Nepal Parichya

g]kfndf klg o; kl/j f/sf] ;tf/÷ ;Gyfn effiffsf] k|ofu] x'g] ub5{   . o; efiff kl/j f/s f dV' o tLg zfvf b]lvG5g\\– d'G8f of sfn] , df]g:jd]/ / cGgfd dc' fª  . df]g–Vd]/ efiff ;dx\" o; kl/jf/sf] ckI] ffst[ ;zQm b]lvG5  . o; efiffdf ;flxTosf] nv] g klg ePsf] b]lvG5  . dfg] –:jd]/afxs] cGo efiffx¿df ;flxTo–l;hg{ f ePsf] kfOFb}g  . o; kl/j f/s f k|dv' eflifs ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\\ M • d'VotM clZni6 of]ufTdstf • ljelQmsf] sfd pk;u{af6 lnOg] efiff • lnË lgwf/{ 0fsf lglDt d\"n lnË lgwf{/s zAbsf] k|ofu] ul/g] efiff -h:t } cfFl8of s'nM af3, Pª\\uf s'nMal3gL_ • tLgcf6] f jrg ePsf] efiff • k?' ifcg';f/ lqmofdf ¿keb] gkfOg] efiff cflb  . tflnsf g+= &=! g]kfndf afl] ng] ljleGg efiffkl/jf/ cGtu{tsf efiffx¿ qm=;+ efiff kl/jf/ efiffx¿ ! ef/f ]k ]nL g]k fnL, d}lynL, ef]hk/' L, cjlw, yf¿, /f hjz+ L, bgj' f/L dfemL, af6] ], b/}, s'dfn, r'/6] L, df8jf/L, pb\"{ g]jf/L, u?' ª, tfdfª, lnDa,\" ltAatL, zk] f,{ lh/]n, sfut,] Nxf]d,] ªf]Nkf, l5t'/L ª, Nxfs] ], nK] rf, 3n,] ysfnL, dgfª, kj\" L{ ss] ], 5Gt]n, @ lrlgofF ltAatL Jof;L, du/, /fhL, /fp6,] klZrdL tfdfª, ah' f, b/' f, vfd, rk] fª, yfdL, e|Fd', jfo' -xfo_' , kx/L, lwdfn, d]r,] s';'08f, /fO,{ ls/ftL, ;g' 'jf/L, kxf/L # cfUg]o ;tf/jf ;GyfnL, cl8of $ b|lj8 emfFu8 jf wfFu8 % cGo vflnª, 8f]6]nL , v; jf v; s/' f, p/fp &=!=$ sx] L efiffefifLsf lnlkx¿ ;+:s[t, g]k fnL, lxGbL tyf xfn k|rlnt g]jf/L efiffdf k|rlnt lnlk b]j gfu/L gk] fn kl/ro÷239

lnlk ljsf; tflnsf lnlk g} xf] h'g af| x\\dL lnlkaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5  . o:tf] nfs] lk|o af| XdL lnlksf] pTklQaf/] dt}So /xs] f] kfOFb}g  . gf/b :d l[ t, j[x:klt :d[lt, h}g uG| y 240÷gk] fn kl/ro

n'lDagLsf] czf]s :tDedf ePsf] af| XdL lnlksf] clen]v / Jxg] ;fª\\sf] j0fg{ cg;' f/ :jod\\ aX| dfhLaf6 ;l[ i6 ePsf] lnlk ePsf] xg' fn] af| XdL lnlk /Xof] eGg] dfGotf kfOG5  . To:t } lrlgof af4} wds{ f] ljZjsfz] sf nv] s kmfjfG;lngn] pNnv] u/c] g;' f/ s'g} a|x\\df gfdsf cfrfon{ ] ;[li6 u/]sf] lnlk xg' fn] a|fXdL lnlk /xg uPsf] xf] elgG5  . gk] fnsf] ;Gb{edf O;fkj\" { t];f| ] ztfAbLdf ;d|f6 czf]s åf/f n'lDagLdf :yflkt czf]s :t Dedf / slknj:t'sf] lglUnxjfdf k|fKt :t Deflen]v df clÍt a|fXdL lnlk xfn;Dd k|fKt ;ae}  Gbf k/' fgf]jf klxnf] lnlk dflgG5 . lj=;+= %@! kl5 kf| Kt @)) hlt lnR5ljsfnLg clenv]  x¿ klg af| XdL lnlksf ljsl;t ¿k dflgG5g\\ . gk] fnL, lxGbL, ;:+ s [t / k|rlnt gj] f/L efiffsf] lnlk bj] gfu/L lnlk xf ] . of] af| XdL lnlksf] t;] |f] ¿k s'l6nf lnlk / /~hgf lnlksf] ;lDd>0f 5  . of] lnlk b]jgfu/L jf b]jtfsf] lnlk ePsfn] b]jgfu/L lnlk /xs] f] cg'dfg 5  . gjfF} ztfAbLb]lv kGwf| F} ztfAbL;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ kf| rLg b]jgfu/L lnlk / ;qf}F ztfAbLb]l v xfn;Dd b]jgfu/L u/L of] lnlknfO{ b'O{ v08df afFl8Psf] 5  . kf| rLg sfndf a|fXdL lnlksf bO' { ¿k lyP eg] dWosfndf emG8} @ bhg{ eGbf a9L lnlkx¿ ljsl;t eP, h;dWo] sx] Lsf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5 M gk] fn kl/r o÷241

• g]kfnL÷lxGbL M b]j gfu/L lnlk • g]j f/L lnlk M /~hgf, a|fDxL, kr| lnt, el' hd+ f,] kfrF d' f,] sl' 6nf cflb lnlk • lnDa\" M l;l/hª3\\ f lnlk • pb\"{ M c/a L lnlk &=@ ;flxTo efiffs} dfWodaf6 ;flxTosf] cleJolQm x'G5  . ;flxTo zAbsf] Ifq] Jofks jf lj:tt[ /xs] f] 5  . ;+:s [tdf sfJonfO{ g} ;flxTo elgPsf] kfOP tfklg jtd{ fgdf rflxF sfJo / ;flxTo cnu–cnu cl:tTjdf /x s] f kfOG5g \\ . ;flxTon] syf, sljtf, pkGof;, lgaGw, gf6s cflb ;a}n fO{ ;d6] 5\\  . kj\" Lo{ ljåfg efdxsf cg;' f/ æzAb / cys{ f] ;xefj g} ;flxTo xf]Æ  . g]k fndf kr| lnt kd| 'v efiffx¿df ;flxTo l;h{gf ePsf]5 . oBlk To:t f ;flxTosf]  klxrfg xg' g;ss] f] cj:yf /x s] f] 5  . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ tLg sfndf ljefhg u/L cWoog ul/P sf] kfOG5 M -s_ k|fylds sfn M k|f/Debl] v lj=;= !(#( ;Dd ;?' b]lv df]tL/fd e§sf] tyf zª[ \\uf/sfn ;'?cft xg' k' j\" {sf] ;do cfpF5  . o; cjlwdf lgDg tflnsf g+= &=@ df plNnlvt clen]v x¿ -lznfkq, tfd|kq, sgskq cflb_ /k|frLg x:t lnlvt u|Gyx¿;d]t sf];do klg kb5{  . tflnsf g=+ &=@ efiffut clenv] x¿ ;do clenv] lj=;+=!!$^ ;u+ f| d l;x+ n] hf/L u/s] f] hD' nfsf] 8d' f| sf6] sf] clenv] lj=;+=!#!@ l;Ghf -hD' nf_ sf v; dNNf /fhf czfs] rNnsf] lznfnv] lj=;=+ !#!&–!#@& hD' nfsf v; dNn /f hf cIfo dNnsf] clenv] lj=;=+ !##& c5fdsf] cIfo b]jndf kf| Kt cIfo dNnsf] clen]v lj=;=+ !#$$ gfu dNnsf] clenv] lj=;=+ !#&# bn} v] df kf| Kt clen]v lj=;+=!#&* uf/] vfdf kf| Kt cflbTo dNnsf] clen]v 242÷g]kfn kl/ro

lj=;+=!#*% uf]/v fdf kf| Kt k'0o dNnsf] clenv] lj=;=+ !#(# lkpyk{d' f k|fKt k0' o dNnsf] clenv] lj=;=+ !#($ k0' odNnsf] clen]v lj=;=+ !$!# kY[ jL dNnsf] h'Dnfsf] sgskq lj=;=+ !$!$ k[YjL dNnsf] h'7fBf] hfO] ;L lnvt tfd|kq lj=;+=!$!^ lg/o kfnsf] clen]v lj=;+=!$## ceo dNnsf] wd{/f h hf]O;L lnlvt clenv] lj=;+=!$$* ceo dNnsf] clenv] lj=;+=!$&* aemfª\\df kf| Kt ;'dlt jdf{sf] tfdk| q lj=;=+ !%#& 8f6] Ldf kf| Kt sLlt{ dNnsf] tfd|kq lj=;=+ !&)! kxf8L zfxLsf] tfdk| q lj=;+=!&)$ hD' nfsf /fhfaxfb/'  zfxsf] tfdk| q lj=;+=!&@& sf7df8fs}F f] /fgLkfv] /Ldf k|fKt kt| fk dNnsf] clenv] lj=;+=!&^) Ko7' fgsf /fhf kY[ jLkltsf] tfd|kq gk] fnL efiff / ;flxTosf] cWoogsf] qmddf kf| rLg x:tlnlvt uG| yx¿ klg dxŒjk0\" f{ dflgG5g\\ . !% cfF} ztfAbLbl]v kfOPsf o:t f k|frLg u|Gyx¿ lgs}  dxŒjk0\" f{ dflgG5g\\  . h:tf] M ef:jtL, /fhf uugL/fhsf] ofqf, v08sfJo, /fdzfxsf] hLjgL, jfhk/LIff, Hj/f ]TklQ lrlsT;f, kf| olZrt kb| Lk g[kZnf]sL uG| y / cfi} fwL /; fog uG| y, cflb  . gk] fnL ;flxTo nv] gsf] k|f/De k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] gk] fn PsLs/0fsf] cleofg;Fu} ePsf] lyof ] . To;}n] ;fx;, k/fqmd, jL/tf / k?' iffy{sf] sljtfTds cleJolQmaf6 gk] fnL ;flxTosf] ;'?jft ePsf] kfOG5  . ;j' fgGb bf; g]kfnsf klxnf slj dflgG5 . -v_ dfWolds sfn M lj=;= !($) b]lv !(&$ ;Dd of] ;do ljnf;L /f0ffx¿sf] rsrsL ou' ePsfn] ] tTsfnLg ;flxTodf klg o;sf] ke| fj kg{ uO{ z[ªu\\ fl/s sfJo tyf sljtfx¿sf] ;h[ gf ePsf] bl] vG5  . g]kfn kl/ro÷243

jL/u fyfaf6 ;'? ePsf] g]kfnL ;flxToofqf k|fylds sfnd} elQm;fwgfdf kj| ]z ul/; s]sf] lyof ] . jf:tjdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] dfWolds sfnnfO{ dft] L/fd e§sfn eg] klg xG' 5  . cNk cfod' f d[To' ePsf df]tL/fd e§n] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} gk] fnL ;flxTodf 7n' f] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf lyP  . pgn] o; sfndf 5fkfvfgf vf]nL w/] } k':t sx¿ 5kfPsf lyP  . lj=;= !($# df cfˆg} ;DkfbsTjdf uf]/vf ef/t hLjg gfds ;flxlTos klqsf k|sfzg u/]sf lyP  . pgn] >[ªu\\ fl/s sljtfsf] gt] [Tj u/s] f lyP  . dfWolds sfndf z[ª\\ufl/s sljtfx¿dfq /lrP eGg ldNb}g  . /f0ffsfnsf] To; r/df]Tsif{ ;dodf klg pTs[i6 /r gfx¿ /lr Psf lyP . o; sfndf df]lt/fdnufot zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\\u]n, uf]kLgfy nf]xgL, rqmkf0fL rfln;], ;f]dgfy l;UBfn, lul/zjNne hf]zL, /fdk|;fb ;Tofn, kxndfg l;+x :jfF/ cflb kb{5g\\ . dfWoflds sfnnfO{ k\"j{dWo sfn -elQm ;flxTo_ /pQ/d Wo sfn -z[ª\\uf/ ;flxTo_ u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5  . elQm wf/fdf klg s[i0f elQm wf/f, /fdelQm wf/f / lgu'{0f elQm wf/f u/L tLg k|sf/sf ;flxTox¿ kfOG5 . -u_ cfwl' gs sfn M lj=;+= !(&% bl]v xfn;Dd slj lz/fd] l0f n]vgfy kf}8 \\ofnsf] cfudg;uF } g]kfnL ;flxTodf cfwl' gs sfnsf] ;?' jft ePsf] dflgG5  . pgsf] …Ct'ljrf/Ú  sfJo -lj=;=+ !(&#_ df k|sflzt ePkl5 gk]fnL sljtfdf cfwl' gs sfnsf] ;?' jft ePsf]dflgG5 . afnsi[ 0f ;dsf] …d '6'sf] JoyfÚ gf6s, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/f nfsf] …bf]ifL r:dfÚ syf, ki' s/;d;/] sf] …nIoxLgÚ Psfª\\sL / afnsi[ 0f ;dsf] …afS] ;LÚn fO{ cfwl' gs ;flxTo dflgG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTon] @))& ;fnkl5 tLj| ult tyf prfO lnFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . gk] fn /fhsLo k1| f kl| ti7fgsf] :y fkgf, dbg k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgfnufotsf ultljlwn] klg ;flxTosf] ;d[l4df ofu] bfg k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5  . gk] fnL sljtfdf yflnPsf] @)!^–@)!& ;fnlt/sf cfofd]n L cfGbfn] gn] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ gofF df]8 lbPsf]dflgG5 . tL; bzskl5 gk] fnL sljtf b?' xtfsf] ef;af6 p7\\b};xhtf /snfTdstftkm{ pGd'v ePsf] kfOG5 . o;kl5 sljtf kmf6F df gofgF ofF z}nL, ko| f]u / wf/fx¿ bv] fkg{ yfn ] . gk] fnL ;flxTo kl5Nnf] bzsdf cfP/ pQ/–cfwl' gs lrGtgaf6 ke| fljt eO/x]sf] 5  . k/D k/f ut ;flxlTos ljwfsf :j¿k / z}nLdf lj36g cfPsf] 5  . lrGtg, z}nL / ljifonfO{ cTofwl' gs tl/s fn] ;flxTodf k|of]u ul/bF } 244÷g]k fn kl/ro

