tech-2023_03(110)

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Рисунок 7. Структурная схема системы управления модернизируемой лицекрутильной машины Составленная структурная схема СУ литцекру- параметров технологии и оборудования, которые тильной машины позволила разработать систему форм складываются из следующих параметров: техниче- для вода необходимых данных как по заданной тех- ских, катушки, продукции, настройки приемника, нологии, так и по работе технологического оборудо- настройки машины и т. д. вания - крутильной машины. Эффективность технологии определяется уровнем разработки ин- Все вышеперечисленные данные водятся в си- теллектуализированной системы управления лит- стему вручную, согласно производственному заказу цекрутильной машины и правильностью выбора с панели «Меню данных», которая является основной экранной формой (рис. 8). Рисунок 7. Структурная схема системы управления модернизируемой лицекрутильной машины Разработанная СУ, позволила усовершенствовать улучшения САУ в соответствии с растущими требо- работу литцекрутильной машины, расширив техно- ваниями к качеству технологии изготовления ка- логические возможности и повысить качество гото- бельной продукции, которые изменяются в вого кабельного полуфабриката – стренги. При этом соответствии с существующими эксплуатацион- было достигнуто не только удовлетворение требова- ными требованиями кабельно-проводниковой про- ний к системе автоматизации, но высокая гибкость дукции. технологии, что создало благоприятные условия для 36

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Список литературы: 1. Проектирование автоматизированных систем. Учебно-методическое пособие: Томский политехнический университет. — Томск, 2009. 2. Технологическая инструкция крутильной машины Е2204 от 13.01 2015. 3. Пирматов Н.Б., Иванова В.П., Цыпкина В.В., Назруллаева О.А., Раматов А.Н. Вопросы цифровой трансформации кабельного предприятия // Universum: технические науки. 2021. №6-4 (87). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/voprosy-tsifrovoy-transformatsii-kabelnogo-predpriyatiya (дата обращения: 22.04.2023). 4. N.B. Pirmatov, D.B. Madrakhimov, V.P. Ivanova, V.V. Tsypkina, M.J. Ortikova, R.F. RSES 202I Rudenko Interna- tional Conference \"Methodological problems in reliability study of large energy systems \"Atamukhamedova. Deter- mination of the degree of digitalization at the cable enterprise level. AIP Conference Proceedings 2552, 070009 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0117025 5. Tsypkina V, Ivanova V 2019 Modeling of a resource-saving method of drawing E3S Web of Conference 139 (2019) 10 1073 RSES 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20191390 E 3S 139 (2019) 10 1073) September 2019, The European Physical Journal Conferences 2:6-8, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/2019139010731. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340547560_Modeling_of_a_resource-saving_method_of_drawing E3S Web Conf., 139 (2019) 01073, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20191390107 6. Madrakhimov D Ivanova V Tsypkina V 2020 Improving the reliability of cable lines operation in hot climates E3S Web of Conf., 216 (2020) 01151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601151 7. V. Ivanova, V. Tsypkina Modeling of a resource-saving method of drawing, September 2019, The European Physical Journal Conferences 2:6-8, DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/2019139010731, 8. Пирматов Н.Б., Мадрахимов Д.Б., Иванова В.П., Цыпкина В.В., Ортикова М.Ж., Атамухамедова Р.Ф.; Определение степени цифровизации на уровне кабельного предприятия. Материалы конференции AIP, 5 января 2023 г.; 2552 (1): 070009. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0117025 37

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15459 ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ФОТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ СОЛНЕЧНЫХ БАТАРЕЙ В ФЕРГАНСКОЙ ДОЛИНЕ Холматов Эркинжон Солиевич ассистент кафедры “Электроника и приборостроение” Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Ахмедов Шерзод Содикжонович ассистент кафедры “Электроника и приборостроение” Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана E-mail: [email protected] EFFICIENCY INDICATORS OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ON THE BASIS OF PHOTO-ELECTRIC SOLAR BATTERIES IN THE FERGANA VALLEY Erkinjon Kholmatov Assistant of the department “Electronics and Instrumentation” Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana Sherzod Akhmedov Assistant of the department “Electronics and Instrumentation” Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрены вопросы связанные с повышением эффективности фотоэлектрических солнечных батарей. Несмотря на высокую эффективность современных фотоэлектрических солнечных батарей, улучшение их пока- зателей остается темой активных исследований в научных и технических кругах. Энергоэффективная сетевая система для фотоэлектрических солнечных элементов обладает рядом преимуществ, которые дают возможность снизить расходы на электричество и сделать вклад в сохранение окружающей среды. Энергоэффективные сетевые системы могут компенсировать реактивную мощность нагрузки путем исполь- зования батарей или других устройств, которые могут очищать и управлять реактивной мощностью. Это, в свою очередь, позволяет повысить эффективность работы электрических систем и снизить расход электроэнергии. ABSTRACT The article discusses issues related to increasing the efficiency of photovoltaic solar panels. Despite the high efficiency of modern photovoltaic solar cells, improving their performance remains a topic of active research in scientific and technical circles. An energy-efficient grid system for photovoltaic solar cells has a number of advantages that make it possible to reduce electricity costs and contribute to the preservation of the environment. Energy-efficient network systems can compensate for the reactive power of the load by using batteries or other devices that can purify and control the reactive power. This, in turn, makes it possible to increase the efficiency of electrical systems and reduce electricity consumption. Ключевые слова: фотоэлектрическая солнечная система, солнечные панели, энергоэффективность, преобразова- тель постоянного тока, индуктивная нагрузка, мощность, потребляемая активная мощность, энергоэкономическая эффективность. Keywords: photovoltaic solar system, solar panels, energy efficiency, DC/DC converter, inductive load, power, active power consumption, energy efficiency. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Холматов Э.С., Ахмедов Ш.С. ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ФОТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ СОЛНЕЧНЫХ БАТАРЕЕК В ФЕРГАНСКОЙ ДОЛИНЕ // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15459

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Согласно научной статье использование энерго- годовой изменения нагрузки, которая планируется эффективных фотоэлектрических систем на фото- подключению к этой системе. На практике сбор та- электрических солнечных элементах становится все кой информации требует больших усилий и времен- более популярным в связи с увеличением спроса на ных ресурсов, в этом случае проектировщику электроэнергию со стороны потребителей. Прежде приходится работать с расчетными значениями, в всего, это позволяет эффективно использовать результате проектируемая система энергоснабжения энергию солнца и получать электрическую энергию в либо имеет избыточную мощность, либо работает в большем количестве и с меньшими затратами [1, 2]. режиме постоянного напряжения или с дефицитом энергии [3]. Именно за счет фотоэлектрических солнечных элементов, в Ферганской долине, всё гораздо больше Непрерывный мониторинг электроэнергии, выра- создаються объекты энергосистемы которые способ- батываемой станцией позволяет измерить напряжение ствуют обеспечению постоянной электроэнергией. и ток постоянной нагрузки, питаемой от станции, и получить их значение в постоянном рабочем со- При проектировании любой системы энерго- стоянии [7, 8]. снабжения большое значение уделяется получению информации об суточной, недельной, месячной или Рисунок 1. Процесс установки солнечных батарей Фотоэлектрические солнечные элементы исполь- и относительно длительный срок службы и высокая зуемые на сегодняшний день имеют мощность 530 Вт надежность [9]. и силы тока 12,6 А. Таким образом, очень важным аспектом являються компенсация реактивной мощ- Ниже на рис. 2 приведены данные показатели ности в нагрузке, низкий риск повреждения оборудо- выработки электроэнергии фотоэлектрической стан- вания из-за электрического резонанса, стабильный ций общей мощностью 60 кВт (120 фотомодулей по 530 Вт) в режиме онлайн. Рисунок 2. Показатели ФЭС мощностью 60 кВт в режиме онлайн 39

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Таблица 1. Напряжение и ток автономной фотоэлектрической системы Напряжение фотоэлектрической системы U (В) Ток в фотоэлектрической системе I (А) V1 404,7 V2 404,7 (I) 1 10,94 V3 385,1 V4 385,1 (I) 2 10,69 V5 402,3 V6 402,3 (I) 3 11,45 V7 390,1 V8 390,1 (I) 4 8,84 V9 403,5 V10 403,5 (I) 5 10,63 V11 398,5 V12 398,5 (I) 6 10,69 (I) 7 11,48 (I) 8 10,48 (I) 9 10,69 (I) 10 10,64 (I) 11 10,58 (I) 12 10,46 Для проведения анализа и изучения эффектив- В отдельной (PV) системе на основе фотогальва- ности устройства компенсации реактивной мощно- нических солнечных элементов мы также можем сти с электросчетчика с помощью специальной видеть реальное значение отдельных напряжений и программы снимались электрические показатели токов для каждой фазы трехфазных потребительских мощности и тока в объекте при выключенном сетей. Для каждой фазы указаны отдельные значения устройстве и при его работе, и они следующие: несущей способности [11, 12]. Таблица 2. Фазное напряжение и ток в трехфазной сети Uа Напряжения в трехфазной электрической сети равны U (В). Uc 224,6 Uб 226,7 Iа 232,6 Ic 67,31 Токи в трехфазной электрической сети I (А). 67,00 Iб 67,21 Используя информацию, представленную в приве- и токов потребления суточного электричества, полу- денной выше таблице, и специальную программу чаемого фотогальваническими солнечными батаре- (SUN 2000), мы можем увидеть значения мощности ями, и график их изменения. Этот процесс мониторинга показан на Риc 3. Рисунок 3. Реалистичная система мониторинга выработки электроэнергии с помощью системы фотоэлектрических солнечных элементов 40

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Отчеты о производительности фотогальваниче- разделить нагрузки на оптимальные группы, уде- ских (PV) систем генерируются по запросу с задан- шевить систему на основе оптимального подбора ными пользователем интервалами. Пользовательский размеров фотоэлектрических панелей и технических интерфейс предоставляет информацию о производи- параметров. тельности фотоэлектрической системы, отображае- мую в виде числовых значений, слайдов и графиков. Заключение Общее количество электроэнергии, получаемой Основываясь на значениях, определенных в реаль- нагрузочными устройствами, подключенными к ном времени на вышеупомянутом графике суточного солнечной фотоэлектрической установке и исследуе- мониторинга, с помощью фотоэлектрических мыми, изменяется во времени. Разделив каждый вид солнечных элементов можно сэкономить много нагрузки на отдельную группу и непрерывно отсле- электроэнергии и дополнительных средств и исполь- живая изменения в каждой из них, мы получаем зовать их эффективно и рационально экологически разные характеристики нагрузки. Именно эта ин- чистым и безопасным способом. формация позволяет фотоэлектрической станции Список литературы: 1. Simon Siregar-Duddy Soegiarto - Solar Panel and Battery Street Light Monitoring System using GSM Wireless Communication System – 2014. 2. Andey Leon: “Reactive Power Compensation for Solar Power Plants” IEEE PES Chicago Chapter. 12th Dec 2018. 3. Kodirov A.A. “Reactive power source compensation through automatic control” Scientific-technical journal FerPI, Т. 26. №15, 2022. 4. А.А. Рахимов, Д.Р. Отамирзаев. “Cостояние и перспективы развития солнечной энергетики в Узбекистане”. Eurasian journal of academic research, 2(5), 2022, 170–173. 5. A.A. Rakhimov, Z.B. Khaydarov. “Solar panels to improve reactive current compensation in load photoelectric systems”. Eurasian Research Bulletin, 18, 2023. 142-147. 6. АА Рахимов “Methods Of Reactive Power Compensation In The Load Of Photoelectric Installations In Central Asia” Eurasian Research Bulletin. июля 2022 г. 50-55. 7. А.А.Рахимов.“Программы распределения нагрузки и дистанционной оценки мощности в фотоэлектрической солнечной станции” ФерПИ, 2022,Т.26. 180-182. 8. Рахимов А.А, Алижонов У.Х. “Cнижение потерь активной энергии в системах накопления энергии на основе фотоэлектрических солнечных батарей” Universum: технические науки: научн. журн. 2023. 3(108). 9. Рахимов А.А, Усмонов Т.Б. “Система мониторинга изменения нагрузки и потока реактивной мощности в сетях автономных фотоэлектрических солнечных установок” Universum: технические науки: 2023. 4(109). 10. Рахимов А.А, Холматов Э.С, Хамдамов Д.Х. “Способы компенсации реактивной мощности в нагрузке фото- электрических установок”. Scientific-technical journal. ФерПИ, 2022, Т.26. №15. 172-174. 11. Эргашев С.Ф. и др. Энергоеффективний трекер без исползования светозависимих датчиков (Фоторезисторов, фотодиодов и тд) //Известия Ошского технологического университета. – 2019. 234-236. 12. Йулдашев Х.Т., Ахмедов Ш.С., Эргашев К.М. “Пространственная стабилизация тока в газоразрядной ячейке с полупроводниковым электродом”//American Scientific Journal. – 2017. – №. 17-1. – С. 52-53. 13. Sodiqjonovich A.S. Ir-image converter based on gaas and its possible modifications //Academicia: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. – 2020. – Т. 10. – №. 10. – С. 1287-1289. 14. Sodiqjonovich A.S. Circuits and operating principle of DC converters //Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research. – 2021. – Т. 10. – №. 9. – С. 574-578. 15. Йулдашев Х.Т., Ахмедов Ш.С., Хайдаров З. Исследование инфракрасной фотографической системы на основе кремния, легированного платиной // Журнал физики и инженерии поверхности. – 2017. 16. Yuldashev K.T., Ahmedov S.S., Abdullaev S. “Features of the gas discharge in small interelectrode distance in the ionization system”. //The Ninth International Conference on Eurasian scientific development. Proceedings of the Conference. – 2016. – С. 132-134. 17. Yuldashev, Khurshidjon Tolibovich, Sherzod Sodikjonovich Akhmedov, and Jasurbek Mahammadovich Ibrohimov. \"Damping cell from gallium arsenide with plasma contacts in an extreme gas discharge cell.\" Journal of Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers 16.1 (2020): 36-41. 41

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH SAFETY OF HUMAN ACTIVITY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15516 STUDY OF AN INTERACTIVE TRAINING SIMULATOR OF FIRE FIGHTERS-RESCUERS Akramjon Nabiyev PhD, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Life Safety Namangan State University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Sevara Sobitova Student of Namangan State University Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Azimjon Botirjonov Student of Namangan State University Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ИНТЕРАКТИВНОГО ТРЕНИРОВОЧНОГО ТРЕНАЖЕРА ПОЖАРНЫХ-СПАСАТЕЛЕЙ Набиев Акрамжон Ботиржонович PhD, доцент, зав. кафедрой безопасности жизнедеятельности, Наманганский государственный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Собитова Севара Собиржон кизи студент Наманганского государственного университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Ботиржонов Азимжон Азамжон угли студент Наманганского государственного университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT In this article, the newly opened \"Simulation innovative training centers\" in the educational and training institutions of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, Health and other ministries of the Republic of Uzbekistan, about some types of modern interactive simulators and simulators available in them, as well as the knowledge and skills of the personnel of firefighting and rescue structures. information about the interactive training simulator \"MKP-02/OG\", which is an effective training tool for development work. By using this simulator, it was found that the skills of the rescuers increased significantly, and the number of injuries in emergency situations was reduced by 22-24%. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Nabiyev A., Sobitova S., Botirjonov A. STUDY OF AN INTERACTIVE TRAINING SIM- ULATOR OF FIRE FIGHTERS-RESCUERS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15516

