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@)!^ ;fndf sf7df8f}Fdf b\"/;~rf/ ljefu v'Nof ] . o;n] /fhwfgLsf] a9\\bf] dfunfO{ Wofgdf /fvL lj=;+= @)!( ;fndf c6f]d]l6s qm;af/ PS;r]Gh -$)) nfOg_ sf]:y fkgf u¥of] . lj=;+=@)@! cflZjg !% df V.H.F. k|0ffnLsf] cGt/f{li6«o b\"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'ef/De eof]  . t];|f] of]hgfsfndf ljleGg lhNnfx¿df cfsfzjf0fL :6];gx¿ yk ul/P  . ;fy}, %) cf]6f cfsfzjf0fL :of6]nfO6 :6]zgx¿ yk ul/P / ;ftcf]6f Pl/of sG6«f]n :6];gx¿ klg rNg yfn]  . lj=;+= @)@^ ;fndf ;ldlt P]g, @)!# cg';f/ b\"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] u7g eof]  . To;} u/L lj=;=@)@* df 6]n]S; ;]jf klg k|f/De eof ] . lj=;= @)@* df ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, @)@* k|f/De ePkl5 g]kfn b\"/;~rf/n] cGt/b]zLo dfOqmf]j]e 6«fG;ld;g ln+ssf] :yfkgf u¥of ] . lj=;= @)%$ kmfug' @) ut] gk] fn b\"/; ~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf eof ] . lj=;=+ @)%% ;fndf b\"/;~rf/n] g]kfnsf ;Dk\"0f{ 6l] nkmf]gx¿ l8lh6n k0| ffnLaf6 ;~rfng ug{] sfo{sf] yfngL u¥of ] . b\"/;~rf/s f] If]qdf ljsf;qmd;Fu} lj=;= @)%^ jz} fv ! ut] ;]nn' / df]afOn ;]jfsf] Kff| /De eof]  . b\"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) nfu' ePkl5 @)^) efb| ^ ut]gk] fndf klxnf] k6s lk|k]8 dfa] fOn ;]jf k|f/De ul/of ] . b\"/;~rf/ ;:+ yfg lj=;+=@)^! jz} fv ! utb] ]lv ljlwjt ¿kdf gk] fn 6l] nsddf kl/0ft eO{ lghL If]qsf cGo ;zQm b\"/; ~rf/ ;j] f k|bfos ;+:y fx¿;Fu kl| t:kwf{df plqPsf] 5  . lk|mSjG] ;L Ps k|sl[ tk|bQ ;|f]t ePsfn] o;sf] /f li6«o lxtcgs' 'n pkofu] ug{ / /fhZj kf| Kt ug{ ;/s f/n] @)^( sflQs !( ut] b\"/;~rf/ ;j] fsf] /]l8of] lk|mSjG] ;L -af8F kmfF8 tyf d\"No;DaGwL_ gLlt, @)^( NofPsf] 5 . )&^÷&& sf] cflys{ ;j{]If0fcg';f/ )&^÷&& kmfu'g;Dd 6l] nkmf]gsf] 3gTj !#( k|ltzt, Internet uf| xs 3gTj &% k|ltzt ku' s] f] 5 . )&^÷&& sf] kmfu'g;Dd 6l] nkmfg] k|ofu] stf{ $,)&,(#,!)@ / )&^÷&& sf] df3;Dd df]j fOnsf] k|of]ustf{ $,)%,(^,@%( /xs] f] 5  . && j6} lhNnfdf kxFr' k'u]sf] 5 eg] () k|ltzt e\"efudf dfa] fOn ;j] fsf] kx'rF k'u]sf] 5  . xfn International Telecommunication Union (ITU) åf/f ;g\\ @)!& df ;\"rLs[t u/]sf] ljj/0fcg';f/ ljZj ICT Development Index ;\"rLdf !&^ b]zx¿ dWo] g]kfn !$)cf}F :yfgdf 5 eg] ;fs{df %cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] 5  . xfnsf] l:y ltdf bx] foadf]lhdsf] ;:+ yfx¿n] ;~rf/ tyf ;\"rgf kl| jlwsf] Ifq] df 6j] f k¥‍' ofO/x ]sf 5g \\ . g]k fn kl/ro÷295

tflnsf g=+ *=( cf=j= @)&^÷&& ;Dd ;~rfngdf /x]sf cg'dltkq k|fKt ;~rf/ ;]jf kb| fosx?sf] ljj/0f l;=g= b'/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] gfd hDdf ;]jf kb| fossx? != cfwf/et\" b/' ;~rf/ ;]jf @ @= cfwf/e\"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf @ #= lh=P;=Pd= ;n] 'n/ dfj] fOn{ ;j] f @ $= g6] js{ ;]jf k|bfos !& %= le:of6 k|of]ustf{ * ^= OG6/g6] -Odn] ;lxt_ !@% &= lh=Pd=lk=l;=P;= ;j] f @ *= u|fdL0f b/\" ;~rf/ ;j] f ! (= lnld6]8 dfl] jln6L ;j] f ! !)= cGt/f{li6«o 6«s+ 6l] nkmfg] ;j] f ! !!= OG6/g6] -Od]n;lxt_ ;]jf -uf| dL0f_ # !@= le:of6 k|of]ustf{ -u|fdL0f_ @& ;|ft] M b/\" ;~rf/ kf| lws/0f tflnsf g+= *=!) cf=j= @)&&÷&* sf] h7] d;fGt;Dd cg'dlt kf| Kt k|;f/0f ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] ljj/0f l;=g= ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] gfd hDdf ;]jf k|bfossx? != /]l8of] ;~rfng ;+:yf !!@( @= :yfgLo tyf /fli6o« 6l] nlehg @!* #= ljbz] L 8fpglns+ 6]lnlehg !#$ $= ljbz] L l6=le=sf] l;Ugn ljt/s % %= l8lh6n sj] n ljt/s !@ ^= DTH ! &= MMDS sf] dfWoaf6 l6=le= ljt/s @ 296÷g]k fn kl/ro

*= DTTB sf] dfWoaf6 l6=le= ljt/s % (= IPTV sf] dfWoaf6 l6=le= ljt/s ( ;f| t] M ;\"rgf tyf k;| f/0f ljefu x'nfs ;j] f ljefun] cfˆgf] ;j] f ljljwLs/0f ug]{ qmddf ;'udbl] v bu' {d lhNnfx¿;Dd ljBt' L\\ o ;~rf/s f] kxF'r k¥' ofpg] d'n Woo] sf ;fy 6]ln;]G6/ ;j] f ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5  . xn' fs ;j] fcGtu{t $ s]G›Lo sfofn{ o, $ Ifq] Lo xn' fs sfofn{ o, &) lhNnf xn' fs sfofn{ o, *$@ Onfsf xn' fs sfof{no, #)&$ cf]6f clt/Q m xn' fs sfof{nox¿ /xs] f 5g \\ . ;a} xn' fs j:t'sf] Tracking ug]{ Joj:y fsf nflu Postal Internal Tracking System (PITS) k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5  . *=( jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g gk] fn ek\" l/jl] i7t bz] xf ] . gk] fnsf] efu} fl] ns agfj6 gjLg kjt{ zª[ v\\ nfn] ags] f] 5  . cfB} fl] us ljsf; cToGt Gog\" eP tfklg t/fO,{ kxf8 / sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf k;| :t O6F f e§fx¿ 5g \\ . cJojl:yt ;x/L s/0fn] ;x/5 p] sf gbLgfnfx¿ cToGt g/fdf| ;]  uF kb| l\" ift ePsf 5g \\ . jiff{ clgoldt 5  . eI\" foLs/0 f pRr 5  . jg cltqmd0f a9b\\ f] 5  . jgIfq] gk] fnsf] sn' ee\" fusf] $$=&$ kl| tzt 5 . ;g\\ !(^^ bl] v gk] fn World Meterological Organization (WMO) sf] ;b:o /f i6« ePsf] 5  . ;/s f/n] cGt/f l{ i6o« ¿kdf jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fsf nflu kxn ;?' u/s] f] eP klg jftfj/0 f ;/+ I f0fsf nflu gLlt ;g\\ !(*& df NofPsf] lyof ] . kl5Nnf jifx{ ¿df v/} fI] fq] (Brown Sector), kfgL (Blue Sector) / jg (Green Sector) sf] ;/+ If0fdf ;/sf/ ko| TgzLn 5  . ljZjJofkL¿kdf b]vfk/s] f] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ (Climate Change) sf] g]k fndf kg{] ke| fjsf] Go\"gLs/0f ug{ /0 fgLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 eg] hnjfo' kl/jtg{ n] g]k fnsf] lxdfno Ifq] df ke| fj k/]sf] cg'ej /xs] f] 5  . tfkqmdsf] jl[ 4 b/ a9]sf] 5  . lxpF kUng] qmd pRr 5  . o;y{ g]k fn ;/s f/n] gk] fnsf] lxdfno If]qsf] ;+/I f0fsf nflu ;u/d fyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/ sfnf kTy/d f ljZj ;d'bfosf] Wofg cfsif0{ f ug{ ldlt @)^^ dªl\\ ;/!( -$ l8;D]a/@))(_ df dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] a7} s a;]sf] lyof]  . lxdfno ePsf ljZjsf b]zx¿lar lxdfno hf]ufpg g6] js{ a9fpg], ljZjsf] Wofgfsif0{ f u/fpg] p2Z] on] ljzi] f ko| f;x¿sf] kf| /De klg ul/P sf] 5  . kj\" fw{ f/ lgdf{0f ubf{ jftfj/0 f ke| fj d\"Nofªs\\ g ug{k' g{] sfgg' L Joj:yf /x ]sf] 5  . ke| fj dN\" ofª\\sg gu/L lgdf0{ f sfo{ ubf{ kl| ts'n k|efj kg]{ ;Defjgf pRr /xG5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷297

sfnfkTy/d f dlGqklifb\\ a7} s, @)^^ cfly{s jif{ )&^÷&& kmfug' ;Dd jftfj/0fdq} L ljsf;sf nflu ul/g] jftfj/0f k|efj dN\" ofÍg ePsf cfofh] gfsf] ;ªV\\ of #$& ku' ]sf] 5  . afsF ]sf] g]kfnu~h / bfªsf] 3f]/f xL, af/fsf] l;d/f / ;g' ;/Lsf] em'Dsf;dt] rf/ :yfgdf jfo' u'0f:t/ dfkg sG] › :yfkgf eO{ jfo' u0' f:t/s f] cj:yf tt\\ ;dodf -Real Time_ ;fj{hlgs xg' yfns] f] 5  . ;/s f/n ] sfag{ Jofkf/sf] lgodg / Joj:y fkgsf nflu ;g\\ @))* bl] v /8] -Reducing Emission From Deforestation and Forest Degradation_ sfoq{ md ;¿' u/L ;fx] L jif{ b]lv /8] Kn; sfoG{ jogdf NofPsf] 5  . *=!) lbuf] ljsf; ljsf; Ps axc' foflds cjwf/0 ff xf]  . o;n] ;dfhdf lg/G t/ ku| ltpGd'v kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] xG' 5  . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;?' jft;Fu} ljsf; s'g} g sg' } ¿kdf lg/Gt/ xbF' } cfPsf] kfOG5  . ljsl;t dn' 'sx¿n] ljsf;sf gfddf pknAw k|fs[lts ;f| t] ;fwgsf] r/d bfx] g u/]kl5 l;lht{ jftfj/0f c;Gtn' gsf] ;dfwfg:j¿k ;g\\ !(&) sf] bzsaf6 lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff ;?' ePsf] xf] . ;g\\ !(*& df a6'| NofG8 sldzgåf/f xfdf| ];femf eljIo (Our common Future) gfds kl| tj]bg ;fjh{ lgs u/L ;jk{ |yd lbuf] ljsf; zAbsf] ko| fu] u/]sf] xf] h;cg';f/ jtd{ fg k:' tfn] pknAw k|fsl[ ts ;z+ fwgnfO{ bl[ i6ut u/L eljiodf cfkmg\\ f ;Gtltsf] cfjZostf k\"/f ug{] Ifdtfdf s'g} c;/ gkg{] u/L ;f| ]t ;fwgx¿sf] ;xL ;/+ If0f ub{} ljjs] k\"0f{ tj/n] kl/r fng ul/g ] ljsf; cjwf/0ff g} lbuf] ljsf; xf]  . of] ljsf; cfkm}dF f l6sfp ljsf; 298÷gk] fn kl/r o