cfPsf] 5  . o;/L gk] fnL ;flxTo cfwl' gs sfn;Dd cfOkU' bf w/] } ks| f/sf ;flxlTos s[ltx¿ k|sflzt eO;ss]  f] kfOG5 . tflnsf g+= &=# gk] fnL efiffsf sx] L ;flxTosf/ / ltgsf k|dv' sl[ tx¿ gfd÷pkgfd ks| flzt k:' tsx¿ efg'eQm cfrfo{ -cflbslj_ aw'lzIff, k|ZgfQ] /, eQmdfnf, df]tL/f d e§ -o'jf slj, k~rs kk| ~r, lksbt\" , uhG] bd| f]If, z[ª\\ufl/s slj_ uk' mfi6s, sgs ;G' b/L, lko| blz{sf zDe'k;| fb 9'Ën] -cfz'slj_ zs'Gtnf, jL/l ;Ssf n]vgfy kf8} o\\ fn Ct' ljrf/, al' 4ljgfb] , t?0f tk;L, -slj lz/f]dl0f_ u+ufuf}/L, nIdLk\"hf, uf}/ L uf/} j hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x cIf/d fnf, e\"ufn] ljBf, kbfy{tŒj, lzIff bk0{ f, Jojxf/d fnf, tTj kz| +;f kxndfgl;+x :j f/F  c6n axfb/' , Psnfv ?lkofFsf] rf/] L ;\"ol{ jqmd 1jfnL bJ| o zfx, /fdzfx, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, u¿' k;| fb d}gfnL cd/l;+x yfkf, gk] fnL ;l+ IfKt zAbsfz] gf;f] afnsi[ 0f ;dz/]  /f 0ff d6' s' f] Joyf, kN| xfb, ds' G' b OlGb/f, cGwju] , -afnsi[ 0f ;d, gf6o\\ ;df| 6_ eQmefge' Qm, d, kd]| lk08, cd/l;x+ , df6fs] f] ddtf, led;g] sf] cGTo, dfl] t/f d, pm d/s] L 5g} , lgoldt cfsl:d stf nIdLk|;fb b]jsf6f kxf8L k'sf/, ;'gsf] laxfg, 5x/f, k'tnL, -dxfslj_ dT[ o' z}ofaf6, cfsfz afN] 5, dg} f, /f j0f h6fo' o'4, zfsG' tn, ;n' f]rgf, dxf/f0ff ledlglw ltjf/L kt| fk, k[YjL/f h rf}xfg, d'gfdbg, rDkf, nIdL syf ;ªu\\ |x, nIdL lgaGw ;ª\\u|x ;xgzLnf ;l' znf, kt' nL, rft} f/f, nIdLgf/fo0f, df6f]sf] dfof, sljtf s'Gh, lj:kmf6] g]kfn kl/ro÷245

ejfgL bf; u'Ktf ug' sz] /L, do} f ;fxj] , cfjt{, 5fof, ks| fz, -ejfgL leIf'_ cfut rGbk| |;fb kw| fg -xb[ orGb|l;x kw| fg_ e:\" ju{, h'uF f, ckm;f;] , u+ufnfnsf] lrtf, :jf:gLdfG5,] Pslrxfg l;l4r/0f >i] 7 -ou' slj_ sfl] knf, d/] f] k|ltljDa, s'lx/f ] / 3fd, ufk] fnk|;fb l/dfn pj;{ L, cfF;,' led;g]  yfkf 8fodg ;d;]/  /f0ff cfdfsf] ;kgf, d;fg, of] kd|] uf]l jGbaxfb'/ dNn -uf7] fn_] j;GtL, ;t]  f] af3, ;Tko| f;, clgtf ux[ kj| z] sy}syf, k|d] / dT[ o,' e;' sf] cfuf], RofltPsf] kbf,{ efs] f] 3/ lzjs'df/ /fO{ km| flG6o/, vx/,] 8fsF au+ nf, 8fFkmr] /L ufl] jGbk|;fb k|wfg eGHofª lg/}, zflns, cfutdf kfOnf 6]s/]  -si[ 0frbl| ;x+ kw| fg_ gjd~h/L , 3fdkfgL, lsGg/ lsGg/L, afnf nx/L, uf/} L , /fhZ] j/L , kflkgL cfdf, /fi6« lgdft{ f, zsG' tnf, dfnltdªu\\ n,] cfkm\\g} af;F '/L cfkm\\g} uLt dfwjk;| fb l3ld/] -/fi6« slj_ 246÷gk] fn kl/r o

OGb|axfb/'  /fO{ ljkgf sltko, syf:y f, cfh /ldtf 5 o:tf] klg, sfnf] cIf/, sfutLsf] l;/k, sdndl0f bLlIft as' L ;g' , ;Unf] cIf/ e\"k]Gbd| fg z/] rg -e\"lk 3'Dg] d]rdfly cGwf] dfG5], kl/j t{g, z/] rg_ dg} aQLsf] lzvf e}/ j cofn{ jflg/f lu/L hoeF8' L, sfpst' L, unaGbL, bz cft}  f/ Pp6f lhpbF f] hu+ axfb/' , sf/ª u\\ f/, lgaGw lji0f's'df/L jfOjf -kfl/hft_ lz/L;fsf] kmn\" , d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f/] f,] kvf{n leq / aflx/, dxQfxLg, aF};sf] emdssd' f/L l3ld/] dfG5], cGtd{v' L, cfsf+Iff hLjg sf8F f ls kmn\" , ;ª\\sNk, cfkmg\\ }  s]bf/dfg l;+x -Jolyt_ lrtf clUglzvflt/, dfG5l] eqsf of4] fx¿, cj;fg kl5sf] cfudg, emds l3ld/s] f ljZjZ] j/k|;fb sf]O /fnf sljtfx¿ ;ª\\ud, k0| fj, cfjfh, lqj]0 fL, d/] f] u0fz] axfb'/ yn' ª' -u0fz] ;kgfdf xfd|f] bz] / xfdL /l ;s_ tn' ;Lk|;fb hfz] L -tn' ;L ;'lDgdf, bfi] fL r:d f, dfb] L cfOg, lx6n/ / lbj;_ oxb' L, aa' f, cfdf / 5f/] f , cfˆgf] syf dxG] bj| L/ljqmd zfxbj] -d=jL=lj= zfx_ lIflthnfO{ 5g' vf]Hbf, ha l;:g'x¿ 6]Sb} ltnljqmd g]D afª -j}/fuL lx8],F sfOnF f_ jf;b' ]j n'O6n] -et\" sf] g]kfnL nfs] syf ;ªu\\ x| , t'n;L lbj;sf] legfh'_ sljtf p;s} f nflu, km]l/ p;}sf nflu j/} fuL sfOFnfsf] sljtfx¿ j/} ª\\uozts, e\"t 5}g, sfsfsf s'/f, eLd;]g kftL g]kfn kl/ro÷247

d]3/fh gk] fn -d~hn' _ ;Demgfsf kfOnfx¿, ;flF xnL df]/LnfO,{ ufos ofqL df]bgfy kf8} ]n -kl| >t_ emf;F LsL /fgL, s]xL ;f+:sl[ ts lgaGwx¿, /fdZ] j/k ;| fb zdf{ rfln;] dfgj dxfsfJo, cfdfsf]cf;,'F gf/L aGwg -/d ]z ljsn_ / d'lQm rt] dfgl;x+ e08f/L l;u+ f/L afvf| ,] nfx'/L eF;} L, gofF ;8ssf] -dg' a|fhfsL_ uLt, lj/fgf] bz] df, pld{nf efph,\" Pp6f tf/fgfy zdf{ e08f/L -tfgf a9' f] EjfOlngM cfzfj/Lsf] wg' df zdf_{ /df]nfbj] L zfx -l5Ggntf_ e¥ofª, cjd\"Nog, cfsfzsf]kmn\" , ltd|L cR5f /fO{ -/l;s_ :jf:gL / d, nf6f, cGgk\"0ffs{ f] ef]h nf]s gfy kGt -ud' fgL kGt_ d/] f] syf, cfe] m]n kbf{, ;n' L, ememNsf], g]kfnb]lv cd]l /s f;Dd zDek' |;fb 9ª' \\u]n -cfz'slj_ cGt/e fjgf, cGtt{/Ë , cGt:k {Gbg uf]kfn kf08] -c;Ld_ ;Ktsf;] L, e\"F8L, nug, bf]efg Uffk] Lgfy dg} fnL -klys_ /fdgfd k~rflzsf, uu+ f zts, kml0fGb|/fh e§/fO{ -v]tfnf_ s[i0ffi6sd\\ lji0f'/fh cfq]o -nf6f];fyL_ /TgfjnL, z's;fu/, tft] fdg} fsf] syf df]xg /f O{ -bv' 'g_ r'8fdl0f aGw' pkWofo /fi6e« fiff / ;flxTo -ljj]rgf_ -aGw'_ cj;fb clegoL, cfvF fe/L /ldtf dge/L j]bgf, ou' slj l;l4r/0f M s[lt / kj| l[ Q ljZni] f0f 5fFuf] / 5fof, gfukmgL / :jf:gLdfG5,] dl\" t{ afN] 5 xfdLleqsf d, 9fqm,] slknj:t ' hng, kd]|  Pp6f clezfk, dGbflsgL efifflj1fg, cg';Gwfg k|jGwsf] ¿k / z}nL 248÷g]k fn kl/ro

z+s/ sfO] /fnf v}/g] L3f6 gq] dl0f ;'j]bL g]q -P6d_ d~h' ltjf/L -sfFr'nL_ pkGof; l;4fGt / gk] fnL pkGof; ls/0 fsf 5fnx¿, sx] L syf s]x L kl/lw xfdf| ] nfs] ;+:s[lt, gk] fnL /fli6«o d'b|f, s0ffn{ L ;:+ s l[ t ;Todf]xg hfz] L -;f:F s [lts slj_ eQmaxfb'/ >i] 7 -;?eQm_ slj kd|]  L /kfun, o'4 pxL UofF; RfD] j/leq, Oltxf;leqsf] Oltxf;, Oy/, jf;'bj] >]i7 -kf;f_ t?gL v]t L, kfun a:t L, ;do qf;bL bof/f d >i] 7 ;Dej lkmlnËf], kms{]/ xb] f{ , ls;fg, kbf,{ ;dfh ;Gbe{ / d\"Nofªs\\ g, ef/tLo gk] fnL syf, oj' /fh d}gfnL jL/s fnLg sljtf dfx] g/fh 9sfn zdf{ db' f{ af]Nof], s]x L k|ltef s]xL k|jl[ Q, -df]/fz_ e|i6frf/sf] efª gf/f o0f jfUn] RofFv] wgf{, /; lrgf/L, sf]/f ,{ v}j /L kNk;f Sofkm], do'/ 6fOD; gk] fn kl/r o÷249

lnnfWjh yfkf dg zªs\\ / nfld5fg] cA:6«ofS6 lrGtg / Kofh bf}n t ljqmd lji6 rkfOPsf cgx' f/, Hofl] t Hofl] t dxfHofl] t cd/ Gofk} fg] ;]t f] w/tL hubLz l3ld/] cGt/d gsf] ofqf, ;s; s0f{ zfSo ;fr] , vf]h, df]h, d ;S5' / 8f]Nkf] clnlvt, tyfslyt, Tof] Pp6f s/' f , w|j' rGb| uf}td cFWof/f] åLkdf emf]n f, u:] 6fkf], 6'F8fn, z/0ffyL{ s[i0f wf/f af;L dfwjL, :j t] sfnL dbgdl0f bLlIft tfk zf/bf zdf{ 5fkfdf/sf] 5f]/f], l;kfxLsL :jf:gL dxz] ljqmd zfx bldgL le/ /f hg d'sf?ª ;kgfsf] ;dflw tf/fnfn >i] 7 Nf', pnf/, ;NnLlk/, 3fdls/L, of/ gog/f h kf08] 3fdsf kfOnfx¿, oxfbF l]v ToxfF;DDf wgi' frGb| uf]tfd] Psfb]zsL dxf/fgL, afRF g] Pp6f lhGbuL sz] j/fh lkF8fnL pT;u{ k]|d /fhZ] j/ b]j sf6] f uªs\\ L w:' jfF ;fodL k\"mn cfO] nfPkl5 jf;' zzL a;fOF, aXdkq' sf] 5p] 5fp nLnaxfb'/ If]qL ¿kdtL ?b|/fh kf08] ;a} lal;P{ sf cgx' f/, k|ltlglw syfx¿ k/z' k|wfg :jKg ;Ddn] g, sfF8fsf k\"mnx¿ dg'hafa' ld> cfufs] f km\" nx¿ xg' \\ cfufs f km\" nx¿ xg} g\\ OZ{ j/ jNne 250÷gk] fn kl/r o

