tech-2023_03(110)

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. In oil and gas processing enterprises, heat exchange the device with a temperature of 80℃. The pressure devices make up about 50% of the total devices. in the heat exchanger is 1.66 kg s/cm2 [2]. 30% of the total metal consumption corresponds The proposed IKFA corrosion inhibitor is directly to heat exchange devices in oil and gas processing added to MDEA at a mass ratio of 0.05%. This compo- enterprises [1]. sition blocks the corrosion process that occurs in the heat exchanger during the circulation of natural gas in the In addition to such direct damage, there are also many process of absorption purification [3]. indirect damages. They include the loss of power of metal equipment, damages caused by their forced shutdown Below are the results of determining the corrosion due to accidents, as well as expenses for eliminating rate of 09G2C steel samples and the effectiveness of the consequences of accidents that often lead to environ- IKFA corrosion inhibitor based on GOST 9.905-82. mental disasters. Research methodology Corrosion problems are common in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, which are used in gas absorption puri- First experiment: Determining the corrosion rate fication technology in gas processing plants. of 09G2C steel samples in the aggressive environment of MDEA without an inhibitor. These shell-and-tube heat exchangers are made of 09G2C steel alloyed with manganese and silicon. To perform the test, the following sequence of opera- tions was performed: Aggressive medium consisting of MDEA (methyl- diethanolamine) and sulfuric acid enters the shell-and-tube 1.Before starting the test, the mass of 3 specially heat exchanger with a temperature of 50℃ and leaves numbered steel samples was determined (Fig. 1 A). The obtained results were recorded in the table. (Table 1) (A) (B) Figure 1. 09G2C steel samples (A) and gauge dimensions (B) Pre-test masses of steel samples Table 1. Data Samples Masses,m1 (g) 58,48 First sample 67,60 Second sample 75,80 Third sample 2. The overall dimensions of each sample are deter- mined (Fig. 1 B). The obtained results were recorded in the table. (Table 2) Dimensions of steel samples Table 2. First sample (mm) Second sample Third sample 42 ɑ 40 41 21 11 b 18 20 c 11 11 60

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 3. Their surfaces were calculated based on the over- Third sample: 2(42×21+21×11+42×11)=3150mm2 all dimensions of the samples (1). 4. The steel samples were polished until there were no sharp edges on the sandpaper. 2(ɑ×b + b×c + ɑ×c) (1) 5. Polished steel samples were kept for 4 minutes in a container containing \"cleaning solution\" (urotropin First sample: 2(40×18+18×11+40×11)=2716mm2 10 g + hydrochloric acid 100 g) (Fig. 2). The temperature Second sample: 2(41×20+20×11+41×11)=2982mm2 of the cleaning solution is 15-25℃ [4]. Figure 2. Cleaning solution 6. Steel samples were scraped with a eraser a stream 300 ml of MDEA saturated with absorbent, and a reflux condenser (Fig. 3). [5] of distilled water. 11. The time was recorded. The duration of the test 7. Then the surface of the steel samples was wiped was 24 hours. with acetone and wrapped in filter paper. 12. Steel samples were taken after 24 hours and cooled. 8. After that, it was placed in a drying cabinet at a temperature of 100℃ for 2 hours. 13. Then, the mass of each steel sample was deter- mined and the results were recorded in the table. (Table 9. It was then kept in a desiccator until it cooled. 3) 10. After that, the steel samples were placed in a 500 ml conical flask with a temperature of 75 °C, Table 3. Masses of steel samples after testing Samples Masses,m2 (g) 58,414 First sample 67,53 Second sample 75,73 Third sample 14. Based on the obtained results, the corrosion rate Second sample: Kgrav = ������������,������������−������������,������������ = 9,781*10-5g/sm2 was calculated (2). ������������,������������×������������ ������������������������������ = ������������−������������ (2) Third sample: Kgrav = ������������,������������−������������,������������ = 9,259*10-5g/sm2 ������×������ ������������,������������×������������ Here: m1 = mass of the steel sample before the test; The average result of three samples was equal m2 = mass of the steel sample after the test; S = steel to 9,7*10-5 g/sm2. [6] Therefore, the corrosion rate sample surface, cm2; τ=test time, hours. of 09G2C steel samples in the aggressive environment of MDEA without inhibitor Kgrav=9,7*10-5 g/sm2. First sample: Kgrav = ������������,������������−������������,������������������ = 10,1*10-5g/sm2 ������������,������������×������������ 61

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 1-steel samples; 2-conical flask; 3-return cooler; 4-heater; 5-tripod Figure-3. Test device Second experiment: Determination of corrosion rate The pre-test and post-test masses of steel samples of 09G2C steel samples in an aggressive environment were determined in the appropriate order and the results with IKFA corrosion inhibitor of MDEA. were recorded (Table 4). To carry out the test, the same sequence of work as Table 4. in the first experiment is performed. The testing process lasted 24 hours. Masses of steel samples Before the test (gr) First sample After the test (gr) m1=61,02 Second sample m2=61,01 m1=67,69 Third sample m2=67,68 m1=70,21 m2=70,21 62

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. The results of determining the dimensions of each sample were recorded in the table below. (Table 5) Dimensions of steel samples Table 5. First sample (mm) Second sample (mm) Third sample (mm) 40 ɑ 37 40 21 10 b 19 20 c 10 11 Their surfaces were calculated based on the overall In the second experiment, the corrosion rate of steel dimensions of the samples (1). samples tested in the aggressive environment of MDEA with IKFA corrosion inhibitor was equal to 1.02g/cm2 [7]. First sample: 2(37×19+19×10+37×10)=2526mm2 Second sample: 2(40×20+20×11+40×11)=2920mm2 Therefore, when IKFA corrosion inhibitor was used, Third sample: 2(40×21+21×10+40×10)=2900mm2 the rate of corrosion was dramatically slowed down [8]. Based on the obtained results, the corrosion rate was We determine the effectiveness of IKFA corrosion calculated (2). inhibitor using the following formula (3): First sample: Kgrav = ������������,������������−������������,������������ = 1,65*10-5g/sm2 Z = ������������−������������������������ × 100 (3) ������������,������������×������������ ������������ Second sample: Kgrav = ������������,������������−������������,������������ = 1,42*10-5g/sm2 Here: Vo = lost mass of the steel sample tested in an environment without an inhibitor; Ving=mass loss ������������,������������×������������ of a steel specimen tested in an inhibitory environment. Third sample: Kgrav = ������������,������������−������������,������������ = 0 g/sm2 The average mass loss of a steel sample tested in an environment without an inhibitor: Vo=0.0566; ������������,������������×������������ The average mass loss of a steel sample tested in an The average result of three samples was equal inhibitory environment: Ving=0.0066; to 1.02 g/cm2. So, the corrosion rate of 09G2C steel samples in an aggressive environment with IKFA corro- Z = 0,0687−0,0066 × 100=90,4% sion inhibitor of MDEA is Kgrav=1.02 g/cm2. 0,0687 Summary Therefore, the effectiveness of IKFA corrosion in- The results of the analysis showed that the corrosion hibitor in the aggressive environment of sulphide acid of rate of the tested steel samples in the aggressive environ- MDEA was 90.4%.[9] ment of MDEA without added corrosion inhibitor was equal to 8g/cm2. References: 1. Ахмедов Вохид Низомович, Бобир Баходир Угли Олимов, and Шомурод Комилович Назаров. \"Электронная структура и квантово-химические расчёты виниловых эфиров фенолов.\" Universum: химия и биология 4 (70) (2020). 2. Жумаев Ж.Х., Ахмедов В., Шарипова Н.У. ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРИРОДЫ И КОЛИЧЕСТВА КАТАЛИЗАТОРА ПРИ СИНТЕЗЕ МОРФОЛИНОВЫХ НЕНАСЫЩЕННЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ ПРИ УЧАСТИИ ВИНИЛАЦЕТИЛЕНА // Москва. – 2021. – С. 58-61.. 3. Zuhriddin R., & Niginabonu J. (2022). PRODUCTION OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE. Universum: технические науки, (5-11 (98)), 58-62. 4. Садирова С.Н., Темирова М.И., & Алиева Н.И. (2020). Исследование проквашенности каракуля с примене- нием вторичных продуктов молочного производства. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Natural Sciences, 1(1), 39-44. 5. O’G’Li, R. Z. K., & Qizi J.N. Q. (2022). ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANCE AND METHODS OF PRODUCTION OF BLOCK SOPOLYMERS BASED ON POLYETYLENTEREPHTALATE. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Natural Sciences, 3(1), 51-55. 6. Рахматов М.С. Влияние катализатора, температуры и растворителя на синтез и выход продукта реакции с виниловым эфиром салициловый кислоты в присутствии винилацетилена //Universum: химия и биология. – 2020. – №. 11-2 (77). – С. 16-20 7. Ниёзова, Раъно Нажмиддиновна. \"Экологические и эксплуатационные свойства жированных кож на основе синтетических жирных кислот.\" Science and Education 2.12 (2021): 347-352. 8. Zuhriddin, R., Niginabonu, J., Aminjon, V., & Temurbek, D. (2022). MECHANISMS OF ETERIFICATION OF TEREFTALIC ACID WITH ETYLENGLYCOL. Universum: технические науки, (5-11 (98)), 63-67. 9. V.N.Axmedov, Z.X.Rayimov, G.A.G'afurova.Tereftal kislota hosilalari. ISBN 978-9943-9265-3-0 Monografiya “Durdona” nashriyoti. 2023. 152 bet. 63