Pjd\\ ljgfz/lxt ljsf; xf ] . o;n] gjLs/0 fLo ;|f]t sf] pkof]unfO{ k|fT] ;fxg / kj| 4{g ub{5  . lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ ;fdfGotof jftfj/0 fLo cfofd;Fu hf]8/]  xg] ]{ ul/P tf klg of] Ps axc' foflds tyf ultlzn ljifo xf] h;n] ljsf;sf /f hgLlt, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:sl[ tsnufot ;du| cfofdnfO{ ;d6] ]sf] xG' 5  . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cf7fF} ofh] gfaf6 cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf lbuf] ljsf;sf] of]hgf ;?' ePsf] xf ] . gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ljsf;;DaGwL gLltdf lbuf] ljsf; sfod ug{] gLlt cjnDjg u/s] f] 5  . ;fy} xfn ;+oQ' m /fi6«;ª3\\ af6 cgd' fl] bt lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿nfO{ ljsf;sf ;du| kIfx¿df cfGtl/sLs/0 f ub}{ /fli6o« of]hgf cfofu] sf] g]t[TjbfoL el\" dsfdf ;/s f/, lghL Ifq] , ;xsf/L Ifq] , u}/ ;/s f/L If]q, ;fdb' flos Ifq] nufotsf ;Dk\"0f{ ljsf; ;femb] f/x¿sf] ;o+ Q' m k|of;df sfof{Gjog ub{} cfPsf] 5  . /fli6«o ofh] gf cfofu] sf cg;' f/ gk] fndf lbuf] ljsf; nIo sfofG{ jog ug{ jflifs{ cf}ift ?= @) va{ @% ca{ nfUg] cg'dfg ul/P sf] 5  . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ ;o+ Q' m /f i6«;ª3\\ sf] &) cf}F dxf;efn] ;g\\ @)!% ;]K6]Da/ @% df ;g\\ @)!^ bl] v @)#) ;Dd ljZjsf] ¿kfGt/0f / ljsf;sf x/s] cfofddf s;}nfO{ klg k5fl8 g5f]8\\g] k|lta4tfsf ;fy lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿sf] 3fi] f0ff u/s] f] 5  . o; cGtu{t lbuf] ljsf;sf !& cf]6f nIo, !^( cf6] f kl/d f0ffTds nIo / ##@ cf]6f ljZjJofkL ;r\" sx¿ lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf 5g\\ . h;df lbuf] ljsf;df !& cf6] f nIox¿ lgDgfg;' f/ /x s] f 5g \\ . nIo g=+ ! M ;a} :y fg / ;a} k|sf/sf ul/aLsf] cGTo nIo g+= @ M ef]sd/L lgoGq0f, vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0f:t / ;w' f/ Pjd\\ lbuf] sl[ ifsf] k|j4{g, nIo g+= # M ;as} f nflu :j :y hLjgsf] ;l' glZrttf nIo g+= $ M ;a}sf nflu ;dfj]zL, ;dGoflos / :t/L o lzIffsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrtf nIo g=+ % M nl+} us ;dfgtf /dlxnf tyf aflnsf ;zlQms/0f nIo g=+ ^ M ;a}s f nflu vfg]kfgL tyf ;/; kmfOsf] lbuf] pknAwtfsf] ;l' glZrttf nIo g+= & M ;as} f nflu e/kbf{] / wflgg ;Sg] cfwl' gs phfs{ f] kx\"Fr ;'lglZrtf nIo g+= * M e/kbf{,] ;dfjz] L / lbuf] cfly{s al[ 4 Pjd\\ ;a}s f nflu pTkfbgzLn /fh] uf/L g]kfn kl/ro÷299

nIo g=+ ( M ;jn kj\" fw{ f/, lbuf] / ;dfjz] L cfB} fl] usLs/0 f / gjkj| tg{ kj| 4g{ , nIo g+= !) M bz] leq / b]z x¿lar /x]sf] c;dfgtf Go\"gLs/0f nIo g+= !! M :j:Yo Pjd\\ ;/' l Ift ;x/ tyf dfgj a;fa] f; nIo g=+ !@ M lbuf] pTkfbg / pkefu] sf] ;'lglZrttf nIo g=+ !# M hnjfo' kl/j tg{ sf c;/Go\"gLs/0fsf nflu tTsfn sfo{ nIo g+= !$ M ;db' ,| ;d'bL| lsgf/ / ;d'bL| ;|ft] sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\\ lbuf] pkefu] nIo g+= !% M lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu hl} js ljljwtf ;/+ I f0f, ag Joj:yfkg / o; lj?4sf sfos{ f] lgoGq0f nIo g=+ !^ M zfGt /;dfjz]L ;dfh k|j4{g, Gofodf ;dfg kxFr\" / ke| fjsf/L Pjd\\ hjfkmbx] L ;:+ y fTds ;/+ If0f nIo g=+ !& M lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu sfof{Gjog ;o+ Gqsf];jnLs/0f /ljZj ;femb] f/L   . lll 300÷gk] fn kl/ro

kl/R 5]b M gf} g]kfndf cfd;~rf/ / kqsfl/t f (=! cfd;~rf/ / kqsfl/tf dflg;x¿n] Psk} 6s hfgsf/L kfpg] dfWodnfO{ cfd;~rf/ elgG5  . cfd;~rf/a f6 ljzfn hg;db' fon] sg' } klg ;\"rgf jf hfgsf/L Ps}k 6s kfpg] cj;/ k|fKt ub{5  . …df; sDo'lgs;] g l8S;g/LÚdf cfd;~rf/ egs] f] Jofks ¿kdf ;\"rgf, ;Gb]zx¿ leGg k|s[ltsf / efu} fl] ns ¿kdf ltt/ljt/ ePsf jf 5l/P/ /x]sf ;f| t] f, kf7s, bzs{ ;fd' ;Dki|] f0f ul/g] k|lqmof xf] egL pNnv] ul/P sf] 5  . kqsfl/tfsf k|fWofks nfnbp] ;f /fO{sf cg;' f/ cfd;~rf/ eGgfn] cfd;dfhdf /xs] f kf7s, ;f| ]t f jf bzs{ x¿sf nflu ;d;fdlos hfgsf/L jf lzIff jf dgf/] ~ hg lbg] tyf JolQmut jf ;fdflhs txdf a}rfl/s jf Jofjxfl/s kl/j tg{ ug]{ vfnsf ;Gbz] x¿ t'?Gt k7fpg] tyf tLaf6} k|ltpQ/ klg kfpg] ck]Iff ug{] kl| qmof xf ] . cfd;~rf/n ] cfdhgtfnfO{ ;;' \"lrt agfpg], pgLx¿nfO{ ljZjdf eO/x]sf ultljlwx¿af/] hfgsf/L u/fO{ pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf kl/j tg{ Nofpg] sfd ub{5  . cfd;~rf/ dfWodx¿df kqklqsf, /l] 8of,] 6l] nlehg, cgnfOg ;dfrf/ dfWod, k:' ts, krf,{ kDkn6] , xfl] 8ªa\\ f8] ,{ cfd;ef, l;gd] f cflb kb5{ g \\ . OG6/g 6] sf] dfWodaf6 xg' ] cgnfOg ;dfrf/jf cGo ;f;]  n ldl8of slt hgfn] k9] jf x/] ] eg/]  pgLx¿n] lSns u/s] f] cfwf/d f uGg ;lsg] ts{ s;s} ;n} ] lbg] u/s] f 5g \\ . t/ Pp6} dflg;n] k6s k6s lSns ug{ ;Sg] / Ps} lSnsdf klg ;u+ } a;/]  sDKo6' /df PseGbf a9Ln] ;u+ ;u+ } xg] ,{ k9g\\ / ;G' g ;Sg] ePsfn] of] klg u0fgf ug{ g;lsg] g} xG' 5  . To;n} ] oL ;a} cfd;~rf/s f dfWodx¿ xg'  \\ . kqsfl/t f cfd;~rf/ leq kb5{   . kqsfl/tfnfO{ cu+ h]| Ldf Journalism gk] fn kl/ro÷301

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(=!=$ cgnfOg ldl8of ;r\" gf kl| jlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} gk] fndf cgnfOg ldl8ofn] cfˆgf] ;zQm pkl:ylt bv] fO;s]sf] 5  . gk] fndf cgnfOg ;~rf/d fWodsf] cf}krfl/s btf{ eg] cgnfOg ;~rf/ dfWod lgb]l{ zsf, @)&# hf/L u/L lj=;=+ @)&$ j}zfvaf6 gk] fn ;/sf/ ;~rf/ tyf ;\"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno cGtut{ ;\"rgf tyf k|;f/0 f ljefuaf6 xb'F }cfPsf] 5 . @)&& kmfu'g;Dd ;r\" gf tyf k;| f/0f ljefudf btf{ ePsf cgnfOg ;~rf/dfWodx¿sf] clenv] ;ªV\\ of @^%@ k'u]sf] 5  . h;dWo]@)&& kmfug' d;fGt;Dddf ljefudf ^%& cf6]f gofF cgnfOg ;~rf/d fWod btf{ / %%@ cf]6f cgnfO{g ;~rf/d fWod gjLs/0f ePsf 5g\\ . 7'nf nufgLdf ;~rflnt k|foM ;a}h ;f]b}lg s, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs tyf dfl;s klqsfx¿n] ;d]t cfcfˆgf cgnfOg ;+:s /0f k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\\  . kl5Nnf lbgx¿df of] qmdnfO{ PkmPd /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgx¿n] ;dt] cg;' /0f u/s] f 5g\\  . 36gfqmdx¿sf] tTsfn} hfgsf/L u/fpg] oL ldl8ofx¿n] ks| flzt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] af/]df t'?Gt} kf7s kl| tlqmof;d]t k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\\ . cfufdL lbgdf cgnfOg ldl8of klg dfgj hLjgsf] cleGg kIf xg' ] 5 . (=@= /fli6o« ;dfrf/ ;ldlt gk] fnL kqsfl/tfdf ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] Oltxf; lj=;=+ @)!^ ;fnbl] v ;?' ePsf] kfOG5  . lghL Ifq] af6 @)!^ ;fn ki' f ! ut] sf7df8fdF} f :y fkgf u/s] f] …g k] fn ;Djfb ;ldltÚ -g;] ;_ g} gk] fnsf] klxnf] ;dfrf/ ;ldlt xf ] . To;sf] sx] L ;dokl5 lghL Ifq] af6} @)!& jz} fv #) ut] sf7df8fdF} } csf{] ;dfrf/ ;ldlt ;u/dfyf ;j+ fb ;ldlt -;;;_ :yfkgf eof ] . g;] ; / ;;;nfO{ PsLs/0f u/L @)!* kmfug' & ut] /f li6o« ;dfrf/ ;ldlt -/f ;;_ sf] :yfkgf ul/o f ] . @)!* kmfug' & utb] l] v /f ;;n] cfˆgf] lgoldt ;dfrf/ an' l] 6g kf| /D e u¥of ] . /fHo ;~rflnt ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] ¿kdf /x s] f] /f ;;nfO{ sfgg' L :j¿k kb| fg ug{ /f;; Pg] , @)!( hf/L eof ] . /f ;;n] lbgdf kfrF k6s cfˆgf] ;dfrf/ an' l] 6g ks| flzt ub5{   . gk] fnL / cªu\\ h]| L efiffdf ks| flzt xg' ] oL an' l] 6gx¿ /f ;;sf] ;dfrf/sf pkefQ] mf -bl} gs klqsfx¿, /l] 8of] k;| f/0f, 6l] nlehg k;| f/0f cflb_ ;dIf OG6/g 6] sf] dfWodaf6 kU' b5  . sf7df8fF} pkTosfsf ;fy} gk] fnsf ljleGg :yfgx¿af6 ks| flzt kqklqsf, /l] 8of] k;| f/0f, 6l] nlehg k;| f/0 fsf nflu cflwsfl/s Pjd\\ ljZj;gLo ;dfrf/sf] ;f| t] /f ;; g} /xs] f] 5  . /f;;n] AP, AFP, Xinwa, Reuters / PPI h:t f cGt/f {li6o« ;dfrf/ ;ldltaf6 ljZjsf ljleGg :yfgsf ;dfrf/x ¿ kf| Kt u/L cfˆgf ;dfrf/s f pkefQ] mfx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ub{5  . o;sf ;fy} AP, AFP, Xinwa, Reuters af6 k|fKt cGt/fl{ i6«o 36gfqmdsf cfsif{0f kmf]6f]x¿af6 g]kfnsf bl} gs ;dfrf/kqx¿sf] cfsif0{ f g]kfn kl/r o÷307

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dGqfno ;Da4 lgsfox¿ l /fli6o« ;\"rgf cfof]u -;Dks{ dGqfnosf] ¿kdf_ l ;\"rgf tyf k;| f/0f ljefu l d'›0f ljefu l ;r\" gf kl| jlw ljefu l xn' fs ;j]  f ljefu l k;|] sfplG;n g]kfn l g]kfn b\"/; ~rf/ kf| lws/0 f l /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt l gk] fn 6l] nlehg l /]l8of] gk] fn l uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg l Gog\" td kfl/>lds lgwf{ /0f ;ldlt l rnlrq ljsf; jf]8 { l ;'/If0f d'›0f ljsf; ;ldlt l gk] fn b/' ; ~rf/ sDkgL lnld68] l /f li6«o ;\"rgf k|ljlw s]G› l kd| fl0fs/0f lgoGqssf] sfo{fno -v_ ;\"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu ;\"rgf tyf k|;f/0 f ljefu, ;~rf/u f| d, sf7df8fF} g]kfn ;/s f/sf ;r\" gfx¿ hgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg /f 0ff zf;gsf] cfwf ztfAbL;Dd Psdfq dfWod …u f]/ vfkqÚ lyof ] . clGtd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL df]xg;d;/] n] @))% df kr| f/ljefu v8f u/]  . @))& ;fnsf]kh| ftGqkl5 o; ljefunfO{ …kr| f/– k;| f/Ú ljefu gfd lbO{ ux[ dGqfnocGtu{t /f lvof ] . kr| f/ ljefu, g]kfn kl/ro÷309