dfx] g sf]O/fnf Ct' lgdGq0f lbg]z clwsf/L cltl/Q m clen]v , OGbh| fqf xl/j+z cfrfo{ lrgf x/f Psf] dfG5,] xl/axfb/'  dbgs[i0f >]i7 dxsf] d sG' bg zdf{ Pp6L 5f/] Lsf] syf, d/] f sljtfx¿, ofd] g s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL slnnf] 3fd s] 5/ lhGbuL latfOlbG5,' of] kZ| g sfl] ;t sfnLk|;fb l/hfn ;f]w f}F ufda;] Lsf uLt, gkm\" ns] f km\" nx¿ Ifq] kt| fk clwsf/L hLjgsf] nIo >j0f ds' f?ª hLjGt ofqf, ;f/ly kX| nfb kfv] /]n gofF nx/ Zofdbf; ji} 0fj g/l ;x+ cjtf/ hubLz ;d;]/ /f0ff gjkNnj jf;b' ]j lqkf7L kf| s[t kfv] /f ds' G' bz/0f pkfWofo abgfd d]/f oL cfvF fx¿ xl/eQm s6'jfn et/]  / cfFvfx¿ s0ffb dxlif{ o;kfnL t dg} kmf6o\\ f] /fhG] b| yfkf l;hg{ fsf] nx/ bj} 1/f h Gofk} fg] ;\"o{ :g fg si[ 0f k|wfg cBflk /c¿ syf efp kGyL cs}{ k|:t/ lszf]/ gk] fn cwl{ j/fd czi] f dNn cfFvL Efm\\ ofn, dfg; kfi] f0f kf08] lbzfxLg cfsf; uf]k fn k/f h'nL g]k fn kl/ro÷251

sd' f/ 1jfnL aGbL hLjg, eTss] f] uF8' nfs] G] b|axfb/'  rGb lj;h{g, lxpsF f] tGgf clgtf tn' fw/ ;\"o{ u|x0f ljhos'df/ kf08] v;' L a'l4;fu/ s0ff{nL Anh' , lkm/l km/] ;/' z] kf| ~hnL tO' g tflnsf g=+ &=$ g]kfnsf cGo sx] L efiffsf n]vs / k':tsx¿ qm= n]vs k:' ts efiff ;= 5\\jf;M g]jf/L ! s]bf/dfg Jolyt ;/f;' gj] f/L dfltgfof Do] -k|d] /;sf @ k\"0fa{ xfb'/ j}B nfs] uLtx¿sf] ;ª\\sng_ gj] f/L uDsL -pkGof;_ # k|]daxfb/'  s;+ fsf/ gf;kmfM gj] f/L cfv]-cgl' bt syf ;ª\\u|x _ g]jf/L $ w':jfF ;fodL xg\\ fos -pkGof;_ g]jf/L % /fdzv] / yM 5\\o]+ -syf ;ª\\u|x_ gj] f/L ^ tLy/{ fh t'nfwf/ cDjkfnL -gf6s_ gj] f/L & O{Zj/gGb >i] 7frfo{ tfrfKjfFof g]jf/L * bn' e{ nfn sdf{rfo{ lrqfjnL - sfJosl[ t_ g]jf/L ( leIf' ;b' z{g v8\\ul;l4 -Psfs+ L ;ªu\\ |x_ cjwL !) jf;' zzL Gxu' \" k'v\" -lgaGw_ g]jf/L !! p;dfg ;dfnfr] gfof l;4fGt g]jf/L !@ xd] nfn hf]zL g]j f/L !# k]|daxfb'/ s+;fsf/ !$ dl0fsnfn >i] 7 252÷g]kfn kl/ro

!% sdnk;| fb dNn d;' M lgaGw gM ln;jgf gj] f/L -lgaGw ;ª\\sng_ !^ lgi7fgGb ah|frfo{ nlntlj:t f/f -wflds{ uG| y_ g]jf/L !& k1| fGb leIf' wfte' b] g'k:; gf -bzg{ uG| y_ gj] f/L !* l;l4g/l;x+ sflQs gfr g]jf/L !( sljs]z/L lrQw/ xb[ o nlntlj:t/ gj] f/L d}lynL @) cu:6; sfg/]8f] xl/ZrGb|gT[ od\\ -gf6s_ dl} ynL -ljbz] L_ @! /fhf huHHof]l tdN{ n x/u f}/ L ljjfx -gf6s @@ ;/; /fd cfgGb – ljhogfl6sf dl} ynL @# glGbklt si[ 0f sl] ndfnf]s dl} ynL @$ ljnfn uf}/L–:j o+j/g fl6sf, dl} ynL ?Ssd0fLx/0 f @% slj dfy/'  sfgg sGog, s[ifs dl} ynL @^ /dfsfGt sfk8L Joyf -v08sfJo_ d}lynL @& a|hlszf/]  7fs/'  cWoog cf+} ljj]r gf d}lynL @* Hoflt/L Zj/ j0f{–/Tgfsf/ -uBu|Gy_ dl} ynL @( dxfslj ljBfklt b]lzn aofg dl} ynL #) zflGt rf}w/L æyf¿Æ lau8n tfx] / yf¿ ;dfh x,] yf¿ sGofl} t, a6] L, xd/ bw' ' -d/] L cfdf_ #! Odfgl;+x rD] hfª] ls/ftdG' w'dvfxg' -lzIff_ lnDa\" #@ /fdk;| fb /fo axc' f cf}/  ax'l/o f yf¿ -pkGof;¿kL gf6s_ ## /l jGb| tfdfª d'Unfg/L PsfËL -gf6s_,@)^& tfdfª #$ s];fË df]Qmfg tfdfª /l] Ghg bf]h{] -pkGof;_ tfdfª #% hfo;L kbdfjt -sfJosl[ t_ cjwL gk] fn kl/ro÷253

&=@=! gk] fnsf k|d'v ;flxTos k'/:sf/x¿ dbg k'/: sf/ :j = h= dbg;d;/]  /f 0ffsf] :d l[ tdf /f gL hubDafaf6 :y flkt dbg k/' : sf/sf] 3fi] f0ff @)!@ ;fn c;fh] !) ut] ePsf] lyof ] . k/' :s f/ kb| fg ug{] klxnf] 3fi] f0ff @)!# ;fndf ePsf] xf] eg] o;sf] ljt/0 f @)!$ ;fnbl] v ;¿' ePsf] xf ] . u7' Lsf] lg0fo{ cg;' f/ kf| /Dedf k/' : sf/s f] /s d $ xhf/ /x s] fd] f :j0f{ jifs{ f] cj;/d f @)^! ;fnbl] v o;sf] /sd @ nfv ePsfd] f @)&% ;fnbl] v k/' : sf/ /f zL $ nfv ?lkofF agfOPsf] 5  . lj=;=+ @)#! / @)## ;fndf of] k/' : s f/ s;n} fO{ kb| fg ul/P sf] lyPg  . dbg k'/:sf/ Ps jif{leq gk] fnL efiffdf k|sflzt ePsf pTs[i6 s[ltx¿ dWo] PsnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] k/' :s f/ xf ] . tflnsf g=+ &=% dbg k'/:sf/ kfpg] s]xL s[lt / >i6fx¿ qm=; >i6fsf] gfd s[lt ;fn …xfdf| ] nf]s;+:s [ltÚ @)!# klxnf] k6s ! ;Todfx] ghf]zL, lrQ/~ hg …hg/n eLd;g] yfkfÚ / gk] fnL / an/fd hfz] L …c lwsljej l:y/ljB't\\ @)^( pTkfbsÚ @ /fhg ds' f?ª …b ldgL le/Ú # /fwf kf}8 ]n vnËfdf xdnf @)&) $ ljho s'df/ v';L @)&! % /fdnfn hfz] L Pg] f @)&@ ^ 3gZofd sF8]n wt[ /f i6« @)&# & lgnd sfsL{ …lgxfl/s fÚ ofu] dfof @)&$ * of]uz] /f h /0fxf/ @)&% ( rGbk| |sfz afFlgof dxf/f gL @)&^ hubDaf>L k/' :sf/ /f gL hubDafsf] :j uf/{ f x] 0fkl5 lghsf] k0' o :d l[ tdf u7' Ln] @)$% ;fndf :yfkgf u/s] f] ! nfv /f zLsf] k/' : s f/ hubDaf>L ;fx] L ;fnaf6 g} ljt/0f ePsf] xf] / xfn o; k/' :s f/s f] /sd ¿= $ nfv kb| fg ug{] ul/P sf] 5  . @)$% ;fndf gf/f o0fufk] fn u¿' jfrfon{ ] ;jk{ y| d of] k/' :sf/ kf| Kt uge'{ Psf] lyof ] . hubDaf>L gk] fnL efiff, ;+:sl[ t, ;flxTonufotsf ljljw Ifq] df pNnv] gLo 254÷gk] fn kl/ro

of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ kb| fg ul/g ] k'/:s f/ xf]  . tflnsf g+= &=^ hubDjf>L k'/:s f/ kfpg] sx] L s[lt / >i6fx¿ qm=; >i6fsf] gfd ;fn ! gf/fo0fuf]kfn u¿' jfrfo{ @)$% klxnf] k6s @ >L nLnfaxfb/'  IfqL @)&@ # >L b'uf{ a/fn -jfT:o fog_ @)&# $ >L zfGtbf; dfgGw/ @)&$ % j/} f uL sfOFnf -tLn ljqmd gD] afª_ @)&% ^ zflGt 76fn @)&^ ;femf k'/:sf/ ;femf k/' : sf/ ;femf ks| fzgåf/f :yflkt k/' :sf/ xf]  . ;femf ks| fzgåf/f jif{le/ ks| flzt ljleGg ljwfsf k:' tsx¿dWo] ;jfT{] s[i6 sl[ tnfO{ kb| fg ul/G5  . o; k'/:s f/sf] :yfkgf lj=;=+ @)@^ ;fndf ePsf] xf]  . 3D' g] dr] dfly cGwf] dfG5,] ek\" L z]/r gåf/f lnlvt / ;femf k|sfzgn] ahf/df NofPsf] g]k fnL efiffsf] sljtf ;ª\\‌u|x xf]  . of] sljtf ;ª‌u\\ |x ;femf k'/:s f/ -@)@^_ kf| Kt ug]{ klxnf] sl[ t xf]  . o; k'/:sf/sf] /f lz %! xhf/ /x s] f] 5  . tflnsf g+= &=& k|1f k/' :sf/ k|fKt ug]{ >i6fx¿ ! kY[ jL k1| f k'/: sf/ jfªd\\ o ztfAbL k'?if ;Todf]xg hf]zL -@)&%–@)&*_ gk] fn k1| f ;fdflhs @ zf:q ÷;:+ s [lt÷bzg{ k/' :sf/ k|f= 8f=lq/Tggf/fo0f dfgGw/ -@)&^–@)&&_ # g]kfn k|1f efiff k/' :sf/ kf| =8f= 6Ík|;fb Gofk} fg] -@)&^–@)&&_ $ g]kfn k1| f g]kfnL ;flxTo dbg /]UdL k'/: sf/ -@)&%_ % g]k fn k|1f g]kfnL ;flxTo efuL/yL >i] 7 k/' : sf/ -@)&^_ g]k fn kl/r o÷255

^ g]kfn k1| f dft[efiff ;flxTo cd/ tD' ofxfª -kxf8L / lxdfnL Ifq] df k'/:s f/ -@)&%_ afl] ng] dft[efiff ;flxTosf nflu_ & gk] fn k|1f dfte[ fiff ;flxTo cof]Wofgfy rf}w/L -t/fO–{ dw;] df k'/:sf/ -@)&%_ afl] ng] dft[efiff ;flxTosf nflu_ * gk] fn k|1f dft[efiff ;flxTo cdt[ of]~hg tfdfª -kxf8L /lxdfnL k'/:sf/ -@)&^_ Ifq] df afl] ng] dfte[ fiff ;flxTosf nflu_ ( g]kfn k|1f dfte[ fiff ;flxTo czfs] yf? -t/fO{–dw;] df afl] ng] k'/: sf/ -@)&^_ dft[efiff ;flxTosf nflu_ tflnsf g=+ &=( gk] fnsf sx] L k|dv' k/' :sf/x¿ qm=; k'/:sf/ /f lz ! k[YjLk|1f k'/: sf/ $ nfv @ dbg k'/:s f/ $ nfv # hubDaf >L k'/: sf/ $ nfv $ gk] fn lawfklt efiff ;flxTo k/' : sf/ @ nfv % g]kfn lawfklt cg'afb k'/:sf/ @ nfv ^ cflbslj efge' Qm k'/:s f/ !,)!,!)! & ;femf k/' :sf/ %! xhf/ &=# rnlrq gk] fndf ;jk{ |yd @))^ ;fndf gofF ;8sl:y t hg;j] f xndf hgtfsf lglDt l6s6 nufO{ rnlrq bv] fpg] sfo{ eof ] . t/ o;df b]vfpg] rnlrq lxGbL l;g]df hut\\af6 NofOGYof ] . g]k fnL efiffsf] klxnf] syfgs rnlrq …;To xl/zrGb|Ú xf] h'g @))* ;fndf bflh{lnªdf a:g] s]xL g]kfnLx¿n] lgdf0{ f u/]sf lyP  . ljutdf k|rf/ ljefun] -xfnsf] ;r\" gf tyf k|;f/0 f ljefu_ cfˆg} ;fwg / k'FhLdf jQ[ lrq / ;dfrf/ lrqx¿sf] lgdf0{ f ug{] qmdd} lj=;=+ @)@! ;fndf syfgs rnlrq …cfdfÚ lgdf{0f u¥of]  . hg' ;/sf/a f6 tof/ ePsf] klxnf] g]kfnL rnlrq lyof]  . ;f]xL ljefun] …l xhf] cfh efn] LÚ / …kl/jtg{ Ú gfdsf tLgcf]6f rnlrqsf] lgdf{0f u¥of]  . o;/L xfd|f] rnlrqsf] Oltxf;df 256÷g]kfn kl/ro