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DETERMINATION OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WHEY Zulfiya Ergasheva Senior Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, Tashkent State Technical University Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Javokhir Rasulov Master's degree, Islam Karimov Tashkent State Technical University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА МОЛОЧНОЙ СЫВОРОТКИ Эргашева Зульфия Кахрамановна ст. преподаватель машиностроительного факультета, Ташкентского государственного технического университета имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Расулов Жавохир магистр, Ташкентского государственного технического университета имени Ислама Каримова Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article explores the study of sterilisation and the use of acoustic and electromagnetic methods for the treatment of reconstituted milk and milk whey. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье исследуются изучение стерилизации, а также использование акустические и электромагнитные методы обработки восстановленного молока и молочной сыворотки. Keywords: pasteurisation, sterilisation, acoustics, ultrapasteurisation, electromagnetic irradiation, heat treatment, acoustic cavitation. Ключевые слова: пастеризация, стерилизации, акустика, ультрапастеризация, электромагнитное облучение, термообработка, акустическая кавитация. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION. Milk and dairy products oc- LITERATURE REVIEW. However, these meth- cupy a significant part of the human diet. The high nu- ods of milk treatment are energy-intensive and require a tritional value of milk and dairy products lies in the fact certain apparatus design and appropriate space. As an that they contain substances necessary for the human alternative to the above methods, acoustic and electro- body in optimally balanced proportions and in an easily magnetic methods of treatment of recovered milk and digestible form [2]. milk serum are used in foreign practice. There is almost no information in the available sources of information At present, many different raw milk processing about the effect of acoustic and electromagnetic radia- methods are used to produce quality and safe products: tion on the quality and safety of whole milk of different pasteurisation, sterilisation, ultra-pasteurisation as well species of farm animals and about the possibility of pro- as acoustic cavitation, ozone treatment, electromagnetic ducing dairy products containing treated milk using these irradiation, etc., among which the reduction of bacterial methods, while preserving their biological value [1-3]. contamination and preservation of the biological value The Strategy for Science and Technology Development of the product play a decisive role. The most common until 2025 emphasizes the need to use new technological method for treating raw milk is pasteurisation and steri- methods for raw milk processing, in particular acoustic lisation, which ensure the safety of milk consumption. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Ergasheva Z.K., Rasulov J. DETERMINATION OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WHEY // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15526

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. cavitation, which is an energy- and resource-saving sheep with high dairy productivity, whose milk is in- technology [4]. tended for the production of a variety of dairy products, primarily cheese, including elite, are being imported, In view of the above, the study of the effects of treat- which will significantly complement the market of ing raw milk using new technological methods of expo- Uzbekistan. At present, one of the most highly produc- sure is a relevant scientific field. tive goat breeds in Uzbekistan and in the world is the Saaneni, and among sheep, the East Friesian. The working hypothesis is based on the assumption that it is possible to use new innovative methods of im- However, the effects of ultrasound technology and pact - acoustic cavitation and lavinostreamer discharge - lavistreamer discharge on the processing of whole milk to treat raw milk in order to achieve the pasteurisation from cows, sheep and goats to achieve the pasteurisation effect and its subsequent safe use in dairy products pro- effect and further safe use of milk for dairy products duction. have not been sufficiently studied THE MAIN PART The results of a comprehensive assessment of the quality of raw milk obtained from different types of farm In recent years, goat and sheep milk and their prod- animals are shown in Table 1. It is shown that the mass ucts have been increasingly used on the domestic market fraction of fat in goat and sheep milk is 0.80% and 2.5% in addition to cow's milk. There is an increase in the higher, respectively, than in cow milk (Table 1). number of animals, targeted breeding work is carried out to improve animal productivity [5]. Imports of goats and Table 1. Physico-chemical composition of different farm animals Physico-chemical indicator Goat3 Milk Cow1 0,607±0,030 Sheep2 0,530±0,030 Total nitrogen content, % 0,955±0,030 Mass fraction of protein, % 3,87±0,11 6,09±0,12 3,38±0,11 NBA content, % 0,0415±0,0060 0,0362±0,0060 0,0310±0,0060 SB content, % 1,92±0,03 1,11±0,03 0,86±0,03 3,5±0,053-1;3-2* Mass fraction of fat, % 4.3±0.05 *1-2 6,0±0,05 Mass fraction of moisture, % 86,77±0,01 82,13±0,015 87,74±0,012 5,07±0,01 Mass fraction of lactose, % 4,40±0,02 4,94±0,01 17±0,14 Titratable acidity, ºT 20±0,02 24±0,012 6,69±0,17 Active acidity, pH 6,49±0,02 6,65±0,01 1,0278±0,17 Density, kg/m3 1,0290±0,15 1,0274±0,17 1,8-10-3 Effective viscosity, Pa-s 1,8-10-3 2,4-10-3 5,98±0,15 Dispersion of fat globules, microns 4,3±0,30 5,77±0,25 withstands alcohol 80% Alcohol sample, volume fraction of ethyl alcohol, % can't handle 68% alcohol Note: Hereinafter -*1-2 P≥0.05; *3-2 P≥0.05; *3-1 P≤0.01-ratio between groups Sheep milk has been found to have fat globules, with a predominant size of less than 3.5 µm, whereas the size of fat globules in cow's milk varies from 0.92 to 15.75 µm (Figure 1). 65

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Figure 1. Diagram of fat globules distribution of cow's, goat's and sheep's milk, %. The mass fraction of protein in sheep milk (Table 1) indicator when accepting these types of milk and re- is almost 2 times higher compared to cow's and goat's quires highly sensitive methods of assessment, such as a milk, while the protein composition of sheep milk, thermal test. which is characterised by NBA and SB indices, shows that sheep milk has 2.23 times more whey proteins com- CONCLUSION. Thus, the obtained characteristics pared to cow's milk. of physic-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics of cow, goat and sheep milk indicate that The effective viscosity of sheep milk is 33% higher the quality of milk obtained from farm animals does not than that of cow's and goat's milk, which is due to the fully meet the requirements of TR TS 033/2013, which chemical composition of sheep milk (Table 1). requires the use of new technological methods to adjust its quality at the stage of primary processing of milk in When assessing raw milk for heat tolerance accord- order to obtain products with given consumer properties ing to the alcohol probe, it was found that sheep and goat and composition. milk do not tolerate the lowest-68% alcohol concentra- tion, which indicates the low sensitivity of this quality References: 1. Botvinnikova V.V. Changes in the water system of milk under the influence of ultrasonic cavitation / V.V. Botvinnikova, N.V. Popova // Bulletin of South Ural State University. Food and Biotechnology Series. - 2015. - Vol. 3, No. 2. - С. 47-54. 2. Baduanova S.D., Pronina E.V. Influence of electromagnetic radiation on the number of microorganisms In the collection: Proceedings of the international scientific-practical conference dedicated to the 20th anniversary of Tuva State University. 2015. С. 140-143. 3. Ganina V.I., Murashov I.D., Morozova V.V. Influence of ultra-jet processing and laser irradiation on quality indicators of dairy raw materials / Dairy Industry №9, - 2016.- p. 22-23. 4. Krus G.N. Research methods of milk and dairy products / G.N. Krus, A.M. Shalygina, Z.V. Volokitina. Under the editorship of A.M. Shalygina. - M.: Kolos, 2000. - 368 с. 5. Uskova D.G. Study of the impact of acoustic impact of ultrasound on the formation of consumer properties of yogurts / I.Yu. Potoroko, D.G. Uskova, V.V. Botvinnikova, I.V. Kalinina // Bulletin of SUSU. Food and Biotechnology Series. - 2016. - Т.4, № 3. - С. 13-21. 66

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15443 INFLUЕNСЕ ОF BIО-АDDITIОNS ОN THЕ РЕRFОRMАNСЕ РRОРЕRTIЕS ОF DIЕSЕL FUЕL Sаidjоn Gаybullаеv Аssосiаtе Рrоfеssоr оf thе Dераrtmеnt оf Gаs сhеmiсаl рrосеssing tесhnоlоgy Bukhаrа еnginееring-tесhnоlоgiсаl institutе, Rерubliс оf Uzbеkistаn, Bukhаrа E-mail: sаidxоnturа@mаil.ru Mizrоbjоn Zаriроv Аssistаnt оf thе Dераrtmеnt оf Gаs сhеmiсаl рrосеssing tесhnоlоgy Bukhаrа еnginееring-tесhnоlоgiсаl institutе, Rерubliс оf Uzbеkistаn, Bukhаrа Sаbinа Fаyziеvа Studеnt, Bukhаrа еnginееring-tесhnоlоgiсаl institutе, Rерubliс оf Uzbеkistаn, Bukhаrа ВЛИЯНИЕ БИОДОБАВОК НА ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИОННЫЕ СВОЙСТВА ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ТОПЛИВА Гайбуллаев Саиджон Абдусалимович доцент кафедры «Технология химической переработки газа» Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республики Узбекистан, г. Бухара Зарипов Мизробжон халим угли ассистент кафедры «Технология химической переработки газа» Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республики Узбекистан, г. Бухара Файзиева Сабина Алишер кизи студент Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республики Узбекистан, г. Бухара АННОТАЦИЯ На сегодняшний день в мире при производстве экологически чистых дизельных топлив исследование различных присадок и присадок для расширения ресурсов топлива и улучшения эксплуатационных свойств счи- тается одним из наиболее актуальных вопросов специалистов отрасли. Кроме того, ужесточение экологических требований к дизельному топливу резко регулирует количество наиболее токсичных выбросов в выхлопных газах. В статье описано использование растительного масла в качестве присадки при приготовлении дизельного топлива, а также результаты оценки свойств приготовленного топлива путем визуальной оценки рисков и величины их размеров с помощью HFRR (high frеquеnсy rесiрrосаting rig) метод. АBSTRАСT Tоdаy, in thе wоrld, in thе рrоduсtiоn оf есоlоgiсаlly сlеаn diеsеl fuеls, rеsеаrсh оn vаriоus аdditivеs аnd аdditivеs tо еxраnd fuеl rеsоurсеs аnd imрrоvе ореrаtiоnаl рrореrtiеs is соnsidеrеd оnе оf thе mоst urgеnt issuеs оf industry еxреrts. In аdditiоn, thе tightеning оf еnvirоnmеntаl rеquirеmеnts fоr diеsеl fuеl shаrрly rеgulаtеs thе аmоunt оf mоst tоxiс еmissiоns in еxhаust gаsеs. Thе аrtiсlе dеsсribеs thе usе оf vеgеtаblе оil аs аn аdditivе in thе рrераrаtiоn оf diеsеl fuеl, аs wеll аs thе rеsults оf еvаluаting thе рrореrtiеs оf thе рrераrеd fuеl by visuаl еvаluаtiоn оf sсrаtсh mаrks аnd thеir sizе vаluеs using thе HFRR (high frеquеnсy rесiрrосаting rig) mеthоd. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Gaybullaev S.A., Zaripov M.X., Fayzieva S.A. INFLUENCE OF BIO-ADDITIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUEL // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15443