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассказывается о вновь открытых «Симуационных инновационных учебных центрах» в учебно-воспитательных учреждениях МЧС, Здравоохранения и других министерств Республики Узбекистан, о некоторых видах имеющихся в них современных интерактивных тренажеров и тренажёров. , а также знания и навыки личного состава пожарно-спасательных структур. сведения об интерактивном тренажере «МКП-02/ОГ», который является эффективным средством обучения для опытно-конструкторской работы. При использовании этого тренажера было установлено, что навыки спасателей значительно повысились, а количество травм в чрезвычайных ситуациях сократилось на 22-24%. Keywords: emergency, fire, firefighter-rescue, structure, training, facilities, interactive, knowledge, skills, training tool, simulator. Ключевые слова: чрезвычайная ситуация, пожар, пожарно-спасательный, структура, обучение, объекты, интерактив, знания, навыки, средство обучения, тренажер. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction In recent years, \"Simulation innovative training centers\" have been opened as part of a number of medical In recent years, a lot of work has been done to develop institutions of higher education and treatment centers the field of education in Uzbekistan on the basis of in Uzbekistan, which provide practical training, scientific and innovative ideas and technologies, therefore, assessment of knowledge and skills of students, doctors, great progress is being made in the field. Currently, nurses and technical staff, development of unique clinical along with many higher educational institutions of our decision-making skills, as well as advanced foreign country, modern information and communication serves to implement experiments. technologies are widely used in educational institutions belonging to the Ministry of Emergency Situations of For example, in September 2018, a training-simulation the Republic of Uzbekistan. In particular, various types center was established at the Andijan State Medical of simulators and simulators are used in the educational Institute, where adapted anesthesiology-resuscitation, environment of the Institute of Civil Protection under surgery, obstetrics-gynecology, ophthalmology, the Academy of Civil Defense of the Republic of otorhinolaryngology, therapy, pediatrics-neontology, Uzbekistan. This, in turn, is one of the main factors in anatomy and patient simulation rooms were organized. improving the quality of education. One of the main model medical equipment, equipped with necessary reasons for using simulators and simulators is that they educational equipment [2]. In October 2021, as a result allow you to conduct virtual laboratory work without of mutual cooperation between Uzbekistan and the real equipment and supplies. The use of simulators Republic of Korea, the Children's National Medical provides an opportunity to research and study complex Center was established in Tashkent, which included the processes relatively quickly and without large costs, in \"KOICA Simulation Innovative Training Center\". safe conditions for human life and health. Therefore, The training center has 1 conference hall, 3 laboratories, modern interactive simulators and simulators are being and the staff of the center improves their skills by testing used in the education system of the Ministry of various surgical procedures on dummies [3]. Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Research methodology Literature analysis The article provides information on the interactive The Simulation Center of the Institute of Civil simulator of firefighters and rescuers, and discusses the Protection under the Academy of the Ministry of rules for their effective use. All the capabilities of this Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan has simulator are also described. National and foreign an earthquake simulation device, which is placed in a experiences on proper movement during an emergency separate classroom. Also, the device creates an artificial were studied and advanced foreign experiences were earthquake based on a special electronic program. In this, analyzed. students develop skills on how to move during an earthquake. This device was installed in 2015. The creation Analysis and results of the material and technical base of the simulation center was supported by the United Nations Development In order to improve the firefighter-rescuer training Program and the Department of the European Commission system, taking into account the best practices of developed on Humanitarian Aid. Also, the Simulation Center has foreign countries and the features of emergency situations, \"Relaxation\", \"Island Ecology\", \"Vehicle Accident\", to establish targeted measures to gradually provide \"Fire Safety\" and other similar simulation training rooms training centers with modern simulators and simulators, equipped with 3D interactive simulators. This will help and to accelerate the introduction of scientific approaches the visitors to the center to understand more about the and advanced technologies in these directions as well. scope of various emergency situations and to develop Some features of the interactive training simulator of the the skills to act properly in them [1]. firefighter-rescuer \"MKP-02/OG\" developed abroad were studied, and it is proposed to gradually put it into practice in our country in accordance with local conditions. 43

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Figure 1. \"MKP-02/OG\" model interactive training simulator The MKP-02/OG firefighter-rescuer interactive screen, and in some places there are fire and smoke training simulator is a special complex designed to sources. Depending on the actions of the learner, the develop and strengthen knowledge and skills in using a spray stream of the fire extinguisher (ognetushitel) is fire extinguisher. It is possible to gain knowledge and visible on the screen, the fire either decreases or skills on how to act in the event of a fire and how to use increases, the area of burning and smoke changes. The a fire extinguisher (ognetushitel). This simulator can be display on the screen looks convincing enough to make used to train cadets of special educational institutions, as one feel psychologically close to the real job of putting well as to improve the training of personnel of firefighting out a fire. All this, as mentioned above, is accompanied and rescue structures. by a special voice track that is fully synchronized to the display on the screen. Technical characteristics Firefighter - rescuer interactive trainer software The MKP-02/OG interactive training simulator of the firefighter-rescuer is a single complex consisting of If necessary, the system can be activated in test a rack with a projection screen and a stand equipped with mode — this means watching special videos on fire equipment, including a wireless control panel and a safety, as well as checking the student's knowledge later. wireless keyboard controlled by the instructor (operator). The video contains all the necessary information about In the body of the training simulator there are also various the basics of fire extinguishing, identifying the sources types of fire extinguishers, a prector and a computer unit of fire, localizing the fire, turning off this or that device, with an acoustic system. and more. If you put the system into practice mode, the software gives you the opportunity to familiarize yourself Complex opportunities with the details of the scenarios, as well as to distribute these scenarios using a special menu. Firefighter simulator The firefighter-rescuer interactive simulator software allows you to prepare and edit test questions provides a simulated model of a real fire situation during and answers. At any time, you can change the set of training. During training, the electronic program test tasks, as well as update them if necessary. simulates the sounds of the surrounding fire, including the noise of fire, wind, damage and fractures. When the The peculiarity of the system is that it depends on fire extinguisher - the rescuer works directly, the system the innovations in the current legislation, including the imitates (imitates) the sounds of the fire extinguisher, regulations specific to the firefighter-rescuer. Thus, it will the jet hitting the fire, hissing and all other components be possible to change the test tasks at each change of legal of the real situation. Such virtual voice support is documents. designed to bring the training as close as possible to the conditions of the real situation, and provides an Components and principle of operation opportunity to psychologically prepare the specialist for emergency situations. The complex has a special image The MKP-02/OG interactive simulator of the projection system on a large screen, which creates a firefighter-rescuer includes OVE, OVP, OP(D), virtual environment for training. The screen is large OP(AVSE), OU, OX fire extinguishers with a capacity enough (180 x 180 cm) in size, so that the student is as of 4-5 liters . These are not real options, but models — tightly occupied with the visual image as possible the nozzle of each of them is equipped with a special without distracting his attention to extraneous things. sensor that determines the distance to the sonar. Sonar is a transmitter that sends signals to the environment, An image is projected on the screen using a special which serves as a \"fireplace\". The system also has a projector controlled by the training program. In order to marker that detects when the \"fire extinguisher spray jet bring the situation as close to reality as possible , the hits\" the \"fire\" directly. The marker is a laser beam that program was specially developed as a training material. determines the level of signal hitting the sensor. A certain room with objects inside is visible on the 44

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Marker and sensor (sensor) work separately from As for the tasks in the execution of the scenarios, they each other. Communication between them is provided mean the assessment of the fire level, the correct actions by a Wi-Fi module. In the same way, the elements are with the fire extinguisher, as well as the full control connected to the computer control unit. Communication of the developing situation in the \"object\". is reliable and accurate thanks to the powerful transmitter- conductor. The sequence of actions of a trainee in a simulator with a fire extinguisher The simulator fire extinguishers in the interactive simulator are models equipped with similar sensors. The simulator is designed in such a way that the Each of them not only looks like a real analogue, but scenario requires the listener to follow the usual rules of also has the same application elements. In other words, fire detection. Actions should be as follows: simulator fire extinguishers are exact replicas of real fire extinguishers. They weigh the same as real fire • notify the \"101\" or \"1050\" service about the extinguishers. The principles of use are similar, as are incident (the system is designed to respond to the the controls: dispatcher, including all possible question-and-answer options); • the handle of the stop and start device; • retaining ring; • close the special tap of natural gas supply; • special nozzle. • turn off the electricity supply in the specified place; The MKP-02/OG interactive firefighter-rescuer trainer • further actions to eliminate the fire. is equipped with simulator fire extinguishers, which The system works by receiving a signal from a sensor are stored in separate compartments on a special shelf. (from a laser marker) and then displays it on a computer. A training rack looks like a typical storage area for Thus, the system determines the location point of the firefighting equipment. It is equipped with a convenient fire extinguisher in relation to the \"fire\". transport system, which allows you to easily move the The process of using the fire extinguisher (pressing entire head unit during training. the spray button) is also recorded and transmitted via radio channel to the computer, where the type of means used A trainer work with a fire extinguisher? and the indicators of \"extinguishing\" the fire are visible. Thus, the system determines the degree of effective use The fire extinguisher simulator system works based of fire extinguishers by the learner. on programmable scenarios. The main role in the The \"MKP-02/OG\" interactive trainer system analyzes scenarios is played by the levels of fires, which are set the test parameters by itself without human intervention, by software for the need to extinguish. There are many assigns a \"satisfactory\" or \"unsatisfactory\" rating and levels of fires (A, A1, A2, B, B1... D, E, etc.), scenarios presents these results to the learner. and programming elements are also sufficient. References: 1. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated August 20, 1999 \"On protection of population and territories from natural and man-made emergency situations\". 2. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 28, 2006 \"On industrial safety of hazardous production facilities\". 3. Abidova F.A., Abidov A.B. \"Characteristics of potent toxic substances\". - UzR FVV FMI: 2013. - 530 p. 4. Sevastyuk T.V. \"Silnodeystvuyushchie yadovytie veshchestva i zashchita ot nix\". - M.: Voenizdat, 1989. 5. Turagalov T.J., Ilyasova Z.F. \"Emergencies\". (short Russian-Uzbek encyclopedic annotated dictionary). - T.: FMI. 2016 - 220 p. 6. Sharipov A.Kh. \"Storage of highly toxic substances in a chemically hazardous facility and in rail transport\", methodical guide. Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers, 2010. - 23b. 7. Akramov Kxusniddin Muxitdinovich, and Shokhrukh Bakhodirjonovich Mamadboev. \"Fire resistant properties of construction structure.\" Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR) 9.5 (2020): 415-419. 8. Кадиров У.Б., Исмоилов С.Ж., & Мамадбоев Ш.Б. ОСНОВЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ ОПАСНОСТЕЙ В ОПАСНЫХ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫХ ОБЪЕКТАХ. 9. Курбонов А.Ж., & Мамадбоев Ш.Б. СЕЙСМОЛОГИК КЎРСАТГИЧЛАРНИ МОНИТОРИНГ ВА ПРОГНОЗ ҚИЛИШДАГИ ВАЗИФАЛАР. ЎЗБЕКИСТОН РЕСПУБЛИКАСИ ФАВҚУЛОДДА ВАЗИЯТЛАР ВАЗИРЛИГИ АКАДЕМИЯСИ, 89. 10. Эргашев О.К., Эгамбердиев А.А. У., Хамдамов А.М., & Маллабаев О.Т. (2022). ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА СУБЛИМАЦИОННОЙ СУШКИ ПЛОДОВ СЛИВЫ. Universum: технические науки, (12-4 (105)), 22-25. 11. Oybek E., Azizbek E., & Mirazam M. (2023). STUDY OF ENERGY AND RESOURCE EFFICIENCY OF SUBLIMATION DRYING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. Universum: технические науки, (3-5 (108)), 15-18. 45

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. COMPUTER SCIENCE, COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT TECHNICAL MEANS AND FORMS OF DISTANCE LEARNING IN THE SYSTEM OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS DISTANCE LEARNING Lola Yadgarova Senior Lecturer, Bukhara State University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Sarvinoz Ergasheva Teacher, National Research University \"Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers\"; Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВА И ФОРМЫ ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ В СИСТЕМЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: СИНХРОННОЕ И АСИНХРОННОЕ ДИСТАНЦИОННОЕ ОБУЧЕНИЕ Ядгарова Лола Джалаловна ст. преподаватель, Бухарский государственный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Эргашева Сарвиноз Баходуровна преподаватель, Национальный исследовательский университет \"Ташкентский институт инженеров ирригации и механизации сельского хозяйства\"; Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article discusses the features of distance learning and online learning as the most modern and most popular variety. A number of examples describe the organizational forms of the modern computerized learning process. This is also an overview of the roles and places of modern information and communication technologies in the education system. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассматриваются особенности дистанционного обучения и онлайн-обучение как его совре- менная и самая популярная разновидность. На ряде примеров описаны организационные формы современного компьютеризированного процесса обучения . Это также обзоры роли и места современных информационных и коммуникационных технологий в системе образования. Keywords: technical means, online learning, online courses, video lectures, distance learning, student-oriented learning, innovation. Ключевые слова: технические средства, oнлайн-обучение, онлайн-курсы, видеолекции, дистанционное обучение, обучение, ориентированное на студентов, инновации. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Distance learning in conditions of restrictive measures modern education system. The mass transfer of the to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of educational process by educational organizations to the the population in 2021 has become a challenge to the remote mode allowed almost every participant to gain __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Yadgarova L., Ergasheva S. TECHNICAL MEANS AND FORMS OF DISTANCE LEARNING IN THE SYSTEM OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS DIS- TANCE LEARNING // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15487