klxnf] c?0ff]bo Nofpg] sfd lgZro g} o;} ljefuaf6 ePsf] xf]  . gk] fnL rnlrq Ifq] sf] ax[ Q/ ljsf; / kj| 4g{ ub}{ gk] fnL rnlrq Ifq] sf] ljsf; ug]{ p2Z] on] ;/sf/n ] rnlrqsdLx{ ¿s} dfu / ;e' mfjcg;' f/ @)%& ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] rnlrq ljsf; af8] s{ f] u7g u/s] f] xf ] . rnlrq tyf >Jo bZ[ o lj1fkgsf] lgdf0{ f, ljt/0f, kb| zg{ sf] Ohfht kb| fg ug,{' Ohfht kqsf] gjLs/0 f ug,{' Rofl/6L kb| zg{ sf] cgd' lt lbg,' ljbz] df gk] fnL rnlrqsf] 5fofsg, kb| zg{ , ldlS;ª ug{] cgd' lt /l;kmfl/; kb| fg ug{' rnlrq ljsf; af8]  s{ f] lgoldt sfo{ xf ] . rnlrqsf] hfrF ;~rf/ tyf ;r\" gf kl| jlw dGqfnon] ub5{   . lghL Ifq] sf] ;n+ Ugtfdf rnlrq lgdf0{ fn] bt'| ult lnO/x s] f] 5  . gk] fndf rnlrq ljsf;nfO{ ;xofu] k¥' ofpg ;l' jwf;DkGg rnlrq gu/ agfpg] ;fr] /x s] f] 5 eg] rnlrqsf] axc' foflds ljsf; ug{ ;/s f/n ] rnlrq gLlt @)&! sfofG{ jogdf NofPsf] 5  . &=$ snf gk] fnL snfnfO{ ljzi] ftM rf/ efudf juLs{ /0 f ul/P sf] kfOG5 M jf:t s' nf, lrqsnf, dl\" ts{ nf /sfi7snf . &=$=! g]kfnL jf:t'snf / ltgsf ljz]iftf jf:t'zn} L Pjd\\ snfsf] b[li6af6 gk] fndf kfOg] dlGb/x ¿nfO{ lgDg lnlvt tLg k|sf/df ljeQm ug{ ;lsG5 M Kofuf]8 f z}nL -tn] z}nL_ lxGb\"x¿n] cf:yfsf ;fy k\"hf ug]{ b]jtf /xg] o:tf dlGb/x¿df elQm, k\"hf / k|blIf0ff kysf] k|of]hgnfO{ k\"/f ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 dlGb/ jf:t'snfsf gd'gfsf ¿kdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf x'G5g\\ . Kofuf8] f z}nLsf] Goftkfn] dlGb/, eQmk/'  o:tf] k|of]hgsf nfuL ljleGg :j¿ksf dlGb/x¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ rng 5 h;dWo] k|d'v g]kfnL Kofuf]8f z}nL Ps xf ] . Kofuf]8f z}nLsf dlGb/x¿ To:tf dlGb/ x'g\\ h;df cg]sg tNnf x'g] ub{5g\\ eg] logdf Pskl5 csf]{ u/L tx–tx k/]sf cg]sg ;ª\\Vofdf 5fgfx¿ klg x'g] ub{5g \\ . t;y{ o:tf dlGb/x¿nfO{ Multiple roofed temple or Tiered gk] fn kl/ro÷257

Temple klg elgPsf]kfOG5 . o; z}nLsf ljzi] ftfx¿ M • dlGb/ k|fª\\u0fdf snfTds j:tx' ¿ • ljzi] f k|sf/sf] ue{ux[ • txtx k/]sf] 5fgf] • 6F8' fn / tf]/0fsf] ko| fu] • O6F f / sf7sf] ?lrk\"0f{ ;o+ f]hg • dlGb/l arsf] efu vf]qmf] 5f8g\\ ' • tn] zn} Lsf dlGb/x ¿ Hofb} cnªs\\ [t x'g]  Kofuf8] f z}n Lsf sx] L dlGb/x¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\\ M • kzk' ltgfy dlGb/ • rfuF 'gf/fo0f • Goftkfn] lzv/ z}nL lzv/ zn} Lsf dlGb/x ¿ ljleGg :j ¿k / ks| f/s f xg' ;Sb5g \\ . ;n' Q' k//]  dfly rl' nbF+ } uPsf emnSs xb] f{ lzv/h:tf] bl] vg] 5fgf gePsf dlGb/sf] ;Dk0\" f{ /r gf g} rl' ngfn] uD' jh h:t f] ags] f] 3fdkfgLaf6 leq ;/' lIft xg' ] lsl;dsf] lgdf0{ fnfO{ jf:ts' nfdf lzv/ zn} L eGg] ul/G5  . aflx/ jl/kl/ kb| lIf0ffky agfOPsf] xG' 5 eg] leqkl§ dl\" t{ /f lvG5  . ef/t df uK' t /fhjz+ Lx¿sf] kfnfdf o; lsl;dsf dlGb/ agfOGy ] . uK' tx¿sf ;dsfnLg lnR5lj /fhfx¿sf] kfnfdf o; lsl;dsf dlGb/ ags] f] kfObF g}   . t/ dNnsfndf ;qf,F} c7f/fF} ztfAbLdf lzv/ zn} Lsf] dlR5Gbg| fy dlGb/, aª' u\\ dtL o:t f dlGb/x¿ lgSs} ag ] . o; lsl;dsf dlGb/x¿ k:| t /s f 6q' mfx¿nfO{ nk] n] hf8] /]  agfOG5 eg] O6F lgldt{ dlGb/x ¿df aflx/af6 ahn| k] u/L em/L atf; cflbaf6 ;/' lIft ug{] u/s] f] bl] vG5  . 258÷g]kfn kl/r o

o; zn} Lsf dlGb/x¿ ax| d\\ f dlGb/, kf6gsf] >Lsi[ 0f dlGb/, kf6gsf] dxfaf4} dlGb/ xg'  \\ . of] zn} Lsf] dlGb/x ¿ dV' o u/L gfu/, bl| j8 / jz] / ks| f/sf xG' 5g \\ . o; z}nLsf ljz]iftfx¿ • ;fdfGotof ljleGg txsf k]6 Ldfly lzv/ dlGb/ :yfkgf ug '{ • dlGb/c ufl8 Pp6fdfq d08k lgdf0{ f ug{ ' • k|blIf0ffkysf] Joj:yf ug'{  • aQL afNg] lbofx¿ /fVg'  • ueu{ x[ df dlGb/sf d\"n bj] tfsf] k|ltdf :yfkgf ug'{  • w]/} tnfx¿ lgdf0{ f gug{'  • dlGb/df 5fgfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; gu/L lzv/n fO{ g} 5fgfsf] ¿kdf ko| f]u ug{'  • lzv/ pFef]lt/ ;fgf] x'bF } uPsf] agfpg ' • ljleGg /yx¿sf] k|ofu] ug{ ' • p?>Ë[ sf] ko| fu] ug {' • lq/y, k~r /y / ;Kt /ysf] sNkgf ug{ ' • cfdns, 5q / uh/' s f] k|of]u ug'{   o; zn} Laf6 ags] f sx] L dlGb/x ¿ M • kzk' ltsf] k|fª\\u0fsf] a|Xdf dlGb/ • kf6gsf] dxfaf}4 dlGb/ • kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/ • eQmk/' s f] jT;nfbj] L dlGb/ • :j o+e\"sf] kt| fkk/'  / cgGtk'/ • kf6gsf] Rofl;Fbu] • kf6g zªv\\ dn\" sf] hut\\ gf/fo0f dlGb/ • nlntk'/ aË' dtLsf] dlR5Gb|gfy dlGb/ ldl>t zn} L ef/tsf] l6sdu9sf /fhf k|tfkl;x+ / /fgL j[ifefg's'df/Ln] lj=;= !*(% df lgdf0f{ sfo{ ;?' u/]/ !@ jif{ nufP/ agfPsf] hgsk'/sf] hfgsL dlGb/ ldl>t jf:t' z}n Lsf] pbfx/0 f xf ] . /fhkt' z}nL / du' n z}nL cyf{t lzv/ / uD' ah z}nLsf] ljlzi6 ldl>t :j¿k xf ] . &=$=@ gk] fnL lrqsnf / ltgsf ljz]iftf dfgjn] efiff / lnlksf] cfljisf/ ug'{eGbf cufl8b]lv g} lrqsnfsf] gk] fn kl/r o÷259

;'?jft u/]sf] b]lvG5  . h'g ;dodf dfgjn] efiffsf] ljsf; u/]sf] lyPg, Tof] ;dodf g} p;n] lrqsf] dfWodaf6 cfˆgf cg'ejx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5  . kfiff0f sfndf o'/f]ksf ljleGg u'kmfx¿df lgdf{0f ul/Psf lrqx¿n] o;} k|;ª\\unfO{ ;ª\\s]t u/]sf] kfOG5  . ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] o'u / P]ltxfl;s sfndf ;d]t lrqsnf dfgjsf] ljrf/ cleJolQmsf] dfWod ePsf] k|df0f kfOPsf] 5  . gk] fndf lrqsnfsf] ;?' jft slxn] eof] eGg] s/' fsf] :ki6 hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g  . oxfsF f] kf| u\\Oltxf;sf] ;xL 9ª\\un] vf]h xg' cem;Dd afsF L g} ePsf] s'/f ljleGg k':tsx¿df pNnv] u/s] f] kfOG5  . gk] fnsf lrqx¿sf] ljj/0f k|:tt' ug]{ ky| d clen]Vo kd| f0f wgah| ah|frfoå{ f/f gk] fnsf] klxnf] clen]v dflgPsf,] /fhfsf] gfd / k|;f/0 f ul/Psf] ltlyldlt cª\\lst gul/P sf] rfjlxnsf] clen]v xf] -jh|frfo{, @)#)M!_  . pQm clen]vdf ælsGg/L hftssf s'/f s'lF bPsf,] cgs] y/L lrqn] ;'xfPsf] of] r}To w]/} sfn;Dd si6 u/L agfOPsf] xfÆ] eGg] s/' f :ki6;Fu nl] vPsf] 5  . ljZjsf] lrqsnfsf] Oltxf; kf| rLg uk' mfou' h:t } k/' fgf] 5  . o/' f k] -/f d] , PyG] ;_ tyf clkm| sf -ld>_ cflbsf uk' mfx¿df lrqsnfsf kd| f0fx¿ kf| Kt 5g \\ . lxGb\" k/Dk/fdf /fdfo0f / dxfef/tsfndf klg lrqsnf ljsl;t lyof] eGg] s/' f /f d jgjf;kl5 zfs] fsn' bz/y nfO{ /f gL sfz} Nofn] /fdsf] lrq bv] fPsf] k;| Ën] kl' i6 ub5{   . kf/} f l0fs uG| yx¿df klg lrqsnfsf] rrf{ ul/P sf] 5  . gk] fndf lrqsnfsf] ;?' jft ef/tsf] lrqsnfsf] ke| fjaf6 ePsf] eGg] ljåfgx¿sf] /f o /x s] f] 5 / lnR5ljsfnLg b/af/x¿ lrqsnfn] ;;' lHht xG' y] eGg] s/' f lrlgof ofqx' ¿n] j0fg{ u/s]  f 5g \\ . lrqx¿ sf7, sk8f, tf8kq, sfuh cflbdf clÍt xg' ] /o:t f ;fduL| x¿ l56} gfz xg' ] xbF' f kf| rLg lrqsnfsf gdg' fx¿ bn' e{ 5g \\ . tyflk kf| rLg tyf dWosfnLg lrqsnfnfO{ lgDg # ks| f/n ] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M u|Gy lrq gf;} o jif;{ Dd k/' f gf kf| rLg af4} uG| yx¿df lrlqt af4} lrqx¿ g} gk] fnsf lrqsnfsf kf| rLg gdg' f xg'  \\ . af4}  uG| ylrqx¿sf] tn' gfdf lxGb\" bj] L bj] tfsf lrqx¿ Gog\" dfqfdf kfOPsf 5g \\ . o:t f uG| y lrqx¿ ef/t sf] uK' tsfnLg chGtf / Pnf/] f zn} L;uF ldNbfhN' bf 5g \\ . uG| y lrqnfO{ bO' { jud{ f juLs{ /0 f ul/Psf] 5  . s_ uftf lrq v_ kfq lrq u|GynfO{ ;'/lI ft ¿kdf 9fSgsf nflu tn /dfly /flvPsf sf7sf lrNnf kmNofsx¿df lelq, aflx/L efudf jf b'j}tkm{ sf]l/Psf] lrq uftflrq x'g\\ eg] 260÷gk] fn kl/r o