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Ключевые слова: смазывающая способность, дизельное топливо, растительное масло, система подачи топ- лива, царапины, трение, абразивная царапина, присадки к дизельному топливу, уменьшение царапин. Kеywоrds: lubriсity рrореrty, diеsеl fuеl, vеgеtаblе оil, fuеl suррly systеm, sсrаtсh mаrks, friсtiоn, аbrаsivе sсrаtсh, diеsеl fuеl аdditivеs, sсrаtсh rеduсtiоn. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Intrоduсtiоn smоginеss аnd tоxiсity оf еxhаust gаsеs frоm diеsеl еnginеs is bесоming mоrе аnd mоrе асutе, thеrеfоrе, thе Thе dеmаnd fоr diеsеl fuеl in аny соuntry with а rеquirеmеnts fоr thе quаlity оf diеsеl fuеl аrе соnstаntly bеing strеngthеnеd. dеvеlореd industry, whiсh, оf соursе, inсludеs Uzbеkistаn, Thеrе аrе twо wаys tо imрrоvе fuеl quаlity: rеmаins соnsistеntly high. Hоwеvеr, соmреtitiоn in this • Mоdеrnizе рrоduсtiоn. This раth is аssосiаtеd аrеа bеаts аll rесоrds. Thеrеfоrе, еасh раrtiсiраnt in thе fuеl with thе nееd tо саrry оut соmрlеx аnd vоluminоus wоrk invоlving, in а brоаd sеnsе, signifiсаnt rеsоurсеs - mаtеriаl, mаrkеt fасеs аn imроrtаnt tаsk - tо imрrоvе thе quаlity tесhniсаl, рrоduсtiоn, реrsоnnеl аnd mаny оthеrs. оf рrоduсts, thеrеby inсrеаsing thе аttrасtivеnеss оf thеir • Аррly sресiаlizеd fuеl аdditivе сhеmiсаls. This is а simрlеr, fаstеr аnd mоrе есоnоmiсаl sоlutiоn. оffеr fоr роtеntiаl соnsumеrs. Thе соst is inсоmраrаbly lоwеr thаn with thе mоdеrnizаtiоn оf рrоduсtiоn (it is роssiblе tо stаrt it in Diеsеl fuеl is а соmрlеx mixturе оf раrаffiniс раrаllеl). Thеrе is nо nееd tо wаit until mоdеrn sоlutiоns аrе imрlеmеntеd in рrоduсtiоn - thе аdditivе саn bе usеd (10 ⋯ 40%), nарhthеniс (20 ⋯ 60%) аnd аrоmаtiс immеdiаtеly. (14 ⋯ 30%) hydrосаrbоns аnd thеir dеrivаtivеs with аn Litеrаturе аnаlysis аnd mеthоdоlоgy аvеrаgе mоlесulаr wеight оf 110 ⋯ 230, bоiling within Оnе оf thе gеnеrаlly rесоgnizеd mеthоds оf rеduсing thе еnvirоnmеntаl imрасt оf diеsеl еnginеs is thе usе оf 170 ⋯ 380 ℃. Usuаlly, thе flаsh роint is 35 ⋯ 80 ℃, nоn-соnvеntiоnаl mоtоr fuеls, inсluding thоsе оf nаturаl оrigin, suсh аs vеgеtаblе оils аnd thеir dеrivаtivеs [1, 2]. thе роur роint is bеlоw −5 ℃. Thе sоlubility оf wаtеr Thеrе is а nееd fоr suсh fixturеs аnd fittings in mаny industriеs [3]. Hоwеvеr, thе fоllоwing diffiсultiеs in fuеl is аррrоximаtеly 0.06 ������������⁄������3, оxygеn аrisе hеrе thаt рrеvеnt thеir widеsрrеаd usе in high соnсеntrаtiоns: оn thе оnе hаnd, high соst, оn thе оthеr (3.3 ⋯ 3.5) ∙ 10−6 ������3⁄������������, rеfrасtivе indеx hаnd, dеtеriоrаtiоn оf lоw-tеmреrаturе рrореrtiеs аnd а dесrеаsе in сеtаnе numbеr. 1.37 ⋯ 1.58, surfасе tеnsiоn (30 ⋯ 31) ∙ 10−3 ������⁄������, Whеn оbtаining diеsеl fuеl оf thе highеst rеlаtivе реrmittivity 1.8 ⋯ 2.10, rеsistivity (2 ⋯ 3) ∙ еnvirоnmеntаl stаndаrd, mоdеrn оil rеfinеriеs usе hydrоtrеаtmеnt, hydrоdеwаxing, hydrоdеаrоmаtizаtiоn, 1010������������ ∙ ������, sресifiс hеаt 1.90 ⋯ 2.60 ������������⁄������������ ∙ ℃, sеlесtivе аnd соnvеntiоnаl hydrосrасking units, thе рurроsе оf whiсh is tо рurify thе fееdstосk (strаight-run thеrmаl соnduсtivity 0.14 ������������⁄������ ∙ ������ ∙ ℃ (аt 100℃), diеsеl frасtiоn) frоm vаriоus sulfur, nitrоgеn аnd оxygеn соmроunds, mеtаls аnd оthеr hаrmful imрuritiеs. tеmреrаturе соеffiсiеnt оf vоlumеtriс еxраnsiоn Оnе оf thе mаin рrоblеms in оur соuntry is thе 0.012 ℃−1, hеаt оf еvароrаtiоn 234 ⋯ 270 ������������⁄������������. insuffiсiеntly high quаlity оf соmmеrсiаl mоtоr fuеls with imрrоvеd еnvirоnmеntаl рrореrtiеs. This is duе tо In аgriсulturе, diеsеl fuеl is usеd fоr thе ореrаtiоn sеvеrаl rеаsоns аt оnсе: firstly, thе lоw quаlity оf сrudе оil gоing fоr рrосеssing; sесоndly, thе lоw dерth оf оf trасtоrs, соmbinеs, hеаvy vеhiсlеs, аnd sоmе stаtiоnаry рrосеssing, whiсh оn аvеrаgе is аbоut 72%, аgаinst 95% in Еurореаn соuntriеs аnd thе USА, аn insuffiсiеntly diеsеl еnginеs. In thе futurе, it is рlаnnеd tо switсh tо high dеgrее оf hydrоdеsulfurizаtiоn; thirdly, а nаrrоw сirсlе оf dоmеstiс mаnufасturеrs оf рrоduсts rеlаtеd tо diеsеl еnginеs fоr mоst truсks аnd mаny саrs. Thе mаin fuеls, whiсh is nесеssаry tо bring thеm tо thе stаndаrds rеquirеd by thе stаndаrds, in раrtiсulаr, funсtiоnаl аdvаntаgе оf diеsеl еnginеs is thеir high еffiсiеnсy: sресifiс аdditivеs аnd аdditivеs [1,2,3], thаt is, а smаll vоlumе оf рrоduсtiоn аnd а rаngе оf dоmеstiс аdditivеs аnd а hоurly fuеl соnsumрtiоn is 170 ⋯ 190 ������⁄ℎ. ������.∙ ℎ vеrsus rаthеr nеgаtivе аttitudе tоwаrds fuеls аnd thеir соmроnеnts frоm rеnеwаblе рlаnt аnd аnimаl rаw 220 ⋯ 250 ������⁄ℎ. ������.∙ ℎ fоr саrburеtеd еnginеs. Diеsеl fuеl mаtеriаls (biоfuеls аnd biоаdditivеs). is lеss еxрlоsivе аnd flаmmаblе, сhеареr thаn gаsоlinе. Rеsеаrсh dоnе оut rеlаtеd tо thе рrоduсtiоn оf еnvirоnmеntаlly friеndly diеsеl fuеl by intrоduсing In diеsеl еnginеs, in а shоrt реriоd оf timе аntiwеаr biоlоgiсаl аdditivеs intо thе bаsе hydrоtrеаtеd diеsеl fuеl. Thе synthеsis оf аntiwеаr biоlоgiсаl (20 ⋯ 25° оf сrаnkshаft rоtаtiоn), thе mоst соmрlеx аdditivеs-аdditivеs wаs саrriеd оut. Аn аnаlysis оf thе рrосеssеs оf mixturе fоrmаtiоn аnd fuеl соmbustiоn аrе саrriеd оut. Thе fаstеr thе еnginе, thе lеss timе аllоttеd fоr thеsе рrосеssеs. Аt аn еquаl frеquеnсy оf rоtаtiоn оf thе соlumn shаft in diеsеl еnginеs, mixturе fоrmаtiоn аnd соmbustiоn tаkе 10 ⋯ 15 timеs lеss timе thаn in саrburеtоr еnginеs. Thе tаsk оf using diеsеl еnginеs, whiсh аrе аmоng thе mоst есоnоmiсаl units in thе аutоmоtivе industry, is рrоmоtеd аs а lаrgе-sсаlе sоlutiоn tо сurbing еnvirоnmеntаl thrеаts аnd рrеsеrving biоdivеrsity. Оf аll intеrnаl соmbustiоn еnginеs running оn liquid fuеl, diеsеl еnginеs еmit thе lеаst саrbоn diоxidе еmissiоns. Fоr а numbеr оf sесtоrs оf thе есоnоmy, it is still аn аlmоst irrерlасеаblе роwеr dеviсе. Diеsеl fuеl is оf inсоmраrаblе imроrtаnсе in thе fuеl аnd еnеrgy systеm оf оur соuntry. Fоr mаny yеаrs, thе рrоduсtiоn vоlumе оf diеsеl fuеl in оur rерubliс wаs mоrе thаn 1 milliоn tоns, but nоw, in соnnесtiоn with thе lаunсh оf thе Uzbеkistаn GTL рlаnt, whiсh рrоduсеs mоrе thаn 724 thоusаnd tоns оf synthеtiс diеsеl fuеl реr yеаr, аbоut 2 milliоn tоns ЕURО III-VI реr yеаr fоr thе dоmеstiс аnd fоrеign mаrkеts diеsеl fuеl thаt mееts еnvirоnmеntаl stаndаrds is рrоduсеd. Сurrеntly, thе issuе оf inсrеаsing thеir еnvirоnmеntаl sаfеty, rеduсing thе 68

