl/r fng tyf pTyfgzLntf ljsf; ug{] / *= ;fjh{ lgs ;j] fsf] ;b' 9[ Ls/0 f, kf| bl] zs ;Gtn' g / /fli6o« Pstf ;Da4w{ g ug {] . %=@ cflys{ ljsf;sf kIfx¿ %=@=!= sl[ if sn' uf| x:Y o pTkfbgdf @&=& kl| tzt ofu] bfg /x s] f] / ^)=$ kl| tzt hg;ªV\\ of cfa4 /xs] f] sl[ if Ifq] cflys{ ;dl[ 4 xfl;n ug{] dV' o Ifq] xf ] . sl[ if Ifq] nfO{ gk] fnsf] cyt{ Gqsf] d?] b08sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5  . ;l+ jwfgn] vfB;DaGwL clwsf/n fO{ dfl} ns xssf ¿kdf kT| ofel\" t u/s] f] 5  . o;} tYonfO{ dWogh/ ub{} vfBfGg, kmnkmn\" , t/s f/L / df5fdf;' pTkfbgdf cfTdlge/{ t fsf nflu sl[ ifdf gLltut, ;/+ r gfut / ;:+ y fut ka| Gw ul/P sf] 5  . bz] nfO{ vfBfGgdf cfTdlge/{  tN' ofpg /cyt{ Gqsf] ljsf; ug{ sl[ if Ifq]  df pNnV] o nufgL a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . gk] fndf @^,$!,))) xS] 6/ s[lif ofU] o hldg /x s] f,] h;dWo] !$,&#,))) xS] 6/ If]qkmndf l;rF fO ;l' jwf k'u]sf] 5  . s\"n sl[ ifofU] o hldgsf] ## k|ltzt hldgdf afx}|dlxgf l;FrfO ;l' jwf k'u]s f] 5 . s[lif u0fgf @)^* cg';f/gk]  fndf #*,#!,))) si[ fs kl/jf/ /xs] f 5g \\ . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ªV\\ ofsf] sl/a &$ k|ltzt hg;ª\\Vof sl[ if kz] fdf cfa4 /x]s f 5g\\ . gk] fndf pTkfbg xg' ] 7n' f k|dv' vfBfGg afnLx¿ wfg, ds}, ux'F, sfb] f,] hf} / kmfk/ x'g \\ . gk] fnsf] kd| 'v guba] fnLx¿ pv', cfn', t]n xg, h'6 / dx, kd| 'v bnxg afnL d';'/f], e6df;, df;, c/x /, u|f;kL, rgf, x;{uf| d /x ]sf 5g \\ . To:t,} pv,' df5f, lrof, h'6 skmL /skf;nfO{ kd| v' cfB} f]lus afnLsf ¿kdf pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5  . k|dv' d;nf afnLx¿ s|dzM cb'jf, a;] f/, n;g' , v';fg{ L / cnrF} L pTkfbg xg' ] u/]sf] 5  . s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ ckl/x fo{ ;|f]t ;fwg /;fdu|Lx¿sf] pknAwtf Gog\" x'g,' 180÷gk] fn kl/r o

cfjZos ef}lts kj\" f{wf/x¿ l;rF fO, ;8s, s[lif, ahf/, zLt e08f/, ufb] fd 3/, lr:o fg sG]b|, ;~rfng s]Gb| tyf lahn' L cflbsf]ckof{Kttf dn\" ;d:o fsf ¿kdf bl] v Psf 5g\\ . s[lifhGo pTkfbgdf cfzftLt pknlAw xfl;n ug{ cTofjZos pGgt gZn tyf lapsf] kl| t:y fkg b/s f] sdL 5, o;sf] cltl/Q m hldgsf] v08Ls/0f kd| 'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]s f] 5  . gk] fndf sl[ if;DaGwL sfgg' L Joj:yfx¿M • sl[ if of]Uo hldgsf] e:\" jfldTj ;Gtn' g sfod /f Vg el\" d ;DaGwL Pg] , @)@! hf/L u/L hUufsf] xbaGbL sfod ul/Psf] 5  . h; cg;' f/ t/f O{÷leqL dw];df !) laufxf, sf7df8fF} pkfTosfdf @% /f k] gL, kxf8L lhNnfdf &) /f]kgL;Ddsf] xbaGbL