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eQmk'/ sfi7 ;ª\\u|xfnosf] g[Tob]jLsf] dl\" t{, !%cf}F ztfAbLlt/s f] /fli6o« ;ª\\ux| fnosf] g[Tobj] Lsf] d\"lt{ -Pp6} sf7df ags] f_] , eQmk'/ sfi7snf ;ª\\u|xfnosf j;'Gw/f , !&cfF} ztfAbLsf] u0f]z /gT[ o ¿k lzj, dlxif dlbg{ L{b'uf{, df/ljhosf] dl\" t,{ eQmk/'  sfi7snf ;+u|xfno / /f li6o« ;+u|xfno 5fpgLsf gT[ obj] Lsf sfi7 d\"lt{x¿ pTs[i7 gdg' f x'g \\ . sfi7 snf 68'F fndf kz| :t kb| z{g ePsf] kfOG5  . dlGb/sf] uxgf :j¿k tLg v08;Dd sFl' bPsf 6F8' fn rfFu,' tnh] ', Goftkfn] , sD' eZ] j/ cflbdf kfOG5  . 6F'8fnsf] dflyNnf] lx:;fdf j[If, dWoefudf bj] tf / tNnf] v08df oIf, g/– hgfj/ tyf ofg} fleogsf ljleGg cf;g cflb rf/s f0] fdf ;f}Gbo{ o'Qm zfb\"n{ -e]8fsf] l;ª, l;+xsf] z/L /_ k|bz{ g ul/G5  . dlGb/sf] åf/dfly cwj{ Q[ fsf/ tf/] 0f agfO{ To;sf] dWov08leqsf] dV' o g[Tob]jL, /fli6«o ;u+ x| fno bj] tf, bfof–F afofF uËf, od'gf, ds/s f] k|tLs /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5  . sf7sf slF' bPsf yfd /fVg] kr| ng Goftkfn] , sfi7d08k -uf]/vgfy_ df k|oQ' m 5  . sfi7snf ;f]x|fF}–;qfF} ztfAbLdf r/d ljsf;sf] cj:yfdf lyof ] . sfi7dl\" t{sf pTsi[ 6 gdg' fx¿ dlGb/d f k|o'Qm 68'F fn, em\\ofn cflbn] k:| tt' ug]{ u/s] f] kfOG5  . dlGb/sf :yfkTo snfdf aflx/L efudf 68F' fndf >[Ëf/d o dl\" t{ kfOG5 . df6f]sf d\"lt{ gk] fnL snfsf] ;q\" wf/df6fsf d\"lt{ xf]  . df6fsf d\"lt{sf dfWolds gdg' f klg kf| Kt 5g\\ . ci6dft[sf -/fli6«o ;ªu\\ x| fno_ ;qfF} ztfAbLsf] xf]  . kzk' lt cfo3{ f6sf] cgGtgf/f o0f lji0f' dl\" t{ c7f/fF} ztfAbLsf] df6fsf] d\"lt{sf] gd'gf dflgG5 . lzjl;+x dNnsf];dodf lgldt{ dxfaf4} dlGb/-lj=;= !^$@_ df cglulGt d[ltsf dl\" tx{ ¿ 5g\\  . O6F h:t} kfn] ]/  agfPsf oL df6fsf d\"ltx{ ¿ 9'ª\\uf h:t } alnof, 9nf]6 h:t } lrNnf / l:gUw kfOG5  . 268÷gk] fn kl/ro

wft'sf d\"lt{ kf| rLg ;dosf wfts' f dl\" tx{ ¿ kf| oM pknAw 5g} g \\ . t/ ;fGbles{ kd| f0fx¿ eg] kfOG5  . t/fO{ Ifq] df kf| Kt kf| rLg db' f| , rfuF s' f] lji0fs' f] dl\" t,{ lnR5lj sfnsf db' f| x¿, g/G] b| bj] sf] k6] Lsf] a4' dl\" t{ cflb lnR5lj sfnsf] clGtd ;dobl] vsf wfts' f dl\" tx{ ¿ xg'  \\ . cf7f,F} gjfF} ztfAbLsf] a4' sf] dl\" t,{ *cf,F} (cfF} ztfAbLsf] Goo\" fs] s{ f] Ps JolQmsf] lghL ;ªu\\ x| df /x s] f] jhk| f0fLsf] dl\" t,{ !$cfF} ztfAbLsf] kf6g lx/0 oju{ dxfljxf/sf] cjnfl] stZ] j/sf] dl\" t,{ !cfF} ztfAbLlt/sf] /fli6o« ;ªu\\ x| fnosf] gfd ;ªu\\ ltsf] dl\" t,{ kf6g ;ªu\\ x| fnodf /x s] f !!cf,F} !@cfF} ztfAbLsf] OGbs| f] dl\" t,{ ;g\\ !)^% si[ 0fdlGb/ cufl8 /xs] f] u?8 dl\" t{ sf] cw{ gf/Z] j/, !@cfF} ztfAbLsf] a4' sf] dl\" t,{ !^, !&cfF} ztfAbLlt/sf] /fli6o« ;ªu\\ x| fnosf] dlxif;Da/s f] dl\" t{ cflb g} wft' dl\" ts{ nfsf pTs6[ gdg' f xg'  \\ . dWosfndf cTolws wfts' f dl\" t{ lgdf0{ f ePsf] kfOG5  . wfts' nfdf b;fF} tyf P3f/fF} ztfAbLdf gofF ou' cfPsf] dfGg] ul/G5 . dWosfnsf wft' dl\" ts{ f ljzi] ftfx¿ lgDgfg;' f/kfOG5M s= ;dfgk' flts tfndfg ldn]sf] z/L / / cjoj v= 9lNsPsf] jf cË–cË ldn]sf] z/L/ u= cufl8 / k5fl8 b'jl} t/ snfo'Qm 3= cToflws j:qfei\" f0f ª= lz//xft a9L k|b{zg r= cw{ ufn] fsf/ cfFvLef+} / rR' r] gfs 5= uf]nf] cgx' f/ cflb   &=$=$ g]k fnL sfi7snf / ltgsf ljif]z tfx¿ lnR5ljsfnLg sfi7snf sl[ tx¿ pknAw 5g} g \\ . t/ pQm ;dodf b/af/, dlGb/, ljxf/ 3/x¿df sf7sf] ko| fu] xG' Yof]  . ‰ofn / 9fs] fx¿ pkTosfsf ljleGg :d f/sx¿df ljleGg cfsf/ ks| f/df sf7sf snfTds gk] fn kl/ro÷269

do/'  em\\ofn, eQmk'/ emo\\ fnx¿ kfOG5g \\ . do/\"  ‰ofn, b];d] ? ‰of, sd' f/L 3/s f] em\\ofnx¿, %% em\\ofn]b/a f/s f em\\ofnx¿ cflb sfi7 snfs[ltsf pTsi[ 6 gdg' f xg'  \\ . tf]/0 f ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] O6'djxfnsf] tf]/0f, !& cf}F ztfAbLsf] eQmk'/ b/af/sf] d\"nrf]ssf] tf]/0f, k|tfkdNnsf] ;dosf] 5':of jxfnsf] tf]/0f, pkTosfsf c¿ dlGb/x¿df /x]sf tf]/0f cflb k|j]zåf/dfly /xg] cw{ j[Qfsf/ tf]/0f x'g \\ . tf]/0f, u0' ffs/ dxflaxf/, 5:' o faxfn 270÷g]kfn kl/ro

68“' fn /f li6o« ;u+ x| fnodf /x ]sf] 6F'8fn k\"jd{ Wosfnb]lvsf sfi7 snfsl[ tx¿ kf| Kt ePsf 5g\\  . !@÷!#cfF}ztfAbLlt/s f kf6g Ifb|ju{ dxfljxf/sf ;fnelhsf db' f| sf 6F'8fnx¿, !!cf}F ztfAbLsf sf7df8fsF} f] O6'djxfnsf 68'F fn, !@÷!#cf}+ ztfAbLsf kgft} L OGb|]Zj/ dlGb/sf 6F8' fn cflb kj\" { dWosfnLg sfi7 snfsf ljlzi6 gd'gf xg' \\ . dWosfnLg tn]  zn} Lsf dlGb/nufotsf :d f/sx¿df k|of]u ePsf 6+8' fnx¿ g} sfi7 snfsf pTs[i6 pbfx/0 fx¿ x'g\\  . :d f/ssf] 5fgfnfO{ yfDg $% sf] sf0] fdf /flvg] ;fwf jf snfTds sf7nfO{ 68F' fn elgG5 . &=$=% gk] fndf k|rlnt s]xL uLt, ;ª\\uLt /g[To snf efu} fl] ns Pjd\\ ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtfo'Qm g]kfnL ;dffhdf rf8kj,{ df;} d, vt] LkftL tyf cGo cj;/x¿df kr| lnt uLt tyf g[Tox¿ kfOG5 . logdf cnu–cnu :j/, efsf, ld7f; / pdªu\\ le/Psf x'G5g\\  . g]kfndf kr| lnt sx] L uLt ;ª\\uLt tyf gT[ ox¿ bx] foadfl] hd /xs] f 5g\\M dfnl;/L bf]xf]/L÷h'xf/L dl} ynL l;n ;f]/7L ef]hk/' L tLh÷uf}/f b]p 8f df?gL ;dnf r:' s f sf8} f ehg r'6sf÷jfng emf]/f la/x LgL e}nf]÷bp] ;L afxd| f;] c;f/] g]kfn kl/r o÷271

;ª\\uLgL bp] 8f gfr 7f8fe] fsf 3f6' ;k] |' elQm lstg{ emo\\ fp/] emfuF / lemlemof tfdfª ;]nf] ufOg] uLt l5Gtfª dO{ Rofa|'ª 5\\ofnL xfn] L /Tof}nL lll 272÷g]k fn kl/r o

kl/R 5]b M cf7 gk] fndf k\"jf{wf/ ljsf; *=! lzIff gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] kT| os] gful/s nfO{ cfwf/e t\" lzIffdf kxrF' sf] xs, kT| os] gful/snfO{ /f Hoaf6 cfwf/e t\" tx;Ddsf] lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMzN' s tyf dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMzN' s kfpg] xs, ckfªu\\ tf ePsf /cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg gful/s nfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd lgMzN' s pRr lzIff kfpg] xssf ;fy} gk] fndf a;fa] f; ug]{ kT| os] gk] fnL ;db' fonfO{ sfgg' adfl] hd cfˆgf] dfte[ fiffdf lzIff kfpg] / To;sf nflu ljBfno tyf zl} Ifs ;:+ yf vfN] g] / ;~rfng ug]{ dfl} ns xssf] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5  . lzIff Ifq] df ljutdf ePsf gLltut, sfgg' L, ;:+ yfut, k'glg{df{0fkl5sf] b/af/ xfO:s 'n, sf7df8f}F gk] fn kl/ro÷273

sfoq{ mdut /dfgjLo ljsf;sf ko| f;x¿n] o; Ifq]  df dxŒjk0\" f{ pknlAw ePsf]  5 . ;g\\ !(%# df gk] fn UNESCO sf] ;b:o /fi6;« dt] ePsf] 5  . /f li6o« hgu0fgf @)^* cg;' f/ gk] fnsf] sn' ;fIf/tf ^%=($ kl| tzt ku' s] f] 5, hg' @)%* sf] /fli6o« hgu0fgfdf %$=! kl| tzt lyof] . lj=;= @)&$ ;Dd gk] fndf bx] foadfl] hdsf] zl} Ifs ;:+ yf, ljBfno, ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf] ;ª\\Vof /x ]sf] 5  . tflnsf g+= *=! lj=;+= @)&$ ;fnsf] zl} Ifs ;:+ yfx¿sf] ljj/0f ljj/0f hDdf ;ª\\Vof ECD / PPCs 36,568 General School Units 35,601 CLCs 2151 Technical & Vocational stream school -9-12 283 Total Number of Technical school/Institution for 724 TSLC Level Programs Technical School /Institutions in Diploma Level 496 Programs University 10 Campus 1407 Medical Institutions -Deemed University 4 Open University 1 Source:Flash Report I -2017-018_ DOE, UGC, CTEVT, NFE 2074 BS tflnsf g=+ *=@ @)&$ ;fnsf] ljBfno, ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf] ljj/0f ljBfnosf] ;ª\\Vof !–!@ lzIfsx¿sf] ljBfyLs{ f] ;ª\\Vof ;ª\\Vof -dWolds–pRr df=lj=;Dd Community Institutional Total Girls Boys Total Approved Rahat Total 29035 6566 35601 3769124 3622400 7391524 109118 38420 147538 Source:Flash Report I -2017-018_, DOE 274÷g]kfn kl/ro