k|rf/–k|;f/ljefu, k]|; ;\"rgf ljefu, ;r\" gf ljefu u/L ;do ;dodf gfd tyf sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L kl/jtg{ x'Fb} kl5Nnf] ;do ldlt @)&% j}z fv $ ut] gk] fn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb_\\ sf] lg0f{ofg;' f/ ;r\" gf tyf k|;f/0 f ljefu sfod ePsf] 5  . k|hftGqsf] axfnLkl5 g]kfndf kqsfl/t f hutsf] ljsf;sf] 9f]sf v'ns] f] eP tfklg @)!% ;fndf k|]; sld;gn] gk] fnL kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;df cgs] f}F /rgfTds ;'emfj lbPkl5dfq o; ljefun] kqsfl/t f Ifq] sf] cfw'lgs o'udf k|jz] u/]sf] xf ] . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, Oltxf;, k/' ftflŒjs ;Dkbf, snf, ;:+ sl[ t, ei] fe'iff, /Lltl/jfh, rf8kj{ tyf gk] fnsf cGo ljljw kIf;DaGwL ;r\" gfx¿ g]k fne/ k|;f/–k|;f/ ug{] / ljZj;fd' g]kfnsf] klxrfg u/fpgh] :tf p2Z] o lnO{ o; ljefun] ;dfrf/l rq, jQ[ lrq / syfgs rnlrq agfpg] tyf k|b{zg ug{] / To:t} vfnsf nv] , /rgfx¿ @)@& ;fn h7] #) ut]b l] v gk] fn klqsfdfkmt{ ks| fzg ug{h] :tf sfdx¿ ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5  . xfn gk] fn klqsfnfO{ g]kfn ;/s f/sf] gLltd\"ns klqsfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub}{ nh} fg] ;f]r ljefusf] /x]sf] 5 . o; ljefuaf6 ljleGg ljåfg\\ nv]  sx¿af6 lnlvt Pjd\\ cgj' flbt ljleGg pkof]u L / 1fgj4s{ k:' ts–kl' :tsfx¿ k|sfzg Pjd\\ lgMz'Ns ljt/0fsf cnfjf cfdf, lxhf]cfh efn] L / kl/j t{gh:tf g]kfnL snf ;:+ s[lt / dgf]/ ~ hgn] le/k\"0f{ gk]fnL syfgs rnlrqx¿ klg lgdf{0f /kb| z{g ePsf lyP . gk] fn ;/s f/sf] ;r\" gf kj| fx ug,{] gk] fnL kqsf/x¿sf] kz] fut xslxtsf] ;/+ If0f Pjd\\ kqsfl/tf hutsf] :j:y, dofl{ bt tyf ;+:y fut ljsf;sf nflu ;r\" gf ljefu cfˆgf] ;j] f kb| fg ug{] sfod{ f sl6a4 5 . ;j+ }wflgs sfgg' x¿sf] sfof{Gjog u/fpg] qmddf kqsf/x¿nfO{ k]|; kl| tlglw kd| f0fkq pknAw u/fpg] / kqklqsf Pjd\\ kqsf/s f] clen]v /f Vg] tyf kqsf/s f] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ lhDd]j f/L;dt] ;r\" gf ljefun] k/\" f ub{} cfPsf] 5  . ;\"rgf ljefun] ;fj{hlgs ;\"rgfnfO{ Ps} ynf]df ;ªu\\ |x u/L ljt/0f ug{ ;r\" gfsf] xa lgdf0{ f u/L ljt/0f ug,]{ gk] fn klqsfdf ;/s f/sf gLltx¿ ks| fzg ug{,] kmf6] f] aª} s\\ :yfkgf ug{] sfo{sf] yfngL u/s] f] 5  . ;fy,} >dhLjL kqsf/x¿nfO{ cfwf/e\"t / ;j] fsfnLg tflnd lbg'sf ;fy} cfjf;Lo kqsf/ tflndsf nflu sfo{ ul//xs] f] 5  . ljefun] ljZj;fd' gk] fnsf] klxrfg u/fpg] p2]Zo lnO{ ljleGg 1fgj4{s tyf ;\"rgfdn\" s k':t s gk] fn kl/r o, gk] fnM ljljwtfdf Pstf kmf]6f] k:' ts, gk] fn å}dfl;s klqsf, z'esfdgf 8fo/L tyf g]kfn ;/s f/sf] cflwsfl/s SofnG] 8/ h:tf ;fduL| x¿ k|sfzg tyf ljt/0 f ub}{ cfO/xs] f] 5  . o; ljefun] gk] fnsf] cflwsfl/s kmf]6 fu] |fkm/sf] x}l;otn] /f i6« kd| v' tyf ;/sf/ 310÷g]kfn kl/ro

kd| 'vx¿sf] ljb]z e|d0f Pjd\\ g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg] ldq/fi6x« ¿sf /fi6« kd| v' tyf ;/s f/ k|dv' x¿sf] tkm{af6 ;Daf]w g ul/g ] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngx¿sf] cfof]hgf tyf cf}k rfl/s kmf6] f]u|fkm/sf] x}l;otn] pQm cj;/d f cfof]hgf x'g] ;/sf/L ;df/fx] x¿sf] tl:j/ 5fofsg, ks| fzg, clenv] Ls/0f, ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5  . To:t} hgtfnfO{ /fi6« ljsf;sf] sfo{df ;n+ Ug u/fpg] tyf ;dfhdf ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ vfnsf hgrt] gfd\"ns lj1fkgx¿ nfs] sNof0fsf/L lj1fkgdfkm{t juL{s/0 fdf k/]sf kqklqsfx¿df k|sfzg ug{ nufO{ eQ' mfgL lbFb}cfPsf]5 . xfn @)&% ;fn bl] v o; ljefun] k;| f/0fsf] sfo{ ;d]t ub{} cfO/xs] f] 5  . o; ljefun] k;| f/0flt/ /l] 8of] ;~rfng ;+:yf, /fli6o« 6]lnlehg ;~rfng tyf ljt/s ;:+ y f, ljbz] L 6]lnlehgsf] downlink tyf l;Ugn ljt/s ;+:yfnfO{ Ohfht lbg] tyf lgodg ug]{ ul//xs] f] 5 eg] ;~rf/ pks/0 f h:t} FM-transtimitter, jfsL–6fsL, VSAT, Digital Headend, Earth station, Amateur Radio nufotsf] nfO;{ ]G; hf/L ul//x]sf] 5  . ;fy} pQm pks/0 fx¿sf] ljqmL–ljt/0fsf] nfO;]G; tyf cfoft l;kmfl/; tyf lgodg ;d]t ul//x]sf] 5  . cGt/f l{ i6«o kr| ngcg';f/s f] Amateur Radio sf] k/L Iffsf] Joj:yf ;d]t ub}{ cfO/x ]sf] 5  . -u_ k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn k];| sfplG;n gk] fn, ;~rf/u|fd, sf7df8f}F kqsfl/t fdf kz] fut pRrtd cfr/0 f sfod /fvL :j:y , :jtGq / pQ/bfoL kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; tyf ;j+ 4g{ sf nflu k;]| sfplG;n Pg] , @)$* adfl] hd @)$* sflQs @* df k;]| sfplG;n gk] fnsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf ] . kqsfl/t f;DaGwL gLltut s/' f x¿ ;do–;dodf cjnfs] g u/L ;DalGwt Ifq] sf] /fo ;Nnfx lnO{ gk] fn ;/sf/n fO{ ;e' mfj lbg,] kqsfl/tfsf] kz] fut gk] fn kl/r o÷311

dofb{ f / pQ/bfloTj sfod ug,{] :j:y kqsfl/tf ljsf;sf nflu cfrf/ ;l+ xtf tof/ u/L sfofG{ jog / cgu' dg ug,{] kqklqsf juLs{ /0 f ug,{] kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf nflu gk] fn ;/s f/nfO{ ;e' mfj lbg,] kqsfl/t fsf] ljt/0f l:yltsf] cBfjlws clenv] /fVg,] kqklqsfdf ks| flzt ;dfrf/;uF ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ lnP/ s;n} ] sfplG;ndf ph/' L lbPdf ;f] ;DaGwdf cfjZos sf/a fxL ug,{] kqklqsfsf] ultljlw Pjd\\ j:t l' :y ltaf/] cWoog / dN\" ofªs\\ g;lxtsf] jflifs{ kl| tjb] g ;/s f/; dIf kz] ugh{] :tf sfd, stJ{ o / clwsf/ k;]| sfplG;n gk] fnsf] /xbF } cfPsf] 5  . kqsfl/tfdf ljzi] f ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf kqsf/x¿, ;Dkfbsx¿, ks| fzsx¿, >dhLjL kqsf/x ¿sf ;fy} ;flxlTos kqsfl/t f;uF ;DalGwt dxfge' fjx¿;dt] sf] kl| tlglwTj u/f O{ sfplG;nsf] u7g ul/P sf] 5  . k;]| sfplG;n Pg] , @)$* / k;]| sfplG;n -sfo{ Joj:y f_ lgodfjnL, @)$( adfl] hd k;]| sfplG;n gk] fnsf] lgoldt sfox{ ¿sf] Joj:yfkg xbF' } cfPsf] 5  . -3_ g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;ª\\3 bz] e/sf kqsf/x ¿sf] 5ftf ;ªu\\ 7g g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;ª3\\ sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)!@ ;fn rt} !^ ut] ePsf] xf]  . o;sf ;:+ yfks cWoIf kj\" k{ w| fgdGqL si[ 0fk|;fb e§/fO{ xg' \\  . ;a} lhNnfdf lhNnf zfvf /x]sf] o; dxf;ª\\3sf] kd| 'v p2]Zo Pjd\\ sfox{ ¿ o; k|sf/5g\\ M • gk] fn /fHoe/ cfd;~rf/sf ljleGg If]qdf lqmofzLn kqsf/x ¿nfO{ Ps ;\"qdf cfa4 u/L Jofj;flos gt] T[ j kb| fg ug]{  • kqsf/x¿sf] Jofj;flos xs lxtsf nflu gt] [Tj kb| fg ub{} pgLx¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;/+ If0f ug{ lqmofzLn /x g]  • lhDd]j f/, pQ/b foL, cg'zfl;t kqsfl/tfsf] ;:+ yfut ljsf;df lqmofzLn x'Fb} k;]| :jtGqtfsf] cfbzn{ fO{ kl/kfngf ug]{  • /fli6«o / cGt/fl{ i6o« If]qdf lqmofzLn kqsfl/t f Ifq] ;Fu ;DalGwt ;ª3\\ ;:+ y fx¿;uF ;fx} fb{k| \"0f{ ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf ljleGg b]z sf ;ª\\3 ;:+ yfx¿;Fu k|ltlglwx¿sf] cfbfgkb| fg ug]{  • kqsfl/tf If]q;uF ;DalGwt ljifodf cWoog, cg;' Gwfg, ;ef, ;Dd]n g, ufl] i7, kl| zIf0f cflb ;~rfng ug] { • kqsf/hutsf]lxtsf nflu cGo cfjZos sfd ug]{   312÷g]kfn kl/r o

kl/R5]b M bz g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw !)=! gk] fnsf] k//f i6« gLlt / o;sf d\"n cfwf/x¿ /f 0ffsfn ;?' xg' e' Gbfcl3 gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs ;DaGw lj:tf/ xg' ;ss] f] lyPg  . /f0ff kw| fgdGqL hËaxfb/'  /f 0ffn] /f0ff zf;gnfO{ cIf0' f / lr/: yfoL agfpg cu+ h]| x¿nfO{ vz' L kfg{] gLlt ckgfPsf lyP  . o;} p2Z] on] pgn] ef/t nufot an] fotsf] ;dt] ed| 0f u/s] f lyP  . hªu\\ axfb/'  /f0ffn] ckgfPsf] gLltnfO{ pgsf pQ/f lwsf/L x¿n] klg ckgfP  . t/ ;g\\ !($& df cu+ h]| x¿ ef/t af6 lkmtf{ xg' afWo ePkl5 gk] fnsf /f0ff zf;sx¿ sdhf/]  aGg ku'  ] . kl/0ffd:j¿k /f 0ff zf;gsf] ktg eO{ gk] fndf kh| ftGqsf] :yfkgf eof ] . lj=;=+ @))& ;fn;Dd ef/t, an] fot, km| fG; / ;o+ Q' m /fHo cdl] /sf u/L rf/ dn' s' x¿;uF bfT} o ;DaGw sfod e;} ss] fn] /f 0ffsfnsf] cGTolt/ jb} l] zs ;DaGw lj:t f/df sx] L ljljwLs/0f bl] vP klg k//f i6« gLltsf] 7f;] cfwf/ eg] tof/ ePsf] lyPg  . /f 0ffzf;gsf] ktg eO{ kh| ftGqsf] pbo ePkl5 tTsfnLg PstkmL{ k//fi6« gLltdf kl/j tg{ cfof] / gk] fnn] cGt/f l{ i6o« ;ef ;Ddn] gdf ;lqmotfsf ;fy efu lng yfNof ] . ;o+ Q' m /f i6« ;ª3\\ sf] dN\" o / dfGotfkl| t cf:y f, c;n+ Ugtf Pjd\\ l5ds] L dn' s' x¿;uF dq} Lk0\" f{ ;DaGw g} gk] fnsf] k// f i6« gLltsf kd| v' cfwf/x¿ xg'  \\ . gk] fnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf k|dv' cfwf/x ¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M != c;+nUgtf sg' } zlQm /f i6s« f] ;l} gs u7aGwgdf ;n+ Ug g/xL cGt/f l{ i6o« 36gfqmdkl| t lg/kI] f jf t6:y bl[ i6sf0] f cjnDag ug{' g} c;n+ Ugtf xf ] . c;U+ ngtf egs] f] sg' } u7aGwgaf6 :j tGq /x g' xf ] . t/ ljZj 36gfkl| t dfg} bzs{ aGg' sbflk xfO] g  . gk] fn kl/r o÷313

gk] fn kf| /Debl] v g} c;n+ Ug cfGbfn] gdf ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL xbF' } cfPsf] 5  . @= k~rzLnk|lt cf:y f cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw lj:t f/s f] qmddf k~rzLnsf] lgDglnlvt kfrF abF' fx¿nfO{ kd| v' cfwf/s f ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 hg' gk] fnsf] k// f i6« gLltsf] Ps dxŒjk0\" f{ cfwf/ xfM] != Psn] csf]{ dn' s' sf] :j tGqtf, ;fj{efl} dstf / If]qLo cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ @= csf{sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:t If]k gug{] #= ;dfgtf / kf/: k l/s lxt sfod ug]{ $= cgfqmd0f -Psn] csf]{ d'n'slj¿4 cfqmd0f gug{]_ %= zflGtk\"0f{ ;xcl:tTjsf] efjgfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{  #= ;+o'Qm /f i6« ;ª\\3kl| t cf:yf ;+oQ' m /f i6« ;ª\\3kl| t cf:yf / ljZjf; /fVb} ljZj zflGt / /fi6/« fi6«lar d}qL / ;xofu] clejl[ 4 ug{ o;sf] el\" dsf / k|efjsfl/t f a9fpg'kg{] s'/f df hf8] lbObF } cfPsf] 5  . ljZjzflGtsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;o+ Q' m /fi6« ;ª3\\ cGtu{ t nj] gfg / Oh/fonsf] ;LdfIfq] , ou' f]:n fleof / ;f]dflnof cflb dn' 'sx¿df zflGt ;]gf v6fOPsf] 5  . $= If]qLo ;xofu] clej[l4 ug{ hf8] l5d]sL d'n'sx¿lar ;xof]u / ;dembf/L a9fpg ;g\\ !(*% df :yflkt blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\\u7g -;fs{_ pko'Qm x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu g]kfnn] hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5  . ;fs{ ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf g]kfndf x'g'nfO{ o;} kl/k|]Iodf x]g{ ;lsG5  . o;}u/L g]kfn ax'kIfLo k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu a+ufn vf8Lsf] k|of; -laD:6]s_, Pl;of ;xof]u jftf{, ;fª\\3fO{ ;xof]u ;ª\\u7g cflb h:tf If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\\u7gdf ;d]t cfa4 /x]sf] 5  . %= lgMz:qLs/0 f z:q f:qsf] xf]8afhLnfO{ Gog\" u/L To; Ifq] df eO/xs] f] cyfx wg/flznfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb If]qdf nufgL u/L ;fdflhs ;j] fsf] :t/ a9fpg'kg]{ Pjd\\ cf0fljs xftxltof/ x6fpg] s'/fdf g]kfnn] cfˆgf] cfjfh a'nGb agfPsf] 5  . ^= e\"kl/j ]li7t d'ns' sf] xslxtsf] ;/' I ff g]kfn Ps ;fgf] tyf ljsf;fG] dv' d'n's ePsf]n ] ;a} ek\" l/jl] i7t d'ns' x¿n] Joxfg] k'{ /]sf] ;d:o fsf] plrt ¿kdf lg/f s/0f ub{} oL d'ns' x¿sf] xs lxt ;/' lIft ug'k{ g]{ s'/f df hf8] lbbF } cfPsf] 5  . 314÷g]kfn kl/ro