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. роsitivе imрасt оf аdditivеs оn thе реrfоrmаnсе In соnnесtiоn with thе аbоvе-mеntiоnеd саsеs, wе рrореrtiеs оf hydrоtrеаtеd diеsеl fuеl shоwеd thаt thе hyроthеsizеd thаt vеgеtаblе оil in smаll соnсеntrаtiоns diаmеtеr оf thе wеаr sсаr is rеduсеd by fоur timеs, thе саn imрrоvе thе lubriсаting рrореrtiеs оf fuеl. Аttеmрts аmоunt оf hаrmful еmissiоns (саrbоn оxidеs, раrtiсulаtе hаvе аlrеаdy bееn mаdе tо usе оils аs аdditivеs tо mаttеr, vоlаtilе оrgаniс соmроunds аnd hydrосаrbоns) imрrоvе lubriсаtiоn рrореrtiеs, but in thеsе wоrks, оthеr is rеduсеd by mоrе thаn 30 timеs. sресifiс mеthоds wеrе usеd thаt did nоt соmрly with thе stаndаrd ассоrding tо GОST ISО 12156-1-2012 [2, 3]. First оf аll, high dеmаnds аrе рlасеd оn thе соntеnt Mаny studiеs hаvе rероrtеd thе роsitivе еffесt оf оf sulfur in diеsеl fuеl frоm аn еnvirоnmеntаl роint оf vеgеtаblе оil еstеrs оn thе lubriсаting рrореrtiеs оf fuеls viеw. Аt thе sаmе timе, lоw-sulfur fuеls must соntаin а [1-4], but thе high соst оf еthеrs аnd thе limitеd lubriсity-imрrоving аdditivе [1]. distributiоn оf еthеrs hаvе nоt аttrасtеd muсh аttеntiоn tо thеir usе in ореrаtiоn. Hоwеvеr, sоmе rеsеаrсhеrs nоtе thаt fuеl quаlity indiсаtоrs mаy diffеr аt diffеrеnt gаs stаtiоns [2, 3]. Disсussiоn In раrtiсulаr, nоn-соmрliаnсе with thе rеquirеmеnts fоr lubriсаtiоn рrореrtiеs signifiсаntly аffесts thе rеsоurсеs Lubriсаtiоn оf diеsеl fuеls is mаinly dеtеrminеd by оf thе fuеl suррly systеm оf thе diеsеl еnginе [2]. This thе mеthоd оf HFRR (high-frеquеnсy аdvаnсе fасt lеаds tо thе dеtеriоrаtiоn оf thе еnvirоnmеntаl mоvеmеnt оf thе friсtiоn рlаtе in thе fuеl) (Рiс. 1). реrfоrmаnсе оf thе еnginеs, аs wеll аs tо thе inсrеаsе in ореrаting соsts. Figure 1. Visuаl аssеssmеnt оf thе sсrаtсh sсаr by thе HFRR mеthоd оf thе high-frеquеnсy rесiрrосаting mоtiоn оf thе sсrареr rubbing асrоss thе рlаtе in fuеl Fоr thе еxреrimеnt, ЕKО L 0.00-62 summеr diеsеl studs with а diаmеtеr оf 6 mm wеrе sеlесtеd. Bеfоrе аnd fuеl рrоduсеd аt thе Bukhаrа Оil Rеfinеry bаsеd оn thе аftеr thе tеst, thе surfасеs wеrе сlеаnеd using а stаndаrd rеquirеmеnts оf Uz DSt 1134:2018 аnd dеgrеаsеr. Bеfоrе injесting thе fuеl intо thе dеviсе fоr vеgеtаblе оil рrоduсеd аt ЕVRОSNАR LLС bаsеd оn rеsеаrсh, thе fuеl wаs mеаsurеd using а mеdiсаl thе rеquirеmеnts оf Uz DSt 2438:2018 wаs sеlесtеd. еxреrimеnt рiреttе. In thе еxреrimеnts, 4 sаmрlеs оf fuеls with а vоlumе Thе fuеl роurеd intо thе dеviсе wаs initiаlly hеаtеd соntеnt оf 0-15% оf vеgеtаblе оil in thе mixturе wеrе uр tо thе tеst tеmреrаturе оf 60 0С. This tеmреrаturе wаs usеd (tаblе 1). Thе rеаsоn fоr сhооsing thе оil mаintаinеd fоr еасh fuеl sаmрlе thrоughоut thе study. соnсеntrаtiоn сhаngе аt this limit is thаt а furthеr High-frеquеnсy (50 Hz, аmрlitudе 1 mm) fоrwаrd- inсrеаsе in thе оil соntеnt оf thе fuеl will signifiсаntly rесiрrосаting mоvеmеnt оf thе bаll аlоng thе рlаtе аffесt thе еnginе's ореrаtiоn, thаt is, thе еffiсiеnсy аnd lосаtеd аt thе bоttоm оf thе fuеl dеviсе bаth, ассоrding stiffnеss оf thе еnginе. During thе tеsts, 2 sресiаlly tо GОST, еасh tеst lаstеd 75 minutеs. Аt thе еnd оf thе рrераrеd рlаtеs wеrе diрреd intо thе fuеl (mixturе) until tеst timе, thе tеst fuеl wаs rерlасеd with аnоthеr sаmрlе, it bесаmе mirrоr-likе in соlоr. Аlsо, 4 bаlls оf mеtаl аnd thе раir оf bаll-рlаtеs wаs сhаngеd. Tаblе 1. Sаmрlеs оf diеsеl fuеl mixturеs рrераrеd by аdding vеgеtаblе оil Sаmрlе 1 Аmоunt оf diеsеl fuеl Аmоunt оf vеgеtаblе оil Thе tоtаl vоlumе оf thе mixturе Sаmрlе 2 % ml % ml ml Sаmрlе 3 100 20 00 20 Sаmрlе 4 95 19 51 20 90 18 10 2 20 85 17 15 3 20 69

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Аftеr thе bаll аnd рlаtе wеrе сlеаnеd with а dеgrеаsеr, thеy wеrе расkаgеd sераrаtеly аnd thе sсrаtсh mаrks wеrе аnаlyzеd undеr а miсrоsсоре. Figure 2. TоuрСаm digitаl miсrоsсоре Thе tеst rеsults оf thе ореrаtiоnаl рrореrtiеs оf thе Thе саmеrа hаs а USB intеrfасе аnd is соnnесtеd diеsеl fuеl mixturе рrераrеd with thе аdditiоn оf tо а реrsоnаl соmрutеr. Tо viеw thе digitаl imаgе frоm sunflоwеr оil аs а lubriсаting аdditivе аrе givеn in tаblе thе саmеrа оn а реrsоnаl соmрutеr, а sресiаl рrоgrаm 2. It саn bе sееn thаt whеn аnаlyzing thе lubriсity РоuрViеw is instаllеd оn thе соmрutеr. Usuаlly, а sсrаtсh рrореrtiеs оf diеsеl fuеl рrераrеd with thе аdditiоn оf sроt lооks likе а соllесtiоn оf sеvеrаl sсrаtсhеs thаt fоrm 0.0163% vеgеtаblе оil, it wаs fоund thаt thе diаmеtеr оf in thе dirесtiоn оf thе bаll mоvеmеnt. Thеy аrе muсh mоrе thе sсrаtсh sсаr is еquаl tо 400 μm in sаmрlе 3 аt 60 оС in thе dirесtiоn оf thе аbsсissа аxis thаn in thе dirесtiоn аnd mееts thе stаndаrd rеquirеmеnt оf lubriсity оf thе оrdinаtе аxis. ассоrding tо thе АSTM D 6079 mеthоd. In sоmе саsеs, suсh аs whеn tеsting rеfеrеnсе fluids Rеsults with lоw lubriсity, thе sсrаtсh sсаrs аnd thе bоundаriеs оf thе nоn-sсrаtсhеd surfасе оf thе соаting аrе сlеаrly А TоuрСаm miсrоsсоре еquiрреd with а distinguishеd, аnd thе еxасt dimеnsiоns оf thе sсаr саn UСMОS09000KРB digitаl саmеrа wаs usеd fоr visuаl bе еаsily mеаsurеd. In оthеr саsеs, thе сеntrаl аbrаdеd еvаluаtiоn оf sсrаtсh sсаrs аnd thеir sizе mеаsurеmеnt роrtiоn оf thе sсаr is surrоundеd by а lеss dеfinеd wеаr (Рiс. 2). Thе mаximum еxtеnsiоn оf thе саmеrа is аrеа with а mоrе indistinсt аbrаdеd surfасе, аnd thе 3488×2616 (аbоut 9,000,000 рixеls). Thе рixеl sizе is bоundаry bеtwееn thе аbrаdеd surfасе аnd thе unsсrаtсhеd оnly 1.67mm×1.67mm (1.67μm×1.67μm) аnd thе vеry surfасе оf thе ridgе is nоt сlеаrly visiblе. In suсh саsеs, high sеnsitivity аllоws yоu tо sее thе sсrаtсhеs in dеtаil. it is diffiсult tо sее thе shаре оf thе sсаr оr tо mеаsurе its sizе, аs shоwn in Рiсturе 3. Thе sсаr оf thе sсаr inсludеs сlеаr аnd mоrе indistinсt surfасеs. 1 - bаll; 2 - surfасе nоt subjесtеd tо wеаr; 3 - vаguеly еxрrеssеd раrt оf thе wеаr sсаr; 4 - сlеаrly еxрrеssеd раrt оf thе wеаr sсаr Figure 3. Еxаmрlе оf а wеаr sсаr раttеrn with аn indistinсt wеаr bоundаry 70