*=@ :jf:Yo gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] kT| os] gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e\"t :j f:Y o ;]j f lgMzN' s kf| Kt ug]{ xs, kT| os] JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L kfpg] xs, kT| o]s gful/s nfO{ :j f:Y o ;]jfdf ;dfg kxFr' sf] xssf ;fy} kT| o]s gful/s nfO{ :jR5 vfgk] fgL tyf ;/;kmfOdf kxF'rsf] xs k|bfg u/s] f] 5  . oxL ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yf Pjd\\ Ifq] Lo tyf cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf hgfOPsf] kl| tj4tfcg¿' k u0' f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a} gful/ssf] kxrF' ;l' glZrt ug{] sfo{df ;/sf/ lqmofzLn /xFb} cfPsf] 5  . o;} qmddf ;g\\ !(%# df gk] fn WHO sf] ;b:o /f i6«;d]t ePsf] 5  . ofh] gfa4 ljsf; k|lqmofsf] qmddf :j f:Y o If]qdf ePsf gLltut, sfo{qmdut, hgzlQm ljsf;, cfi} fwL pks/0f cfk\"lt{ / ;:+ yfut ko| f;af6 :j f:Yo ;]jf k|jfxdf ;dfj]zL ¿kdf eO/x s] f] ;ª\\VofTds / u0' ffTds ljsf;n] hg;fwf/0fsf] u0' f:t/L o :jf:Y o ;]jfdf kx'rF a9]sf] 5  . o;sf cltl/Qm lghL, ;fd'bflos / u}/; /s f/L Ifq] tyf :yfgLo txaf6 klg :jf:Yo ;j] fdf yk ofu] bfg ku' ]sf] 5  . gk] fndf ;~rflnt /fli6«o vf]k sfoq{ mdnufot ljljw vfk] sfoq{ md / ;ª\\qmfds tyf c;ª\\qmfds /f]u;DaGwL ;]jfdf u0' ffTds / ;ªV\\ ofTds ;w' f/ePaf6 xfn cf;}  t cfo' ^(=& jif{ ku' s]  f] 5 . o;u} /L dft[ d[To'b/-k|lt ! nfv hLljt hGddf_ @#(, lzz' dT[ ob' /-kl| t xhf/hLljt hGddf_ #@ /kfrF jif{dl' gsf afn dT[ ob' /-kl| t xhf/hLljt hGddf_ #( /xs] f] 5  . ;|f]t M kGw|fF} ofh] gfsf] cfwf/kq / g]kfnsf] hg;f+lVos :j f:Yo ;j{I] f0f  . oBlk bu' {d lhNnfx¿÷a:tLx¿ / ul/aLsf] /]vfdl' g /xs] f / lk5l8Psf ju{sf] :jf:Y o ;j] fdf kxr'F ;/n , ;n' e / Jofks xg' ;ss] f] 5}g / :jf:Yo l:yltdf ck]Iffst[ ¿kdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;ss] f] 5}g  . ;f+:sl[ ts, n}ª\\lus, cfly{s / ;fdflhs Jojwfgx¿n] ubf{ klg pknAw :jf:Yo ;j] fx¿ ;dtfdn\" s ¿kdf kj| fx xg' ;ss] f 5g} g\\  . )&^÷&& sf] cflys{ ;j{I] f0fsf cg;' f/ @)&^ sf] kmfug' ;Dd b]xfo adf]lhdsf] :jf:Yo ;j] f tyf hgzlQm /x s] f] 5  . tflnsf g+= *=# :jf:Y o ;]j f tyf hgzlQm ljj/0f ljj/0 f hDdf != hDdf :jf:Y o ;+:yf &!%$ s_ c:ktfn !@% g]kfn kl/ro÷275

v_ k|fylds :jf:Yo sG] b| @)# u_ :jf:Yo rfs} L #*)% 3_ cfo'j]{lbs cfi} fwfno #(% ª_ pk:j f:Y o rf}sL÷cfwf/e\"t :j f:Yo ;j] f s]Gb| @^@^ @= c:ktfn zo} o\\ f *!&@ #= hDdf hgzlQm ()($^ s_ 8fS6/ @^$) v_ g;{ / c=g=dL= @)^%# u_ slj/fh ^!# 3_ jB} ^(# ª_ :jf:Yo ;xfos -x]= c=, c=x]=j=_ !$#$& r_ dlxnf :j f:Yo :jod;\\ l] jsf %@))) *=# v]n sb' JolQmsf] zf/L l/s tGb'?:t L, ;fdflhs, dfgl;s / ;+ju] fTds kIfsf] ;Gtl' nt ljsf;df vn] s'bsf] dxŒjk0\" f{ e\"ldsf /x G5  . v]ns'bdf /fli6o« Pstf ;'b[9 ug{] / cGt/f{li6o« Ifq] df /f li6o« klxrfg :yflkt ug{] kd| 'v dfWodsf] ¿kdf /x L cfPsf] 5  . vn] sb' sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L :j :y, ;Ifd / cg'zfl;t gful/s tof/ u/L cGt/f l{ i6«o hutdf /fi6s« f] ;Ddfg clejl[ 4 ub{} klxrfg :y flkt ug{] nIo gk] fnn] lnPsf] 5  . gk] fndf v]nsb' ;DaGwL ultljlw tof/ ug]{ ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] lgsfo jf ;:+ yfsf ¿kdf /fli6o« vn] sb' kl/ifb\\ -/fvk] _ /x ]sf] 5  . ljlwut ¿kdf g]kfnL /f li6o« v]n sb' kl/ifb\\ -/fv]k_ sf] :y fkgf lj=;= @)!& ;fn kmfNug' !& ut] ePsf] lyof ] . lj=;= @)!% ;fndf :yflkt /fli6o« :jf:y tyf vn] sb' kl/ifb\\sf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L /fli6«o vn] sb' kl/ifb\\ jf 5f]6s/Ldf /f vk] /flvPsf] lyof]  . t/ gk] fndf /fvk] sf] u7g xg' 'eGbf cufl8bl] v g} lqms6] , Aof8ldG6g, 6a] n' 6]lg;, km6' an, xsL tyf 6]lg; h:t f v]nsb' x¿sf] ;ª3\\ sf] u7g eO;s]sf] lyof]  . xfn g]kfnsf] /fli6o« v]nsf] dfGotf cflwsfl/s ¿kdf ldlt @)&$ h]7 )* ut] ;/s f/n ] u/]sf] lg0fo{ fg;' f/ elnan v]nn] kfPsf]5  . o; cl3 skbL{ tyf 808Llaof]nfO{ /f li6o« v]ns'bsf] pkdf lbOPtf klg cf}krfl/s ¿kd} 3f]if0f eg] ul/Psf] lyPg  . 276÷g]kfn kl/ro

*=#=! g]kfn /fli6o« vn] sb' g]kfnL v]ns'b hut\\sf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] v]ns'b dxfs'Desf ¿kdf g]kfn /fli6«o v]ns'bnfO{ lng ;lsG5  . g]kfn /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] ;'¿jft lj=;= @)#* ;fn b]lv ePsf] lyof ] . o; k|ltof]lutf x/]s b'O{–b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfof]hgf ug]{ elgP tfklg g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f Tof] ;Dej eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g  . To;}n] /fv]kn] @)&% ;fn;Dd cfpFbf hDdf cf7 cf]6f /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] ;+:s/0fx¿ cfof]hgf ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5  . -s_ klxnf] ;:+ s/0f g]kfnsf] /fli6o« vn] s'bsf] klxnf] ;+:s/0 f lj=;+= @)#* ;fn ebf} @& ut]b]lv c;fh] $ ut;] Dd sf7df8fFs} f] bz/y /ª \\uzfnfdf cfof]h gf ePsf] lyof]  . afudtL c~rndf cfofh] gf ePsf]o; ky| d /fli6o« vn]s'b ( lbg;Dd rn]sf] lyof]  . kl| tofl] utfdf afudtL c~rn ky| d, u08sL c~rn bf];|f] / sf;] L c~rnn] t];f| ] :yfg xfl;n u/]sf lyP  . -v_ bf];f| ] ;+:s/0 f of] kl| tofl] utf @)$) rt} !@ utb] l] v @) ut];Dd kfv] /fsf] kf]v/f :kf]6{\\; sDKnS] ;df ;~rfng ePsf] lyof ] . o; kl| tof]lutfsf] pb\\3f6g tTsflng /fhf >L % jL/]G› zfxaf6 ePsf] lyof]  . o; kl| tof]lutfdf nfu] fs] f] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] /fli6o« kmn\" nfnLu'/f ;F /f lvPsf] lyof ] . pQm vn] df afudtL c~rn ky| d, u08sL c~rn bf];|f] / sf];L c~rnn] t];|f] :yfg xfl;n u/s] f lyP  . -u_ t]; f| ] ;:+ s/0 f of] k|ltofl] utf @)$@ kmfNu'g @# ut] tTsfnLg gk] fnsf /fhf >L % jL/G] › zfxn] pb3\\ f6g u/L ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] of] kl| tofl] utfsf] pb3\\ f6g / ;dfkg ;df/fx] jL/u ~h /+uzfnfdf ePsf] lyof ] . t;] f| ] /fli6«o v]n sb' kl| tofl] utfsf] nfu] fs] f ¿kdf af3 /f lvPsf] lyof] / pQm af3sf] gfd an] /f lvPsf] lyof]  . pQm k|ltofl] utfdf afudtL c~rn k|yd, sf];L c~rn bf];|f] / gf/fo0fL c~rnn] t;] |f] :yfg xfl;n u/s] f lyP  . -3_ rf}yf] ;+:s/0f of] k|ltuf]lutf lj=; =@)%% r}q * bl] v !$ ;Dd gk] fnu~hdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof]  . ljsf; If]q cg';f/ ePsf] of] klxnf] k|ltofl] utf xf,] k|ltofl] utfdf hDdf & l6d ;xefuL ePsf lyP  . dWodf~rn ljsf;Ifq] k|yd, gk] fnL ;]gf bf];f| ] / g]kfn k|x/L t];f| ] ePsf] lyP  . -ª_ kfrf“} ;+:s/0f of] k|ltof]lutf lj=;= @)^% rq} @$ bl] v #) ;Dd sf7df8fFd} f ;DkGg ePsf] gk] fn kl/r o÷277

lyof]  . of] ;:+ s/0 fdf Ifq] Lo / v'nf u/L bO' { tl/sfaf6 k|lt:kwf{ u/fOPsf] lyof]  . h;cg;' f/ If]qLo k|ltofl] utftkm{ dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q ky| d, PlkPkm bf;] |f] / g]kfn k|x/Ln] t;] |f] :yfg xfl;n u/s] f lyP  . To:t } vn' ftkm{ dWodf~rn ljsf;Ifq] k|yd, PkLPkm bf];|f] / g]kfn kx| /L t;] |f] :yfgdf /x ]sf lyP  . -r_ 56} f}“ ;:+ s/0f of] kl| tofl] utf lj=;=+ @)^* rq} !$–@! ;Dd ;'b/\" klZrdf~rn ljsf; Ifq] sf] wgu9L / dxG] bg| u/d f ;DkGg ePsf] lyof ] . !) l6dsf] ;xeflutf /x s] f] pQm kl| tofl] utfdf dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q ky| d, gk] fn k|x/L bf];|f] / ;z:q kx| /L an g]kfn t];f| ] ePsf lyP  . -5_ ;ftf“} ;+;s/0 f of] kl| tofl] utf kj\" f~{ rn ljsf;Ifq] sf] lj/f6gu/df lj=;+= @)&# kfi} f * bl] v !% ;Dd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof]  . kl| tofl] utfdf g]kfnL ;]gf k|yd, ;z:q k|x/L an gk] fn bf];|f] / gk] fn k|x/Ln] t;] |f] :yfg xfl;n u/s] f lyP  . -h_ cf7f}F /f li6o« vn] s'b kl| tof]lutf afsF s] f] gk] fnu~hdf @)&% ;fndf ;DkGg ePsf] kl| tofl] utfsf vn] x¿ rt} @& bl] v ;?' eP klg cfk} rfl/s pb3\\ f6g eg] jz} fv % ut] ePsf] lyof ] . o; kl| tofl] utfdf #% vn] df kfrF xhf/e Gbf a9L vn] f8L kl| t:kwL{ lyP  . h;df ljefuLo l6dn] zLif{ tLg :y fg xfl;n u¥of ] . kl| tofl] utfdf gk] fn cfdL{ klxnf,] gk] fn kl' n; bf;] f| ] / ;z:q kx| /L an gk] fn t;] f| ] ePsf] lyof ] . (cfF} /fli6o« vn] sb' kl| tofl] utf bO' { jifl{ eq u08sL kb| z] df cfofh] gf ug{] lg0fo{ ePsf] 5  . tflnsf g+= *=$ cf7fF} /f li6o« vn] sb' sf] kbs tflnsf qm=; l6d :j 0f{ /h t sf:o ! gk] fn cfdL{ !$) *@ ^& @ gk] fn kx| /L ^@ $( $^ # ;z:q kx| /L an gk] fn %$ ^) *) $ afudtL k|b]z @@ $) ^) % u08sL k|bz] !@ @! $$ ^ k|bz] % !! @^ $* & k|bz] ! ( @) %( * ;'b/\" klZrd k|b]z * !@ #$ 278÷g]kfn kl/ro

( k|bz] @ ^ & @) !) Pgcf/P gP ^ @% !! s0ffn{ L kb| ]z # $ !& *=#=@ gk] fnsf 7'nf 3/]n' vn] s'b k|ltofl] utfx¿ gk] fn /fli6o« vn] s'b -a[xt_\\ /fv]k RoflDkogl;k -a[xt_\\ ;lxb :df/s P–l8lehg lnu -km'6an_ PGkmf sk -km6' an_ Pe/]i6 lkl| do/ lnu -lqms6] _ wgu9L lkl| do/ lnu -lqms]6_ kfv] /f lk|ldo/ lnu -lqms6] _ PgeLP /fli6«o lnu -elnan_ /fli6«o XofG8an kl| tof]lutf -XofG8an_ /fli6o« al' 4rfn kl| tofl] utf -al' 4rfn_ *=#=# g]kfnsf] v]n ;ª\\ux| fno sf7df8fF}l:yt bz/y /ª\\uzfnfsf] blIf0f tkm{sf] Kof/f lkm6 tn Pp6f sf7] fdf g]kfns} klxnf] cf]nlDks ;ªu\\ x| fno /xs] f] 5  . of] ;ª\\u|xfnosf] :y fkgf lj=;= @)%@ ;fndf ePsf]lyof] . of];ª\\u|xfno kl5 lj=;= @)%^ ;fn c;fh] dlxgfdf nueu @ nfv %) xhf/sf] nfutdf gk] fns} klxnf] v]n s'b ;ª\\u|xfnosf ¿kdf :yfkgf ePsf] lyof]  . of] ;ªu\\ x| fnodf g]kfnL v]n Oltxf; b;f{pg] cg]s v]n ;fduL| x¿ /x s] f 5g \\ . *=#=$ cGt/fl{ i6«o vn] s'bdf gk] fnsf] ;xeflutf g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o vn] sb' df ;g\\ !(%! df ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf ePsf] k|yd Pl;ofnL vn] s'baf6 ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof ] . o:t } g]kfnsf tkma{ f6 cGt/f{li6«o ;xefuLtfdf klxnf]k6s kbs lhTg] vn] f8L lhtaxfb'/ s;] L xg'  \\ . pgn] ;g\\ !(&# df lkmlnlkG;sf] dlgnfdf cfofh] gf ePsf] klxnf] Pl;og 6o« fs PG8 lkmN8 RoflDkogl;k df sf+:o kbs lhts] f lyP . g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o k|ltofl] utfdf :j0f{ kbs lhtfpg] ky| d vn] f8L eg] as} '07 dfgGw/ xg' \\  . pgn] klxnf] blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]nsb' df Dof/f ygtkm{ g]kfnsf nflu klxnf] :j 0f{ kbs lhts] f lyP  . g]kfn kl/r o÷279