sfod ul/P sf] 5  . gk] fndf s[lif Ifq] df ePsf ;'wf/s f sfo{qmdx¿M • g]kfndf cf=j= @)^#÷)^$ b]lvPs ufpF Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf cfPsf]5 . ;?' df #@ lhNnfdf ;~rflnt of]sfoq{ md cf=j= @)&)÷&! af6 !) lhNnf yk u/]/ $@ lhNnfdf ;~rflnt /x ]sf] 5  . • g]kfndf sl[ if Ifq] sf] k|j4{g u/L vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/ x'g bz jif]{ k|wfgdGqL sl[ if cfwl' gsLs/0 f kl/ofh] gf sfoq{ md, @)&# nfu' ul/P sf] 5  . o;n] gk] fnsf] ;ft kb| ]z / && j6} lhNnfx¿ ;d]6/]  b'O{ jif{df t/s f/L afnL, tLg jif{leq vfBfGg afnL /;ft jifl{ eq kmnkmn\" df cfTdlge{/x'g !%))) ks]6x¿, !%)) Ansx¿, #)) hf]g x¿, /@! cf6] f ;k' / hfg] x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5  . • /fi6«klt ;jf{T] si[ 6 s[ifs k/' : s f/, /f i6«klt pTsi[ 6 s[ifs k'/:sf/h :tf sl[ if Ifq] nfO{ kf| ]T;fxg ug{] sfo{qmd NofOPsf] 5  . %=@=@=pBf]u >d, l;k, khF' L / kl| jlwsf] ;dl' rt ko| fu] u/L j:t ' tyf ;j] f pTkfbg ug{] Jofj;flos lqmofsnfknfO{ pBfu]  elgG5 . pBfu]  Ifq]  cflys{ ljsf;sf nflu lbuf] / e/k bf{] cfwf/ xf ] . gk] fn ;/s f/s f] Psn ko| f;df dfq ;Lldt dfqfdf pBfu] ;~rfngdf /x s] f] ;Gbed{ f kh| ftGqsf] kg\" :{ y fkgf ;uF } pbf/jfbL gLlt cjnDag, ljZjJofkLs/0fdf cfj4tf, lghLs/0 f tyf ;fjh{ lgs lghL ;femb] f/L h:tf cjwf/0fsf] ljsf; eP kZrft cfB} fl] us Ifq] sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] xf ] . gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] t'ngfTds nfesf If]qsf] klxrfg u/L pBf]usf] ljsf; lj:t f/åf/f lgof{t k|j4{g ub}{ j:t ' tyf ;]jfsf] ahf/ ljljwLs/0 f / lj:tf/ ug{], /fli6«o cyt{ Gqsf] ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;/+ If0f / k|j4g{ u/L g]kfnL >d, l;k / sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t :jfbz] L nufgLnfO{ gk] fn kl/r o÷181

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¥oflkm\\6ª ub}{ ko6{ s o;af6 pRr /fh] f/L l;hg{ f /f li6o« cy{tGqsf] k|dv' cfwf/ l;h{gf ub5{   . h;sf nflu ko6{ sLo uGtJox¿sf] ljljwLs/0f ub}{ ko{6sLo uGtJox¿sf] klxrfg / kj\" fw{ f/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/sf jl[ 4 u/]/ ul/a L Go\"gLs/0f ub}{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5  . ko6{ g ljsf;df ko6{ g pkh /lqmofsnfksf] ckl] Ift ljsf; /ljljw/0f xg' g;Sg,' cGt/fl{ i6o« :t /df ko6{ g kj| 4g{ ckl] Ift ¿kdf ug{ g;lsg,' ko6{ g kj\" fw{ f/sf] sdL xg' ,' wflds{ tyf ;f:+ s l[ ts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ;j+ 4g{ /ko6{ g ljsf;df lghL Ifq] nfO{ kofK{ t ;xefuL u/fpg g;Sg,' ko6{ g Ifq] sf] ljsf;df pBdzLntf ljsf;nfO{ hf8] g\\ g;lsg,' ko6{ g Ifq] af6 kf| Kt nfesf] Gofofl] rt ljt/0f xg' g;Sg' /ko6{ sLo ultljlw kl| jlwdq}  L gxg' ' o; Ifq]  sf dV' o ;d:o fx¿ xg'  \\ . cWofudg ljefusf cg;' f/;g\\ @)!