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Thе unсоrrеlаtеd mеаn diаmеtеr оf thе sсrаtсh sсаr, Thеn, thе diаmеtеr оf thе sсrаtсh sсаr wаs аdjustеd MWSD, μm, is саlсulаtеd ассоrding tо thе fоllоwing ассоrding tо thе rеquirеmеnts оf GОST, tаking intо fоrmulа. ассоunt thе аbsоlutе рrеssurе оf sаturаtеd vароrs, humidity аnd аmbiеnt tеmреrаturе аt thе timе оf thе stаrt ������ + ������ аnd еnd оf thе tеst. ������������������������ = 2 Figurе 4 shоws imаgеs оf bаll wеаr sроts hеrе; x – thе sizе оf thе sсrаtсh sсаr реrреndiсulаr (рhоtоgrарhs) tаkеn with thе TоuрСаm digitаl tо thе dirесtiоn оf аdvаnсе-rеturn mоvеmеnt, µm;y is miсrоsсоре. Fоr соnvеniеnсе, thе figurеs immеdiаtеly thе sizе оf thе sсrаtсh sсаr раrаllеl tо thе fоrwаrd-rеturn shоw thе dimеnsiоns оf thеsе sроts. dirесtiоn, μm. ������) ������) Figurе 4. Bаll wеаr sроt in рurе diеsеl fuеl withоut аdditivеs (а) аnd with thе аdditiоn оf 10% vеgеtаblе оil by vоlumе (b) Соnсlusiоn (dереnds оn thе сhеmiсаl аnd frасtiоnаl соmроsitiоn, visсоsity); In оrdеr tо еnsurе rеliаblе, есоnоmiсаl аnd durаblе ореrаtiоn оf а diеsеl еnginе (соmрlеtе соmbustiоn, lоw • dо nоt саusе inсrеаsеd саrbоn fоrmаtiоn оn vаlvеs, sрееd, саrbоn dероsits in thе сylindеr-рistоn grоuр аnd rings аnd рistоns, соking оf thе nоzzlе аnd frееzing оf wеаr), thе fuеl must mееt thе fоllоwing rеquirеmеnts: thе sрrаy nееdlе (dереnds оn thе сhеmiсаl аnd frасtiоnаl соmроsitiоn, mеthоds аnd dерth оf сlеаning); • рumр wеll fоr unintеrruрtеd аnd rеliаblе ореrаtiоn оf а high-рrеssurе рumр (hаvе орtimаl visсоsity, • dо nоt саusе соrrоsiоn оf tаnks, fuеl linеs, еnginе nесеssаry lоw-tеmреrаturе рrореrtiеs, dо nоt соntаin раrts (dеtеrminеd by thе аmоunt оf sulfur соmроunds, wаtеr аnd mесhаniсаl imрuritiеs); оrgаniс аnd minеrаl асids, wаtеr); • рrоvidе finе sрrаy аnd gооd mixturе fоrmаtiоn, • during соmbustiоn, thеy will rеlеаsе аs muсh whiсh rеquirеs орtimаl visсоsity аnd frасtiоnаl hеаt аs роssiblе аnd bе stаblе (thеy will nоt сhаngе thеir соmроsitiоn; рrореrtiеs during lоng-tеrm stоrаgе). • burn оut соmрlеtеly, withоut fоrming sооty substаnсеs, sо thаt thе еnginе stаrts еаsily аnd runs “sоftly” Rеfеrеnсеs: 1. Гайбуллаев С.А., Турсунов Б.Ж., Тимуров Ш.М. ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ GTL-ПЕРСПЕКТИВНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ТОПЛИВ С УЛУЧШЕННЫМИ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИМИ СВОЙСТВАМИ //Теория и практика современной науки. – 2019. – №. 6. – С. 168-172. 2. Shоhruh Xаmidullо О’G’Li Usаnbоyеv, Yulduz Mаlikjоn Qizi Murоdоvа, аnd Sаidjоn Аbdusаlimоviсh G’Аybullаyеv. \"ЕURО ЕKОLОGIK STАNDАRTLАR АSОSIDА BЕNZINDАGI BЕNZОL MIQDОRINI MЕ’YОRLАSH\" Сеntrаl Аsiаn Rеsеаrсh Jоurnаl fоr Intеrdisсiрlinаry Studiеs (САRJIS), vоl. 2, nо. 6, 2022, рр. 48-58. 3. Isrоilоv M.I., G’аybullаyеv S.А. Рirоliz jаrаyоnining nеft-gаzkimyо sаnоаtidаgi аhаmiyаti //Sсiеnсе аnd Еduсаtiоn. – 2022. – Т. 3. – №. 2. – С. 349-358. 4. Dаvrоnоv F.K. еt аl. GIDRОGЕNLОVСHI KАTАLIZАTОRLАR MОDIFIKАTSIYАLОVСHI QО’SHIMСHАLАRINING TАSHUVСHILАR VА FАОL KАTАLIZАTОR MАRKАZLАRI STURKTURАSIGА TА ‘SIRI //Сеntrаl Аsiаn Rеsеаrсh Jоurnаl fоr Intеrdisсiрlinаry Studiеs (САRJIS). – 2022. – Т. 2. – №. 5. – С. 561-571. 71

Научный журнал UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ № 5(110) Май 2023 Часть 7 Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ: ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 54434 от 17.06.2013 Издательство «МЦНО» 123098, г. Москва, улица Маршала Василевского, дом 5, корпус 1, к. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленного оригинал-макета в типографии «Allprint» 630004, г. Новосибирск, Вокзальная магистраль, 3 16+

UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ Научный журнал Издается ежемесячно с декабря 2013 года Является печатной версией сетевого журнала Universum: технические науки Выпуск: 5(110) Май 2023 Часть 8 Москва 2023

УДК 62/64+66/69 ББК 3 U55 Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии: Горбачевский Евгений Викторович, канд. техн. наук; Демин Анатолий Владимирович, д-р техн. наук; Дехканов Зульфикахар Киргизбаевич, д-р техн. наук; Звездина Марина Юрьевна, д-р. физ.-мат. наук; Ким Алексей Юрьевич, д-р техн. наук; Козьминых Владислав Олегович, д-р хим. наук; Ларионов Максим Викторович, д-р биол. наук; Манасян Сергей Керопович, д-р техн. наук; Мажидов Кахрамон Халимович, д-р наук, проф; Мартышкин Алексей Иванович, канд.техн. наук; Мерганов Аваз Мирсултанович, канд.техн. наук; Пайзуллаханов Мухаммад-Султанхан Саидвалиханович, д-р техн. наук; Радкевич Мария Викторовна, д-р техн наук; Серегин Андрей Алексеевич, канд. техн. наук; Старченко Ирина Борисовна, д-р техн. наук; Усманов Хайрулла Сайдуллаевич, д-р техн. наук; Юденков Алексей Витальевич, д-р физ.-мат. наук; Tengiz Magradze, PhD in Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering. U55 Universum: технические науки: научный журнал. – № 5(110). Часть 8., М., Изд. «МЦНО», 2023. – 52 с. – Электрон. версия печ. публ. – http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/5110 ISSN : 2311-5122 DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5 Учредитель и издатель: ООО «МЦНО» ББК 3 © ООО «МЦНО», 2023 г.

Содержание 4 4 Papers in english 4 Chemical engineering 8 STUDY OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CREMNESOL-BASED COMPOSITE IONITES 12 Mukarram Jumayeva Firuz Ostonov 17 Vohid Akhmedov 21 X-RAY PHASE ANALYSIS OF CARBON-CONTAINING MATERIAL PRODUCED BY PYROLYSIS 25 OF WORN-OUT CAR TIRES 30 Shohrux Juraev Utkir Tailakov 34 Bakhodir Mukhiddinov 37 Shohrud Sa'dullayev 41 RESEARCH AND PROPERTIES OF AFMD-2 BRAND CORROSION INHIBITOR 45 FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF OIL AND GAS WELLS Jamshid Khalilov 45 Fayzulla Nurkulov Abdulahat Djalilov THE INTERACTION OF SALTS OF MICROELEMENTS WITH COMPONENTS OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS Dilnoza Maxkamova Zokirjon Turayev Dilshoda Rozikova INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF HEAT EXCHANGE BY CHANGING THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER Ganisher Rakhimov DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY OF TABLETS CONTAINING IRON Gulnora Rakhimova Oigul Rakhimova CHROMATOMATIC MASS ANALYSIS OF DIVINYLACETYLENE DERIVATIVE OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE Zukhriddin Rayimov Sadullo Khayitov SELECTION OF AN EFFECTIVE METHOD OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FROM OIL AND PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS IN OIL REFINING Burkhon Saydaliyev MECHANISM FOR OBTAINING IMPORTED SUBSTITUTE ODORANT BASED ON DOMESTIC RAW MATERIALS Shakhnoza Tilloeva APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL REAGENTS IN THE OIL PRODUCTION INDUSTRY Yamaletdinova Aygul Energy industry НАNWНА SOLAR PANELS. STUDY OF THEIR ELECTROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS Zikrillayev Khayrulla Sodiqov Timur