*=#=% cfn] lDks vn] df g]kfn g]kfnn] klxnf]k6s ;g\\ !(^$ df hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof]df ePsf] cf]nlDks v]nb]lv cf]nlDks v]ndf ;xefuLtf hgfpg ;'? u/]sf] xf ] . ;fy} g]kfnn] ;g\\ !(^* ;fndf d]lS;sf]df ePsf] cf]nlDks v]nafx]s clxn];Dd ;a} cf]nlDks v]ndf ;xefuLtf hgfpFb} cfPsf] 5  . g]kfnn] pQm cf]nlDksdf alS;ª tyf Dof/fyg u/L hDdf b'O{ v]ndf dfq ;xefuLtf hgfPsf] lyof]  . o; cf]nlDksdf ;'zLn;d;]/ ha/fsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf tkm{af6 Dof/fyg bf}8df u+ufaxfb'/ yfkf / e\"k]G› s];Ln] ;xefuLtf hgfPsf] lyP eg] alS;ª v]ndf gfdl;+x yfkf, /fdk|;fb u'¿ª / cf]dk|;fb k'gn] ;xefuLtf hgfPsf lyP . ;g\\ !(** sf] ;fn] cfn] lDksdf kb| z{gL vn] t]SjfGbfd] f ljwfg nfdfn] sf:+ o kbs lht]sf lyP  . t/ of] kbs cf]n lDks vn] sf] kbs tflnsfdf u0fgf gxg' ] xb' fF g]kfn cf]nlDks v]n df ;xefuLtfdf dfq l;ldt /xg ku' s] f] 5  . t/ gk] fnL vn] f8Lx¿n] eg] cf]nlDkssf vn] x¿df cg]s /fli6«o lsltd{ fg sfod ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\\ . *=#=^ blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'bdf g]k fn jf:t jdf gk] fnL vn] f8Lx¿n] cfˆgf] vn] sfz} n kb| zg{ ug{] kd| v' ax[ t\\ vn] sb' kl| tofl] utf g} blIf0f Pl;ofnL vn] sb' / ;fu ud] xf ] . gk] fn blIf0f Pl;ofnL vn] sb' df cfˆg} lsl;dsf] klxrfg agfpg ;kmn eO;ss] f] 5  . gk] fnL vn] f8Lx¿n] blIf0f Pl;ofnL vn] sb' Ifq] df cgs] sLltd{ fgx¿;dt] /fVg ;kmn ePsf 5g \\ . sg' } klg ax[ t\\ vn]  sb' sf] ;jfl{ ws dxŒjk0\" f{ tyf 7n' f]  :j 0f{ kbssf ¿kdf lnOg] km6' an vn] tkms{ f] :j0f{ kbs gk] fnL k?' if l6dn] tLg k6s lhlt;ss] f] 5  . t/ dlxnf l6dn] nuftf/ kmfOgndf :yfg agfP klg kmfOgndf ef/t;uF k/f lht xbF' } /h t kbsdf lrQ ae' mfpg' k/s] f] lyof ] . g]kfnn] xfn;Dd tLgk6s blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'bsf] ;kmn cfofh] gf ul/;s]sf] 5  . ;g\\ !(*$ df ePsf] klxnf] ;fkmsf] ;+:s/0 fdf gk] fnn] $ :j0f;{ lxt s'n @$ kbs lhTg ;kmn ePsf] lyof ] . pQm ;fkmdf Dof/fygsf vn] f8L a}s0' 7 dfgGw/n] g]kfnL vn] sb' hutdf g} klxnf] cGt/fl{ i6«o :j0f{ kbs lhTg ;kmn ePsf lyP  . ;fy} gk] fnL /f li6«o km'6an l6dn] km'6antkms{ f] dxŒjk0\" f{ :j0f{ xft kfbf{ gk] fnn] b'O{ :j0f{ alS;ª v]n af6 lht]s f] lyof]  . o; ;fkm u]ddf g]k fnn] :j0f{ kbsafxs] !@ /ht kbs tyf * sf+:o kbs lht]sf] lyof] / ;ft bz] ;xefuL kbs tflnsfdf rf}yf] :yfgdf /xg ;kmn ePsf] lyof ] . o:t } g]kfnn] bf];f| ] k6s ;g\\ !((& df cf7f}F ;fkm vn] sb' sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] 280÷g]kfn kl/ro

!#cfF} blIf0f PlzofnL vn] sb' pb3\\ f6g, sf7df8fF} lyof] . of] ;fu ud]  gk] fnsf nflu ;v' b tyf pTsi[ 6 ;fu u]d xf] . h;df ;fu ud] df gk] fnn] ckI] ff u/]sf] eGbf a9L ;kmntf k|fKt u/s] f] lyof ] . cfof]hs gk] fnn] o; ;fu ud] df ;jf{lws #! :j0f{ kbs lhTg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] hals gk] fnn] of] ;fudf hDdf !% :j0f{ kbssf] dfq ck]Iff u/s] f] lyof]  . gk] fnsf nflu Pl] txfl;s /x s] f] o; ;fu ud] df gk] fnn] #! :j 0f{ kbs, !) /ht kbs / @$ sf:o kbs ;lxt sn' ^% kbs lht]sf] lyof]  . o;} ;fu ud] df gk] fn klxnf] k6s :j0f{ kbssf] cfwf/df kl| tof]lutfsf] clGtd kbs tflnsfsf] bf];|f] :yfgdf /x g ;kmn ePsf] lyof ] . o:t} g]kfnn] t];|f] k6s ;g\\ @)!( df t]x|f}F ;fu v]ns'bsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof ] . of] ;fu u]d g]kfnsf nflu clxn] ;Dds} ;'vb tyf pTs[i6 ;fu u]d xf]  . h'g ;fu u]ddf g]kfnn] ck]Iff u/]sf]eGbf a9L ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof]  . cfof]hs g]kfnn] o; ;fu u]ddf ;jf{lws %! :j0f{ kbs lhTg ;kmn ePsf] lyof]  . g]kfnsf nflu P]ltxfl;s /x]sf] o; ;fu u]ddf g]k fnn]%! :j 0f{ kbs, ^) /h t kbs /(^ sf:o kbs;lxt s'n @)& kbs lht]sf] lyof ] . o;} ;fu u]ddf g]kfn klxnf] k6s :j0f{ kbssf] cfwf/df k|ltof]lutfsf] clGtd kbs tflnsfsf] bf];|f] :yfgdf /xg ;kmn ePsf] lyof ] . g]kfnnfO{ klxnf] kbs lbnfpg] v]nf8L rGrnf b'g'jf/ s/ft], klxnf] :j0f{ kbs lbnfpg] d08]sfhL >]i7 s/ft], ;a}eGbf a9L $ :j0f{ kbs lbnfpg] uf}/Lsf l;+x kf}8LsL v]nf8L x'g \\ . gk] fn kl/ro÷281

tflnsf g+= *=% blIf0f PlzofnL vn] sb' df g]kfn -;g\\ !(*$ b]lv ;g\\ @)!( ;Dd_ jif{ cfof]hs :j0f{ /ht sfZo :yfg 1984 1985 gk] fn $ !@ * rf}yf] 1987 1989 a+unfb]z ! ( @@ kfFrf}F 1991 1993 ef/t @ & ## kfFrf}F 1995 1999 kfls:t fg ! !) @! kfFrf}F 2004 2006 >LnÍf @ * @( kfFrfF} 2010 2016 aªu\\ nfbz] ! ^ !% kfFrf}F 2019 ef/t $ * !^ kfrF fF} g]kfn #! !) @$ bf];|f] kfls:tfg & ^ @) rfy} f] >LnÍf !% !$ #! rf}yf] a+unfb]z * ( !( kfrF fF} ef/t # @# #$ 56} fF} g]kfn %! ^) (^ bf;] |f] ;|ft] M /fli6o« vn] s'b kl/ifb\\ *=$ vfgk] fgL tyf ;/;kmfO /f li6«o of]h gf cfofu] sf cg;' f/ gk] fn ;/sf/n] ælbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿, ;g\\ @)!%–@)#)Æ cg'¿k ;g\\ @)#) ;Dd (( k|ltzt hg;ªV\\ ofnfO{ cfwf/e \"t:t/sf] vfgk] fgL / ;/;kmfO ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . cf=j= @)&^÷&& sf] kmfug' ;Dddf () k|ltzt hg;ª\\VofnfO{ cfwf/e \"t vfg]k fgL ;]jf tyf @) kl| tztnfO{ pRr dWod:t/sf] vfg]kfgL ;j] f / (( k|ltzt hg;ªV\\ ofnfO{ cfwf/et\" ;/;kmfO{ pknAw ePsf] 5  . dn] DrL vfgk] fgL cfof]hgf /fli6«o uf/} jsf cfof]hgfsf ¿kdf lgdf{0fflwg /x s] f] 5  . ;/sf/L If]qsf] k|of;af6 dfq pQm nIo xfl;n ug{ g;lsg] ePsfn] ;/sf/, :yfgLo tx, ;d'bfo, pkef]Qmf tyf u}/;/sf/L ;ª\\3–;+:yfx¿n] PsLs[t tyf ;dGjofTds ¿kdf sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos /x]s f]5 . ;fy}, sfo{qmd ;~rfng 282÷g]k fn kl/ro

ubf{ vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO sfo{qmdnfO{ Pscfk;df cfa4 u/L sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg'kg]{ b]lvG5  . vfg]kfgLsf] Ifq] df axl' gsfo lqmofzLn /x]s f 5g\\  . vfgk] fgLsf] u0' f:t / tyf ;j] f:t / jl[ 4 ug{ ;x/L tyf cw;{ x/L If]q df pkefQ] mfx¿sf] ;xnufgLdf cfofh] gfx¿ sfofG{ jogdf /x]sf 5g\\  . ;Da4 lgsfo / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;uF sf] ;xsfo{ /;xeflutfdf k0\" f{ ;/; kmfO sfoq{ md ;~rfng u/L v'nf lbzfd'Qm If]q ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] Psn ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ;'? ul/Psf] kfOG5 eg] afudtL gbL ;kmfOn] dxfcleofgsf] ¿k lnO{ b]ze/sf gbL gfnf ;kmf /fVg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] bl] vG5  . *=% oftfoft *=%=! ;8s oftfoft s0ff{nL k'n oftfoft cfly{s ljsf;, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx / ;fdflhs PsLs/0fsf] dfWod xf ] . ljsf;sf] cfwf/e\"t k\"jf{wf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfsf dfWodaf6 If]qLo c;dfgtf sd ug{, cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{ ultzLtnf k|bfg ug{ /cGo If]qsf]ljsf; tyf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;lsg]pko'Qm dfWod xf] . xfn;Dd g]kfndf ;8snfO{ oftfoftsf] d'Vo dfWodsf] ¿kdf lnOFb} cfPsf] eP tfklg, xjfO{dfu{, /]ndfu{, hndfu{, /Hh'dfu{h:tf cGo dfWodx¿sf] ljsf;af6 klg kof{Kt kmfObf lng ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5  . gk] fn kl/ro÷283

tflnsf g+= *=^ g]kfnsf sx] L /fhdfux{ ¿ ;8ssf] gfd nDafO ;'? :yfg clGtd :yfg -ls=ld=_ k\"j–{ klZrd /f hdfu{ !)@&=^& sfsF 8le§f, emfkf u88\\ frfs} L, s~rgk'/ -dxG] b| /fhdfu{_ lqe'jg /fhky !**=&( lqk'/Z] j/, sf7df8f}F l;l;{of, k;f{ c/lgsf] /f hdfu{ !!@=*# dfOtL3/, sf7df8fF} sfb] f/L , l;Gw'kfNrf]s l;4fy{ /fhdfu{ !*!=@@ a]nlxof, ¿kGbx] L k[YjLrf]s, sf:sL kY[ jL /fhdfu{ !&#=$# gf}la;], wflbª kY[ jLrfs] , sf:sL s0ffn{ L /fhdfu{ @#@ afªu\\ ] l;dn, ;'v{]t h'Dnf vnu+ f, hD' nf lj=kL=dfu{ !^) alba{ f;, dxf]Q/L wl' nv]n, sfe]| kf;fªNxfd' dfu{ !&!=!) sf7df8f}F wG' r], /; 'jf ;u/dfyf /f hdfu{ @^% sbdfxrf]s , ;Kt/L lbSt]n, vf6] fª /f KtL /fhdfu{ !(^ clnldof, bfª vfn} fkf, ?sd' dxfsfnL /f hdfu{ #@% dfx] gfkn' , s}nfnL l6ªs\\ /kf;, bfrn{' f dWokxf8L /f hdfu{ !&&^ lrof] eGHofª, emn' f3f6, at} 8L -ki' knfn /fhdfu_{ kfFry/ d'lUnª, lrtjg leQfdf8] , dxfQ] /L gf/f o0f3f6 dl' Unª #^=!^ gf/fo0f3f6, /fhdfu{ -dbg–cfl>t_ lrtjg w'lnvn] l;Gw'nL !(* avv]{ fn] f, leQfdf8] /f hdfu{ sfe]k| nf~rf]s dr] L /fhdfu{ @^*=)^ sr] gf, dr] L 3l/nf, tfKn]h'ª sf];L /f hdfu{ !!!=$^ /f gL, df/] ª lxn], wgs'§f /Tg /f hdfu{ !!#=)* hd'lgof, afsF ] afªu\\ ] l;dn, ;'v{t] 284÷gk] fn kl/ro