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. new experience, give their own assessment of the possi- and forums. The teacher can also set the time of individual bilities of e-learning and distance learning technologies, online consultations with each student. compare with traditional learning. a) Examples of asynchronous learning: At the level of academic disciplines, when studying b) Online courses specific material, general didactic teaching methods in c) Educational electronic news writing the pre-(distance learning) system are implemented d) Blogs through a variety of teaching methods, each of which e) Pre-recorded video tutorials or webinars represents a specific action aimed at achieving a specific f) Internet forums and discussion clubs goal and performed using various didactic teaching The synchronous e-learning system allows students tools. It can be assumed that in the DO system, when to instantly ask questions to a teacher or classmates using IT tools, no matter what method a teacher invents through instant messaging. It is also an online research during training, or a student (during training), it will always that is conducted using chats. Such training is only pos- be an integral part of one or more general teaching sible online. Although an asynchronous e-learning sys- classes. methods. tem can be provided both online and offline, it also includes coursework delivered via the Internet, email, From the well-known set of teaching methods used and bulletin boards that are posted on online forums. in traditional didactics, the following can be recommended However, asynchronous and synchronous DL complement for distance learning: demonstration, illustration, expla- each other. The combination of these two types of DO nation, story, conversation, exercise, problem solving, supports several ways of exchanging information between memorization of educational material, written work, students and teachers, working together and getting to repetition. know each other [2, pp. 1371-1373]. Distance learning technologies are designed to sim- The analysis of the activities of educational institu- plify the educational process and improve its quality. tions of distance education has shown that at present, in- With their help, tutors convey the necessary information formation-receptive and reproductive teaching methods to students, test their knowledge, collect feedback, answer are most widely used in distance learning, along with questions, exchange photos, videos and audio materials. problematic ones. Distance learning technology – this is The choice of tools often depends on the goals, capabil- a set of teaching methods and tools that ensure the conduct ities, interests and preferences of all participants in the of the educational process at a distance based on the use of educational process. Conditionally, the following groups modern information and telecommunication technologies. of distance learning technologies can be distinguished: Teaching methods and the organization of distance learn- ing can be completely different depending on the choice LMS (Learning Management Systems). These of students . Materials for study can be transferred to are server and cloud platforms that allow you to create students on disks, on various electronic media by regular and manage training courses. LMS helps not only to or e-mail. It is also possible to study through telecom- teach students, but also to interact with them, monitor munications, when it becomes possible to watch and listen the learning process, and issue certificates. Cloud systems to lectures and study other video materials [1, pp. 370-372]. are particularly popular because they do not require installation and are easy to use. An example of such an To be more precise, all types of training (both online LMS for creating online courses is the EDU platform and offline) can be divided into two large groups: syn- from Send Pulse. chronous and asynchronous. This division is based, as the name implies, on the synchronization of receiving Means of communication. These include technolo- and transmitting information between subjects and objects gies that help the tutor and students interact with each of interaction [2, pp. 1371-1373]. other. For example, ask questions, share materials, leave feedback, send completed tasks, and so on. The means Synchronous learning is any type of learning that of communication of distance learning include email takes place in real time when a group of people are learn- services, messengers, social networks, websites, as well ing at the same time. Although the training takes place as services like Google Classroom or Zoom. (По требо- at the same time, students do not have to be there in per- ванию Роскомнадзора информируем, что иностран- son or even in the same place. Synchronous learning al- ное лицо, владеющее информационными ресурсами lows students to ask questions and get answers on the Google является нарушителем законодательства spot, as well as freely collaborate with their peers. Российской Федерации – прим. ред.) Here are some examples of synchronous learning: Gamification tools. To make the educational process a) Webinars more interesting and memorable, game elements are b) Video conference often used. These can be quizzes in a chat bot, quizzes, c) Virtual classes specially designed applications, and so on. Gamification d) Instant message tools increase student engagement, as well as help diversify Asynchronous learning is when students have the learning and knowledge testing. opportunity to complete course assignments at any con- venient time. Educational materials are recorded video Online platforms for the placement of educational lectures, presentations, notes, textbooks, diagrams, materials. These include a variety of services on which tests and much more. All materials are prepared by the educational information can be placed. For example, teacher in advance, and students independently develop the company's website, video hosting sites like YouTube, an individual schedule. Communication between students podcast platforms and much more. and teachers is carried out via e-mail, messengers or thanks to the tools built into the platform: through chats 47

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Freedom in choosing the place, time of study and Another significant drawback is the minimal direct even learning technologies makes distance education interaction between the student and the tutor, which can more and more popular. A special demand for it arose become an obstacle for both during the educational pro- with the spread of Covid-19, when most students around cess. Also, there are difficulties in testing knowledge. the world lost the opportunity to study full-time. Never- Without video surveillance, it is difficult to check how theless, despite the huge and rapidly growing popularity well the student has mastered the material and whether of distance learning, in addition to its advantages, it also he performed the tasks independently. has disadvantages, which you will learn more about in the next section. According to research, technologies related to synchronous and asynchronous learning can improve Advantages and disadvantages of distance learning the quality of interaction between students and teachers, increase student engagement and improve learning The main advantage of distance learning is the outcomes. In addition, synchronous and asynchronous convenience of this format for all participants of the e—learning is classroom learning and dynamic learning, educational process. A tutor can simultaneously teach as well as the depth of learning in which you can regu- hundreds of people while at home, and a student can larly and frequently interact with your teachers [4]. independently choose the time and place of classes. Distance learning, in comparison with traditional, sig- Ultimately, the learning method you choose for your nificantly reduces the daily labor required for fees and students will depend on a number of factors: learning travel. objectives, the type of course content you create, how you conduct training, and accessibility for your students. It is also worth noting that the cost of remote education However, if you have the resources, using both synchro- is often lower, since there is no need to pay rent, utilities, nous and asynchronous learning is a winning option. For take into account the costs of organizing classes and buying example, creating a course that is mostly asynchronous, educational materials like books, manuals, workbooks, with additional webinars scheduled for different days and so on. Distance learning helps to continuously im- and times, ensures that students get an additional benefit prove their skills, combine work and study, work with a from interacting with each other and teachers. In addi- variety of information sources [4, pp. 456–471]. tion, blended learning is another option that supports both synchronous and asynchronous learning capabili- Of course, there are much fewer minuses for such a ties. Diversity is the best solution. Especially if you want format of education than there are pluses, but for some to involve students in the learning process as much as they can become an almost insurmountable obstacle. possible, combine different forms and types of content. Distance learning requires a high level of self-organiza- The combination of elements such as video, text and im- tion and regular self-motivation. Without these qualities, ages will surely interest your students. it is impossible to move forward and achieve your goals. References: 1. Дистанционное образование: зависимость качества от формы обучения / В.В. Токмянин . — Текст: непосред- ственный // Теория и практика образования в элитном мире: материалы I Междунар . науч. конф . (г. Санкт- Петербург, февраль 2012 г.). — Т. 2. — Санкт- Петербург :Реноме, 2012. — 370-372 с. 2. Моделирование асинхронного обучения / Т.И. Краснова. — Текст : непосредственный // Молодой ученый. — 2015. — № 11 (91). — 1371-1373 гг. 3. Атаева Гульсина Исроиловна, Тураева Гулбахор Халимовна Перевод как средство взаимосвязи мировой культуры // Academy. 2019. № 12 (51). 4. Атаева Г.И., Ядгарова Л.Д. Оценка прикладных свойств обучающей платформы MOODLE в Бухарском государственном университете // Universum: технические науки. – 2020. – №. 6-1 (75). – С. 30-32. 5. Ядгарова Л.Д., Эргашева С.Б. Способы использования интерактивных методов в образовательном процессе // Academy. – 2020. – №. 9 (60). – С. 23-24. 6. Ядгарова Л.Д., Файзиева Н.Б. Специфика и структура педагогического процесса // Ученый XXI века, между- народный научный журнал №11(24), 2016. С. 44-45. 7. Ядгарова Л.Д., Мурадова Г.Б. Сложности перевода речевые стили литературного языка // Academy № 12(51), 2019. С.63-65. 8. Ядгарова Л.Д., Нуриллаева Н. Методика преподавания музыки в школе // Ученый XXI века, международный научный журнал № 41(51), апрель 2019. С. 24-25. 9. Ядгарова Л.Д., Акобирова Л.Х. Применение образовательных технологий на уроках компьютерной графики // Проблемы педагогики, научно-методический журнал. № 2(47). 2020. С. 46-47. 48

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MACHINE SCIENCE REDUCE TIME AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN TRAIN CONTROL MODE Oleg Ablyalimov Candidate of Technical Sciences, professor, professor of the chair «Loсomotives and locomotive economy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Jasurbek Yakubov Assistant «Loсomotives and locomotive economy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Nicholay Julenev St. teacher «Loсomotives and locomotive economy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Mohira Norbo‘tayeva Assistant Loсomotives and locomotive economy Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Damir Insapov St. teacher EPS Тashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] СОКРАТИТЬ ВРЕМЯ И РАСХОД ТОПЛИВА В РЕЖИМЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОЕЗДОМ Аблялимов Олег Сергеевич канд. техн. наук, профессор, проф. кафедры «Локомотивы и локомотивное хозяйство» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Якубов Жасурбек Камалитдинович ассистент кафедры «Локомотивы и локомотивное хозяйство» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Жуленев Николай Владимирович ст. преподаватель «Локомотивы и локомотивное хозяйство» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: REDUCE TIME AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN TRAIN CONTROL MODE // Uni- versum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Ablyalimov O.S. [и др.]. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7univer- sum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15509

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Норбутаева Мохира Чори кизи ассистент кафедры «Локомотивы и локомотивное хозяйство» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Инсапов Дамир Мирхатимович ст. преподаватель ЭПС Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The procedure for efficient control of locomotives moving in the direction of the Tinchlik-Nurota railway section is shown, and examples of calculating the effective movement of the locomotive at specified points of the Tinchlik-Nurota section are given. АННОТАЦИЯ Показана процедура эффективного управления движением локомотивов в направлении железнодорожного участка Тинчлик-Нурота и приведены примеры расчета эффективного движения локомотива в заданных точках участка Тинчлик-Нурота. Keywords: payoff parameter, work option, generalized table, optimal trajectory, mode characteristics, choice. Ключевые слова: параметр выигрыша, вариант работы, обобщённая таблица, оптимальная траектория, характеристика режима, выбор. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ This study is dedicated to the justification of in- Figure 1. In Tinchlik-Nurota sections, the values creasing the fuel efficiency of locomotive transportation of Eg, Egn, and Ex should change depending by improving the mode and mode of locomotive man- agement in the real conditions of the organization of on the locomotive control mode and the selected mode transportation on the locomotives of Uzbekistan railways. of the specialist and driver Fuel consumption improvement calculations for the selected Tinchlik-Nurota section (route) take into ac- According to the results of the calculations and the count the travel times and standard fuel consumption for above-mentioned recommendations, the directional op- the crossing points of this section, the capacity of this eration of locomotives on the Tinchlik-Nurota section is section and the data for train control. Annual reduction somewhat inconsistent with the fast delivery of yuccas of the final version of the slave time fuel-efficient mode on the section. was carried out, while at the same time, Uzbekistan Railways includes the selection of the minimum amount of costs allocated to locomotives. Recommendations for the selection of an improved control mode by experts and drivers Pt Vr should cover all possible cases of the combination of the values of Q=1750 and m=36 for this option of the operation, ac- cording to our proposal tp=const , that is, according to the train schedule given For the accepted Vr operation, we consider the entire zone of Qn-Qq, Mn-Mk values (variation range) as approximately constant, we divide the total resistance to the movement Wk by gradations based on the acceptance condition, and its value is de- termined by the following formula we allow you to find. ������������ = ������0(������������0′ + ������������������) + ������(������������ + ������������������) + ������������������������ Therefore, the vibration limit *Wk=500-1000 kg/force can be set for this variant of the operation Vr, the gradation of the weight of the system Q and the number of axes of the system m. there must be an exit 50

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. If we achieve changes in Eg, Egn, and Ex values section V-665 kg according to table standards: Total fuel depending on the mode of operation of the locomotive consumption of 1750.4 kg was determined. The calculation and the mode of control by a specialist driver in the of Eg value for the annual reduced expenses of Uzbekistan sections between Tinchlik-Nurota presented in Figure 1, Railways for planning working conditions gave the value the summary annual indicator of income parameters, of Eg=24500000 soums per month. Calculations made Uzbekistan Railways If the economic costs of trains are with the selection of the route time in the following sec- reduced, then according to the control mode given by the tion and the control mode of the movement of the loco- specialist, it would be appropriate to reduce the time of motive made it possible to save E=598 kg of diesel movement of trains and reduce the standard fuel con- fuel in the full volume of the locomotive for the total sumption to a minimum level. Of course, in this case, movement time of the locomotive tx=198 minutes and, the use of locomotive control modes by using an improved accordingly, the total cost Eg=24500000 soums per month, way of control requires a very important profession. i.e. reduced by 3.8 percent. If there are sections of the road profile that are difficult to follow, the extremely For example, practical research work was carried long travel time in the Tikhlik-Nurota sections will cause out on UzTE16M3 diesel locomotive No. 001 for freight the Eg values to shift \"to the right\" in these sections locomotives on the Tinchlik-Nurota route, and the total (shown in Figure 1 ). UzTE16M3 confirms the need to distance on this route was 173.5 km Q=2081 tons, calculate the effective running time of the locomotive 262 minutes in the given table and the actual technical from Tn, the most effective running time of the locomotive. speed 48 km/h, section A-471.9 kg, section B-643.5 kg, Table 1. Information Name of Distance, Time Current Difference Time Current Technical individual km on the time departure to arrive technical speed in the Difference schedule stations speed table Tinchlik - 9,6 14 14 0 8:27 8:41 41,7 41,7 0 Karmana 23 44 17 36 52 11 Karmana - 23,4 32 -9 8:41 9:04 61 Kanimex Kanimex - 38 44 -8 9:04 9:40 63 Zafarabad Total 173,5 262 215 47 48 41 7 Table 1 and Figure 1 show calculations for Tinchlik position of nkc with the average weight of the locomo- - Karmana, Karmana - Kanimex, Kanimex - Zafarabad, tive Q_ for each stage and the average number of axles Zafarabad - Gulabad, Gulabad - Taraqqiet, Taraqqiet - in the train mp-280, it is possible to carry out traction Karakatta, Karakatta - Ascension, Ascension – Tinchlik, calculations in the railway administration, which makes Tinchlik - Nurota sections. the results of the book are their results realistic are solutions that approximate presented, which show the feasibility of implementing conditions and improve conditions. the effective operation of railways for freight transpor- tation. The following preliminary data were obtained to Determining the effective improved position of the justify the optimization of the fuel ratio. locomotive driver is based on work experience and com- puterized improved fuel economy guidelines and eco- The work performed in these practices, as well as nomic calculations. In this case, due to the corresponding the examples and practical calculations show that, as a change of positions of the locomotive driver with Q≠Qr, rule, the driving time of the course for the traffic sched- it is possible to fulfill the set time. ule is more than the time obtained as a result of weight calculations according to the recommendations [2,3] ra In the development of the schedule of locomotives, takes less time in the specified section. It is shown in the it is possible to give an indefinite time for the locomo- schedule of trains related to the desire to reduce the fuel tive to travel along the route, but also the limits of its consumption of locomotives on the site by a certain change from the value of the effective small tr=daq ob- amount and to ensure a certain level of reliability of the tained at the calculated position of the locomotive operation of locomotives. driver, until the effective movement time of the locomo- tive is up to tn*. Then the time standards of the locomo- However, changes in the running time of these loco- tive schedule will not deteriorate and there will be no motives are mainly based on experience with appropriate difficulty in laying the railway lines or reducing the feasibility studies. throughput, which means that the locomotive will have to be used at or near the most improved time. The skill shown in the work done allows us to change the running time of the locomotive for specific target This provides a certain volume of locomotive conditions, which provides effective economical loco- transportation work and allows to obtain greater national- motive costs. Using the high-probability deterministic economic efficiency. When drawing up a train schedule, 51