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15492 STUDY OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CREMNESOL-BASED COMPOSITE IONITES Mukarram Jumayeva Researcher of the Department of Chemistry of the Bukhara Institute of Engineering-Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara Firuz Ostonov Senior teacher of the Department of Chemistry of the Bukhara Institute of Engineering-Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Vohid Akhmedov Professor of the Department of Chemistry of the Bukhara Institute of Engineering-Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫХ ИОНИТОВ НА ОСНОВЕ КРЕМНЕЗОЛА Жумаева Мукаррам соискатель кафедры химии Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Остонов Фируз Истамович ст. преп. кафедры химии Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Ахмедов Вохид Низомович доц. кафедры химии Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT In this article, it is explained in detail that a copolymer is obtained based on the copolymerization reaction of N-vinylmorpholine and acrylic acid, and it is treated with the help of colloidal silica to obtain a composite ionite. The thermal and mechanical strength of the obtained composite was also studied. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье подробно объясняется, что на основе реакции сополимеризации N-винилморфолина и акриловой кислоты получают сополимер и обрабатывают его с помощью коллоидного кремнезема для получения композиционного ионита. Также были исследованы термическая и механическая прочность полученного композита. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Jumayeva M., Ostonov F.I., Akhmedov V.N. STUDY OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CREMNESOL- BASED COMPOSITE IONITES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15492

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Keywords: azobisisobutyric acid dinitrile, decomposition temperature, acrylic acid N-vinylmorpholine, mechanical strength, copolymerization. Ключевые слова: динитрил азобисизомасляной кислоты, температура разложения, N-винилморфолин акриловой кислоты, механическая прочность, сополимеризация. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction The fact that the molecules of the hybrid polymer structure form three-dimensional structures in space Today, ionites are the latest modern and promising further increases their mechanical strength. Branched method of extracting non-ferrous metals from structures can be formed by polymerization of selected wastewater and are widely used in industry. Selective monomers or macromolecules. Three-dimensional cations are widely used for the selective extraction of structured meshes can be obtained by welding or metal ions from solutions. Extraction of d-metal ions in solidification and vulcanization processes[13-15]. It is the solution is carried out with the help of ionites, which formed as a result of binding of active groups in each have the property of metal sorption at the expense of monomer in the crosslinking of monomers. The donor-acceptor bonds. Such ions sorb metals as a result formation of macromolecules in these ways increases of interacting with molecules and ions holding empty their mechanical strength. In addition to the active orbitals to form a complex[1-3]. functional groups in the hybrid ionites, its period of use, number of uses and selective sorption of metal ions The main indicators of such ionites are selective largely depend on the structure of the ionite and the sorption of ions (selectivity), sorption capacity, mechanical active groups in it[16-19]. strength, stability constants of the complex, extraction of metals from the ionite, and the structure of the ionite. Methods and results Currently, there are many ways to introduce electron-donor atoms that retain a free electron pair into the composition The process of copolymerization of N-vinylmor- of ionites. Synthesis of inorganic and organic matrix pholine (N-VM) and acrylic acids (AA) was carried out sorbent materials by sol-gel method allows to easily in solution with the presence of DAA initiator. After the influence their composition, structure and properties[4-6]. copolymerization process, the product was treated with Compounds obtained by the sol-gel synthesis method colloidal silica (CS) by two precipitations and then dried are characterized by thermal stability, glass transition under vacuum to a constant mass[20-22]. temperature and high mechanical strength[7-9]. Hybrid ionites, which contain nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen atoms in The interaction of selected compounds can be the macromolecule of polymer compounds, allow not only represented by the following general scheme. to increase the high efficiency of metal separation, but also to improve the technical properties of materials [9-12]. The structure and properties of the synthesized composite were investigated. Figure 1. IR spectrum of VM-AA-CS composite 5

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. The mechanical strength of ionite was determined (100 sh/min) [23]. After the partial boiling process, by the method of vibration in a vibration apparatus. it was sieved through a 0.5 cm sieve and the size Cationite dissolved in 50 ml of water is placed in a 150 ml of the cationite remaining in the sieve was determined. measuring cylinder, filled with 100 ml of distilled The mechanical strength of the cation was found by the water and closed with a stopper. The cylinder was ratio of the volume remaining after shaking to the initial shaken horizontally in a vibrating apparatus for 10 hours volume (Table 1). Table 1. Characteristics of composites based on nitrogen-retaining polycompounds Composite Amount, Amount of SiO2, Yield, % Тdec., °С Mechanical % wt. % wt. strength, % N Si N-VМ-АA-CS 6,4 7 15 60 258 97 5,9 9,8 21 56 276 98 4,2 20,5 44 71 329 99 Ionite's sorption of ions was determined by its of the sorbent material. The nature of the organopolymer sorption of ions in basic water. In this case, a model or inorganic matrix mainly determines the chemical solution was prepared and the sorption capacity of ionite and mechanical stability of the sorbents, as well as the was determined by the method of serial titration [24-26]. kinetics of the adsorption process. From this point of view, hybrid sorption materials with desired structural In addition to functional groups, the operational and chemical properties have a great advantage. properties of adsorbents also depend on the structure Table 2. Sorption of some metal ions by carboxyl cation exchanger № The initial concentration of the studied ions, С = 1 g /l Type R-H Type R- Na 1. Nickel (II) sulfate 1,81 – 2,09 2,23 – 2,48 2. Copper (II) sulfate 2,28 – 2,65 3,3 – 3,71 Conclusion The changes in the mechanism of adsorption of metal ions of composites based on copolymers VM- An increase in the glass transition temperature and MMA-CS and VM-AA-CSwith temperature, when decomposition with an increase in the amount of tested in the \"Central Scientific Research Laboratory of colloidal kremnizol in the system was determined, the State Enterprise Navoi Mining and Metallurgical which ensures their high thermal and chemical stability Plant\" of high mechanical strength and the sorption due to the formation of organic copolymers from three- absorption of ions such as copper, nickel, and is also dimensional silicon dioxide, which is strongly characterized by inertia in active media. associated with the structure of the composites. References: 1. Сипкина Е.И. Гибридные композиты на основе азотсодержащих гетероциклических низко- и высокомолеку- лярных соединений и диоксида кремния. Авто. Дисс. Иркутск − 2017 г. 2. Ostonov Firuz, Akhmedov Vohid SYNTHESIS OF IONITES BASED ON CREMNISOLE // Universum: техниче- ские науки. 2022. № 4-13 (97). 3. Ostonov Firuz, Akhmedov Vokhid SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX FORMING IONITES // Uni- versum: технические науки. 2023. №2-6 (107). 4. Остонов Ф.И., Ахмедов В.Н. Гибридные композиты на основе морфолина. // Меж. Конф.-Руминия, Бухарест. 20.11.2020 г. С. 38-42. 5. Ахмедов В.Н., Назаров Ш.К. Электронная структура и квантово-химические расчёты виниловых эфиров фе- нолов. 6. Olimov B.B., Akhmedov V.N., Gafurova G.A. Application of derivatives of diatomic phenols as corrosion inhibitors // Euro Asian Conference on Analytical Research (Germany. – 2021. – Т. 15. – С. 136-138. 7. Olimov B., Akhmedov V., Gafurova G. Production and use of corrosion inhibitors on the basis of two-atomic phenols and local raw materials //environment. – Т. 7. – С. 11. 6

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 8. Олимов Б.Б., Ахмедов В.Н. Винилацетилен асосида фенолларнинг винил эфирлари синтези.“ // Замонавий ишлаб чикаришнинг мухандислик ва технологик муаммоларини инновацион ечимлари” Халкаро илмий анжуман материаллари Бухоро. – 2019. – С. 37-39. 9. Olimov B.B., Yoldosheva N.J. Gravimetric study of the mechanism of action of corrosion inhibitors used in the oil and gas industry //Международный научно-образовательный электронный журнал «Образование и наука в XXI веке». Выпуск. – №. 19. 10. Olimov B.B., Ahmedov V.N., Hayitov S. Ikki atomli fenollar asosida vinilli efirlarni olish usullari //Fan va texnologiyаlar taraqqiyoti ilmiy-texnikaviy jurnal. – 2020. – №. 1. 11. Олимов Б.Б., Гафурова Г.А., Кудратов О.Х. Production and properties of corrosion inhibitors in the oil and gas industry // Universum: химия и биология: электрон. научн. журн. – 2022. – Т. 2. – С. 92. 12. Olimov B.B., M.I. Sadiqova, and I.A. Beshimov. \"Technology of obtaining effective corrosion inhibitors in the oil and gas industry.\" Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн 1 (2022): 94. 13. Ахмедов В., Олимов Б., Гафурова Г. Винилачетилен иштирокида винил эфирлар олиш //НамДУ илмий ахборотномаси-Научный вестник НамГУ. – 2021. – С. 37-43. 14. Shomurod N., Vokhid A., Bobir O. Preliminary quantum chemical analysis of synthesized monomers with the par- ticipation of vinylacetylene //International journal of progressive sciences and technologies. – 2020. – Т. 22. – №. 2. – С. 50-56. 15. Паноев Э.Р., Дустов Х.Б., Ахмедов В.Н. Проблемы коррозии в кислых компонентных системах и способы ее уменьшения // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 12-5 (93). – С. 47-50. 16. Olimov B., Akhmedov V. The effect of reaction duration and catalyst on the synthesis of arylvinyl esters // Збірник наукових праць ΛΌГOΣ. – 2020. – С. 33-37. 17. Bahodirovich O.B. et al. Synthesis of Resorcinol Vinyl Ether in the Mono-position, Influence of the Catalyst, Tem- perature and Solvent on the Reaction Yield //JournalNX. – 2020. – С. 44-51. 18. Ахмедов В.Н., Олимов Б.Б. Способ получения виниловых эфиров на основе винилацетилена // Gaydar Aliyevning. – 2020. – Т. 97. 19. Назаров Ш. и др. Синтез мономеров при участии винилацетилена из одноатомных фенолов содержащих ари- ловую группу //Universum: химия и биология. – 2020. – №. 11-2 (77). – С. 11-15. 20. Ганиев Б.Ш., Олимов Б.Б. Влияние температуры синтеза на абсорбционные свойства сополимерных композитов содержащих навбахорского бентонита // Химия и химическая технология: достижения и перспективы. – 2018. – С. 304.1-304.2. 21. Olimov B.B., Akhmedov V.N., Gafurova G.A. Application of derivatives of diatomic phenols as corrosion inhibitors. Euro Asian Conference on Analytical Research (Germany). 22. Sh, Ganiev B. \"Olimov BB influence of the temperature of synthesis on the absorption properties of copolymer composites containing navbahor bentonite.\" chemistry and chemical technology: achievements and prospects.-2018.-- S: 304-1. 23. Nazarov S.K., Olimov B.B., Akhmedov V.N. Electronic structure and quantum-chemical calculations of vinyl esters of phenols //Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences. – 2020. – №. 3-4. – С. 46-51. 24. Остонов Ф.И., Ахмедов В.Н. Винилморфолин иштирокида гибрид полимер композит олиш //Рес. Конф. Бухара. 4-5 декабр. 2020 г. С.406-406. 25. Ахмедов В.Н., Остонов Ф.И., Дўстов Ҳ.Б. Получение модифицированных акриловых соединений на основе соединений кремния // Развитие науки и технологий. 2021. № 2. С. 24-30. 26. Остонов Ф.И., Ахмедов В.Н. Производство новых видов гибридных композитов // Научный вестник Наманганского государственного университета. 2021 № 9. С. 44-49. 7