&= ;fgf tyf cljsl;t dn' 'sx¿sf] xslxtsf] ;/' Iff g]kfn Ps ;fgf] tyf ljsf;f]Gdv' d'n's ePsfn] o;n] cfkmh\" :tf dn' s' x¿sf] xslxt clejl[ 4 ug{ If]qLo / cGt/f{li6o« d~rx¿df hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5  . *= ;d:o fsf] zflGtk\"0f{ ;dfwfg s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbx¿sf] zflGtk\"0f{ ;dfwfg x'gk' g]{ s/' f df hf8] lbb+ } an ko| f]u, wDsL tyf o'4 s'g} klg ;d:o fsf] :y foL ;dfwfg xfO] g eGg] s'/fdf gk] fn ljZj:t 5  . (= c;n l5ds] Lkgsf] efjgf gk] fn bO' { 7n' f7'nf d'n's -ef/t / rLg_ åf/f 3l] /Psf] ;fgf] dn' 's ePsfn] oL bj' } d'ns' ;Fu ;Gt'lnt /;'dw/' ;DaGw sfod ub}{ ljZjsf cGo d'ns' x¿;Fu klg dq} Lk0\" f{ ;DaGw sfod ug{] gLlt g]kfnn] lnPsf] 5  . !)= bafa / eb] efjsf] lj/f]w gk] fnn] ;fdf| Hojfb, pklgjz] jfb, gjpklgj]z jfb, lj:tf/jfb, hft tyf /+u eb] efj, k|e'Tjjfb cflbsf] v'Nnf ¿kdf lj/fw] ub}{ :j fwLgtf Pjd\\ /u+ eb] lj/f ]wL cfGbf]ngsf] ;dy{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5  . !!= :jtGq k//f i6« gLlt g]kfnn] ljZj /u+ d~rdf s;s} f] cg'ofoL geO{ cfˆgf] Goflos dg / ljj]ssf] k|ofu] u/L :j tGq ¿kdf cfˆgf] :ki6 cjwf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] xFb' f g]kfn c;U+ ng /fi6« eP klg ljZjdf 36g\\ ]36gfx¿k|lt ;j+ b] gzLn xFb' } cfPsf] 5 . !)=@ gk] fnsf] cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw M P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnfs] g gk] fn bO' { ljzfn l5ds] L dn' s' x¿ ef/t / rLglardf cjl:yt Ps ek\" l/jl] i7t /fHo xf ] . bz] sf] cl:dtfnfO{ hfu] fO/fVg gk] fn slxn] ltAat / rLg;uF hW' gk' ¥of] t slxn] cªu\\ h]| ;uF   . ljutdf Hofb} sl7g lbgx¿df klg gk] fn s;s} f] cwLgdf /xg] , cfˆgf] ;fje{ fd} ;Qf / :j tGqtfnfO{ hfu] fO{ /f Vg ;Ifd eof ] . ;g\\ !*!^ dfr{ $ -lj=;=+ !*&@_ df ePsf] ;u' fn} L ;lGwkZrft\\ gk] fnsf] k//fi6« gLltn] gofF lbzf lnPsf] bl] vG5 eg] an] fot;uF s6\" gLlts ;DaGw :y fkgf ePkl5 gk] fnsf] cfwl' gs ljZj;uF lgoldt ;Dks{ ;?' ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . gk] fnsf] k//f i6« ;DaGwsf] cfk} rfl/s ;?' jft eg] ;g\\ !*%) df hªu\\ axfb/'  /f0ffn] an] fotsf] ed| 0f u/;] uF } kf| /De ePsf] kfOG5   . To:t } ;g\\ !(@# df rGb;| d;/] s f kfnfdf lal| 6; ;/s f/ / gk] fnlar zflGt / dq} L ;lGwdf x:t fIf/ ePsf] lyof ] . lj=;=+ @))& ;fnsf] /fhgl} ts kl/j tg{ kZrft\\ rLg, ;fl] eot ;ª3\\ / km| fG;;uF gk] fnsf] bfT} o ;DaGw :yfkgf ePkl5 gk] fn cGt/f l{ i6o« g]kfn kl/r o÷315

Ifq] df kj| z] u/s] f] xf ] . !$ l8;D] a/ !(%% df gk] fn ;o+ Q' m /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:o alg Pkm| f] PlzofnL ;ªu\\ 7gsf] afª8ª' ;Ddn] gdf efu lnof ] . ;g\\ !(^! bl] v c;n+ Ug /fi6x« ¿sf] lzv/ ;Ddn] gdf ;lDdlnt eO{ ;lqmo ;b:o sf ¿kdf gk] fnn] cfhkoG{ t ljZjsf] ljleGg d~rx¿df efu lnbF } cfPsf] 5  . c;n+ Ug lzv/ ;Ddn] gdf gk] fnn] pklgjz] jfb, hftLjfb, /ªu\\ eb] gLlt, ek\" l/j l] i7t /fi6x« ¿sf] kf/j xg clwsf/ cflb ljifox¿df cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] 5  . c;n+ Ug k//f i6« gLlts} sf/0f gk] fnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« hutdf sg' } klg afxo\\ bafa /xs] f] 5g} / of] g} gk] fnsf] k// fi6« gLltsf] cfwf/ :t De aGg ku' s] f] 5  . ;o+ Q' m /f i6« ;ª3\\ sf] 3fi] f0ff kqcg;' f/ gk] fnn] an] fan] fdf lgz:q Ls/0f, /u+ eb] gLlt pklgjz] jfbsf] lj/f w] Pjd\\ sg' } klg bz] df ljbz] L kmfh} sf] x:tIfk] ljgf;t{ x6fpgk' b5{ eGg] bl[ i6sf0] f /f Vb} cfPsf] 5  . kmn:j¿k gk] fn bO' { k6s;Dd ;/' Iff kl/ifbs\\ f] ;b:o df ;dt] lgjfl{ rt eof ] . ;o+ Q' m /fi6« ;ª3\\ n] u7g u/s] f] ;ldltx¿df klg gk] fn ;n+ Ug ePsf] 5  . c;n+ Ug k//fi6« gLltn] ljZj ;db' folardf gk] fnsf] ;sf/f Tds 5lj lgdf0{ f u/s] f] 5  . gk] fnn] ;o+ Q' m /fi6« ;ª3\\ cGtut{ sf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] ;b:otf;dt] kf| Kt u/s] f] 5  . c;n+ Ug cfGbfn] gsf] Ps ;:+ yfks ;b:o ePsf] gftfn] gk] fn ljZjzflGtsf] sfdgf ub5{   . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgn] gk] fnsf] ;fje{ fd} ;Qf, efu} fl] ns cv08tf, :j fwLgtf / /f li6o« lxtsf] /Iff ug{ lso| fzLn /x bF } ;o+ Q' m /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] a8fkq, c;n+ Ugtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/f l{ i6o« sfgg' / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf cfwf/df /fi6s« f] ;jfk{] l/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :j tGq k// f i6« gLlt ;~rfng ug{] tyf ljutdf ePsf ;lGwx¿sf] kg' /fjnfs] g ub{} ;dfgtf / kf/: kl/s lxtsf] cfwf/d f ;lGw ;Demft} fx¿ ug{] u/L cGt/f l{ i6o« ;DaGw lgbl{] zt xg' ] s/' f pNnv] u/s] f] 5 . o;} cg¿' k ;o+ Q' m /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] a8fkq, c;n+ Ugtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/fl{ i6o« sfgg' / ljZj zflGtsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g} xfn gk] fnsf] k// fi6« gLlt ;~rfng xbF' } cfPsf] 5  . l5ds] L ldq /f i6x« ¿ / cGo ;a} dn' s' x¿l;t cflys{ , ;fdflhs Pjd\\ cGo Ifq] df ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xofu] fTds ;;' DaGw sfod u/L gk] fndf zflGtnfO{ cGt/fl{ i6o« dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;:+ y fut ub{} hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug5{] eGg] Joj:y f u/L bz] sf] k//fi6« gLlt / cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw cufl8 a9fpg gk] fn kl| ta4 /xs] f] ki| 6 xG' 5  . xfn gk] fn ;ª3\\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGq ags] f] kl/k I]| odf o;sf] dn\" ;/+ r gf ;ª3\\ , kb| z] / :y fgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] /x s] f] eP klg gk] fnsf] k// fi6« gLlt, cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw / s6\" gLltsf] ;~rfng ug{] Psn clwsf/ ;ª3\\ cGtut{ /xs] f] 5  . kb| z] / :y fgLo txn] ;ª3\\ ;uF sf] k/fdz,{ ;dGjo / :j Lsl[ tdf dfq cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGwsf ljifox¿df sfo{ ug;{ Sg] Joj:y f ;l+ jwfgdf g} /xs] f] 5  . 316÷gk] fn kl/ro

gk] fn /clkm| sL dn' s' 3fgf ;g\\ 2021 d] 24 df s6\" gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ePkl5 gk] fn;uF s6\" gLlts ;DaGw :y fkgf ug{] dn' s' sf] ;ªV\\ of !&) ku' s] f] 5  . tflnsf g=+ !)=! s6' gLlts :t/d f lj=;+= @))& ;fn kj\" { gk] fnsf] bfT} o ;DaGw ePsf dn' s' x¿ qm=;+= /fi6« bf}To ;DaGw ePsf] ldlt != ;o+ Q' m clw/fHo-an] fot_ lj=;+= !*&@ -;g\\ !*!^_ @= ;oQ' m /fHo cdl] /sf lj=;=+ @))$ a}z fv !@ -;g\\ !($& clk|n @%_ #= ef/t lj=;+= @))$ h]7 #! -;g\\ !($& h'g !#_ $= km| fG; lj=;+= @))^ a}z fv * -;g\\ !($( clkn| @)_ @))& ;fnkl5 g]kfnsf]bf}To ;DaGw ePsf dn' 'sx¿ qm=;+= /fi6« bf}T o ;DaGw ePsf] ldlt 1 rLg ;g\\ 1955 cui^ 1 2 ;f]leot ;ª\\3 ;g\\ 1956 h'nfO{ 20 3 hfkfg ;g\\ 1956 ;]K^]D a/ 1 4 :j L6h/NofG8 ;g\\ 1956 gf]e ]Da/ 10 5 >Lnª\\sf ;g\\ 1957 hn' fO{ 1 6 OlhK6 ;g\\ 1957 h'nfO{ 16 7 hdg{ L ;g\\ 1958 clk|n 4 8 cl:6 o« f ;g\\ 1959 cui^ 15 9 O6fnL ;g\\ 1959 cui^ 31 10 ;la{of ;g\\ 1959 cS^f]a/ 7 11 kfN] ofG8 ;g\\ 1959 gf]e]D a/ 25 12 dn]l;of ;g\\ 1960 hgj/L 1 13 lkmlnlkG; ;g\\ 1960 km]a 'c| ®L 12 14 c:6]«lnof ;g\\ 1960 km]a c'| ®L 15 15 Dofgdf/ ;g\\ 1960 dfr{ 19 16 kfls:tfg ;g\\ 1960 dfr{ 20 17 g]b/N ofG8 ;g\\ 1960 clk|n 2 18 nfcf;] ;g\\ 1960 d]20 gk] fn kl/r o÷317

19 Oh/f on ;g\\ 1960 h'g 1 20 l:j8]g ;g\\ 1960 h'g 10 21 yfONofG8 ;g\\ 1959 gf]e ]D a® 30 22 OG8f]g]l;of ;g\\ 1960 l8;]Da® 25 23 dªu\\ f]lnof ;\\g 1961 hgj®L 5 24 xªu\\ /L ;g\\ 1961 hgj®L 15 25 Gol' hNofG8 ;g\\ 1961 d]1 26 ckmuflg:yfg ;g\\ 1961 hn' fO{ 1 27 ch{]lG6gf ;g\\ 1962 hgj®L 1 28 lrnL ;g\\ 1962 29 lu;| ;g\\ 1962 km]a '|c®L 2 30 6sL{ ;g\\ 1962 gf]e]Da® 15 31 n]agfg ;g\\ 1963 cui^ 18 32 dl] Nhod ;g\\ 1963 cui^ 19 33 O/fg ;g\\ 1964 l8;]Da® 14 34 Sofg8f ;g\\ 1965 hgj®L 18 35 hf8] g{ ;g\\ 1965 cui^ 20 36 8g] dfs{ ;g\\ 1967 l8;]Da® 15 37 aN' ul] /o f ;g\\ 1968 clk|n 15 38 /f]dflgof ;g\\ 1968 clk|n 20 39 cNhl] /of ;g\\ 1968 clkn| 29 40 :k]g ;g] 1968 d] 13 41 O/f s ;g\\ 1968 cS^f]a ® 30 42 l;ª\\ufk'/ ;g\\ 1969 dfr{ 25 43 ;8' fg ;g\\ 1969 hn' fO{ 11 44 l;l/of ;g\\ 1970 km]a |'c®L 26 45 Olyof]lkof ;g\\ 1971 clk|n 15 46 s'at] ;g\\ 1972 km]a '|c®L 25 47 aªu\\ nfbz] ;g\\ 1972 clkn| 8 48 cNaflgof ;g\\ 1972 d]23 49 ga]{ ;g\\ 1973 hgj®L 26 318÷gk] fn kl/r o