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. all possibilities should be used to bring the accepted taking into account the perspective of their improvement movement times closer to their effective values. works, it is important that locomotives are reflected in the traction calculations. plays At present, the towing calculation works by the road authorities ensure the implementation of a certain Computer software for QP, MP, ZP and NKC makes transport, but determine the maximum load-carrying ca- it possible to take into account specific opportunities for pacity of the sections without reflecting the actual aver- improving the organization and technology of locomotive age conditions. The practical organization of locomotive transportation. Let us distinguish the following software transportation services, if they are carried out according calculations to the average current conditions of locomotive trans- portation works in the above-mentioned sections and Table 2. Software calculations Qr va Tr minute Е, kg E_x soum/train. E_g options plot soum/year 1. Calculated according to PTR 112 940 22,8 180700,5 200050010 not real [1] (n_k^p, q_0=17t/aks, d=0,675) 180600,0 218022500 options 2 Accepted for graphic 115 910 24,3 Reference: 1. Ablyalimov O.S. Substantiation of the gain parameter in the problems of optimizing the transportation work of loco- motives [Text] / O.S. Ablyalimov // Universum: technical sciences: electron. scientific magazine 2020. No. 9 (78). pp. 35-39. DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2020.78.9-1. 2. Ablyalimov O.S. Optimization of transportation work of locomotives: questions of theory, methods, calculations, results [Text] / Monograph. - \"Complex Print nashriyoti\", 2020. - 488 p. 3. Ablyalimov O.S. Efficiency of methods for normalizing energy consumption for train traction [Text] / A.V. Tolkachev, O.S. Ablyalimov // Tr. TashIIT, vol. 105 / Tashkent in-t. eng. railway transport. - Tashkent, 1974. - S. 27 - 35. 52

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15571 CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF THE WORKING BODY FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CUTTER Mukhammadali Jalolov Master student of Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Doston Samandarov PhD, head Department, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Jasur Safarov DSc, prof., Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] РАСЧЕТ И КОНСТРУКЦИЯ РАБОЧЕГО ОРГАНА ПЛОДООВОЩЕРЕЗКИ Жалолов Мухаммадали Абдужамил угли магистрант, Ташкентсий государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Самандрров Достон Ишмухаммат угли PhD, зав. кафедрой машиностроительного факультета, Ташкентсий государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Сафаров Жасур Эсиргапович DSc., профессор, Ташкентсий государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article analyzes the device of the fruit and vegetable cutter and theoretical views on their design. The equations used in the improvement of the cutting machine and their proportionality are investigated. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье анализируется устройство плодоовощерезки и теоретические взгляды на их конструкцию. Исследованы уравнения, используемые при совершенствовании режущей машины, и их пропорциональность. Keywords: cutting machine, cutting area, grinding process duration, loading volume. Ключевые слова: машина для нарезки, площадь резки, продолжительность процесса измельчения, объем загрузки. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fruit slicers are used to cut raw fruits and vegetables into thin layers, regardless of their shape (Fig. 1). __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Jalolov M.A., Samandarov D., Safarov J. CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF THE WORKING BODY FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CUTTER // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15571

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Figure 1. Scheme of a fruit and vegetable cutter: 1-working corps; 2-cover; 3-knife shaft; 4-blade; S is the cross-sectional area of the product layer; S0 is the surface of the segment formed by the body As we know, milling machines belong to the class of where R is the distance from the axis of rotation of periodic machines. The products entered into the machine the working body to the axis of the blade shaft; α - the for grinding are transferred to the rotating working body 1. The lid 2 of the case is partially closed for product coefficient of filling the volume of the labor force with insertion. The shaft 3 is attached to the body, and the products; So is the area of the segment formed by the blades 4 are fastened to the shaft. The rotation frequency working body. of the shaft is from 1000 to 3000 min-1, the number of blades is from 3 to 16, the rotation frequency of the The efficiency of the slicer is determined as follows: working body is taken in the range of 6...20 min-1 [1]. Q = Vy , m3/s, (2.2) Milling machines are mainly characterized by the geometric size of the rotating working body Vg. The τ·(1+φ0) loading volume of the working body Vy is equal to the average of 0.5...0.6 of the geometric volume of the Where φ0 = τ0; τ - duration of grinding process, s; container [2, 3]. τ τ0 - duration of auxiliary operations, s; Let's consider the simplest scheme describing the principle of operation of the flat blade cutting mechanism Vy = α · Vg = α · π · R · So, m3, (1) (Fig.2). Figure 2. Scheme of the cutting mechanism with a flat blade: 1 - hopper; 2 - support plane; 3 - flat blade; 4 - crank-rod mechanism; 5 - output node Raw materials are fed into the hopper 1. The bottom the machine through the output node 5. Thus, this of the bunker is located at a distance of 2 h from the base process is continuously repeated. plane. The flat blade 3 is moved back and forth by means of a crank-rod mechanism 4. When the blade is moved Disadvantages [2,3] of this mechanism: to the right, its blade cuts the product layer of thickness a) the product layer is separated by cutting; h coming out of the hopper. The cut product leaves b) the advance-return movement of the blade affects productivity; d) cutting is done only in one direction, etc. 54

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. The advance-return movement of the blade can be Qk = φ · F · h · ρ · (ω) · z, kg/s, (3) replaced by a rotation movement (Fig. 3). For this, the blade 1 is mounted on the rotating disk 2, where the 2π blade is located above the bladed disk, which allows to cut the product layer at the installed height h. where F is the cutting area (usually taken to be equal to the area of the bottom of the bunker), m2; φ - Multiple blades can be installed on the disc, and the performance of the cutting mechanism varies accordingly, coefficient of use of the cutting power of the depending on the speed of rotation of the disc. In general, mechanism; ω - angular speed of the disc, rad/s; z - the its performance can be determined as follows: number of blades installed on the disk, units; h - cutting height of the product layer, m; ρ - product density, kg/m3. Figure 3. Cutting scheme of cutting machine blades: 1 - blade; 2 - disc; 3 - blade of the knife Arbitrary selection of the rotational speed of the disk or 2·π ≥ √2g·h, with knives is not appropriate, because it is calculated In this, ω∙z based on the free fall time of the product being cut from a height h equal to the distance between the plane ω = 2·π , rad/s. of the disk and the blade, i.e.: z√2g·h (6) h = g·τ2, m, (4) 2 where τ is the descent time, s. In practice, taking into account the limited fall of the The interval time for the blades to pass through product into the bunker, then: the point of cutting the product is equal to: ω = π , s- τ′ = 2·π, s. 2·z√2g·h ω∙z (5) For the normal operation of the cutting mechanism, Through the above equations, a theoretical analysis τ′ > τ condition must be met: of cutting machine improvement can be developed. So, after determining the main parameters in the cutting process, it is possible to determine the process acceleration factors. References: 1. Kachru R.P., Balasubramania D., Nachiket K.C.1996. Design, Development and Evaluation of Rotary Slicer for Raw Banana Chips. Agricultural Mechanisation in Africa,Asia and Latin America, 27(4): 61 – 64. 2. Alekseev G.V., Danilenko E.A. Modeling capabilities chopping food additives for functional foods. Vestnik mezhdunarodnoi akademii kholoda. [Bulletin of International academy of the chill], 2011, no. 2, pp. 16-18. 3. Шапров М.Н., Семин Д.В., Садовников М.А. Качественные показатели работы машины для резания очищенной мякоти плодов бахчевых культур // Аграрная наука - основа успешного развития АПК и сохранения экосистем. Материалы Междунар. науч.-практ. конф. Том 3. - Волгоград: ФГБОУ ВПО Волгоградский ГАУ, 2012.– С. 191-195. 55

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE STUDYING THE ABSORPTION OF A MIXTURE OF GASES CONTAINING SULFUR OXIDES IN AN ALKALINE MEDIUM Abdirashid Khasanov Deputy Chief Engineer for Science at “Almalyk MMC” JSC, doctor of technical Science, Professor, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Shokhrukh Khojiev Associate professor o f department of Metallurgy, PhD, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Shokhrukh Munosibov Doctoral student of the National University of Uzbekistan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Vasliddin Khatamkulov Student of master course of department of Metallurgy, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПОГЛОЩЕНИЯ СМЕСИ ГАЗОВ, СОДЕРЖАЩЕЙ ОКСИДЫ СЕРЫ, В ЩЕЛОЧНОЙ СРЕДЕ Хасанов Абдирашид Салиевич зам. главного инженера по науке АО «Алмалыкский ГМК», д-р техн.х наук, профессор, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хожиев Шохрух Тошпулатович и.о. доцент кафедры Металлургия, PhD, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Муносибов Шохрух Мухиддин угли докторант Национального университета Узбекистана, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хатамкулов Васлиддин Хатамкулович студент магистратуры, кафедры Металлургия, Ташкентский Государственный Технический Университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: STUDYING THE ABSORPTION OF A MIXTURE OF GASES CONTAINING SULFUR OXIDES IN AN ALKALINE MEDIUM // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Khasanov A.S. [и др.]. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15518

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. ABSTRACT In the article, the absorption of a mixture of gases containing sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxides in an alkaline environment is considered. In the mixture of gases consisting of sulfur oxides, good absorption of sulfur trioxide in solutions was determined, and it was shown that the problem requires a deeper study of the laws of absorption of sulfur dioxide in solutions. Accordingly, it is recommended to use an alkaline medium for better absorption of sulfur dioxide in solutions. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрено поглощение смеси газов, содержащих диоксид серы и триоксиды серы, в щелочной среде. В смеси газов, состоящей из оксидов серы, установлено хорошее поглощение сернистого ангидрида в рас- творах и показано, что проблема требует более глубокого изучения закономерностей поглощения сернистого ангидрида в растворах. Соответственно, рекомендуется использовать щелочную среду для лучшего поглощения диоксида серы в растворах. Keywords: sulfur gases, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, utilization, absorption, alkaline medium. Ключевые слова: сернистые газы, диоксид серы, триоксид серы, утилизация, абсорбция, щелочная среда. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The disposal of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur tri- generally increases with increasing temperature. This oxide (SO3) gases emitted from metallurgical plants is is because higher temperatures generally increase the necessary because these gases are harmful to both hu- kinetic energy of gas molecules, making them more man health and the environment [1]. SO2 is a highly re- likely to collide with water molecules and dissolve in active gas that can cause respiratory problems such as solution. In addition, SO3 gas has a high activity and re- bronchitis, asthma and emphysema when inhaled in acts with water to form sulfuric acid, and this process large quantities. It can also contribute to the formation continues until there are no excess water molecules left of acid rain, which damages crops, forests and buildings. in the solution. But due to weak interaction of SO2 gas In addition, SO2 emissions can negatively affect local air with water, its solubility in water can be determined [8]. quality and contribute to smog [2-3]. The volume (m3) of SO2 gas absorbed by 1m3 of water at a gas partial pressure of 101325 kPa changes depending SO3 is also a highly reactive gas that can cause sim- on the temperature. This can be clearly seen from the graph ilar health problems when inhaled and is even more dan- depicted in Figure 1. gerous than SO2. It can react with water to form sulfuric acid, which is highly corrosive and can damage infra- However, the relationship between temperature and structure and buildings. In addition, it contributes to the absorption coefficient is not linear, and other factors such formation of acid rain [4-5]. Sulfur gases are often re- as gas concentration and solution pH can also affect leased during the production of non-ferrous metals and the coefficient. In addition, with an increase in the con- are released into the atmosphere due to improper absorp- centration of SO2 or SO3 in the gas phase, the absorption tion in the chimneys of metallurgical furnaces. coefficient can be saturated, that is, further increases in concentration do not significantly increase the absorption To reduce these negative effects, metallurgical rate [7]. The concentration of the gas in the water affects plants should take measures to control and eliminate SO2 the Henry’s law constant because the solubility of a gas and SO3 gases. The most common method of disposal is in water is directly proportional to its partial pressure to convert SO2 to sulfuric acid through a contact process. in the gas phase. The pH of the solution also affects the In this, SO2 is reacted with oxygen in the presence of a Henry’s law constant because it can alter the chemical catalyst, resulting in the formation of SO3, which is then properties of the gas and the water molecules. hydrated to form sulfuric acid. This process not only eliminates harmful gases, but also helps in the production Due to the fact that the absorption of SO3 gas in the of valuable industrial chemicals [6]. mixture of SO3 and SO2 gases from the metallurgical in- dustry is very good, the absorption of the mixture of The absorption coefficient of SO2 and SO3 gases these gases was considered only on the example of SO2. in water indicates the rate of dissolution of these gases When SO2 gas is absorbed into an alkaline solution, in water. This coefficient depends on several factors, it reacts with hydroxide ions (OH-) to form sulfite and including temperature and pressure [7]. At a given bisulfite ions. pressure, the absorption coefficient of SO3 gas in water 57

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Solubility of SO2 gas, m3 90 80 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 60 T, oC 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 Figure 1. Solubility of SO2 gas in water with increasing temperature The degree of absorption of SO2 in solution depends ions. The dependence of absorption rate on pH can be on several factors, such as the concentration, temperature, described by the following equation: pressure and gas flow of the alkaline solution. The de- pendence of SO2 gas absorption on alkaline environment r = K2 * CSO2 * (1 - 10(pH - pKa)) (3) can be described by the following equations: Here: K2 is the rate constant, pH is the hydrogen in- 1. Absorption rate equation: dicator of the solution, pKa is the acidic dissociation The absorption rate of SO2 in an alkaline solution constant of sulfuric acid. is expressed by the following equation: In conclusion, the absorption of SO2 and SO3 gases r = K1 * CSO2 * COH- (1) in water can have significant effects on the environment and health. SO2 is a major contributor to acid rain and Here: r is the rate of absorption, K1 is the rate constant, can cause respiratory problems in humans, while SO3 CSO2 is the concentration of SO2 in the gas phase, COH- can react with water to form sulfuric acid, which is highly is the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution. corrosive and can damage buildings and other structures. 2. Equilibrium equation: The disposal of SO2 and SO3 gases from metallurgical Absorption of SO2 in solution reaches equilibrium plants is important for the protection of human health, when the rate of absorption is equal to the rate of desorp- the environment and infrastructure. Converting SO2 to tion. The equilibrium state can be expressed by the sulfuric acid through a contact process is an efficient and following equation: sustainable way to achieve this. However, there is no practical possibility to process the sulfurous gases released Keq = Csulfit * COH- / CSO2 (2) directly around the metallurgical plants by the contact method. This made it necessary to dispose of the mixture Here: Keq is the equilibrium constant, Csulfite is the of sulfur gases by soaking them in alkaline solutions. concentration of sulfite ions, CSO2 and COH- are the con- centrations of SO2 and hydroxide ions, respectively. The absorption of SO2 gas in an alkaline solution depends on the concentration of hydroxide ions, which 3. Equation of dependence on pH: in turn depends on the pH level of the solution. The equi- The pH of the solution affects the absorption of SO2 librium constant is also affected by the concentration of gas because it affects the concentration of hydroxide sulfite ions and the concentration of SO2 in the gas phase. References: 1. Mukhametdjanova Sh., Khojiev Sh., Rakhmataliev Sh., Avibakirov I., Mamatov M. Modern Technologies of Copper Production // IJEAIS, 2021. – Vol.5, Issue 5. – P. 106-120. 2. Khojiev Sh.T., Ergasheva M.S., Khamroqulov Sh.F., Khamroev J.O’. The Current State of Copper Metallurgy and Its Raw Material Base // IJEAIS, 2021. – Vol.5, Issue 5. – P. 7-14. 3. Khojiev Sh.T., Berdiyarov B.T., Kadirov N.A., Obidov B.M., Turan M.D. Utilization of household waste-based solid fuel // Technical science and innovation, – Vol.1. – P. 168-176. 58