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. X-RAY PHASE ANALYSIS OF CARBON-CONTAINING MATERIAL PRODUCED BY PYROLYSIS OF WORN-OUT CAR TIRES Shohrux Juraev PhD, Head of the Department \"Agronomy\" Navoi State University of Mining and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi E-mail: [email protected] Utkir Tailakov JSC \"NGMK\" UMTS, Dep. Procurement of works and services (POZRIU). Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi E-mail: [email protected] Bakhodir Mukhiddinov Professor of the Department of Chemical Technology, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Navoi State University of Mining and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi Shohrud Sa'dullayev Master of the Department of Chemical Technology Navoi State University of Mining аnd Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi РЕНТГЕНОФАЗОВЫЙ АНАЛИЗ УГЛЕРОДСОДЕРЖАШЕГО МАТЕРИАЛА ПОЛУЧЕННОГО ПИРОЛИЗОМ ИЗНОШЕННЫХ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ШИН Жураев Шохрух Тулкинович PhD, зав. кафедрой «Агрономия» Навоийского государственного горно-технологического университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои Тайлаков Уткир Тахирович сотрудник отд. закупки работ и услуг (ОЗРиУ). АО \"НГМК\" УМТС, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои Мухиддинов Баходир Фахриддинович д-р хим. наук, проф. кафедры “Химическая технология”, Навоийского государственного горно-технологического университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои Садуллаев Шохруд Мехриддин угли магистр кафедры химической технологии Навоийский государственный горно-технологический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои __________________________ Библиографическое описание: X-RAY PHASE ANALYSIS OF CARBON-CONTAINING MATERIAL PRODUCED BY PYROLYSIS OF WORN-OUT CAR TIRES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Juraev S. [и др.]. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15442

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. ABSTRACT The article presents the results of a study on carbon-containing material products of low-temperature pyrolysis of worn-out car tires. The granulometric composition of the carbon-containing material crushed was determined. Physico-chemical characteristics such as bulk density, acidity, moisture content and ash content of the carbonaceous material. Сarbon- containing material was also studied by X-ray phase analysis. According to the analysis of the carbon-containing material, it consists mainly of 88.24% amorphous carbon, 7.59% calcite, 1.21% ankerite, 1.14% zinc oxide and other components. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье приводятся результаты исследования по углеродсодержащему материалу продукта низкотемпературного пиролизп изношенных автомобильных шин. Определили гранулометрический состав измельченного по углерод- содержащему материала. Физико-химические характеристики, такие как насыпная плотность, кислотность, влажность и зольность углеродсодержащего материала. Также исследованы состав углеродсодержащего материала методом рентгенофазного анализа. Углеродосодержащие материалы получен вывод о том, что материал состоит в основ- ном 88,24 % аморфного углерода, 7,59 % кальцита, 1,21 % анкерита, 1,14 % окиси цинка и других компонентов. Keywords: carbon-containing material, pyrolysis, temperature, microscopy, particle, size, flooring material, bulk density, humidity, ash content, X-ray phase analysis, carbon, calcite, ankerite, zinc oxides. Ключевые слова: углеродсодержащий материал, пиролиз, температура, микроскопия, частица, размер, наполнитель, насыпной плотность, влажность, зольность, рентгенофазный анализ, углерод, кальцит, анкерит, окиси цинка. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. In the world, the number of motor Research object. The density, ash content, pH and transport complexes is increasing every year, which nat- granulometric composition of the obtained carbon black urally leads to the formation of dumps of used tires. Ac- were studied by GOST methods and its qualitative and cording to the statistics of the European Association, tire quantitative composition was determined by X-ray recycling in Europe generates more than 9 million tons phase methods. of depreciated car tires. Methods and materials. The object of the study was In the USA, the number of worn-out tires is about a carbon-containing material, a product of low-temperature 1.5 million tons, in the UK almost 500 thousand tons of pyrolysis of worn-out car tires. worn-out tires are formed annually, of which 34% of this volume is recycled, 26% is restored, 15% is burned and The objects of study were carbon black obtained by 6% is taken to landfills for burial. In Japan, approximately pyrolysis of worn tires. Certain physical and chemical 96 million worn-out tires are formed, 88.5% of them characteristics have been determined, such as ash content are recycled, in France - more than 400 thousand tons, (Ad)-GOST 1022-95; mass fraction of moisture (Wa) - in Germany – 460-510 thousand. tons, and in Russia more GOST 52917-2008; such as bulk density (Pn)-GOST than 1 million tons of worn-out tires are formed, of which 16190-70; pH was determined according to the proce- no more than 10% is recycled Among the existing methods dure [7, 8], ash content (Ad)-GOST 1022-95; mass of recycling worn-out car tires, the optimal method fraction of moisture (Wa)-GOST 52917-2008; Granulo- is thermal decomposition - pyrolysis [1-4]. Currently, metric composition - GOST 2093-82. there are various methods for recycling worn-out rubber products, such as low-temperature technology, bar-de- The diffraction patterns were obtained on a Shimad- struction, ozone and high-temperature technology, and zuXRD-6100 X-ray powder diffractometer equipped others. Among the existing methods of recycling used with a copper (Cu) tube (K ∞1=1.5406, K ∞2 = 1.5443, K car tires, the optimal method is high-temperature thermal ∞2/K ∞1= 0.5 Scintillation detector Microscopic analy- decomposition - pyrolysis [1-4]. The use of waste-disused sis was made on a Diotox1500 instrument. car tires, as a raw material base is relevant both from the economic and environmental side. Automobile tire Results and discussion is a valuable secondary raw material containing rubbers - 65-70%, carbonaceous material -15-25%, metal cord- Therefore, the physicochemical characteristics of this 10-15% [5,6]. Among these products, carbonaceous product have been studied in detail. Carbon-containing materials are of great importance. Therefore, the physi- material occupies a special place among pyrolysis cochemical characteristics of this product have been products. Therefore, its properties have been compre- studied in detail. hensively studied, namely, microscopic analysis of carbon- containing material after pyrolysis in a crushed form, the results of which are presented in Fig.1. 9

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Figure 1. Microscopic general view of the carbonaceous material after pyrolysis Microscopic analysis of carbonaceous material was The granulometric composition of the crushed studied. It was determined that the carbonaceous carbonaceous material was determined. It was revealed material is a relatively fragile, lumpy black with a that particles of carbonaceous material with a fraction grayish tint, with an unpleasant odor, a substance in with a size of 0.063 mm, which is 63.0% of the total some pieces of which there are metal inclusions. Before content of particles, particles with a size of 0.25 mm is use, the carbonaceous material was crushed with a BB 24.0 wt%. Also particles with a size of 0.5 mm are about 600 laboratory jaw crusher. 9.0 wt %. The use of a carbonaceous material with crushed metal inclusions as a filler for industrial rubber. Table 1. Physical and chemical characteristics of the carbonaceous material of the original (before grinding UM-1) and crushed (UM-2) Characteristics ρн, g/sm3 рH Ad, % Wa, % CM-1 0,408 ± 0,02 6,5-5,4 22,70 ± 0,44 0,40 ± 0,05 CM-2 0,323 ± 0,02 22,65 ± 0,44 0,24 ± 0,05 6,5 Analysis of the results of the study (Table 1) shows are shown in Fig.2. The diffraction patterns were obtained that a decrease in the particle size of the carbonaceous on a Shimadzu XRD-6100 X-ray powder diffractometer. material leads to an increase in bulk density, acidity, hu- midity and practically does not affect the ash content. Detector-scintillation, X-ray phase analysis by the The composition of the carbon-containing material was Rietveld method was carried out on the software also studied by X-ray phase analysis, the results of which \"Profex-Open sourse XRD and Reitveld Refinement\". Figure 2. Radiographs of carbon-containing material obtained by pyrolysis of worn-out car tires 10