;'gsf];L lsgf/ If]qdf ljkL /fhdfu{, ;t] L /f hdfu{ ^%=(^ :ofpn] ahf/, l;nu9L, 8f]6L 88n] w'/f ;|f]t M ;8s ljefu sf7df8f“a} f6 ljleGg lhNnfsf ;b/ds' fdx¿ / cGo sx] L :y fgx¿sf] ;8s b'/L sf7df8fbF} ]l v ljleGg lhNnfsf ;b/d 'sfdx¿sf] ;8sb/' L tflnsf *=$ df k|:tt' ul/P sf] 5  . o;cg;' f/ sf7df8f}{af6 ;8sb\"/Lsf] b[li6sf0] fn] ;ae} Gbf 6f9fsf] lhNnf ;b/d 'sfd afh'/f lhNnfsf] ;b/ds' fd dft8L{ -(&@=(# lsnfl] d6/_ xf] eg] To;kl5sf ;ae} Gbf 6f9fsf lhNnf ;b/d 'sfdx¿df qmdzM bfr'{nf lhNnfsf] bfrn{' f -(^)=*^ lsnfl] d6/, c5fd lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd dª\\un;]g -(#*= !^ lsnf]l d6/_, aemfªsf] r}gk/'  -()#=$* lsnfl] d6/_ / du' s' f] udu9L -*(#=* lsnf]ld6/_ x'g \\ . o;} u/L sf8df8fF}af6 ;8sb\"/L sf] b[li6sf0] fn] h'Dnf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd h'Dnfvnªu\\ f *!&=* lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f 5 eg] tfKnh] ª' lhNnfsf] ;b/ds' fd tfKn]hª' *#%=# lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x ]sf] 5  . tflnsf *=& sG] b|Lo /f hwfgL sf7df8fa“} f6 kf| bl] zs /fhwfgLx¿sf] ;8sb'/L -lsnf]ld6/df_ qm= kb| z] sf] gfd lhNnf /fhwfgL ;8sb/' L ;+= ! ! gDa/ k|bz] df]/ ª lj/f 6gu/ 548.77 gk] fn kl/ro÷285

@ @ gDa/ kb| z] wgi' ff hgsk'/ 381.82 # afudtL dsjfgk'/ x6] f8F} f 221.01 $ u08sL sf:s L kfv] /f 198.55 % % gDa/ k|b]z ¿kGbx] L a'6jn 259.44 ^ s0ffn{ L ;v' {]t jL/]Gbg| u/ 580.41 & ;'b\"/k lZrd s}n fnL wgu9L 664.42 @)&^÷&& sf] cfly{s ;j{]If0fsf cg';f/ kmfu'g dlxgf ;Dd sfnf]kq] !%,@%$ lsld, v08fl:d t (,@%! lsld /sRrL ;8s (,*$@ lsld u/L sn' ;8ssf]  nDafO{ #$,#$& lsld k'us]f] 5 . dWokxf8L -ki' knfn_ nfs] dfu{, xn' fsL dfu,{ pQ/–blIf0f sf;] L nf]sdfu{, pQ/–blIf0f sflnu08sL sl/8f]/, pQ/– blIf0f s0ffn{ L nfs] dfu{ tyf sf7df8fF–} t/fO–{ dw]; b|'t dfu{ /f li6o« uf}/j sf cfofh] gfsf ¿kdf lgdf{0fflwg /x]sf 5g\\  . *=%=@ xjfO{ oftfoft g]k fnsf] ef}ufl] ns cjl:ylt / e\"w/f tnLo :j¿ksf sf/0f cfGtl/s Pjd\\ afxo\\ ;Dkss{ f nflu ;jfl{ ws e/k bf{] dfWod xjfO{ oftfoft /x ]sf] 5  . ef}lts kj\" f{wf/x¿ tyf cfwl' gs kl| jlwsf] k|of]u u/L 5f]6f] / nfdf] b'/L sf] xjfO{ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] ljdfg:y nx¿sf] ljsf; u/L cGt/f l{ i{ 6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k p•og Pjd\\ xjfO{ ;/' IffnfO{ ;l' glZrt ub{} ;/' lIft, ;n' e, ldtJooL, ahf/d'vL, e/kbf,]{ Pjd\\ ke| fjsf/L xjfO{ oftfoftsf] dfWodaf6 ko6{ g / Jofkf/ k|a4{gdf ;xofu] k‌¥' ofpg lghL If]qsf] ;dt] ;+nUgtfdf xjfO{ oftfoftsf] ljsf; ;'¿ ePsf] lyof]  . gk] fndf ;g\\ !($( df xjfO{ oftfoftsf] ;¿' jft ef/t Lo /f hbt' >L;/t l;x+ dxflyof r9s] f] $ l;6] lone powered vintage beach-craft Bonanza jfoo' fg ufr} /df cjt/0f u/L ePsf] lyof ] . ;g\\ !(%) df Himalayan Aviation Dakota n] klxnf] Charter flight ufr} /b l] v sfn] sftf;Dd u/s] f] lyof ] . ;g\\ !(%% df /fhf dxG] ›n] ufr} / ljdfg:y nsf] pb3\\ f6g ug'{ ePsf] lyof ] . 3f;] db} fgnfO{ Concrete n] sfnfk] q] u/L ljdfg:y nx¿sf] lgodg tyf ljsf;sf nflu gk] fn gful/s p•og kl| ws/0f ;g\\ !(%& df :y fkgf eO{ ;g\\ !((* df :jfoQ ;:+ y f 3fi] f0ff ePsf] lyof ] . ljdfg:y nx¿sf] lgodgsf nflu u/} ;l} gs xjfO{ p8fg Pg]  , @)!% nfu' ePsf] lyof]  . gk] fn gful/s p•og kf| lws/0fn] ljdfg:y n tyf ljdfg ;~rfnsx¿ bj' s} f] lgodg ub{} cfO/xs] f] 286÷g]kfn kl/ro

5 . ;g\\ !(^) df gk] fn International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) sf] ;b:o /fi6« ePsf] lyof ] . gk] fn jfo;' j] f lgud Pg] , @)!( nfu' eO{ ;g\\ !(%* df gk] fnsf] Wjhfafxs gk] fn jfo;' j] fsf] :y fkgf ePsf] lyof ] . ;g\\ !(^$ df lqej' g ljdfg:y nnfO{ lqej' g cGt/fl{ i{ 6o« ljdfg:yn gfds/0f ul/o f ] . ;g\\ !(^& df #&%) lkm= nfdf] wfjgdfun{ fO{ ^^)) lkm6df :t /fG] glt ul/o f]  . ;g\\ !(^& df hdg{ jfoo' fg Lufthansa Boeing 707 cjt/0f ePsf] lyof ] . gk] fnL h6] jfoo' fg Boeing 727/1 00 n] ky| d k6s lqej' g cGt/fl{ i6o« ljdfg:yndf ;g\\ !(&@ df cjt/0f u/s] f] lyof ] . ef/tLo kf| ljlwsx¿af6 pknAw xbF' } cfO/xs] f] ATC ;j] f ;fx] L jifb{ l] v gk] fn cfkmnF{} ] u/s] f] lyof ] . ;g\\ @)!* sf] g]k fn gful/s p•og k|flws/0fsf] jflif{s k|ltj]g cg';f/ xfn g]kfndf Pp6f dfq cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn, rf/ cf]6f xj cfGtl/s ljdfg:yn tyf $$ cf]6f cfGtl/s ljdfg:yn /x]sf] 5  . 5 cf]6f cfGtl/s ljdfg:ynx¿ tyf tLgcf]6f cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynx¿ lgdf{0fflwg /x]sf] 5  . !) cf]6f Fixed Wing tyf gf} cf]6f Rotor Wing ljdfg ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\\  . &% cf]6f ;xfl;s / dgf]/~hgfTds p8fg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ /x]sf 5g \\ . )&^÷&& sf] cfly{s ;j]{If0fsf cg';f/ # cf]6f cGt/f{li6«o p8fg ug]{ g]kfnL jfo';]jf ;+:yf /x]sf 5g\\ eg] g]kfndf p8fg ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o jfo';]jfsf] ;ª\\Vof #) cf]6f /x]sf] 5  . g]kfnn] xfn ;Dd $) cf]6f /fi6«;Fu låkIfLo xjfO{ ;Demf}tf ul/;s]sf] 5  . ;fy}, bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn af/f, e}/xjf If]qLo÷cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn tyf kf]v/f If]qLo÷cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfsf ¿kdf lgdf{0fflwg 5g\\  . *=%=# /n] oftfoft ;fdflhs, cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs ;dfof]hg / ;j] f lj:tf/ Pjd\\ kxrF' sf ;fy} b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s ;dG' gltsf] cleGg cªu\\ sf ¿kdf /]Nj] Ifq] sf] klxrfg ePsf] 5  . ljutdf sd} k|fyldstfdf /xg] u/s] f] / guGo ;'ljwf ePsf] elgPtf klg /]Nj] ;j] fsf] dxŒj cfFsng eO{ kj\" { -dr]  L_ klZrd -dxfsfnL_, sf7df8f}–F kfv] /f–t/fO,{ ef/t ;Ldfaf6 dxŒjk0\" f{ cf}Bf]lus Jofkfl/s ;x/ / If]qx¿df /n] ;]jf ;~rfng ug{,] rLg -ltAat_ af6 sf7df8fF} /]Nj] ;j] f lgdf0{ f lj:t f/s f ;fy} v:sbF f] cj:yfdf /x ]sf] hgsk/' –hogu/ /n] ;j] fsf] ;b' 9[ Ls/0 f ug{] sfon{ fO{ cufl8 a9fpg] :ki6 ;fr] ags] f] 5  . ;g\\ !(@# df g]kfnsf] /f0ff k|wfgdGqLåf/f jg ljefusf] kz| f;lgs Joj:y f ug{ tfl] sPsf ef/tLo jg ;]j fsf h=] le= sf]lnP/n ] gk] fnL l6Dj/ ef/t df 9j' fgL ugs{ f nflu Short Narrow Gauge /n] sf] lgdf0{ f u/s] f lyP  . lj|l6;x¿n] gk] fndf ;g\\ !(@& df @ lkm6 ^ OG{ r -&^@ ldln ld=_ Narrow gk] fn kl/r o÷287

Gauge klxnf] /n] sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP  . ;f] /n] la|l6; OlG8ofsf] /S;fn} bl] v gk] fnsf] cDn]vu~h;Dd h8fg ePsf] lyof ] . ;g\\ !(#& df lal| 6;n] g]kfndf bf];f| ] /]n hgsk'/b]lv hogu/; Dd lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP  . )&^÷&& sf] cfly{s ;jI{] f0fcg';f/ /fli6«o uf}/jsf] cfof]hgfsf] ¿kdf /xs] f] d]rL–dxfsfnL ljB't\\Lo /]n dfu{ ($% ls=ld= -lnª\\s;lxt !)%^ ls=ld=_ cGtut{ jlb{jf;–lghu9 -&) ls=ld=_ dWo] alba{ f;–nfnaGbL v08sf]#) ls=ld= Ifq] sf] 6«o\\ fs a8] dWo] @(=! ls=ld= lgdf0{ f ;DkGg / hgsk/' ÷hogu/– alb{jf; &) ls=ld= dWo] %^ ls=ld= ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . *=^ pmhf{ gk] fnn] ljBt' \\ pmhf{sf] Ifq] df cge' j ;Fufn]sf] Ps ztfAbL lats] f] 5  . lj=;=+ !(^* h7] ( df %)) lsnfj] f6sf] kmlkª{ hnljB't\\ s]G›af6 gk] fnsf] ljB't\\ ljsf;sf] ofqf ;'? ePsf] xf]  . cf7fF} k~rjifL{o of]hgf;Dd dV' o ¿kdf ;/s f/L Ifq] sf] dfq ;n+ Ugtf kfOPsf] o; Ifq] n] gofF ljB't\\ Pg] , @)$( ;Fu} lghL Ifq] nfO{ ;dt] ;n+ Ug u/fPsf] 5  . ljBt' \\ pTkfbgsf] ;fy;fy} ljt/0 fnfO{ klg Joj:yfkg ug{ ljBdfg k;| f/0f k|0ffnL tyf ljt/0 f k0| ffnLsf] ;/+ rgfdf ;w' f/ tyf lj:tf/, k;| f/0f cfofh] gfx¿sf nflu hUuf, afxo\\ ahf/ gk] fnsf] klxnf] ljBt' \\ ux[ , kmlkª{ sf7df8fF} Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fli6«o lu8| sf] lj:tf/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ck]lIft ¿kdf cufl8 a9\\g ;ss] f] 5g}   . g]kfn ef/t klxnf] cGt/b]zLo pRr ef]N6]h k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO{ b]z leqsf lgdf{0ffwLg hnljB't\\ tyf k|;f/0f cfof]h gfx¿sf]lgdf{0f sfo{ tbf?stfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpFb}cfOPsf]5 . 288÷g]kfn kl/r o