50 pQ/ sfl] /of ;g\\ 1974 d]15 51 blIf0f sfl] /of ;g\\ 1974 d]15 52 lkmgNofG8 ;g\\ 1974 ;]D ^]Da® 21 53 tfGhflgof ;g\\ 1975 hgj®L 10 54 df]/ Ssf] ;g\\ 1975 km]a 'c| ®L 18 55 Soj' f ;g\\ 1975 dfr{ 25 56 sDafl] 8of ;g\\ 1975 clk|n 18 57 leotgfd ;g\\ 1975 d]15 58 s]Gof ;g\\ 1975 h'g 3 59 dl] S;sf] ;g\\ 1975 gf]e ]Da® 25 60 nShau{ ;g\\ 1975 gf]e ]Da® 25 61 gfOhl] /of ;g\\ 1975 l8;]Da® 20 62 lnlaof ;g\\ 1975 l8;]Da® 30 63 k?] ;g\\ 1976 hgj®L 28 64 af| lhn ;g\\ 1976 km]a 'c| ®L 7 65 kfr] u{' n ;g\\ 1976 ;]K^]D a® 1 66 ax/f Og ;g\\ 1977 hgj®L 13 67 cfd] fg ;g\\ 1977 hgj®L 21 68 stf/ ;g\\ 1977 hgj®L 21 69 ;+oS' t c/j Old/]6; ;g\\ 1977 hgj®L 22 70 ;fpbL ca/ ;g\\ 1977 dfr{ 15 71 sf]:6 fl/sf ;g\\ 1977 cui^ 16 72 dflNbE; ;g\\ 1980 cui^ 1 73 ;fOk|; ;g\\ 1980 cui^ 18 74 df}l/;; ;g\\ 1981 km]a c|' ®L 12 75 cfO;NofG8 ;g\\ 1981 d]25 76 e]6fg ;g\\ 1983 hg' 3 77 xfl] n;L ;g\\ 1983 ;]K^]D a® 10 78 dfN6f ;g\\ 1983 ;]K ^]Da® 25 79 a'|gfO{ ;g\\ 1984 km]a '|csf 3 80 kfgfdf ;g\\ 1984 km]a |c' ®L 15 g]kfn kl/ro÷319

81 6\\o'lgl;of ;g\\ 1984 clk|n 14 82 ;f]dflnof ;g\\ 1984 cS^f]a ® 24 83 lhDafAj] ;g\\ 1984 gf]e ]Da® 27 84 ufaf]g l/klAns ;g\\ 1985 h'g 17 85 odg ;g\\ 1985 l8;]Da® 25 86 lkmhL ;g\\ 1986 h'g 12 87 hflDaof ;g\\ 1986 ;]K^]Da® 10 88 dfh] flDas ;g\\ 1986 ;]K^]D a® 30 89 lgsf/fu'jf ;g\\ 1986 cS^f]a ® 5 90 eg] h] 'onf ;g\\ 1987 clkn| 28 91 sf]n lDaof ;g\\ 1987 d]7 92 afl] nleof ;g\\ 1987 d]21 93 Oyfl] kof ;g\\ 1992 clkn| 20 94 nf6leof ;g\\ 1992 clk|n 20 95 oq' m]g ;g\\ 1993 hgj®L 15 96 cdl] /s f ;g\\ 1993 dfr{ 26 97 sfhls:yfg ;g\\ 1993 dfr{ 26 98 a]nf?; ;g\\ 1993 hn' fO{ 19 99 df]n8fe] f ;g\\ 1993 hn' fO{ 20 100 r]s l/klAns ;g\\ 1994 dfr{ 2 101 ;fN] efs l/klAns ;g\\ 1994 dfr{ 4 102 luofgf ;g\\ 1994 hg' 2 103 ;fpy clkm| sf ;g\\ 1994 hn' fO{ 28 104 cha}h{ fg ;g\\ 1995 km]a 'c| ®L 28 105 ;l] rn]; ;g\\ 1996 cS^f]a ® 10 106 :nfe] flgof ;g\\ 1997 l8;]Da® 2 107 dl] ;8fl] gof ;g\\ 1998 hgj®L 6 108 qmf]Plzof ;g\\ 1998 km]a 'c| ®L 6 109 cfo/NofG8 ;g\\ 1999 cui^ 19 110 afl] :gof ch{ufl] egf ;g\\ 2000 hgj®L 12 111 Noy' flgof ;g\\ 2005 km]a 'c| ®L 8 320÷gk] fn kl/ro

112 ;fg dfl/o f] ;g\\ 2005 cui^ 10 113 l/klAns ckm tfhls:tfg ;g\\ 2005 ;]K^]Da® 13 114 hlho{ f ;g\\ 2005 ;]K^]Da® 22 115 tl' s{ldlg:yfg ;g\\ 2005 cS^f]a ®L 17 116 OSj]8/ ;g\\ 2006 h'g 21 117 kf/fUj] ;g\\ 2006 cui^ 2 118 Ujf6d] fnf ;g\\ 2006 cui^ 8 119 xfG] 8/' ; ;g\\ 2006 cui^ 18 120 efgc' 6 ;g\\ 2006 ;]K^]D a® 19 121 cfG8f]/f ;g\\ 2006 ;]K^]D a® 22 122 su+ f] ;g\\ 2006 ;]K ^]D a® 22 123 xfO6L ;g\\ 2007 d]23 124 ;]G6 leG;]G6 ;g\\ 2007 ;]K ^]Da® 27 125 8f]ldlgs l/k lAns ;g\\ 2007 ;]K^]Da® 28 126 af]:jfgf ;g\\ 2009 hgj®L 8 127 dfnL ;g\\ 2009 gf]e]Da® 19 128 n];fy] f] ;g\\ 2010 d]18 129 dfG] 6]g]uf| ] ;g\\ 2011 h'nfO{ 18 130 ;fn] dg OhNof08 ;g\\ 2011 l8;]Da® 15 131 p?Uj] ;g\\ 2012 clk|n 18 132 df]gfsf] ;g\\ 2012 d]15 133 :nflds l/klAns ckm df}l/6flgof ;g\\ 2012 l8;]Da® 4 134 6e' fn' ;g\\ 2012 l8;]Da® 11 135 OG8]k]G8G] 6 :6]6 ckm ;fdf] ;g\\ 2013 dfr{ 28 136 kk'jf Go'lugL ;g\\ 2013 clkn| 12 137 sfhls:t fg ;g\\ 2015 h'g 30 138 hd}sf ;g\\ 2015 cS^f]j ® 1 139 l/klAns ckm lugL ;g\\ 2016 d]12 140 O;fNef8f/]  ;g\\ 2016 ;]K ^]Da® 21 141 ou' fG8f ;g\\ 2017 h'g 12 142 sf6] l8efO] / ;g\\ 2017 h'g 16 g]kfn kl/r o÷321

143 l/k lAns ckm l8af]6L ;g\\ 2017 h'nfO{ 14 144 PG6o\\ u' P08 afa{'8f ;g\\ 2017 h'nfO{ 25 145 sfaf] e]8{ ;g\\ 2017 cui^ 3 146 nfOal] /of ;g\\ 2017 cui^ 17 147 lgu/ ;g\\ 2017 ;]K^]Da® 20 148 Ol/:6f« ;g\\ 2017 cS^f]j ® 31 149 axfd; ;g\\ 2017 gf]e ]Da® 7 150 lnr6]G;l6g ;g\\ 2017 gf]e]Da® 24 151 Pu+ fn] f ;g\\ 2017 l8;]Da® 9 152 al' s{gfkmf;f] ;g\\ 2017 l8;]Da® 29 153 lagLg ;g\\ 2018 hgj®L 23 154 pHh]ls:t fg ;g\\ 2018 hgj®L 26 155 ;G] 6 ls6;\\ P0g gfeL ;g\\ 2018 d]30 156 a'?G8L ;g\\ 2019 h'g 6 157 ?jfG8f ;g\\ 2019 hnfO{ 20 158 d8sf:s/ ;g\\ 2018 l8;]D a® 26 159 ;'/g] fdL ;g\\ 2018 cS^f]a ® 11 160 6fu] f] ;g\\ 2019 dfr{ 22 161 OSjf6fl] /n lhgLof ;g\\ 2019 clk|n 30 162 O:j fl6gL ;g\\ 2019 d]9 163 ;G] 6 nl' ;of ;g\\ 2019 cui^ 27 164 3fgf ;g\\ 2019 ;]K^]Da® 25 165 8fl] dlgsf ;g\\ 2021 clkn| 30 166 uflDaof ;g\\ 2021 d] 24 ;|ft] M k// fi6« dGqfno tflnsf g=+ !)=@ g]kfnL cfjf;Lo /fhb'tfjf; /x]sf d'n'sx¿ != ci6l]« nof @= ax/f Og #= au+ nfb]z $= a]l Nhod %= af| lhn ^= Sofg8f &= rLg *= 8]gdfs{ (= OlhK6 !)= k|mfG; !!=hdg{ L !@= ef/t 322÷gk] fn kl/ro

!#= Oh/fon !$= hfkfg !%= blIf0f sf]l/o f !^= sj' ]t !&= dnl] ;of !*= Dofgdf/ @!= stf/ @@= /l;of !(= cfd] fg @)= kfls:tfg @%= >Lnª\\sf @^= YffONof08 @#= ;fpbL @$= blIf0f c/]laof clk|msf @(= ;+o'Qm /fHo #)= :k ]g cd]l/s f @&= ;o+ Q' m c/a @*= ;o+ 'Qm Old/6] ;\\ clw/fHo tflnsf g+= !)=# g]kfndf cfjf;Lo /f hbt' fjf; ePsf ljbz] L dn' 'sx¿ != ci6]«lnof @= aªu\\ nfb]z #= a|flhn $= u0ftGq rLg %= 8]gdfs{ ^= OlhK6 &= lkmgNofG8 *= k|mfG; (= hd{gL !)= ef/t !!= Oh/fon !@=hfkfg !#= pQ/ sf]l/o f !$= blIf0f !%= dn]l;of !^= Dofgdf/ sfl] /of !&= gj{] !*= kfls:t fg !(= stf/ @)= /l ;of @!= ;fpbL c/a @@= >Ln+sf @#= l:jh/NofG8 @$= yfONofG8 @%= ;+o'Qm @^= ;o+ Q' m /fHo @&= ;+oQ' m c/a clw/fHo cdl] /s f Old/]6;\\ ;|ft] M k// fi6« dGqfno, @)&& j}zfv !)=# ;o+ 'Qm /fi6« ;ª3\\ / g]kfn ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] :yfkgf @$ cS6f]a/ !($% df ePsf] xf ] . ljZjdf ;d:t dfgjsf] lxtnfO{ x]/L o;sf] 3fi] f0ff kqdf zflGt, ;dfgtf, ;xof]u / ;Dksn{ fO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5  . gk] fnn] !$ l8;D] a/ !(%% df ;+oQ' m /f i6« ;ª3\\ sf] ;b:otf kf| Kt u¥of ] . ;b:o tf k|fKt u/b] ]lv g} ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\\3df gk] fnsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / ofu] bfg /x Fb} cfPsf] 5  . O={ ;= !(^# df cf]dfgsf] k|ZgnfO{ lnP/ u7g ePsf] kfrF ;b:o Lo ;ldltdf g]kfn klg /x s] f] lyof]  . g]k fn O{=;= !(^& df /ªu\\ e]b;DaGwL ljifz] ;ldltsf] pkfWoIfdf / kl5 sf=d=' cWoIf;dt] ePsf] lyof ] . gk] fn ;g\\ !(^(–&) / !(**–*( u/L gk] fn kl/ro÷323

b'O{ k6s ;'/Iff kl/ifb\\sf] c:y foL ;b:o df lgjf{lrt ePsf] lyof ] . o:t } ;g\\ !(&$ / !(*& df og' ]: sf] sfos{ fl/0fL kl/ifb\\df tyf ljleGg ;ldltdf /x]/ sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ g]kfnn] kfPsf] 5  . ljZjdf zflGt / ;'/I ff sfod /fVg gk] fn kx| /L / g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;+o'Qm /f i6« ;ª\\3Lo zflGt ;]gfdf ;g\\ !(%* bl] v gk] fnn] v6fpFb} cfPsf] 5  . ;g\\ !(*! sf] ;K] 6D] a/df k]l/;df cfof]l ht cNkljsl;t b]z x¿sf] /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo dn' 'sx¿sf] tkma{ f6 /f hf jL/G] ba| f6 dxŒjk0\" f{ ;Daf]wg ePsf] lyof ] . c/a Oh/f onlarsf] o'4 lj/fdsf] /]vb]v ug{ gk] fnn] ;}lgs k7fPsf] lyof ] . ;o+ Q' m /f i6« ;ª\\3sf] cfx\\jfgdf ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx¿df zflGt :y fkgf ug{ g]kfnL ;g] fn] ljzi] f el\" dsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 . h;sf]ljZj ;db' foaf6 pRr dN\" ofªs\\ g eO/x ]s f] 5 . xfn;Dd hDdf !# hgf JolQmx¿n] ;+oQ' m /fi6« ;ª\\3sf nflu :y foL kl| tlglw eO{ sfo{ ul/;ss] f 5g \\ . uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn nl' DagLnfO{ ljZje/ lrgfpg] p2]Zon] ;+o'Qm /f i6« ;ª\\3n] ;g\\ !(*# df …ljZj zflGt jif{Ú ;dt] dgfPsf] lyof ] . gk] fn ;o+ 'Qm /f i6« ;ª3\\ dfgj clwsf/ kl/i fb\\sf] ;b:o df ;g\\ @)!*–@)@) ;Ddsf nflu Pl;of Kofl;lkms ;dx\" af6 lgjf{lrt ePsf] 5 . tflnsf g+= !)=$ g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /f i6« ;ª\\3sf ljlzli6st[ ;+:y fx¿sf] ;b:otf lnPsf] ldlt qm=;=+ ;:+ yf ldlt != cGt/f l{ i6«o >d ;ªu\\ 7g (ILO) !(^^ @& gfe] ]Da/ !(%! @= vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\\u7g (FAO) ! d] !(%# #= ;o+ Q' m /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo zl} Ifs, j}1 flgs / ;f:+ s[lts ;ªu\\ 7g (UNESCO) !) d] !(%$ ^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^! $= ljZj :jf:Y o ;ª\\u7g (WHO) ^ ;]K6D] a/ !(^! @( h'nfO{ !(%^ %= ljZj a}ªs\\ ;dx\" (IBRD) !! h'nfO{ !(%^ % l8;]Da/ !(%& ^= cGt/f{li6o« db' f| sf]if (IMF) &= cGt/f{li6o« gful/s p8\\8og ;ª\\u7g (ICAO) *= ljZj x'nfs ;ª\\3 (UPU) (= cGt/f {li6«o b/\" ; ~rf/ ;ª\\3 (ITU) !)= ljZj xfjfkfgL lj1fg ;ªu\\ 7g (WMO) % d] !(&* 324÷gk] fn kl/ro