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 4. Toshpulatov D.D., Khojiev Sh.T., Berdiyarov B.T., Kholmominova S.F. Technological analysis of the process of metals recovery of large dust from the converter using metallurgical methods // International Journal of Engineering and Information System, 2021. – Vol.6, Issue 7. – P. 67-71. 5. Khojiev Sh., Berdiyarov B., Mirsaotov S. Reduction of Copper and Iron Oxide Mixture with Local Reducing Gases // Acta of Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent. – Tashkent, 2020. – Vol.10, Issue 4. – P. 7–17. 6. Hojiyev Sh.T., Berdiyarov B.T., Xotamqulov V.X., Ismatov Sh.O‘. Oltingugurt dioksidining rux kekiga ta’sirini o‘rganish // Proceedings of Uzbekistan-Japan International Conference on “Energy-Earth-Environment-Engineering”, Tashkent, November 17-18, 2022. P. 42. 7. Khasanov A.S., Khojiev Sh.T., Ochildiev Q.T., Abjalova Kh.T. The main factors affecting the rate of separation of the slag and matte phases by their density: a general overview // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. – Москва, 2022. – № 10(103), часть 6. – C. 23-27. 8. Berdiyarov B.T., Khojiev Sh.T., Matkarimov S.T., Munosibov Sh. Study of the thermodynamic properties absorption sulfur storage gas of zinc and copper industry // Technical science and innovation, 2021. – Vol.4. – P. 293-301. 59

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. THERMODYNAMICS, KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF ABSORPTION OF A MIXTURE OF GASES CONSISTING OF SULFUR OXIDES INTO ALKALINE SOLUTIONS Abdirashid Khasanov Deputy Chief Engineer for Science at “Almalyk MMC” JSC, doctor of technical Science, Professor, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Shokhrukh Khojiev Associate professor of department of Metallurgy, PhD, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Shokhrukh Munosibov Doctoral student of the National University of Uzbekistan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Vasliddin Khatamkulov Student of master course of department of Metallurgy, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ТЕРМОДИНАМИКА, КИНЕТИКА И МЕХАНИЗМ АБСОРБЦИИ СМЕСИ ГАЗОВ, СОСТОЯЩЕЙ ОКСИДОВ СЕРЫ, В ЩЕЛОЧНЫЕ РАСТВОРЫ Хасанов Абдирашид Салиевич зам. главного инженера по науке АО «Алмалыкский ГМК», д-р техн.х наук, профессор, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хожиев Шохрух Тошпулатович и.о. доцент кафедры Металлургия, PhD, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Муносибов Шохрух Мухиддин угли докторант Национального университета Узбекистана, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хатамкулов Васлиддин Хатамкулович студент магистратуры, кафедры Металлургия, Ташкентский Государственный Технический Университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: THERMODYNAMICS, KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF ABSORPTION OF A MIXTURE OF GASES CONSISTING OF SULFUR OXIDES INTO ALKALINE SOLUTIONS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Khasanov A.S. [и др.]. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7univer- sum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15517

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. ABSTRACT In the article, the thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanism of absorption of a mixture of sulfurous gases in alkaline solutions are considered. The result of thermodynamic analysis showed that the value of Gibbs energy of absorption of sulfur dioxide and trioxide into sodium hydroxide solution under standard conditions was negative. It was determined that the limiting step is the absorption of sulfur dioxide, and ways to increase the partial pressure of the gas were proposed to increase the reaction yield. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрены термодинамика, кинетика и механизм абсорбции смеси сернистых газов в щелочных растворах. Результат термодинамического анализа показал, что значение энергии Гиббса поглощения диоксида и триоксида серы раствором гидроксида натрия в стандартных условиях было отрицательным. Установлено, что лимитирующей стадией является поглощение диоксида серы, и предложены пути увеличения парциального дав- ления газа для увеличения выхода реакции. Keywords: sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, absorption, alkaline medium, thermodynamics, kinetics, mechanism. Ключевые слова: диоксид серы, триоксид серы, абсорбция, щелочная среда, термодинамика, кинетика, механизм. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The process of absorption of SO2 and SO3 in an al- Substituting the values gives: K = 7.03 · 106 kaline environment has a wide range of practical appli- cations, from the removal of pollutants in flue gas 2. SO3 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + H2O streams to the production of various chemicals. This process plays a crucial role in reducing air pollution and The standard Gibbs free energy change for this ensuring the sustainability of industrial processes. The reaction can be calculated using the previous equation: method of gas chromatography was used to determine the composition of gases in the air, and the method of ∆G° = ∆Gf°( Na2SO4) + ∆Gf°(H2O) – (4) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to -∆Gf°(SO3) - 2∆Gf°(NaOH) determine the purity of the liquid absorbent. In the re- search, sodium hydroxide was used as a substance that ∆Gf° values at 298 K: ∆Gf°( Na2SO4) = -1385.1 kJ/mol, creates an alkaline environment. In order to conduct a ∆Gf°(H2O) = -237.2 kJ/mol, ∆Gf°(SO3) = -371.1 kJ/mol thermodynamic analysis of the reactions in the solution and ∆Gf°( NaOH) = -470.1 kJ/mol. Substituting these system, it is necessary to calculate the standard Gibbs values into the equation, we get: ∆G° = -36.6 kJ/mol. free energy change (∆G°) and the equilibrium constant (K) at a certain temperature [1-5]. The equations for ∆G° and The equilibrium constant at 298 K can be calculated K are: from the value of ∆G° using the previous equation: K = 2.46 · 106 ∆G° = -RTlnK (1) Negative values of ∆G° in both reactions indicate Where: R is the universal gas constant (8.314 that the reactions are thermodynamically favorable J/mol*K), T is the temperature in Kelvin, lnK is the natural and occur spontaneously [10]. logarithm of the equilibrium constant. The absorption of sulfur oxides such as sulfur diox- The chemical processes involved in each gas compo- ide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) in alkaline media in- nent were thermodynamically analyzed [6-7]: volves complex chemical reactions that occur in two stages. The first stage is the physical absorption of gas 1. SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O into the liquid phase, and then the chemical reaction of the absorbed gas with sodium hydroxide solution results The standard Gibbs free energy change for this re- in the formation of soluble sulfite or sulfate [11]. action can be calculated using the values of the standard Gibbs free energy of formation (∆Gf °) of the reactants The absorption mechanism of sulfur oxides in an and products: alkaline environment is usually described by the follow- ing equations: ∆G° = ∆Gf°( Na2SO3) + ∆Gf°(H2O) – (2) -∆Gf°(SO2) - 2∆Gf°(NaOH) a. SO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2SO3(aq) ∆Gf° values at 298 K: ∆Gf°( Na2SO3) = -1095.8 kJ/mol, H2SO3(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO3(aq) + 2H2O(l) ∆Gf°(H2O) = -237.2 kJ/mol, ∆Gf°(SO2) = -300.4 kJ/mol and ∆Gf°( NaOH) = -470.1 kJ/mol. If these values are b. SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) replaced in the equation: ∆G° = -40.8 kJ/mol. H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) The equilibrium constant at 298 K can be calculated from the value of ∆G° using the following equation [8-9]: The first equation shows the equilibrium between sulfur dioxide gas and water to form sulphitic acid, K = e-∆G°/RT (3) which then reacts with sodium hydroxide to form so- dium sulphite and water in the second equation [12]. Similarly, the third equation shows the formation of sulfuric acid from sulfur trioxide and water, which in the fourth equation reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium sulfate and water. The kinetics of the gas absorp- tion process depends on various factors, for example, 61

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. the gas concentration in the air, the temperature and indicate that the reactions are thermodynamically favora- pressure of the system, and the properties of the liquid ble and spontaneous. absorbent. The rate of absorption is also affected by the reaction rate of chemical reactions that can be deter- The overall efficiency of the absorption process de- mined experimentally. pends on the pH level of the alkaline solution, the con- centration of the alkaline solution, and the surface area In alkaline environments, the rate of absorption of of the liquid gas absorption. Increasing the pH and con- sulfur oxides generally follows first-order kinetics, where centration of an alkaline solution can increase absorp- the rate of absorption is proportional to the concentra- tion efficiency by increasing the rate of chemical tion of the gas in the air. The rate constant, k, depends reactions. The use of high-surface-area liquid gas ab- on various factors, such as the absorptivity of the liquid, sorbers, such as sprays or packed tower tanks, can the temperature, and the partial pressure of the gas [13]. also increase the efficiency of the absorption process by increasing the gas-liquid contact area. The negative values of ∆G° in both reactions after absorption of SO2 and SO3 gases in alkaline solutions References: 1. Berdiyarov B.T., Khojiev Sh.T., Ismailov J.B., Alamova G.Kh. Thermodynamic aspects of the process of reducing zinc ferrite with elemental sulfur // Texnika yulduzlari, – Toshkent, 2022, – №4. – P. 3 – 13. 2. Хожиев Ш.Т., Бердияров Б.Т., Мухаметджанова Ш.А., Нематиллаев А.И. Некоторые термодинамические аспекты карботермических реакций в системе Fe-Cu-O-C // O‘zbekiston kimyo jurnali. – Toshkent, 2021, – №6. – C. 3 – 13. 3. Khojiev Sh., Fayzieva D., Mirsaotov S., Narkulova E. New The Main Trends in the Integrated Processing of Waste from Mining and Metallurgical Industries // International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems, 2021. – Vol. 5, Issue 4. – P. 182-188. 4. Khojiev Sh., Berdiyarov B., Gulomov I., Mamatov M. The Current State and Development of the Integrated Use of Technogenic Waste // International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems, 2021. – Vol.5, Issue 4. – P. 189-194. 5. Mukhametdjanova Sh., Khojiev Sh., Rakhmataliev Sh., Avibakirov I., Mamatov M. Modern Technologies of Copper Production // IJEAIS, 2021. – Vol.5, Issue 5. – P. 106-120. 6. Khojiev Sh.T., Ergasheva M.S., Khamroqulov Sh.F., Khamroev J.O’. The Current State of Copper Metallurgy and Its Raw Material Base // IJEAIS, 2021. – Vol.5, Issue 5. – P. 7-14. 7. Khojiev Sh.T., Berdiyarov B.T., Kadirov N.A., Obidov B.M., Turan M.D. Utilization of household waste-based solid fuel // Technical science and innovation, – Vol.1. – P. 168-176. 8. Khojiev S.T., Nuraliev O.U., Berdiyarov B.T., Matkarimov S.T., Akramov O‘.A. Some thermodynamic aspects of the reduction of magnetite in the presence of carbon // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. – Москва, 2021. – № 3(84), часть 3. – C. 60-64. 9. Toshpulatov D.D., Khojiev Sh.T., Berdiyarov B.T., Kholmominova S.F. Technological analysis of the process of metals recovery of large dust from the converter using metallurgical methods // International Journal of Engineering and Information System, 2021. – Vol.6, Issue 7. – P. 67-71. 10. Khojiev Sh., Berdiyarov B., Mirsaotov S. Reduction of Copper and Iron Oxide Mixture with Local Reducing Gases // Acta of Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent. – Tashkent, 2020. – Vol.10, Issue 4. – P. 7–17. 11. Hojiyev Sh.T., Berdiyarov B.T., Xotamqulov V.X., Ismatov Sh.O‘. Oltingugurt dioksidining rux kekiga ta’sirini o‘rganish // Proceedings of Uzbekistan-Japan International Conference on “Energy-Earth-Environment-Engineering”, Tashkent, November 17-18, 2022. P. 42. 12. Khasanov A.S., Khojiev Sh.T., Ochildiev Q.T., Abjalova Kh.T. The main factors affecting the rate of separation of the slag and matte phases by their density: a general overview // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. – Москва, 2022. – № 10(103), часть 6. – C. 23-27. 13. Berdiyarov B.T., Khojiev Sh.T., Matkarimov S.T., Munosibov Sh. Study of the thermodynamic properties absorption sulfur storage gas of zinc and copper industry // Technical science and innovation, 2021. – Vol.4. – P. 293-301. 62

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. INVESTIGATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION AND WEAR OF ABRASIVE-FILLED COMPOSITE POLYMER MATERIALS FOR TRIBOTECHNICAL PURPOSES Sayibzhon Negmatov Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, scientific director of the State unitary enterprise \"Fan va tarakkiyot\" Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Sarvar Imomnazarov Applicant, SUE \"Fan va tarakkiyot\", Tashkent state technical university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Farkhod Turaev Candidate of Technical Sciences, SUE \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Nodira Abed Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chairman of the State Unitary Enterprise \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Jaxongir Negmatov Junior Researcher, SUE \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Otabek Abdullayev Department of ”General-methodological Sciences \" associate professor, University of economics and pedagogy UEP, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТА ТРЕНИЯ И ИЗНОСА КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ, НАПОЛНЕННЫХ АБРАЗИВОМ, ДЛЯ ТРИБОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ЦЕЛЕЙ Негматов Сайибжан Садикович академик АН РУз, научный консультант ГУП «Фан ва тараккиёт» при Ташкентском государственном техническом университете имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Имомназаров Сарвар Ковилжонович соискатель, ГУП “Фан ва тараққиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Тураев Фарход Раззакович канд. техн. наук, ст. научн. сотр., ГУП “Фан ва тараққиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: INVESTIGATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION AND WEAR OF ABRASIVE- FILLED COMPOSITE POLYMER MATERIALS FOR TRIBOTECHNICAL PURPOSES // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. Negmatov S. [и др.]. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15512

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Абед Нодира Сайибжановна д-р техн. наук, профессор, председатель ГУП «Фан ва тараккиёт» при Ташкентском государственном техническом университете имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Негматов Жахонгир Носир угли мл. науч. сотр. ГУП «Фан ва тараккиёт» при Ташкентском государственном техническом университете имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абдуллаев Отабек Хусанович доцент кафедры ”Общеметодологические науки \", Университет экономики и педагогики УЭП, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article presents the results of research in the field of research of composite thermoplastic polymer materials filled with solid organomineral fillers and coatings based on them in a dry and lubricating environment. At the same time, it was found that the change in the antifriction properties of polymer coatings significantly depends on the nature, type and content of organic-mineral fillers. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье представлены результаты исследований в области исследования композиционных термопластичных полимерных материалов, наполненных твердыми органоминеральными наполнителями и покрытиями на их основе в сухой и смазывающей среде. В то же время установлено, что изменение антифрикционных свойств полимерных покрытий существенно зависит от природы, вида и содержания органоминеральных наполнителей. Keywords: antifriction properties, composition, polymer, coatings, modification, abrasive fillers, wear, coefficient of friction. Ключевые слова: антифрикционные свойства, композиция, полимер, покрытия, модификация, абразивные наполнители, износ, коэффициент трения. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. The development and application of The complexity of the study of friction processes composite polymer and metal polymer materials used in also lies in the fact that during the static and dynamic friction units of parts of working bodies of machines and action of the indicator, deformation and destruction mechanisms for various purposes is of increased interest of supramolecular structures occur in the surface layers in the world. of the polymer. During operation, the shape of the spherulites and the boundaries between them may change, At the same time, the field of application of metal but the integrity of the sample is not violated, and after polymer materials has significant resources. An increasing removing the loads, they can restore their original shape. number of works appear in the field of research on friction and wear of polymer and metal polymer Research and experience in the use of metal- materials. However, the physico-chemical processes polymer materials have shown that the modification of that occur when a polymer is rubbed against a metal are polymers by the introduction of various fillers can extremely complex. Suffice it to say that the nature of significantly increase the wear resistance and load the supramolecular structure, the size of individual and capacity of the studied materials, and is also a good complex formations, as well as their distribution largely reserve for creating materials for specified working determines the static and fatigue strength, relaxation conditions [3-7]. characteristics, the amount of mechanical hysteresis and many other parameters on which the nature of the In this regard, this paper presents the results of a external friction of polymers directly depends. And in study and analysis of the role of filler in a filled polymer dynamics, a qualitative and quantitative relationship coating in the search for ways to create friction surfaces between the parameters of the structure and the main that implement the properties of machine-building characteristics of friction can be obtained by penetrating materials most effectively. To this end, the role of the into the atomic-molecular level of processes occurring filler in giving the material high antifriction characteristics on rubbing surfaces [1]. For example, it has been shown is studied, and the conditions for the implementation of the that the size of spherulites significantly affects the mode of selective transfer during friction, the possibility coefficient of friction, even within a single spherulite, of polycaproamide coatings with steel friction surfaces the coefficient of friction is not a constant value [2]. are also considered. 64