* df :yndfua{ f6 cfPsf ef/tLo ko6{ s afxs]  !! nfv &# xhf/&@ ko6{ s gk]  fn ed| 0fdf cfPsf 5g \\ . To:t } ;g\\ @)!( df !! nfv (& xhf/! ;o (! ko6{ s gk] fn ed| 0fdf cfPsf 5g \\ . of] ;g\\ @)!* sf] tn' gfdf @ kl| tztn] dfq a9L xf]  . h;dWo] ( nfv (% xhf/ko6{ s xjfOd{ fuaf6 gk]  fn cfPsf 5g \\ . gk]  fn 3D' g cfpg] ko6{ sx¿ qmdzM ef/t , rLg, cdl] /sf, an] fot / km| fG;sf /x s] f 5g \\ . ;g\\ @)!( df gk] fn cfpg] ko6{ ssf] cf;} t a;fO !# lbg / kl| tlbg vr{ $$ cdl] /s L 8n/ /xs] f] 5  . ;g\\ @)!* df cfi} ft a;fO cjlw !@=$ lbg / kl| tlbg vr{ $$ cdl] /sL 8n/ /x s] f] lyof ] . ;ª3\\ Lo ;/+ rgf cg¿' k tLg txsf ;/sf/af6 ko6{ g Iq] df pT;fxhgs sfd ug{] jftfj/0 f tof/ ub{} es\" Dkaf6 Ifltu:| t ;f:F s l[ ts ;Dkbfx¿sf] kg\" lgd{ f0{ f gk] fn kl/ro÷185

;DkGg u//]  yk ko6{ sLo uGtJox¿sf] klxrfg ug{' kb5{   . gk] fn lelqg] clwsfz+ ko6{ sx¿n] ljdfg:y nsf] ko| fu] ug{] kfOPsfn] ] cGt/f l{ i6o« ljdfg:y nx¿sf] kj\" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ fn] ultlng' kb5{  . kf| sl[ ts ;G' b/t f, ;f:F s l[ ts ljljwtf, cgGt zflGtcfefif, cfWoflTdstf, kf| rLg 1fg / bzg{ sf] pbu\\ d:y n, hl} js ljljwtf nufotsf ko6{ sLo uGtJo / pkhx¿sf sf/0f ko6{ g sG] b| aGg] ka| n ;Defjgfn] ;dl[ 4sf] kd| v' ;Djfxssf] ¿kdf ko6{ g Ifq] nfO{ :y flkt u/L clwstd nfe lng ;lsG5  . %=@=%= j}b]lzs /fh] uf/ jt{dfg ljZjJoflks/0fsf] o'udf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cfly{s ljsf;sf] Ps dxŒjk\"0f{ cfofdsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5  . vf; u/L d'n'sdf /x]sf] a]/f]huf/ Pjd\\ cg'Tkfbs >d zlQmnfO{ pgLx¿sf]of]Uotf, l;k tyf bIftf cg'¿k cGo ljleGg d'n'sdf /f]huf/Lsf nflu k7fO{ pgLx¿dfkm{t j}b]lzs cfo -ljk|]if0f_, ;Lk, k|ljlw / cg'ej :jb]zdf leœofOG5  . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] ljz]ifu/L g]kfn h:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf] cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] kfO{G5  . g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5  . ljutsf] åGbsf] ;dodf cy{tGqsf cfGtl/s kIfx¿ s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/ nufotsf If]qx¿df gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] lg/Gt/ 6]jf k'¥ofO{/x]sf] b]lvG5  . jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/L g]kfnsf nflu /x / xfO] g afWotf /x s] f] 5  . b]zdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf cf}B fl] us If]q df cfzftLt ¿kdf ljsf; xg' g;Sbf 7n' f] ;ªV\\ ofdf o'jf zlQm j}b ]l zs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg' kg]{ afWotf /x ]sf] 5  . rfn' kGwf| F} of]hgf cg';f/ gk] fndf k|To]s jif{ sl/a kfFr nfv yk hgzlQm >d ahf/df k|jz] ug{] t/ cfGtl/s >d ahf/s f] k|zf]rg Ifdtf Go\"g x'Fbf cltl/S t >dzlQm j}b]lzs /fh] uf/L df hfg]sf] u/s] f] kfOG{ 5  . xfn sl/a Ps xhf/ oj' f b}lgs ¿kdf ljbl] zg] u/s] f 5g\\ / ljki|] f0f cfo s'n uf| x:y pTkfbgsf] cgk' ftdf cf}ift @% kl| tzt /xs] f] 5 hg' ljZjs} pRr dWo]sf] Ps xf]  . cflys{ ;jI{] f0f @)&^÷&& sf cg';f/ gk] fnn] ;:+ yfut ¿kdf !!) bz] nfO{ j}b]lzs /f h] uf/Lsf nflu v'nf u/s] f] 5 eg] JolQmut ¿kdf >d :j Lsl[ tdf !&@ dn' 'sdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x ¿ j}b ]lzs /f]huf/L df uPsf 5g\\  . @)&^ kmfug' ;Dd a}b l] zs /f]huf/Lsf nflu >d :jLs[lt lngs] f] ;ª\\Vof %) nfv $! xhf/ /xs] f] 5 eg] $& nfv (@ xhf/ sfdbf/ a}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf uPsf 5g\\  . h;dWo] bIf sfdbf/ !=% k|ltzt, @$ kl| tzt cw{bIf /&$=% k|ltzt cbIf hgzlQm ljb]lz g] xFb' f g]kfnn]o;af6 k\"0f{ nfe lng ;ls/xs] f] 5}g  . g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] d\"Vo uGtJosf ¿kdf stf/, dnl] ;of, ax/fO{g, ;fpbL c/]ljof, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6;\\ / s'a]t /xs] f 5g\\  . g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/L sf dfWodaf6 ljz]iftM ul/aL lgjf/0fdf pNn]vgLo 186÷g]kfn kl/ro

e\"ldsf vn] s] fn] ] ;/sf/L :t/af6} o;sf] k|j4g{ ul/P klg of] ljsf;sf] lb3{sflng ;f| t] xf]O{g  . dn' 'sleq} s[lif If]qsf] cfwl' glss/0 f Pjd\\ Joj;flos/0f, pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ tyf ljljw :j/f]huf/L sf cj;/ l;h{gfdfkm{t afWofTds j}bl] zs /fh] uf/Lsf] cGTo u/L bIf Pjd\\ ;Lko'Qm hgzlQmnfO{ dfq jb} l] zs /f]huf/Ldf kl/rfng ub{} j}b]lzs /fh] uf/L nfO{ ;/' lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt u/]df gk] fnn] cfly{s ljsf;df j}bl] zs /f]huf/L af6 clwstd nfe lng ;lsG5  . %=#= cf=j= @)&*÷&( sf] ah6] cf=a= @)&*÷&( sf] ah]6 g]kfn ;/s f/sf cyd{ GqL >L lji0fk' |;fb kf}8n] n] cf=j= @)&*÷&( sf nflu @)&* h]7 !% df cWofbz] dfkmt{ k]z ug{' ePsf] ah]6 lgDgfg;' f/ 5  . sn' ah]6 M !^ va{ $& ca{ %& s/f8] ^& nfv ?k}o f F . k|b]zdf hDdf M ! va{ # ca{ !& s/f8] @% nfv :yfgLoe/ hDdf M @ va{ *# ca{ ! s/f]8 #& nfv ;ª3\\ df hDdf M !