!!= cGt/fl{ i6o« ;fdl' b|s ;ªu\\ 7g (IMO) #! hgj/L !(&( % d] !(&* !@= s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sf]i f & l8;]D a/ !(*# (IFAD) !(&% !#= ;+oQ' m /fi6« ;ª3\\ Lo cfB} f]lus ljsf; ;ª\\u7g (UNIDO) !$= ljZj jfl} 4s ;DklQ ;+u7g (WIPO) !%= ljZj ko{6g ;u+ 7g (UNWTO) !)=$ ;fs{ / gk] fn !*cfF} ;fs{ ;Dd]ng pb\\3f6g ;df/f ]x, g]kfn ;g\\ !(*% l8;D] a/ & / * df a+unfb]zsf] /fhwfgL 9fsfdf /fi6«WoIf tyf k|d'vx¿n] efu lnPsf] ky| d zfs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6«x¿sf] If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\\u7g (SAARC) sf] ljlwjt :yfkgf u/L ;fs{ a8fkqsf] cgd' f]bg u¥of ] . blIf0f Pl;ofnL Ifq] Lo ;xof]u ;ªu\\ 7g ;fsd{ f au+ nfb]z, ef/t, gk] fn, kfls:tfg, e6' fg, >Lns+ f, dflNbE; / ckmuflg:t fg u/L cf7 /fi6«x¿ /xs] f 5g \\ . ;fss{ f] ;lrjfno sf7df8fd}F f /xs] f] 5  . o;sf] :y fkgf ;g\\ !(*^ df ePsf] xf]  . ;fss{ f] :yfkgfkZrft\\ o; If]qsf /f i6x« ¿lar ;xofu] , ;dembf/L , ;dfgtf / ;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ePsf] 5  . g]kfnn] ;fss{ f] k|j4{gnfO{ cfˆgf] k//fi6« gLlts} cleGg c+u agfPsf] 5 / g]kfn ;fs{sf] kj| 4g{ k|lt lgi7fjfg /xs] f] 5  . ;fss{ f] ;kmntfaf6 g]kfnn] o; Ifq] df b]vfk/s] f ;a} ;femf ;d:o fx¿ ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb5g\\ eGg]s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb5 . gk] fn kl/r o÷325

tflnsf g=+ !)=% xfn;Dd ePsf ;fs{ lzv/ ;Ddn] gx¿ qm= :y fg g]kfnsf] tkma{ f6 ldlt ;+= efu lng] JolQm ! 9fsf, aªu\\ nfb]z /f hf jL/]Gb| ;g\\ !(*% l8;D] a/ & / * @ a}ªu\\ nf/] , ef/t /f hf jL/G] b| ;g\\ !(*^ gfe] D] a/ !& / !* # sf7df8fF,} gk] fn /fhf jL/G] b| ;g\\ !(*& gfe] D] a/ @—$ ;g\\ !(** l8;D] a/ @(—#! $ O:nfdfjfb, /f hf jL/]Gb| kfls:tfg % dfn], dfnlbE; s[i0fk;| fb e§/fO{ ;g\\ !(() gf]e]Da/ @!—@# ^ sf]nDaf,] >Ln+sf lul/hfk;| fb sfO] /fnf ;g\\ !((! l8;]Da/ @! & 9fsf, au+ nfbz] lul/hfk|;fb sfO] /fnf ;g\\ !((# clkn| !)—!! * gofF lbNnL, ef/t dgdf]xg clwsf/L ;g\\ !((% dO{ @—$ ( dfn,] dfnlbE; nfs] G] b|axfb'/ rGb ;g\\ !((& dO{ !@—!$ !) sf]nDaf], >Ln+sf lul/h fk|;fb sfO] /fnf ;g\\ !((* hn' fO{ @(—#! !! sf7df8f,F} g]kfn z/] axfb/'  bp] jf ;g\\ @))@ hgj/L $—^ ;\"o{axfb/'  yfkf ;g\\ @))$ hgj/L $—^ !@ O:n fdfjfb, /f hf 1fg]Gb| ;g\\ @))% gf]eDa/ !@—!# kfls:t fg !# 9fsf, au+ nfb]z !$ gofF lbNnL, ef/t lul/h fk;| fb sf]O/fnf ;g\\ @))& clkn| #–$ !% sf]nfD] af], >Ln+sf lul/h fk|;fb sfO] /f nf ;g\\ @))* cui6 @–# !^ lyDk,' e'6fg dfwjsd' f/ gk] fn ;g\\ @)!) clk|n @*–@( !& c88\\ ' ;x/, 8f=afa'/f d e§/fO{ ;g\\ @)!! gf]eD] a/ !)–!! dflNbE; ;g\\ @)!$ gf]e ]Da/ @^–@& !*= sf7df8fF} g]kfn ;'zLn sfO] /fnf !(= O:nfdfjfb, ;g\\ @)!^ gfe] D] j/ !%—!^ df kfls:t fg xg' ] u/L to eP klg :y lut ePsf], k'gM ldlt tf]Sgk' g]{ 326÷gk] fn kl/r o

k/:k /df sltko leGgtfx¿ xF'bfxbF' } klg blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6x« ¿ ul/a L lgjf/0f Pjd\\ cfly{s ljsf;;d]tsf ;femf p2Z] ox¿sf] kl/k \"lts{ f] lglDt kf/: kl/s ;xof]u sf] lj:tf/ ug{ jrga4 ePsf 5g\\ / To;cg';f/ blIf0f Pl;ofnL /fi6«x¿larsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ a9L ;'b[9 / ;xh agfpg] lx;fan] Jofkf/ ;x'lnot;DaGwL SAPTA (SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement) ;Demf}tf ug{;d]t ;kmn ePsf 5g \\ . kf/:kl/s ;xofu] / ;DaGwnfO{ cem} a9L ;w' f/ / lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ / ug{ ;lsg] s/' fdf ;d]t ;fs{ /fi6«x¿sf] lardf dt}So g} bl] vG5  . o;n]ubf{ eljiodf cem a9L pknlAwd\"ns /;zQm ;+:y f ;fs{ xg' ]ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 . g]kfnn] ;fs{sf] s'n vr{sf] !)=&@ k|ltzt lx:;f a]xf]b{5  . ;fs{ If]qLo ;+:yfx¿cGtu{t ;fs{ Ifo/f]u s]Gb| g]kfndf /x]sf] 5  . g]kfn;Fu ;j{k|yd bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf];fs{ d'n's ef/t -;g\\ !($& h'g !#_ xf]eg] kl5Nnf] e'6fg -;g\\ !(*# h'g #_ xf ] . If]qkmnsf] lx;fan] g]kfn ;fs{sf] kfrf}F 7'nf] /fi6« xf ] . g]kfnn] klxnf] / cf7f}F blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'b cfof]hgf ul/;s]sf] 5  . ;g\\ @)!( df ePsf] !# cf}F blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'b g]kfnn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof ] . !)=% g]kfn ef/t ;DaGwsf Pl] txfl;s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ ;u' f}nL ;lGw g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\\ !*!% d] @* df u'? uh/fh ld> Pjd\\ rGb|zv] / pkfWofonfO{ cfˆgf] kl| tlglw agfP/ sDkgL ;/s f/sf] k|ltlglw a|f8zfl;t ;lGwjftf{ rnfpg ;u' fn} L k7fPsf] lyof]  . t/ a|f8;fn] /f v]sf] sl7g ;tn{ ] ubf{ g]k fnn] ;lGw jftf{ rnfpg c:j Lsf/ u/k] l5 of] jftf{ c;kmn ePsf] lyof]  . gk] fnnfO{ ;aeGbf a9L cfklQ /l] hdG] 6 /f Vg] s'/f df lyof], lsgeg] c+uh]| b\"tnfO{ ;fdf| Hosf] cu|b\"t 7fgs] f] lyof ] . To:tf] b\"t pkTosfdf g/xFbf t cª\\uh|] sf] x:t Ifk] eO/x ]sf] lyof] eg] bt\" /x]df s] ug{5] eGg] zªs\\ f lyof ] . bf;] f| ] cfklQsf] s/' f t/fO{ Ifq] lng' lyof]  . ;Dk\"0f{ t/f O{ Ifq] lnP/ gk] fnnfO{ kxf8df dfq ;Lldt /fVGf] gLlt k:| 6 b]l vGYof ] . t/ sDkgL ;/sf/n] /l] hd]G6 jf o'4dWo] Ps dfGg} kg]{ afWo agfOof ] . t/fO{ Ifq] sf] ;§f a;g{] L ?=bO' { nfv lbg sDkgL ;/sf/n] :j Lsf/ u¥of ] . o:tf] l:yltdf bf];f| r] f]6L ;lGw jftf{ ;'? eof] / @ l8;D] a/ !*!% df ;'ufn} L ;lGw eof ] . t/ of] ;lGwdf !% lbgleq g]k fnsf /f hfsf] :j Ls[lt x'g'kg]{ lyof]  . sDkgL ;/sf/n ] o; ;lGwdf !*!% l8;]Da/ ( df g} :jLsl[ t lbO;s]s f] lyof] t/ g]kfn b/a f/df 5nkmn xF'bfx'Fb} ;dofjlw gfF3s] f]n] ;g\\ !*!^ km]a|j' /L df cS6/n fg] Lsf] g]t[Tjdf ljzfn kmfh} gk] fnl;t o'4 ug{ cufl8 a9\\of]  . dsjfgk'/df ;fwf/0f g]kfn kl/r o÷327

k|lt/f]wkl5 cS6/n fg] L dftxtsf] ;g] f pkTosflt/ a9o\\ f]  . la|l6; ;]gf sf7df8f}F cfpbF } 5 eGg] r]tfjgL lbFb} Pp6f kq gk] fnsf /fhf;dIf k7fOPsf] lyof]  . o:t f] l:yltdf /fhwfgLdfly g} vt/f cfpg nfus] fn] ] gk] fnn] ;lGw :jLs[t u//]  rGb|zv] / pkfWofonfO{ ;u' fn} L k7fof]  . :jLsl[ t ePsf] ;lGwkq ;g\\ !*!^ dfr{ # sf lbg lbpF;f] @M#) ah]cS6/n fg]Lsf]xftdf a'emfPkl5 ;g\\ !*!$ gf]e]Da/! df ;?' ePsf]o4' !*!^ dfrd{ f ;dfKt eof] . o; ;lGwdf pNnl] vt wf/f x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\\ – != cg/]an O:6 Ol08of sDkgL / g]kfnsf /f hflar ;bfsfn zflGt Pjd\\ d}qL ;DaGw sfod /xg] 5   . @= o'4kj\" { b'j} /fHolarsf] ljjfbu|:t ee\" fudfly g]kfnsf /f hfn] bfaL TofUg' kg5]{ / tL ee\" fudfly sDkgL ;/sf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ :j Lsf/ ug]{ 5  . #= gk] fnsf /f hfn] tn pNn]lvt ;Dk0\" f{ e\"efu ;bfsfnsf nflu sDkgL ;/sf/nfO{ ;'Dkg] 5 M s= sfnL / /fKtL gbLlarsf] ;Dk\"0f{ t/fO{ If]q  v= /fKtL / u08slarsf] ;Dk0\" f{ t/f O{ If]q -a'6jn vf;afx]s_ u= u08s / s;' flarsf] ;Dk0\" f{ t/fO{ Ifq] , hxfF lal| 6; zf;gsf] clwsf/ k|f/De eO;s]sf] 5 jf x'g] l:yltdf 5  3= d]rL / l6i6f gbLlarsf] ;Dk0\" f{ t/f O{ Ifq]   ª= dr] L gbLkj\" {sf] ;Dk\"0f{ Ifq] Pjd\\ df/] ªb]lv kxf8lt/ hfg] gu/sf]6 dfu{ / To; glhssf] ;d:t ee\" fu x:t fIf/ ePsf] ldltbl] v $) lbgleq uf]/vfnL ;g] fn] vfnL ug{'kg{] 5  $= dflysf wf/f cg;' f/ lnOPsf ee\" fuåf/f xfgLdf k/]sf gk] fn /fHosf ;/bf/ Pjd\\ ef/bf/x ¿sf] Ifltkl\" t{ ug{ lal| 6; ;/s f/n] ;fnfvfnf ?= b'O{ nfv k|ltjif{ lbg] / of] /sd cfˆgf] thaLhcg';f/ gk] fnsf /f hf afF8\\g :j tGq x'g] 5g\\  . kG] ;gsf nflu ueg{/ hg/nsf] d'bf| / x:tfIf/;lxtsf] ;gb k|bfg ul/g] 5  . %= gk] fnsf /fhf / pgsf pQ/f lwsf/L x¿n] sfnLb]lv klZrdsf k|b]z / ToxfsF f lgjf;Lx¿;uF sg' } ;DaGw /fVg kfpg] 5}gg\\  . ^= gk] fnsf /f hfn] l;lSsdsf /fhfsf] cwLg ePsf] sg' } efupk/ sg' } lsl;dsf] bfjf ug{ kfpg] 5g} g\\ / gk] fnsf /fhf Pjd\\ l;lSsdsf /fhflar jf ba' s} f kh| flar sg' } ljjfb p7d] f ljjfbf:kb ljifo lal| 6; ;/sf/s f] dWo:ytfsf nflu kl|] ift ul/g] 5 / p;sf] lg0fo{ gk] fn ;/s f/n ] dfGgk' g{] 5  . 328÷g]kfn kl/ro