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of constant loading speed) and peeling at an angle of 1800 fillers on the anti-friction and wear-resistant properties (ZD – 40 machine). In the dissertation work, for a com- of composite polymer materials and coatings based on prehensive study of the physical and mechanical proper- them. ties of metalworking materials and coatings, for the study of friction and wear, the upgraded MI-1 and SMC-2 The object method of research. The objects machine, the ZD-4 bursting machine, the PMT-3 micro- of research are powdered thermoplastic polymers hardometer devices, the upgraded PR-05 machine, the (polycapromide, pentaplast, polyethylene) dispersion horizontal microscope NLI-2 were used. To study oxida- up to 250 microns. 45 steel was used as a substrate. tive processes, structural components, as well as other Various organic and inorganic fillers were used as fillers, physicochemical changes in the polymer and metal of as well as dispersed abrasive materials (diamonds, white the adhesive compound, the MIM-8 microscope, the electrocorundum, silicon carbides, etc.) with particle sizes OD-102 derivatograph, the URS-50 IM diffractometer, from 15 to 40 microns. Neazon D was used as a poly- and chemical analysis methods were used. caproamide heat stabilizer . The introduction of fillers and other dispersed modifiers was carried out by their Research results and their analysis. Studies show mechanical mixing. that the antifriction properties of the filler under dry friction in the averaged limit affect the friction in the case of filling Research methods. The strength of the adhesive the coating with them, the results of which are shown in joint of the coating with metals was evaluated by the (Table 1). methods of normal separation (ZD – 4 machine, at a Table 1. Influence of the degree of filler on the coefficient of friction of thermoplastic polymer coatings under air-dry friction (v = 1.0 m/sec, ore = 0.75 mn/m2) % of filling compositions 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 композиц. PCA + graphite 0,48 0,42 0,49 0,52 0,56 0,60 0,58 Pentaplast+ graphite 0,26 0,28 0,25 0,27 0,34 0,38 0,40 Polyethylene+ graphite 0,32 0,28 0,33 0,35 0,36 0,33 0,37 As can be seen from the above data, when graphite graphite 5. A further increase in the graphite content is introduced into polycaproamide in a small amount (5- leads to an increase in the coefficient of friction. Bearings 10), it does not essentially change, and with an increase made of a charge with a mass fraction of graphite in the percentage of filling, it increases the coefficient of of 3% can withstand the greatest extreme loads, and with friction of the filled polymer. At the same time, the ad- a mass fraction of graphite of 4%, a sharp decrease in hesive bond strength of the PAS graphite-filled polymer strength occurs. coated (with an addition of 15-20% by weight) is 20- 25% higher than that of the modified coating [8]. Thus, graphite, well-known for its antifriction properties, when introduced into the composition, has a At the same time, it seems that the increase in the complex effect on the properties of the latter. coefficient of friction is associated with an increase in the graphite content in the coatings in a change in the With boundary friction and with friction without lu- cohesive strength of the composition for the specific brication, due to the release of a large amount of heat on properties of graphite itself, since similar results were the contacting surfaces, irreversible processes of trans- obtained not only for other polymers [8,9], but also for formation in the metal occur (oxidation, dispersion, fa- metal bearings [11,12]. tigue failure or destruction due to structural changes). A thin adsorbed layer of lubricant or a layer of oxides are It was shown [5,6] that the addition of graphite to a not able to protect the surface layer of the metal from thermosetting polymer based on ED-6 resin increases deformation, hardening in destruction and gives a large the coefficient of friction by 10 to 80%, and the brittle- amount of friction [13-17]. ness of the composition is destroyed even at a load of 4.0-6.0 Mn/m2. It also notes the non-monotonic nature Currently, there are quite a lot of methods that re- of the friction moment from the graphite content duce the influence of irreversible transformation pro- in chlorosulfated polyethylene. When 10% graphite cesses on the contact surface [18]. However, these (by weight) was introduced into this resin, the friction methods, for example, artificially created non-film sur- moment decreased compared to the friction moment faces, cannot prevent or compensate for wear or other for pure resin. A consistent increase in the amount damage, lead to the destruction of the metal. And from of graphite to 20, 40, 50% invariably increased the value this point of view, the most effective and progressive of the friction moment. method of preventing irreversible processes occurring on contacting surfaces during friction is the implementa- Studies [13] carried out to determine the coefficient tion of selective transfer under conditions of boundary of friction of porous ferro-graphite bearing materials friction [19-20]. depending on the graphite charge showed that with an increase in its content, the coefficient of friction decreases, We have conducted studies on the possibility of re- reaching the lowest value of the mass fraction of alizing the effect of atomic transfer in the case of friction 65

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. of a filled polymer coating on a steel surface in a glyc- consideration. In the case of friction in a glycerine me- erine medium and with CIAFAO-201 lubrication. dium of a polycaproamide coating filled with lead or lead oxide, the formation of a lead film on the steel sur- At the same time, polymer coatings were filled with face is also observed, which is confirmed by a low coef- copper oxide, lead, and lead oxide. ficient of friction and abnormally high wear resistance (Fig. 1, 2). The experimental results confirm the possibility of the formation of a copper surface film in the case under 1-PCA is not modified, 2 – PCA-Ai-2 (PCA + 30% copper oxide), 3 – PCA-Ai-4 (PCA + 30% lead oxide), 4-PCA-Ai-6 (PCA + 20% lead). Figure 1. Dependence of the coefficient of friction from the specific pressure for filled coatings when lubricated with glycerin (TNPM = 525 K, Ʊ-0.5 m/sec) 1-PKA not modified (Ore=10mn/m), 2- PKA+1.5% heat stabilizer, 3-PKA-Ai-2(PKA+30% copper oxide), 4-PKA-Ai-2(30% copper oxide +5% graphite), 5-PKA-Ai-4(PKA+30% lead oxide),6-PKA-Ai-6 (PKA+20% lead). Figure 2. Dependence of wear intensity during glycerin lubrication (TPNM-525 K, Ore=20mn/m2) Figure 3 shows experimental data confirming the increases abruptly and only after a long time passes to implementation of the selective transfer effect in the steady friction (Fig.1, curve 1,2). For the case of selec- cases under consideration. A comparison of the depend- tive transfer, relatively small sudden loads are not sensi- encies for MS-20 oil (boundary friction) and glycerin tive, and with large sudden loads, the steady-state (selective transfer) shows a change in the coefficient of friction is restored very quickly (Fig. 3, curves 3,4). friction over time with the sudden application of an ad- For the case of selective transfer, relatively small sudden ditional load. In the case of friction in MS-20 oil, filled loads are not sensitive, and with large sudden loads coating under sudden loading, the coefficient of friction it recovers very quickly. 66

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 1,2,5,6 - copper oxide; 8,4 - lead oxide; 1,2 - friction in MS-20 oil; 3,4,5,6 - friction in glycerin (1,3,5-steady-state friction, 15=0.75 Ʊ/sec; Ore=14 mn/m2; 2,4,6 - friction after sudden application of load, Ʊ=0.75 m/sec, Ore = 22mn/m2) Figure 3. Change in the coefficient of friction over time of filled polycaproamide with sudden application of additional specific pressure As can be seen from the research results, steady- The analysis of the state of the surface of the steel roller state friction is clearly observed on (Fif. 3, curves 3,4). shows that on hardened surfaces and with a sufficiently high purity class, the selective transfer mode is most X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods of inves- quickly established. The experiments were carried out tigation also confirmed that in all cases of selective wear, during friction tests using a steel counter body with a the formation of a sulfur-screw film on the contacting different nature of preliminary heat treatment (Table 2). surfaces is observed. Table 2. Friction tests using a steel counterbody with a different character of preliminary heat treatment Heat treatment mode of steel roller The time of establishment of the selective transfer mode, In seconds. made of 45 steel Type of T.O. LDCs PCA-Ai-2 PCA-Ai-4 PCA-Ai-6 Annealing T=830 °C 22 (PCA+30% for меди) (PCA+30% oxide свинца) (PCA+20%Свинца) 1,8 1,6 1,5 Quenching in water T=830 0 34 1,6 1,4 1,5 Tempering T=500° Quenching in water T=830° 47 1,1 1,2 1,2 Tempering T=200° Note 1. LDC measurement The average of 5 prints is taken; 2. The working surface of the roller was ground to Ra= 0.50-0.60 (State standart 2.309.73) Based on the analysis of the ratio of the mechanical fillers that are or are not antifriction materials, there are properties of the surface layer and the substrate in general patterns in changing the physico-mechanical and [20,21], it was shown that an increase in the hardness of antifriction properties of thermoplastic polycaproamide the substrate should lead to an improvement in the anti- polymer coatings, but there are also significant factors friction characteristics. This conclusion is confirmed by influencing the properties of fillers. In further studies, the results of our experimental studies during antifric- we will show that solid fillers are not only used in filled tion tests in the use of copper alloys of different hardness antifriction coatings. With the contact interaction of in a steel shell with a different character of preliminary abrasive-filled polymer coatings, it is possible to create heat treatment (Table 2). friction surfaces that are effective from the point of view of realizing optimal performance characteristics of the Conclusions. Thus, the analysis of the data obtained material in friction nodes when honing metal surfaces shows that although when introducing abrasive solid of machine parts. 67

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. References: 1. Abed-Negmatova N., Negmatov J., Gulyamov G., Negmatov S., Khodjimuradov D. Composite polymer materials and parts made of them for cotton machines and mechanisms. Advanced Materials Research 413, pp. 535-538. 2012. Egorenkov N.I. Investigation of some issues of adhesion of polyethylene in metals.. PhD thesis, Riga, 1970. 2. Abed-Negmatova, N. Negmatov S.S., Gulyamov G., Negmatov Yu.N. Antifriction wear-resistant composite materials and parts made of them for the working bodies of cotton machines and mechanisms. Advanced Materials Research 616-618, pp. 2005-2008. 3. Beliy V.A., Sviridenok A.I., Petrokovets M.I., Savkin V.G. Friction and wear of polymer-based materials. Publishing house ”Science and Technology” Minsk 1976. 4. Bely V.A. Abstract of the candidate's dissertation, Minsk, 1980. 5. Bilik Sh.M. Experience in the use of plastics in friction units of railway rolling stock. Collection \"Plastics in sliding bearings\", Moscow, 1965. 6. Bilik Sh.M. Metal-plastic friction pairs in machines and mechanisms. M., 1965. 7. Egorenkov N.I. High-molecular compounds, 1 1980, p. 83. 8. Eirikh, Mark “Chemistry and technology of polymers\"* No. 3, 16, 1961. 9. Friction, wear and lubrication. Handbook, book 2, M., Mechanical Engineering, 1979. 10. Gagin L.A. Contact problems of elasticity theory, M., 1955. 11. Garkunov D.P., Kragelsky I.V., DAN of the USSR, vol. 113, No. 2, 1957. 12. Garkunov D.P., Lozovsky V.N., Polyakov A.A. DANN USSR, vol. 133 No. 3, 1960. 13. Garkunov D.P., Lozovsky V.N., Polyakov A.A. Selective transfer in friction nodes. Ed. “transport\", Moscow, 1969. 14. Karegelsky I.V. Friction and wear, M., 1968. 15. Makushok E.M., Kalinovskaya T.V., Bely A.V. Mass transfer in friction processes. Ed. “Science and Technology”, Minsk, 1978. 16. Mandelkern V.M. Crystallization of polymers. Izd. “Chemistry\", 1966. 17. Martynov A.N., Gridin A.N. Polishing of the inner surfaces of spinning rings with a compacted flow of free abrasive. In the collection ”Issues of technology, accuracy and reliability in Mechanical Engineering\", No. 3, Penza, 1111I, 1974. 18. Musabekov D., Abed-Negmatova N., Gulyamov G., Khodzhimuradov D., Negmatov S. Effective composite materi- als for friction pairs of working bodies of cotton gins. Advanced Materials Research 413, pp. 548-550.2012. 19. Negmatov S., Ulmasov T., Karshiev M., ...Abdulaev O., M Matsharipova. Adhesive-strength and tribotechnical prop- erties of composite polymer coatings for mechanical engineering. E3S web conference successfully, 2021. 20. Negmatov S., Ulmasov T., Navruzov F., Dzhovliev S. Vibration-damping composite polymer materials and coatings for engineering purposes E3S Web of Conferences, , 2021. 21. Sergienko V.P. et al. The influence of a high-frequency electromagnetic field on the dynamic mechanical and tribotechnical characteristics of friction composites with a thermosetting polymer matrix //Journal of Friction and wear. - 2021. – p. 42. – No. 6. – p. 401-407. 22. Sviridenko A.I. Investigation of frictional interaction of polymer and metal polymer materials and structures. Ab- stract of the doctoral dissertation, Minsk, 1975. 68

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. INVESTIGATION OF WEAR OF STEEL SURFACES DURING CONTACT INTERACTION WITH ABRASIVE-FILLED POLYMER COATINGS Farkhod Turaev Candidate of Technical Sciences, SUE \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Jaxongir Negmatov Junior Researcher, SUE \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Sarvar Imomnazarov Applicant, SUE \"Fan va tarakkiyot\", Tashkent state technical university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Nodira Abed Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chairman of the State Unitary Enterprise \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\" at the Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Kamila Negmatova Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher of the SUE \"Fan va Tarakkiyot\", Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Sayibzhon Negmatov Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, scientific director of the State unitary enterprise \"Fan va tarakkiyot\" Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Otabek Abdullayev Department of ”General-methodological Sciences \" associate professor, University of economics and pedagogy UEP, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ИЗНОСА СТАЛЬНЫХ ПОВЕРХНОСТЕЙ ПРИ КОНТАКТНОМ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИИ С ПОЛИМЕРНЫМИ ПОКРЫТИЯМИ, НАПОЛНЕННЫМИ АБРАЗИВОМ Тураев Фарход Раззакович канд. техн. наук, ст. научн. сотр. ГУП “Фан ва тараққиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Негматов Жахонгир Носир угли мл. науч. сотр. ГУП «Фан ва тараккиёт» при Ташкентском государственном техническом университете имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: INVESTIGATION OF WEAR OF STEEL SURFACES DURING CONTACT INTER- ACTION WITH ABRASIVE-FILLED POLYMER COATINGS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Turaev F. [и др.]. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15477