@ va{ ^) ca{ *% s/f8] (% nfv  . rfn'÷k“'hLut M !) va{ %@ ca{ ** s/f8] !( nfv ljQLo M @ va{ & ca{ (& s/f]8 &^ nfv ;f| t] tkmM{ /fh Zj ;lxt cGo cfDbfgL M !@ va{ &$ ca{ () s/f]8 &# nfv  . ab} ]lzs cg'bfg M ^# ca{ #& s/f ]8 ^@ nfv ab} ]l zs C0f M # va{ ( ca{ @( s/f]8 #@ nfv /fhZj ;lxt M !@,&$,(),&# cgb' fg M ^#,#&,^@ C0f M #,)(,@(,#@ ;ª\\3 M !@,^),*%,(% k|b]z M !,)#,&),@% :yfgLo M @,*#,)!,$& lbuf] ljsf; nIo ;ª\\st] sf cfwf/d f ljlgofl] ht /sd ;fs+ l] ts/0f gul/P sf] @)=(( k|ltzt ul/aLsf] cGTo &=)& k|ltzt z\"Go ef]sd/L $=#@ k|ltzt :j:y hLjg &=^& k|ltzt u'0f:t/Lo lzIff !!=)# k|ltzt nª} l\\ us ;dfgtf )=)$ kl| tzt lbuf] ;kmf kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;j] f @=@( kl| tzt g]kfn kl/r o÷187

cfwl' gs phf{df kxrF' %=$ k|ltzt ;dfj]z L cfly{s j[l4 tyf dof{lbt sfd #=)^ kl| tzt pBfu] , gjLg vfh] / kj\" f{wf/ !$=)& kl| tzt c;dfgtf Gol\" gs/0f %=^( kl| tzt lbuf] ;x/ / j:tLx¿ *=&% kl| tzt hnafo' kl/j t{g cgs' n' g !=)! kl| tzt e;\" tx ;f| t] sf] pkofu] )=&% k|ltzt zflGtk0\" f{, Gofok\"0f{ /;zQm ;dfh &=$$ k|ltzt lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;fem]bf/L @=$# k|ltzt ah]6 sf d'Vo dV' o ljz]iftfx¿ l cflys{ jl[ 4b/ / db' f| l:kmtL b/ ^=% k|ltzt x'g] l sfl] e8 lgoGq0fdf ah6] sl] Gbt| , pkrf/ / vf]k ;l' glZrtfsf nflu ah]6 sdL xg' glbg]  l ;a} k|bz] df e\"a}ª\\s :yfkgf, vfnL hUuf Joj;flos vl] tdf nufOg] l ;/sf/n] lghL Ifq] ;uF ldn/]  æd8] Og g]kfn, d]s Og g]kfnÆ cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ l :yfgLo k\"jf{wf/ ;femb] f/L ljsf; sfo{qmd vf/]h  l ;ª3\\ , k|b]z /:y fgLo txaLr ;dGjo /;xsfo{ dfkm{t\\ ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ug{ ]  l hLjgkofu] L Pjd\\ ;LkoQ' m lzIffsf nflu kj\" fw{ f/d f nufgL l >d ahf/df kj| ]z ug]{ tyf /fh] uf/L u'dfPsf >ldsnfO{ sfd / /f]huf/Lsf] ;l' glZrttf ug{] cf=j= @)&*÷&( sf] ah6] sf] p2]Zo p2Z] ox¿ -s_ sfl] e8–!( sf] dxfdf/L af6 gful/ssf] hLjg /Iff ug{], -v_ cyt{ Gqsf]zL3| k'g?Tyfg ug{ cflys{ ultljlw Pj+ ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf nflu sfo{qmdnfO{ tLat| f lbg], -u_ /f Hosf] nfs] sNof0fsf/L el\" dsfnfO{ ;b' [9 agfpg], ;fdflhs ;/' I ff Pj+ ;+/I f0f k|bfg ug{] / ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{,] -3_ ;fj{hlgs lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdf pknAw ;f| t] / ;fwgnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf kl/r fng ub}{ pTyfgzLn cy{tGq lgdf0{ f ug{], lll 188÷g]kfn kl/ro