&= la|l6; ;/sf/sf] cgd' ltljgf g]kfnsf /f hfn] sg' } la|l6;, o/' fk] ]n L jf cdl] /s LnfO{ cfˆgf] gf]s/L df /fVg kfpg] 5}gg\\  . *= b'a} /fi6«lar sfod ePsf] ldqtf Pjd\\ zflGtsf];DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ Pjd\\ pGGflt ug{ Ps csfs{ f] /fHodf Pqml] 868] ldlg:6/ /xg] 5g\\  . (= gf}c f]6f wf/f ePsf] of] ;lGwdf g]kfnsf /fhfn] !% lbgleq :jLsl[ t k|bfg u/L n]km\\l6gG] 6 sg{n a|f8zfnfO{ a'emfpg] 5g\\ / pgn] @) lbgleq jf ;Dej eP o;eGbf klg zL3| g} ueg{/ hg/nsf] :jLs[lt lbnfpg] 5g\\  . ;g\\ !(%) sf]zflGt tyf dq} L ;lGw ;g\\ !(%) h'nfO{ #! -!^ >fj0f @))&_ sf lbg g]kfn ef/t lar Ps zflGt tyf dq} L ;lGw ;DkGg ul/o f ] . o; ;lGw kqdf gk] fnsf] tkm{af6 kw| fgdGqL dfx] g ;d;/]  / ef/tsf] tkm{af6 g]kfnsf nflu ef/tLo /fhb\"t ;L=kL= Pg= l;+xn] x:t fIf/ u/s] f lyP  . o; ;lGwdf lgDglnlvt ztx{ ¿ /xs] f 5g\\ M != gk] fn tyf ef/t ;/s f/lar ;bfsfn zflGt tyf dq} Lk0\" f{ ;DaGw /lx/x g] 5  . bj' } ;/sf/x¿ Pscsfs{ f] bz] sf] ;fje{ fd} ;Qf, k0\" f{ ;Dke| t' f, Ifq] Lo cv08tf / :j tGqtfsf] /Iff Pjd\\ cfb/ ug{ sl6a4 /x g] 5g\\ @= sg' } klg sf/0 faf6 bO' { bz] lar ljjfb pTkGg ePdf b'j} ;/sf/x¿n] ldqjt ¿kdf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{5g \\ . #= dfly wf/f ! df pNn]lv t ;DaGwnfO{ :yfloTj Pjd\\ dfGotf lbgsf nflu bj' } ;/sf/x¿ cfk;df s6\" gLlts ;DaGw sfod /f Vg / nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug{sf nflu cfjZos k/]sf] k|ltlglw /fVgsf nflu;dt] d~h'/ ub{5g \\ . v6fOPsf kl| tlglw tyf pgsf ;xofu] Lx¿n] bj' } ;/s f/n] tfs] ]sf] jf cGt/f{li6o« sfg'gadf]lhdsf] s\"6gLlts ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{5g \\ . $= b'j} ;/s f/x¿ dxfjfl0fHobt\" (Consul-General), jfl0fHob\"t (Consul), pkjfl0fHob\"t (Vice-consul) tyf cGo bt\" x¿sf] lgo'Qm ug{ /fhL x'g] 5g\\ / logLx¿ b'j} ;/sf/n ] lglZrt u/]sf] ;x/, aGb/ufx /cGo 7fpdF f /xg ;Sg]5g \\ . dfly plNnlvt kb kf| Kt ug]{x¿nfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ ;Dk0\" f{ clwsf/, ;xl' not / cGo ;l' jwfx¿ csf{] /fHosf] ;f]x L txsf] JolQmn] kfP;/x kfpg] 5g \\ . %= gk] fn ;/sf/n fO{ ef/t Ifq] af6 cyjf ;f] /fHo Ifq] sf] af6f] u/L gk] fnsf] ;/' Iffsf lgldQ rflxg] xftxltof/, snkh' f,{ ufn] L u77\\ f, v/v hfgf cflb dfn;fdfgsf] k7} f/L ug{] clwsf/ 5  . bO' { ;/s f/n] k/: k /d f ;Nnfx u/L of] aGbfa] :tnfO{ rfn' u/f pg] sfoa{ fxL to ug{] 5g \\ . gk] fn kl/ro÷329

^= ef/t / g]kfnsf] l5ds] L dq} Lefjsf] kl| ts:j¿k b'j} ;/s f/n] cfˆgf] /fHoIf]q df /x s] f] csf]{ ;/s f/sf gful/s nfO{ cfˆgf] dn' s' sf] cfB} f]lus / cfly{s ljsf; tyf To:t f] ljsf;;DaGwL l/ofot / 7S] sfx¿df efu lngnfO{ /f li6«o Jojxf/ lbg] safn] ub{5g \\ . &= g]kfn ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/s f/n] cfˆgf /fHoIfq] df /xs] f csf]{ d'n'ssf gful/snfO{ lgjf;, ;DklQsf] dfu, Jofkf/, jfl0fHodf efu lng, lx88n' ug]{ / c¿ o:t } ks| f/s f ljz]ifflwsf/x ¿sf ljifodf kf/:kl/s tj/n] ;dfg ljzi] fflwsf/ lbgnfO{ san' ub{5g \\ . *= hxfF;Dd oxfF :ki6 ul/Psf s'/fx¿sf] ;DaGw 5, tL ;a}df of] ;lGwkqn] ef/tsf tkm{af6 la|l6; ;/sf/ tyf g]kfn ;/sf/lardf ePsf cl3sf ;a} ;lGwkq, :jLsf/kq / sa'ngfdfx¿nfO{ vf/]h ub{5  . (= of] ;lGwkq b'j} ;/s f/n] x:t fIf/ u/]sf] ldltb]lv nfu' x'g] 5  . !)= sg' } Ps dn' s' n] Ps jif{sf] efsf lbO{ of] ;lGwsf] cGTo ug{ gvf]h];Dd of] ;lGw hf/L /xg] 5  . of];lGwkqdf @))& ;fn >fj0f !^ ut] -!(%), h'nfO{ #!_ sf lbg sf7df8fdF}  f ;xL5fk ePsf] b]lvG5  . lj=;= @)#$ r}q df Jofkf/, kf/j xg tyf cgflws[t Jofkf/ljrng lgoGq0f ;xof]u -;ft jif]{_ ;Demf}tf u/L tLg k|sf/sf ;lGw ePsf] lyof ] . o; ;lGwcg';f/ g]kfndf pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ ef/tLo ahf/df ;x'lnot k|bfg ug]{ tyf Pscfk;df cfjZos j:t' pknAw u/fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ ;xdlt eof ] . kf/jxgtkm{ g]kfnaf6 ef/t x'Fb} t];|f] d'n'sdf j:t'x¿ 9'jfgLdf oftfoftsf] ;x'lnot k|fKt x'g] / cgflws[t Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf % jif{ / kf/jxg ;lGwsf] cjlw & jif{ tf]lsof ] . o;kl5 lj=;= @)#( df g]kfn / ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGw tyf cglws[t Jofkf/sf] /f]syfd;DaGwL ;Demf}tf kfFr jif{ yk ul/of]  . ;lGwdf g]kfn–ef/t Jofkf/ k|jfx j[l4sf nflu sltko j:t'df ladf ;'ljwf k|f]kmd{ / eG;f/sf ;fy} 6«flG;kd]G6h:tf ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf]kfOG5 . g]kfn / ef/tlar ePsf ljleGg ;lGw ;Demft} fsf] ;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ug{ ;g\\ @)!^ hgj/Ldf gk]fn–ef/t ka| 4' ;dx\" -O{kLhL_ u7g ePsf]5 . o; ;d\"xn] ;g\\ !(%) sf] zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw, Jofkf/ tyf kf/j xg ;lGw / hn;|ft] ;DaGwL ljleGg ;lGw–;Demf}tfdf 5nkmn u/L bj' } bz] sf ;/sf/n fO{ ;e' mfa lbgk' g{] sfof{bz] kfPsf] 5  . o; ;d\"xdf g]kfnsft] km{af6 ;o+ f]hs 8f= ei] faxfb'/ yfkf tyf ;b:o x¿ gLnfDa/ cfrfo,{ ;o\" {gfy pkfWofo / 330÷g]kfn kl/ro

8f= /f hg e§/fO{ x'gx' 'G5 eg] ef/tsft] kma{ f6 ;o+ fh] s eutl;x+ sfl] ;of/L tyf ;b:o x¿ 8f= la;L pkt]|  L, dxG] › kL= nfdf /hoGtk;| fb xg' 'xG' 5 . !)=^ gk] fn / rLg–ltAat ;DaGwsf P]ltxfl;s ;lGw ;Demf}t fx¿ g]kfnsf] ltAat / rLg;uF Hofb} k/' fgf] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5  . lnR5ljsfnLg 7s'/L /fhf c+zj' df{sf] ;dob]l v ;'b9[ aGb} cfPsf] gk] fn–rLg–ltAat ;DaGw kl5sf jif{x¿df cem ;'b[9 aGb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . gk]fn–rLg–ltAatlar ;g\\ !&**, ;g\\ !&(! /;g\\ !*%% df u/L tLgk6s 7n' f o4' x¿ eP . k|yd o'4 lj=;=+ !*$^ h7] -;g\\ !&*( h'g @_ df ePsf]s?] ª ;lGw, bf;] f| ]o'4 lj=;+= !*$( efb| ^ -;g\\ !&(@_ df ePsf]aq] fjtL ;lGw /t>]  f] o4' lj=;=+ !(!@ rq} -;g\\ !*%^ dfr{ @^_ df ePsf] yfkfynL ;lGwn] cGTo u/s] f] lyof]  . gk] fn / rLg–ltAat ;DaGwsf sx] L P]ltxfl;s ;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M s?] ª ;lGw dn\" t lrlgofF kIfn] ltAatnfO{ o'4 gu/L jftf{sf]dfu{ cFufNg ;Nnfx lbPkl5 g} k|yd gk] fn–ltAat o'4sf] cGTo u/L jftf{nfk ePsf] lyof ] . o; jftfd{ f ltAatsf tkma{ f6 sfnf]g 3f]l /ª , ;flsof nfdf, 6;] ' nfdf / gk] fnsf] tkma{ f6 ad zfx, xl/x/ pkfWofo / g/l;+x zfxL d'Vo lyP  . ltAatsf] s]? ªdf ePsf] o; 5nkmndf k|f/D edf gk] fnn] o4' df ePsf] ;Dk0\" f{ Joo / k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] ;dodf ePsf] ;lGw pNnª\\3g u/a] fkt %) wfgL{ ;'gsf] dfu /fVof]  . t/, ltAatn] gk] fnsf] o; dfuk|lt af/Daf/ c;xdlt hgfof]  . cGTodf @ hg' , !&*( df s]?ª ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ eof ] . @ dlxgf;Ddsf] 5nkmnkl5 ;DkGg ePsf] s?] ª ;lGw gfdaf6 kr| lnt o; ;lGwdf lgDg aF'bfx¿ /xs]  f 5g\\ M != gk] fn kmf}h cfkmn\" ] sAhf u/s] f] ltAatL If]qaf6 x6g\\ d~h'/ eof ] . @= pkf| Gt gk] fnn] ef6] dfly cfqmd0f ug]{ 5g}   . #= ef]6n] Ps lglZrt /s d ;flnGbf gk] fnnfO{ a'emfpg] 5  . $= ltAat / ef/tlarsf] Jofkf/ gk] fnsf] af6f] eP/ dfq} ul/g ] / tL bj' } bz] nfO{ hf]8 g\\ ]l;lSsd tyf e'6fgsf dfux{ ¿ aGb ug]{ 5 . %= pkf| Gt ld;fxf 6s /gofF 6slarsf] ;6xL b/sfod ubf{ bO' { ld;fxf 6s a/f a/ Ps gofF 6s sfod ul/g] 5  . a]qfjtL ;lGw g]kfn–ltAatlar ePsf] s?] ª ;lGwn] pNn]Vo ;kmntf kf| Kt ug{ ;ls/x s] f] lyPg  . To; ;lGwkqdf Nxf;f b/af/ / lrlgofF ;d|f6sf] :jLs[lt lnOPsf] g]kfn kl/ro÷331

lyPg  . ltAatn] ;f] s?] ª ;lGwcg;' f/ gk] fnnfO{ ltg{k' g]{ klxnf] ls:tfdfq} lt//]  ;lGwsf] pNnª\\3g ug{ yfNof]  . s]?ª ;lGw ePsf] @ jif{ k'Ubf gkU' b} ;g\\ !&(!–(@ df g]kfn ltAatlar kg' M o4' ;?' eof]  . bf;] f| ]k6ssf] o'4df ltAatsf] kIfaf6 rLgn] ;dt] x:t If]k u/s] f] lyof], h;n] ubf{ g]kfnn] ltAatsf]gfd eP klg rLg;Fu o'4 ug'k{ ¥of]  . o;} qmddf ;g\\ !&(@ cS6f]a / % df a]q fjtLsf] n8fOdF f bj' } kIflar 7'nf] Iflt ePsf] lyof]  . of] Ifltkl5 g]kfn–ltAat–rLglar Ps ;lGw ;DkGg eof]  . lj=;= !*$( efb| ^ -;g\\ !&(@ cui6_ df ;DkGg pQm ;lGw aq]  fjtL ;lGwsf] gfdn] lrlgG5 . a]q fjtL ;lGwdf bx] foadf]lhd ;tx{ ¿ pNnv] ePsf lyP M != gk]  fn /ltAatn] cfkml\" arsf] zqt' f TofuL ldqjt\\ ;DaGw sfod ug{] 5g\\  . @= gk] fnn] lrlgofF afbzfxsf] ;Ddfgfy{ kT| os] kfrF jifd{ f Pp6f lzi6d08n pkxf/; lxt kl] sª k7fpg] 5  . ;fy,} rLgn] klg ;§fdf pkxf/x¿ k7fpg] / pQm d08nsf] vr{ Pjd\\ oftfoftsf] ;l' jwf ax] fg] {] 5  . #= eljiodf sf7df8fF} / Nxf;fsf] lardf s'g} ks| f/s f] ljjfb pTkGg ePdf To;sf] ;dfwfg Nxf;fl:yt lrlgofF cDafaf6 x'g] 5  . $= s'tL / s?] ª Ifq] df lrlgofF clwsf/Ln] /v] fÍg u/s] f] ;LdfgfnfO{ gk] fnn] dfGotf lbg] 5  . %= g]kfndfly sg' } k|sf/sf] ljbz] L cfqmd0f ePdf rLgn] gk] fnsf] d2t ug]{ 5  . ^= gk] fnn] tfl;nDkd' f n6' ]sf] ;DklQ / zdkf{ nfdfsf] cjzi] f Pjd\\ pgsf ;dys{ Pjd\\ ;xof]u Lx¿nfO{ lkmtf{ ug]{ 5 . &= g]kfnn] db' f| ;DaGwL ;d:of pkf| Gt gp7fpgs' f ;fy} s?] ªsf] ;lGwdfly s'g} k|sf/sf] bfjL ug5{] g}   . yfkfynL ;lGw lj=;+= !(!! kmfug' -dfr{ !*%%_ df g]kfn rLglar t;] f| ] o'4sf] 3fi] f0ff eof]  . of] o'4sf] cjlw 5f]6f] eP klg Hofb} 3fts lyof]  . o;df b'j} kIfsf] wghgsf] 7n' f] Iflt eof ] . b'j} kIfn] o'4 /fS] g rfxs] fn] lj=;+= !(!@ k';df ;lGwjftf{ ;?' ul/of]  . jftfs{ f nflu ltAattkms{ f] gt] T[ j ub}{ snfg] zfq sf7df8f}F cfOku' s] f lyP  . of] ;lGw xg' 'kj\" { sl/a @ dlxgf;Dd jftf{ rn]sf] lyof ] . cGTodf ;g\\ !*%^ dfr{ @$ -!(!@ r}q_ df tTsfnLg kw| fgdGqLsf]lgjf; tyf sfof{no yfkfynL b/a f/df !) ;\"qLo ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/o f ] . yfkfynL b/af/d f x:tfIf/ ul/P sfn ] pQm ;lGwnfO{ yfkfynL ;lGw gfd lbOPsf] xf]  . pQm ;lGwsf ;tx{ ¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x ]sf lyP M 332÷gk] fn kl/ro