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Имомназаров Сарвар Ковилжонович соискатель, ГУП “Фан ва тараққиёт”, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абед Нодира Сайибжановна д-р техн. наук, профессор, председатель ГУП «Фан ва тараккиёт» при Ташкентском государственном техническом университете имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Негматова Комила Сайибжановна д-р техн. наук, профессор, ГУП «Фан ва тараккиёт» при Ташкентском государственном техническом университете имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Негматов Сайибжан Садикович академик АН РУз, научный консультант ГУП «Фан ва тараккиёт» при Ташкентском государственном техническом университете имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абдуллаев Отабек Хусанович доцент кафедры ”Общеметодологические науки \", Университет экономики и педагогики УЭП, Республика Узбекистан, Ташкент ABSTRACT The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of abrasive-filled polycaproamide coatings during the interaction of the roughness of a steel roller on the wear intensity. It is established that under certain conditions, abrasive action can be used as a finishing method of processing the part. АННОТАЦИЯ В работе представлены результаты исследований влияния абразивно-наполненных поликапроамидных покрытий при взаимодействии шероховатости стального ролика на интенсивность изнашивания. Установлено, что при определенных условиях абразивное воздействие может применяться как финишный метод обработки детали. Keywords: wear intensity, abrasive fillers, roughness, wear of steel surfaces, antifriction materials, metal polymer system, polymer coatings. Ключевые слова: интенсивность изнашивания, абразивные наполнители, шероховатость, износ стальных поверхностей, антифрикционные материалы, металлополимерная система, полимерные покрытия. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. In recent years, research has been I.V. Kragelsky [8] believes that under mechanical widely carried out on the development of composite action, depending on the shape of the abrasive and the metal-polymer antifriction–wear-resistant coating acting loads, the following types of friction bond materials [1-5] and the development of metalworking violations, elastic or plastic displacement of the material materials and cutting tools based on them [6-10]. In this and a cut of the embedded material (in this case, an regard, special attention is paid to the development of abrasive particle) may occur. Repeated elastic or plastic antifriction-wear-resistant composite materials, both displacement leads to fatigue destruction of the surface thermoplastic and thermosetting filled with organomineral layers of the metal. With an increase in the depth of ingredients, polymer materials for the purpose of penetration, elastic displacement turns into plastic manufacturing composite metalworking materials and deformation of the surface layers. A further increase in cutting tools of metal structures, in particular in the the depth of implementation contributes to the formation crankshaft system of the internal combustion engine of of the micro-cutting process. Consequently, there can vehicles and improving the technology of their production. be several types of destruction-wear on the friction surface at the same time. The authors [14,15] believe that the nature of the interaction of the abrasive particle with the friction surface In works [8-16], the essence and mechanism of depends on the degree of its fixation. abrasive wear are highlighted. It is noted that the nature of the destruction depends on the physical and 70

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. mechanical properties of the worn material and the Research methods. The strength of the adhesive joint abrasive, the shape in the degree of fixation of abrasive of the coating with metals was evaluated by the methods particles, as well as their pressure on the material. It is of normal separation (ZD – 4 machine, at a constant shown that, depending on these factors, the destruction loading speed) and peeling at an angle of 1800 (ZD – process can occur in the form of micro-cutting (brittle 40 machine). In this work, the upgraded MI-1 and and viscous destruction) or fatigue (in the elastic region) SMC-2 machines, the ZD-4 bursting machine, the PMT-3 in poly-deformed (in the plastic region) destruction. microhardometer devices, the upgraded PR-05 machine, the horizontal microscope NLI-2 were used for a com- Numerous studies [1-15] show that the structure and prehensive study of the physical and mechanical properties of the surface layers of various materials have properties of metalworking materials and coatings to a significant impact on their performance and durability, study friction and wear. To study oxidative processes, working under conditions of friction and wear. In this structural components, as well as other physicochemical regard, it is of interest from a unified scientific point of changes in the polymer and metal of the adhesive com- view to identify common patterns of the friction and pound, the MIM-8 microscope, the OD-102 derivatograph, wear process and to develop metal-polymer antifriction- the URS-50 IM diffractometer, and chemical analysis wear-resistant abrasive-filled coating materials on their methods were used. basis and to create metalworking materials and cutting tools used for finishing metal and other machine parts. Research results and their analysis. We have found that when moving a polymer coating filled with abrasive In this work plan, this article is a study of the particles over the surface of the parts, even with a slight dependence of the intensity of wear and the roughness contact pressure, their relatively intensive wear occurs. of the surface of the steel substrate-great when treated As noted above, under certain conditions, the wear inten- with abrasive-filled polycaproamide polymer coatings. sity is high and the abrasive effect can be used as a finishing method for processing machine parts. The object and methodology of the study. The ob- jects of research are powdered thermoplastic polymers The study of the physical laws of the metal removal (polycapromide, pentaplast, polyethylene) with a disper- process in this processing method allowed us to establish sion of up to 250 microns. 45 steel was used as a sub- that when an abrasive fixed with a polymer binder inter- strate. Various organic and inorganic fillers, as well as acts with the surface of the part, a kind of abrasive wear dispersed abrasive materials (diamonds, white electro- of the latter occurs. corundum, silicon carbides, etc.) with particle sizes from 15 to 40 microns were used as fillers. Neazon D was Figure 1 shows that at the initial moment of contact used as a polycaproamide heat stabilizer . The introduc- interaction of the abrasive-filled coating, the value of the tion of fillers and other dispersed modifiers was carried surface roughness parameter Ra will decrease intensively, out by their mechanical mixing. and the removal of metal from the steel surface will increase almost proportionally. After a certain time has elapsed, the metal is removed and the surface roughness is stabilized. Figure 1. Dependence of the wear intensity (curve 1) and the surface roughness of the steel roller (curve 2) when treated with an abrasive-filled polycaproamide coating (adhesive – silicon carbide green; counterbody – steel 45; P= 10 mn/m2; h= 0.75 m/sec) 71

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Let's consider the role of sludge forming agents in Figure 2 shows an abrasive-filled coating that the finishing of steel parts. Of interest are the studies worked with a steel shaft for 0.72 K sec. Even with the performed on the sludge resulting from the wear of the naked eye, you can see the products of wear (sludge) re- surface. Sludge analysis is most important for determin- sulting from the wear of the surface. The difficulty of ing the degree of metal dispersion and the nature of the analyzing the sludge was due to the varying degree of formation of wear particles. dispersion of metal particles. Figure 2. Photo of sludge particles A photograph of sludge particles (Fig.2), which is a strength, the destruction of metal from micro- and sub- product of wear, showed that along with large particles, microscription dominates. The intensity of this type of fine particles smaller than 1 micron are predominant. destruction is quite high and ensures the removal of sur- The shape and size of the sludge particles suggest that face layers of metal under abrasive action before its fa- under these conditions of finishing, direct destruction of tigue destruction from cyclic reshaping. the metal in the form of micro-cutting may take place. However, it is not excluded in the course of the process Conclusion. It is established that when an abrasive- called micro- and submicroscription [10]. filled polymer coating interacts with the surfaces of ma- chine parts, even with a slight compact pressure, rela- When studying the nature of wear during abrasive tively high intensive wear occurs. In this regard, this action on the surface of machine parts, it was shown process can be used as a finishing method for processing [14,17-20] that at low normal pressures, when the result- machine parts. ing stress on the contact pads is less than the yield References: 1. Abed-Negmatova, N. Negmatov S.S., Gulyamov G., Negmatov Yu.N. Antifriction wear-resistant composite materi- als and parts made of them for the working bodies of cotton machines and mechanisms. Advanced Materials Research 616-618, pp. 2005-2008. 2. Negmatov S.S. et al. Investigation of warm water resistance and strength properties of composite polymer-polymer binders //Universum: technical sciences. – 2022. – №. 11-5 (104). – Pp. 47-53. 3. Imomnazarov S.K. et al. The supply system of cars running on gas //Universum: technical sciences. – 2022. – №. 5-4 (98). – Pp. 37-42. 4. Negmatov S., Ulmasov T., Karshiev M., ...Abdulaev O., Matsharipova M. Adhesive strength and tribotechnical prop- erties of composite polymer coatings for mechanical engineering. E3S Web Conference, 2021. 5. Abrasive materials and tools. Catalog-reference. M., NIIMASH, 1976. 6. Musabekov D., Abed-Negmatova N., Gulyamov G., Khodjimuradov D., Negmatov S. Effective composite materials for friction pairs of working bodies of cotton gins. Advanced Materials Research 413, pp. 548-550.2012. 7. Abed-Negmatova N., Negmatov J., Gulyamov G., Negmatov S., Khodjimuradov D. Composite polymer materials and parts made of them for cotton machines and mechanisms. Advanced Materials Research 413, pp. 535-538.2012. 8. Babakhanova M.G. et al. investigation of the influence of fillers on the adhesive properties of composite polymer coatings //Thematics Journal of Chemistry. – 2022. – Т. 6. – №. 1. 72

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 9. Sultanov S. et al. Anti-corrosion coating for engineering purposes //AIP Conference Proceedings. – AIP Publishing LLC, 2022. – Т. 2432. – №. 1. – С. 050016. 10. Negmatov S.S. et al. Development of import-substituting anticorrosive composite materials based on organomineral ingredients from local raw materials and industrial waste //Universum: technical sciences. – 2021.– No. 8-2. – pp. 68-72. 11. Sviridenko A.I. Investigation of frictional interaction of polymer and metal polymer materials and structures. Abstract of the doctoral dissertation, Minsk, 1975. 12. Bilik Sh.M. Experience in the use of plastics in friction units of railway rolling stock. Collection \"Plastics in sliding bearings\", Moscow, 1965. 13. Mannonov.J., Imomnazarov S., Abduganiyev. Sh., Nishonov.F.,(2022). Electronic engine management diagnostic system self-propelled narrow-gauge power stationand method of experimental researchintroduction. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, (6-14),1929-1930. 14. Negmatov S.S. Abstract of the candidate's dissertation, Tashkent, 1969. 15. Sarvar, I. (2021). Application of Intelligent Systems in Cars. International Journal of Innovative Analyses and Emerg- ing Technology, 1(4), 78-80. 16. Negmatova K.S., Sultanov S.U., Davlatov R.M. Technology for improving the quality of pki-3 (corrosion inhibitor) // Uzbekiston. – 2018. – P. 27. 17. Kostetsky B.I., Kolesnichenko I.F. Surface quality and friction in machines. Kiev, \"Technique\", 1969, p. 187. 18. Tenenbaum M.M. Resistance to abrasive wear. M., Mechanical Engineering, 1976. 19. Kragelsky I.V., Yampolsky G.Ya. On the mechanism of abrasive wear, Izvestiya vuzov, \"Physics\", No. 1, 1968. 20. Ikramov U. Studies of the wear of friction surfaces by free abrasive particles in conditions of high dustiness of the environment. Abstract of the doctoral dissertation, Moscow, 1980. 73

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УДК 62/64+66/69 ББК 3 U55 Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии: Горбачевский Евгений Викторович, канд. техн. наук; Демин Анатолий Владимирович, д-р техн. наук; Дехканов Зульфикахар Киргизбаевич, д-р техн. наук; Звездина Марина Юрьевна, д-р. физ.-мат. наук; Ким Алексей Юрьевич, д-р техн. наук; Козьминых Владислав Олегович, д-р хим. наук; Ларионов Максим Викторович, д-р биол. наук; Манасян Сергей Керопович, д-р техн. наук; Мажидов Кахрамон Халимович, д-р наук, проф; Мартышкин Алексей Иванович, канд.техн. наук; Мерганов Аваз Мирсултанович, канд.техн. наук; Пайзуллаханов Мухаммад-Султанхан Саидвалиханович, д-р техн. наук; Радкевич Мария Викторовна, д-р техн наук; Серегин Андрей Алексеевич, канд. техн. наук; Старченко Ирина Борисовна, д-р техн. наук; Усманов Хайрулла Сайдуллаевич, д-р техн. наук; Юденков Алексей Витальевич, д-р физ.-мат. наук; Tengiz Magradze, PhD in Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering. U55 Universum: технические науки: научный журнал. – № 5(110). Часть 7., М., Изд. «МЦНО», 2023. – 72 с. – Электрон. версия печ. публ. – http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/5110 ISSN : 2311-5122 DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5 Учредитель и издатель: ООО «МЦНО» ББК 3 © ООО «МЦНО», 2023 г.

Содержание 5 5 Papers in english 5 Instrumentation, precision and accuracy, data measurement tools and systems 11 INFORMATION ASPECTS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF METEOCHARACTERISTICS DURING SALT-DUST STORMS ON THE DRY BOTTOM OF THE ARAL SEA 11 Elzura Urazimbetova Bibigul Tleumuratova 14 Civil engineering and architecture 14 CALCULATION OF THE INTERMEDIATE SUPPORT OF A THREE-SPAN OVERPASS 19 Ruslan Ospanov 22 25 Transport 29 IMPORTANCE OF LOGISTICS ACTIVITIES IN IMPROVING THE ECONOMY OF UZBEKISTAN Gaffor Samatov 29 Dilmurod Akhmedov Zokirkhon Yusufkhonov 32 Isomiddin Absattarov 38 CAR PARKING PROBLEMS IN CITIES, CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS Ezoza Khakimova 42 Ezozbek Tokhirov 42 THE IMPORTANCE OF APPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT 45 Mekhriban Shukirillaeva Ezozbek Tokhirov ANALYSIS OF EXISTING METHODS AND APPROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL RESOURCES OF TRACTION ROLLING STOCK Abdulaziz Yusufov Zokir Keldibekov Transport, mining and construction engineering ON THE ISSUE OF THE INTEGRATED USE OF SHARGUNKUMIR FOR OPEN-PIT COAL MINING Zuhriddin Latipov Abbos Shodiyev Nilufar Boymurodova Xilola Xoliyorova Doniyor Murodov Dilshod Xakberdiyev METHOD OF OPTIMIZATION AND PROTECTION OF DIAGNOSTIC DATA IN MONITORING RAIL- WAY AUTOMATION DEVICES Qurbonali Nuriddinov Asadulla Azizov Ruslan Abdullaev Technology of materials and products of the textile and light industry ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TECHNICAL FABRIC OF NEW COMPOSITION Imamaddin Turmanov Janar Qidirbaeva Sholpan Tolibaeva Kamila Muratbaeva Batir Kojametov Food technology TO STUDY METHODS OF PROCESSING OIL OBTAINED FROM SOYBEAN RAW MATERI- ALS Kadyrov Zufarbek MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF OIL EMULSIONS Zilola Ergashova Akbarali Ruzibayev Malokhat Dzhumaniyozova