!= ltAatn] gk] fnnfO{ kl| tjif{ ?= !),))) ;nfdL:j¿k ae' mfpg] kl| t1f ub5{   . @= g]kfn ltAatdfly sg' } ljbz] L zlQmn] cfqmd0f u/]sf] v08df ltAatnfO{ ;xofu] ug{ tTk/ /x g] 5  . #= Nxf;f ;/sf/n ] g]kfnL Jofkf/L x¿dfly hut dx;n' -eG;f/ s/_ glng] lgwf] u¥of]  . $= ;lGwdf plNnlvt ;t{x¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 g]kfn o'4sfndf cfkm\"n] sAhf u/]sf] s'tL, s]?ª, em'ª\\uf If]qx¿ ltAatnfO{ lkmtf{ ug{ afWo x'g] 5  . ;fy}, o'4sfndf g]kfnsf] sAhfdf cfPsf ef]6] l;kfxL / e]8f–Rofª\\u|f OToflb;d]t g]kfnn] lkmtf{ ug]{ 5  . To:t} ltAatn] klg g]kfnL tf]kx¿ / ;g\\ !*$! df ltAat / 8f]u|fx¿sf lardf ePsf] o'4tfsf s}bdf k/]sf l;v aGbLx¿nfO{;d]t 5f8\\g] 5  . %= xfn;Dd Nxf;fdf gk]fnsf]kl| tlglwsf]¿kdf gfos jf jlsn /x LcfPsf]df o;kl5 …b t\" Ú /xg] 5  . ^= Nxf;fdf gk] fnn] cfˆgf] Jofkfl/s sf7] L vfN] g kfpg] eof] / pQm sf7] LnfO{ lx/f , dft] L Pjd\\ cGo u/uxgfx¿ / cGgsf] Jofkf/ ug{] clwsf/ lbOof ] . &= Nxf;fdf a;f]a f; ug]{ uf]/v fnL / sl:d/Lx¿sf] lardf s'g} ks| f/sf] emu8f ePdf ;f]s f] ;dfwfg ug]{ clwsf/ gk] fnL ef/bf/nfO{ g} lbg ] . t/ gk] fnL / ltAatLx¿sf] lardf rflxF s'g} k|sf/sf] ljjfb pTkGGf ePdf bj' } ;/s f/sf kl| tlglwx¿sf] ;o+ 'Qm 5nkmnaf6 lg0fo{ ul/g] Joj:yf ul/of ] . ltAatLx¿larsf] cfGtl/s dfdnfdf eg] g]k fnL ef/bf/n] x:t Ifk] ug{ gkfpg] eof ] . *= bj' } bz] n] cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] b]zdf efu/]  cfpg] ck/fwLnfO{ ;DalGwt b]zdf g} ae' mfpg] 5g\\  . (= Nxf;fdf /x g] gk] fnL Jofkf/L x¿sf] wghgsf] ;/' Iff ltAat ;/sf/n ] k|bfg ug{5]   . To:t} gk] fnL Jofkf/L x¿dfly sg' } ks| f/sf] n'6 ePdf nl' 6Psf] ;DklQ ltAat ;/sf/n] g} c;'npk/ ul/lbg] 5  . s]xLu/L c;n' pk/ u/f pg g;s]df ;fs] f] Ifltkl\" t{ ltAat ;/sf/n] g} lbg] 5  . gk] fndf ltAatLx¿sf] hLpwgsf] lglDt klg ltAat ;/sf/ p:t} k|sf/sf] Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff /f Vb5  . !)= o4' sfndf zq' kIfnfO{ ;xofu] ug{] gful/s sf] wghgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ bj' } ;/s f/x¿ ;xdt eP  . cGo ;Demft} fx¿ k|wfgdGqL sk]L zdf{ cf]nLsf] rLg ed| 0fsf qmddf ;g\\ @)!^ dfr{ @! gk] fn kl/ro÷333

df g]kfn / rLglar !) ab'F ] ;dembf/L kqdf x:t fIf/ ePsf] lyof]  . o; ;dembf/Lcg';f/ gk] fn / rLglar kf/jxg tyf oftfoft ;Demf}tf, :jtGq Jofkf/ ;Demft} f, #@ xhf/ 3/df ;f}o{ k|0ffnL h8fg ug]{ ;Demf}tf, ;'ljwfoQ' m C0f ;Demf}tf, kfv] /f ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf nflu C0f ;Demf}tf, gk] fndf UofF; tyf OGwgsf] cGji] f0f ug{] ;Demf}tf tyf lxN;fdf kn' lgdf0{ f ug]{ nufotsf dxŒjk0\" f{ / g]kfnnfO{ bL3s{ fnLg c;/ kfg{;Sg] ;Demf}tfx¿ ePsf 5g \\ . sx] L ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog eP klg w/] }sf] sfof{Gjog xg' afFsL g} 5  . lll 334÷g]kfn kl/ro

kl/R 5]b M P3f/ gk] fnsf P]ltxfl;s, wflds{ tyf ko6{ sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk\"0f{ :yfgx¿ g]kfn Ps ljljwtfoQ' m d'n's xf]  . oxfF ljleGg hfthflt, efiff–eflif, wd{, ;:+ sl[ t, ky| f, k/D k/f , /L ltl/jfh tyf ljljw ;f+:s[lts ljzi] ftf Pjd\\ k|fsl[ ts ;Dkbfn] le/k\"0f{ d'n's xf]  . ljZj ;db' fodf gk] fnsf] jL/tfsf] uf/} j k\"0f{ P]l txfl;s klxrfg 5  . g]kfndf k|frLgsfnb]lv g} Pl] txfl;s, ef}uf]lns, wflds{ , ;f+:s l[ tsnufot ljljw ;Dkbfx¿ /xs] f 5g \\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n ] oL ljljw ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;j+ 4{g / kj| 4g{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5  . o;} l;nl;nfdf xfn ljleGg P]ltxfl;s, wflds{ , ;f:F s [lts, ef}uf]lns Pjd\\ ko{6sLo :y nx¿ ;dfjz]  u/L ko6{ sLo uGtJox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf 5g \\ . tflnsf g+= !!=! ;ft kb| ]zdf Ps÷Ps cf]6f /x g] u/L 5gf6] ul/Psf] gdg\" f ko{6sLo uGtJox¿ l;=g=+ kb| ]z lhNnf gdg' f ko{6sLo uGtJo != ! Onfd ;Gbsk'/ @= @ hgsk'/ wgi' ffwfd #= afudtL dsjfgk'/ OGb;| /f]j / $= u08sL sf:s L kGrf;] gk] fn kl/r o÷335

%= nl' DagL slknj:t' lgUnLxjf ^= s0ffn{ L du' ' /f/f &= ;'b/\" klZrd s}nfnL efbufpF tflnsf g+= !!=@ gk] fn ;/sf/åf/f ko6{ g kj| 4g{ / ljsf;sf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf !)) ko6{ sLo uGtJox¿– l;=g+= k|b]z lhNnf :yflkt tyf k|j4g{ gofF tyf ljsf; ul/g 'kg{] uGtJox¿ ul/g 'kg]{ uGtJox¿ kfyLe/f, kmª' kmª' ] em/g f, -;fjF f ! tfKn]hª' ufpkF flnsf_ ltªaª' kfv] /L -l;lbU+{ af s~rghu+ f Ifq] -nn] k] ÷ ufpkF flnsf_ 3G' ;f÷ufn] f÷cfwf/ lzlj/_ u?' kmfNug' fGb ;ls6{ -nf]a]| @ kfFry/ hf]/ kfv] /L÷Rofªyfk' s'6L–uh/' d'vL wfd– nf/fDdf– rS' sLgfDaf_ -lkmlbd gu/kflnsf_ # |kb]z g+= ! Onfd Onfd ahf/ lkmsn–sGofd–>LcGt' ;Gbsk/' –dfOkf]v/L ;ls6{ -;Gbsk/'  ufpFkflnsf_ $ t]x|y'd tLgh'/]–ldNs]– hnhn] (TMJ) c?0f pkTosf, % ;ª\\vj' f;ef ;efkfv] /L , 5¥ofªs6' L afn]Zj/ Pl] txfl;s u'kmf /l dt,] dsfn' Ifq] , a?0f kfv] /L ÷a?0f bfe] fg ^ wgs'6f e]86] f/ gd:t] em/gf xnb] k6s]8fF8f ko{6s 6n]« -e8] ]6 f/ ufpFkflnsf–&_ -5y/] ufpFkflnsf_ & ef]hk'/ ;G' tn] ef]hk/'  g=kf= 6\\ofDs] 8fF8f -dG' wd' 6o]« n_ lbªnf÷;fNkf 336÷g]kfn kl/r o

* vf]6 fª xn];L dxfb]j a/fx kfv] /L -a/fx ufpkF flnsf_ ( ;fn] 'v'Da' :ofªafr] ]÷gfDr] kfrF kf]v/L -dxfs'nu+' ;u/d fyf cfwf/ lzlj/ ufpFkflnsf_ -vD' a' If]q_ !) cf]v n9ª' u\\ f kfs] nL em/gf yf]n ]bDaf 8f8F f !! pbok'/ pbok'/u 9L af;F af/L l;d;f/ ko{6g ;lxb gq] kfs{ ljtfd{ f8] k\"jfw{ f/ sG] b| !@ emfkf sr] gfsjn, jfnldsL uf}/fbx sl[ if ko{6g Ifq]|k ]bz +g= ! cf>d sdn ufpFkflnsf, sGsfO{ ch{'gwf/f ko6{ sLo If]q wfd, uf/} f bx kfv] /L !# df/] ª lj/f6 b/af/ wgkfnu8L ko{6sLo Ifq] , a]n af/L sf];L6Kk' aGohGt' lk08Z] j/–bGtsfnL kbdfu{ cf/I f w/f g !$ ;'g;/L a/fx Ifq] -a/f x ufpkF flnsf_ tfntn}of -O6x/L pkdxfgu/kflnsf_ !% l;/xf ;nx]; b/af/ ko6{ g If]q -nxfg, l;/xf gu/kflnsf_ !^ ;nfx{ L gf8L tfn -rGb|gu/ k|b]z +g= @ ufpFkflnsf_ wg]Zj/ dxfb]j ko6{ g !& wg'iff hfgsL dlGb/ wgi' ffwfd ljsf; Ifq] -ldlynf gu/kflnsf, !)_ !* dxf]Q/L hnZ] j/ dlGb/ -hn]Zj/ gu/kflnsf_ g]k fn kl/ro÷337

!( /f}tx6 d/3/ l;d;f/ Ifq] ktf}/f k/' f tflŒjs dxfbj] dlGb/ ko6{ sLo If]q @) af/f u9LdfO{ -dxfu9LdfO{ l;df| g} u9L -l;d|f}gu9 gu/kflnsf_ gu/k flnsf_ @! k;f{ k;f{ /f gLkfv] /L 3l8cjf{ kf]v/L -jL/uGh k;f{ /fli6«o lgs'~h pkdxfgu/kflnsf_ @@ ;Kt/L l5Ggd:t f -l5Ggd:t f ufpFkflnsf_ sfln~rfs] eujtL @# bfn] vf ;}n 'ª Ifq] lh/L–;}nª' ko{6g kbdfu{ uf/} L zª\\s/÷ /f ]n jflnª @$ l;Gwn' L l;Gw'nLu9L @% /f d5] fk bf]/D af ;'gsf];L ¥oflkm\\6ª gdfa] '4÷ ltdfn, @^ afudtL k|b]z sfe|k] nf~rfs] w'lnvn] , d\"nvs{ dxfef/t 6«]n led;g] yfg -nfsF '/L eGHofª km'Nrf]s L ;fFuf:jtL÷nf}/] xbF' } ub' d'{ 8f8F f gf/fo0f:y fg vf8fbF ]jL dlGb/, kgf}tL e\"d]r'nL kbdfu_{ If]q, ;fFuf ag]kf If]q , knf~rfs] eujtL ef6] ]sf;] L glbdf kfrF kf]v /L -yfªkfn @& l;Gwk' fNrf]s ¥oflkm\\6ª, aGhLhlDkª ufpFkflnsf_ d]nDrL÷xn] Da' g'jfsf]6 b/af/ sNr8] L– @* g'jfsf6] lemNsZ] j/–b]j L3f6– ssgL e/} j L– b'KrZ] j/ ;ls{6 -a]nsf6] u9L &_ 338÷gk] fn kl/ro