ANALYSIS OF VEGETABLE OIL PROCESSES, INFLUENCE OF EXCESSIVE ALKALINE 48 CONSUMPTION IN THE REFINING OF SUNFLOWER AND SOY OILS ON THE QUALITY IN- 52 DICATORS OF THE FINISHED PRODUCT Zufarbek Kadyrov 56 INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS LIPOLYTIC ENZYMES IN THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL 59 FROM GRAIN RAW Bobur Qayumov 59 Azamkhon Khasanov 64 Khasan Khasanov 67 FEATURES OF THE USE OF VALUABLE NATURAL FOOD DYES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY Dilshod Shodiev Hojiali Qurbonov Mohidil Abduvalieva Chemical engineering DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE IKFA CORROSION INHIBITOR IN THE AG- GRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT OF MDEA ABSORBENT ON A SAMPLE OF STEEL 09G2S Vohid Akhmedov Zukhriddin Rayimov DETERMINATION OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WHEY Zulfiya Ergasheva Javokhir Rasulov INFLUЕNСЕ ОF BIО-АDDITIОNS ОN THЕ РЕRFОRMАNСЕ РRОРЕRTIЕS ОF DIЕSЕL FUЕL Sаidjоn Gаybullаеv Mizrоbjоn Zаriроv Sаbinа Fаyziеvа

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH INSTRUMENTATION, PRECISION AND ACCURACY, DATA MEASUREMENT TOOLS AND SYSTEMS DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15568 INFORMATION ASPECTS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF METEOCHARACTERISTICS DURING SALT-DUST STORMS ON THE DRY BOTTOM OF THE ARAL SEA Elzura Urazimbetova basic doctoral student, Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] Bibigul Tleumuratova Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Head of Laboratory, Karakalpak Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ СТАТИСТИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА МЕТЕОХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ПРИ СОЛЕПЫЛЕВЫХ БУРЯХ НА ОСУШЕННОМ ДНЕ АРАЛЬСКОГО МОРЯ Уразымбетова Эльзура Пулатовна базовый докторант, Каракалпакский НИИ естественных наук КК отделения АН РУз, Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус Тлеумуратова Бибигуль Сарыбаевна д-р физ.-мат.наук, зав. лаб. Каракалпакский НИИ естественных наук КК отделения АН РУз, Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус ABSTRACT In this paper, in order to identify the meteorological patterns of the occurrence of salt-dust storms on the drained bottom of the Aral Sea, a statistical analysis of the three-day dynamics of meteorological elements, temperature, air hu- midity, atmospheric pressure and wind speed is given. As the first stage of the necessary research to predict salt-dust storms, the daily dynamics of meteorological elements is considered separately. The difference between the standard data of weather stations the day before and during the dust storm is determined, then the distribution series of these differences and the mathematical expectation. Their distribution function is also calculated to determine the characteristic values of meteorological elements during a dust storm. Long-term data of standard meteorological measurements of weather sta- tions, synoptic maps, images from the Earth's satellite were used, methods of synoptic and statistical analysis were used. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной работе с целью выявления метеорологических закономерностей протекания солепылевых бурь на осушенном дне Аральского моря, приводится статистический анализ трехсуточной динамики метеоэлементов, температуры, влажности воздуха, атмосферного давления и скорости ветра. Как первый этап необходимых исследований для прогнозирования солепылевых бурь суточная динамика метеоэлементов рассматривается по отдельности. Определяется разность стандартных данных метеостанций за день до пылевой бури и во время нее, затем ряд распределения этих разниц и математическое ожидание. Рассчитывается также их функция распределения для определения характерных значений метеоэлементов во время пылевой бури. Использованы многолетние данные стандартных метеорологических измерений метеостанций, синоптические карты, снимки со спутника Земли, применялись методы синоптического и статистического анализа. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Urazimbetova E.P., Tleumuratova B.S. INFORMATION ASPECTS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF METEOCHARACTERISTICS DURING SALT AND DUST STORMS ON THE DRY BOTTOM OF THE ARAL SEA // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15568

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Keywords: drained bottom of the Aral Sea, salt-dust storm, meteorological characteristics, statistical and synoptic analysis, distribution function, mathematical expectation. Ключевые слова: осушенное дно Аральского моря, пылевая буря, солепылевая буря, метеохарактеристики, статистический и синоптический анализ, функция распределения, математическое ожидание. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Researchers of the Aral Sea crisis the drained bottom of the Aral Sea. A large spread in the recognized the wind removal of salts from the drained estimates of this complex process indicates the need to bottom to adjacent territories as the most socially and continue research in this direction. environmentally dangerous consequence of it due to its proven impact on public health [17, p.5; 20, p. 78], A particularly relevant aspect of the removal of salts biocenosis, climate, and soil salinity [1, p.183; 18, p. 5]. from the drained bottom of the Aral Sea remains the The huge spatial and quantitative scales [16, p. 209] of prediction of salt-dust storms, since the bulk of salts this process exacerbate its negative significance. (about 83%) are removed during dust storms of varying intensity [13, p. 12; 20, p.78]. At the same time, this Well known that the Southern Aral Sea region is aspect remains poorly understood, as evidenced in experiencing the maximum impact of the Aral crisis. particular by the absence of the Ministry of Emergency The amount of dust falling on the soil in the Southern Situations-warnings about dust storms. Aral Sea region is ten times greater than in the irrigated zone, in which the content of sulfate salts reaches 25-48%, In this regard, the main goal of this study is a statis- chloride - 18-30%, carbonate - 10-20%. [11, p. 57]. tical analysis of a priori weather conditions that precede Due to the prevailing regional wind regime, the removal the occurrence of storm winds on the drained bottom of of salts from the drained bottom of the Aral Sea occurs the Aral Sea. In addition, a posteriori meteorological mainly in a southerly direction. The greatest ecological conditions are analyzed for the presence of precipitation transformations under the influence of changes in the immediately after salt-dust storms that create particularly hydro regime of the Amu Darya also occur in the Southern dangerous consequences for terrestrial plants. Aral Sea region. Accordingly, Uzbekistan owns most of the initiatives to prevent and mitigate the consequences Undoubtedly, for a reasonable forecast, it is neces- of the Aral Sea crisis. On the dry bottom of the Aral Sea, sary to consider such processes of the general circulation about 700 thousand hectares are covered by forest recla- of the atmosphere as cyclones, cold intrusions, which mation. Within the framework of the Comprehensive determine the scale of salt removal, etc. Program of Measures to Mitigate the Consequences of the Aral Catastrophe and the Development of the Aral Sea Materials and Methods. The work used the meth- Region, designed for 2013-2017, more than 500 projects ods of statistical and synoptic analysis, the method of have been implemented, more than half of which are of analogies [3, p. 255, 19] and the materials of long-term a national character. It should also be noted that a national data of standard meteorological measurements of action plan for 2021-2024 has been developed to prevent the Aral weather stations, synoptic maps and images and mitigate the consequences of sand and dust storms of an artificial Earth satellite (Fig. 1). in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The analysis used data from the weather station for Many works [4, p. 136; 6, p. 239; 8, p. 6; 12, p. 8] 1993-2021, in terms of wind speed and direction, pressure, have been devoted to studies of salt removal from precipitation, humidity and air temperature. Mathematical expectation, series and distribution functions calculated for all indicators. Figure 1. Synthesized image of the salt-dust storm to the left in April 29, 2008 and to the right in March 24, 2020 (worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov) 6

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. A dust storm is characterized as a dangerous mete- of the world predetermine the little-studied of this phe- orological phenomenon when a large amount of dust, nomenon. For the occurrence of salt transfer, in addition sand, and dry soil particles rises into the air, leading to to the usual storm conditions, the necessary conditions are turbidity of the air, a significant deterioration in visibility sufficient dryness of the underlying surface, low relative and the destruction of the fertile soil layer. At the same humidity of the air, and, of course, salt accumulation on time, dust (sand) rises into the air and at the same time the drained bottom. These conditions are most typical dust settles over a large area. for April-June, and to a lesser extent for September- October, when favorable conditions for salt accumulation The definition dust storm is usually used when a storm are created: the alternation of precipitation and sunny occurs over clay and loamy soil. Despite the fact that days, which, as is known, intensifies the capillary rise of dust storms appear mainly in summer, in the absence of salts from groundwater to the surface. precipitation and rapid drying of the soil, they also occur in spring. When storms occur in sandy deserts, especially In the conditions of Central Asia, storms are formed in the Sahara [5, p.26], Australia [9, p.12], as well as in when warm and cold air masses meet. Moreover, in the the Karakum, Kyzylkum, etc. [7, p.9; 10, p.10], when, lower reaches of the Amu Darya, the predominant wind in addition to small particles that reduce visibility, direction during dust storms is northeast and west. Here the wind also carries millions of tons above the surface the average duration of storms is 6 hours. If we consider larger sand particles, the term sandstorm is used [2, the annual course of dust storms in Muynak, it turns out 14 , p. 4, 15 , p. 7]. that their minimum number occurs in January, and the maximum - in April. In view of the peculiarities of the transported substance from the drained bottom of the Aral Sea, we Atmospheric processes in storm conditions are ex- introduce a special term salt-dust storm. tremely complex and systemic: the slightest change in one meteorological characteristic immediately causes a The horizontal extent of areas covered by sand- change in the rest. Therefore, for the purposes of short- storms can vary from a few hundred meters to thousands term forecasting, systemic and factorial analyzes of the of kilometers. The duration of sandstorms varies from a dynamics of meteorological characteristics (atmospheric few seconds to several days. The weight concentration pressure, air temperature and humidity, wind speed, etc.) of dust particles in the air during dust storms signifi- are necessary. cantly exceeds the background concentration. The paper describes a dust storm on the Great Plains with an average In this paper, the daily dynamics of these meteoro- daily concentration of 843 µg/m3. For one case of a storm logical elements is considered separately, as the first in Texas, a dust concentration above 2500 µg/m3 was stage of the necessary research to predict salt-dust obtained over a large area east of the Mississippi. storms. The difference between the standard data of me- Concentrations above 500 µg/m3 have been repeatedly teorological stations a day before and during a dust storm recorded along the entire southeastern coast of the Atlantic. is calculated, and then the distribution series of these Consequently, the dust concentration of the order of differences is determined. The same procedure is per- thousands of µg/m3 can be considered normal, statisti- formed for posterior weather conditions. In order to cally average for dust storms. identify the characteristic values of meteorological ele- ments during a dust storm, their distribution function The main reason for the formation of dust storms is is also calculated. turbulence due to the structure of the wind, which con- tributes to the rise of dust and sand particles from the Results and Discussion. It was revealed that changes earth's surface. In this case, the degree of vertical insta- in meteorological elements a day before a dust storm, bility of the air mass, in which the dust storm develops, during it and a day later, occur according to the normal law. plays an important role. By the most characteristic values (mathematical expecta- tion) also indicated in the figure, an important conclusion In desert regions, dust and sand storms are most can be drawn for the correct construction of forecasts of often caused by thunderstorm downdrafts and the asso- dust storms. With a reliability of 74%, we can say that ciated increase in wind speed. The vertical dimensions the weather conditions changed a day before the salt of the storm are determined by the stability of the atmos- and dust storm. Figures 2 and 3 show the series and phere and the weight of the particles. In some cases, dust distribution functions of the differences in standard and sand storms can be limited to a relatively thin layer weather station data a day before, during, and a day later due to the temperature inversion effect. a dust storm ( M (x) - mathematical expectation). The uniqueness of wind salt transfer from the drained bottom of the Aral Sea and the difference between salt- dust storms in this region and dust storms in other parts 7

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 18 1,2 Distribution function 8 1,2 M (x)  2,6 1 Frequency M (x)  2,8 1 0,8 16 7 Distribution function 14 6 Frequency 12 0,8 5 10 0,6 4 0,6 8 6 0,4 3 0,4 2 4 1 0,2 0,2 2 00 00 -43 -23 -3 17 37 57 -8 -5 -2 1 4 7 10 Range of air temperature differences, °C Interval of atmospheric pressure differences, hPa Frequency Distribution function Frequency Distribution function 7 1,2 Distribution function 12 1,2 Distribution function M (x)  −3,4 1 Frequency M (x)  −1,9 1 0,8 6 0,6 10 0,4 Frequency 5 0,2 8 0,8 4 6 0,6 3 4 0,4 2 2 0,2 1 00 00 -41 -31 -21 -11 -1 9 19 29 -18 -14 -10 -6 -2 2 6 10 Interval of values of differences in relative air Interval of values of wind speed differences, humidity, % m/s Frequency Distribution function Frequency Distribution function Figure 2. The day before and during the dust storm. There was an increase in atmospheric pressure by during dust storms, wind speeds vary in a relatively wide 2.6 hPa, the air temperature increased by 2.8 ° C, and the range from 6-10 m/s to 20 m/s or more, and at different stations the maximum repeatability of different speeds relative humidity of the air decreased by 3.4%. The wind falls at different intervals. speed decreased by 1.9 m /s, this is due to the fact that 8

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 20 1,2 Distribution function 12 1,2 M (x)  −2,2 1 Frequency M (x)  0,8 1 18 10 16 Distribution function Frequency 14 0,8 8 0,8 12 10 0,6 6 0,6 8 4 0,4 6 0,4 4 0,2 2 0,2 2 00 00 -57 -37 -17 3 23 43 63 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 Interval of atmospheric pressure differences, Range of air temperature differences, °C hPa Frequency Distribution function Frequency Distribution function 14 1,2 Distribution function 10 1,2 Distribution function M (x)  −0,6 1 Frequency 9 M (x)  4,1 1 0,8 8 12 0,6 Frequency 0,4 7 0,8 10 0,2 6 8 5 0,6 6 4 3 0,4 4 2 0,2 2 1 00 00 -42 -29 -16 -3 10 23 36 49 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 Interval of values of differences in relative air Interval of values of wind speed differences, humidity, % m/s Frequency Distribution function Frequency Distribution function Figure 3. During the dust storm and the day later A posteriori meteorological conditions are extremely Conclusion. On the territory of the drained bottom important for assessing the consequences of a dust of the Aral Sea, a significant increase in salt-dust storms storm: they characterize the propagation distance of salt has been observed for several decades. Statistical analy- particles, the time of atmospheric purification, and in the sis of meteorological characteristics in salt-dust storms event of precipitation, the possibility of damage to ground showed that changes in meteorological elements occur vegetation and one-time soil salinization. The most according to the normal law. Analysis of a posteriori probable values of meteorological elements after a weather conditions after salt-dust storms for the pres- salt-dust storm are explained by a drop in atmospheric ence of precipitation, led to dangerous consequences pressure by 2.2 hPa, an increase in air temperature for plants. A conclusion was made about the correct by 0.8 ° C, a decrease in relative air humidity by 0.6% construction of the forecast of salt-dust storms using and an increase in wind speed by 4.1 m/s; characteristic values. References: 1. Arushanov M.L., Tleumuratova B.S. Dinamika ekologicheskix processov YUjnogo Priaral'ya [Dynamics of ecological processes in the Southern Aral Sea] / Hamburg: Palmarium. 2012. P. 183. [in Russian] 2. Brovkin V.V. Atmosfernie yavleniya-Klassifikaciya i opisanie [Atmospheric Phenomena-Classification and Description]. 2012. [in Russian] 3. Degtyarev A.S., Drabenko V.A., Drabenko V.A. Statisticheskie metodi obrabotki meteorologicheskoy informacii [Statistical methods for processing meteorological information]. Uchebnik // St. Petersburg: Andreevsky Publishing House LLC. 2015. – 225 pp. [in Russian] 9