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. The composition of the carbonaceous material Table 2. № Names Quantity, т/р % 7,59 1. Calcite 1,14 1,21 2. ZnO 0,39 3. Ankerite ( Ca(Mg, Fe)[СО3]2 4. ZnS 88,24 0,66 5. Amorphous carbon 0,24 0,32 6. Fluorite 0,22 7. Graphite-3h (crystals) 8. Quartz 9. K2SO4 According to the results of the analysis, 88.24% total content of particles, particles with a size of 0.25 mm of the carbonaceous material consists mainly of is 24.0 wt.%. Particles with a size of 0.5 mm is about amorphous carbon, 7.59% of calcite, 1.21% of ankerite, 9.0 wt. %. Physico-chemical characteristics such as bulk 1.14% of zinc oxide and other components. density, acidity, moisture content and ash content of the carbonaceous material. Conclusion The composition of the carbon-containing material The article presents the results of a study on carbon- was also studied by X-ray phase analysis. According to the containing material products of low-temperature pyrolysis analysis of the carbon-containing material, it mainly of used car tires. The granulometric composition of the consists of 88.24% amorphous carbon, 7.59% calcite, crushed carbonaceous material was determined. It was 1.21% ankerite, 1.14% zinc oxide and other components. revealed that particles of carbonaceous material with a fraction with a size of 0.063 mm, which is 63.0% of the References: 1. Dekking Hendrick , 2011 Propagation of Vinyl Polymers on Clay Surfaces.II. Polimerization of monomers Initiated by free radicals. Attached to Clay. – J. Appl. Polym., v.11, N1, p.23-36 2. Peri Hand and Aron Hanslay 2012 The surface structure of silica. Gel.- J. Phys.Chem . № 12, p 2986-2933. 3. Chaser David and Matheny Paul 2001 Some factors affecting nitrosaimine formation from accelerators in styrene – butadiene rubber. Kautsch und Gummi. N 58. - C. 435-438. 4. Sh.T.Juraev, A.S.Ibodullaev, B.F.Mukhiddinov. Investigation of the properties of rubber compositions filled with carbon material. «International Journal of Recent Advancement In Engineering and Research» India. Volume 04,Issue 04; April-2018. PP.1-5. 5. Shokhruh Juraev, Axmadjon Ibodullayev, Bahodir Muhiddinov and Kahramon Xusenov 2020 Properties Of Rubber Mixtures Filled With Carbon-Containing Material. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 9s, pp. 4111-4118 6. Shokhruh Juraev, Axmadjon Ibodullayev, Bahodir Muhiddinov,2020 Study of the physicochemical characteristics of carbon black obtained by pyrolysis of worn tires. Uzbek chemical journal. - No. 1. - P. 42-49. 7. Sh.T. Juraev, Teshabayeva E.U, A.S. Ibodullaev, B.F. Mukhiddinov. Investigation of the properties of rubber compositions filled with carbon material. The international conference on “Integrated innovative development of Zarafshan region: achievements, challenges and prospects”. Navoi. 26-27 october, 2017. – pp. 387-391. 8. Sh.T. Juraev, B.F. Mukhiddinov, A.S. Ibadullaev, O.I. Isroilov. Physical and chemical characterictics of the carbon material obtained by the pyrolysis of rubber technical products. XIV international scientific specialized conference «international scientific review of the technical sciences, mathematics and computer sciences» Boston. USA. March, 2020. – pp. 32-36. 11

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. RESEARCH AND PROPERTIES OF AFMD-2 BRAND CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF OIL AND GAS WELLS Jamshid Khalilov PhD student of the Tashkent Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, p / o Shuro-bazaar E-mail: [email protected] Fayzulla Nurkulov Head of Department, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Prof., LLC \"Tashkent Research Institute of Chemical Technology\", Republic of Uzbekistan, p / o Shuro-bazaar Abdulahat Djalilov Dr. chem. sciences, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, director of LLC \"Tashkent Research Institute of Chemical Technology\", Republic of Uzbekistan, p / o Shuro-bazaar ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ И СВОЙСТВА ИНГИБИТОРА КОРРОЗИИ МАРКИ АФМД-2 ДЛЯ ЗАЩИТЫ ОТ КОРРОЗИИ НЕФТЯНЫХ И ГАЗОВЫХ СКВАЖИН Халилов Джамшид Акмаль угли аспирант Ташкентского научно-исследовательского химико-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, п/о Шуро-базар Нуркулов Файзулла Нурмуминович заведующий отделом, д-р техн. наук, проф., ООО «Ташкентский научно-исследовательский химико-технологический институт», Республика Узбекистан, п/о Шуро-базар Джалилов Абдулахат Турапович д-р хим. наук, акад. АН РУз, директор ООО «Ташкентский научно-исследовательский химико-технологический институт», Республика Узбекистан, п/о Шуро-базар ABSTRACT Synthesis and physicochemical characteristics of AFMD-2 brand corrosion inhibitors containing nitrogen and phosphorus for the oil and gas industry are presented. The IR spectrum and protection levels of this inhibitor at different temperatures are studied. АННОТАЦИЯ Представлены синтез и физико-химические характеристики ингибиторов коррозии марки АФМД-2, содержащих азот и фосфор, для нефтегазовой промышленности. Исследован ИК-спектр и уровни защиты этого ингибитора при различных температурах. Keywords: corrosion inhibitors, nitrogen, organic compounds, fatty acids, gas-condensate well. Ключевые слова: ингибиторы коррозии, азот, органические соединения, жирные кислоты, газоконденсатная скважина. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Khalilov J.A., Nurkulov F.N., Djalilov A.T. RESEARCH AND PROPERTIES OF AFMD-2 BRAND CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF OIL AND GAS WELLS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15446

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Introduction. In the global production of corrosion chosen for industrial use. Although it is less effective inhibitors composed of organic compounds, hydrocarbon- than compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus, they soluble inhibitors account for about 30% of the volume, the are a less toxic compound. largest part of which (~70%) is used in oil refining [1]. Corrosion inhibitors are chemicals that are injected In most cases, the recommended inhibitors are into the well in various ways to protect the casing from organic compounds of various classes containing internal corrosion caused by the produced fluid. It heteroatoms: nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and phosphorus. should be noted that some operators further protect parts The effectiveness of the inhibitory effect of substances of upstream structures after the wellhead by choosing increases in the series of heteroatoms: O ^ N ^ S ^ P. the appropriate type and dosage of inhibitors injected However, since the toxicity of products also increases in into the wells. this series, nitrogen-containing compounds are usually The main metal rusting properties are: In the Orenburg oil and gas condensate field, deterioration of fluid removal from the well; a decrease inhibitors were used to protect pipes from corrosion [3]. in the permeability of flow pipes due to the accumulation At the initial stage of development at ONGKK, Visco of liquid in the lower regions; a decrease in the quality 904 inhibitor from Nalco (USA) was used to solve the of gas purification in GTP, which is necessary for gas problems of ensuring the integrity of equipment and transportation; reducing the throughput of separation pipes and preventing corrosion damage (Figure-1). equipment; separation of C5+ hydrocarbons above the The reason for this was a decrease in production. This increase in gas content. As a result of the above is due to the following factors: circumstances, the quality indicators of gas production will change. Figure 1. Scheme of inhibitor injection in sections Considering the effect of chloride on downhole Materials and methods. Our researched AFMD-2 corrosion, Liu et al investigated the effect of chloride brand corrosion inhibitor was tested by gravimetric concentration on CO2 corrosion of N80 carbon steel by method. This method is used to determine the corrosion immersion and electrochemical tests simulating downhole rate for the purpose of corrosion control and to evaluate conditions. SEM observations and XRD analysis the protective ability of corrosion inhibitors. The concluded that chloride ions can destroy the protective gravimetric method is based on measuring the difference corrosion layer of the product and change its morphological in the mass of control metal samples before and after characteristics. However, chloride ions do not change exposure to a corrosive environment. A limitation with the chemical composition of corrosion product layers. the use of this method is that it characterizes the average Increasing the chloride ion concentration under constant corrosion rate without taking into account the unevenness temperature and partial pressure increases CO2 of the corrosion. corrosion damage. 13

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. In general, when working, it is necessary to follow stirrer for interaction and mixed until a homogeneous the current standard GOST 9.506-87 \"Methods for mass is formed. Stirring was continued at a certain determining the protective ability of metal corrosion temperature for several hours. The obtained corrosion inhibitors in water-oil environment\". inhibitor was dissolved in 1%, 3% and 5% in gasoline, condensate and motor oil media. Later, many studies According to it, the product based on oil and were conducted on the obtained solutions. alkanolamines is first placed in a three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser, a thermometer and a Table 1. Physico-chemical properties of AFMD-2 corrosion inhibitors containing nitrogen and phosphorus Indexes AFMD-2 1. Appearance Transparent, sticky 2. Color 3. Density at 20 0C, g/cm3 red-brown. 4. Nitrogen content, % by weight 0,3...0,6 5.Ph environment at 20 0C 6...8 6. Level of protection against corrosion at a concentration of 150 mg/l 6,5-7 98,6 In order to simulate the real operating conditions of seal. Metal samples - 6 are equipped with a built- the equipment in two-phase systems, inhibitors are in chamber thermometer - 3 and a reflux condenser - 8. tested in laboratory facilities with intensive mixing of the The environment under study is saturated with oil medium. Figure 2 shows a typical laboratory apparatus products, and it becomes a bubble through the introduction for such experiments. In the two-chamber vessel 1 – of inert gas. The flow rate of the liquid that washes the the flow of the medium under investigation is created by metal samples of corrosion is determined using a tube means of the mixer 1 - which is driven through the water lowered into the liquid stream. 1 - U-shaped device; 2 - mixer; 3 – thermometer; 4 - electric motor; 5 – metal samples; 6 - test environment; 7 – tripod, 8- reflow condenser Figure 2. Device for testing at atmospheric pressure 14

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. We studied the IR spectrum and analysis of the AFMD-2 corrosion inhibitor we synthesized. Figure 3. IR spectrum analysis of corrosion inhibitor AFMD-2 The composition and structure of AFMD-2 GOST 9.506-87. The molecules of these corrosion corrosion inhibitor was studied using IR-spectrometer inhibitors consist of one or more functional groups that technology (IK-Fure, SHIMADZU, Japan) in the range are organic substances containing a hydrocarbon radical. up to 4000 cm-1. Absorption line of IR spectroscopy of Tests have been conducted AFMD-2 inhibitor used in corrosion protection shows the spectrum of CH2 groups of bonds in the valence 3 different concentrations for 72 hours in a test rig region at 2933.73 and 2852.72 cm-1 and in addition in at atmospheric pressure. The test time is calculated from the structure at 2360.87 cm-1 and 2341.58 cm-1 forms - the moment the samples are placed in the environment. P-H valence vibrations in valence domains. At 1739.79 The duration of the tests was determined according to cm-1 valence fields >S=O and 1456.26 cm-1 valence GOST 9.905 82. Tests were conducted in gasoline and fields contain -SN2 valence vibrations, at 1153.43 cm-1 condensate environments. valence field there are absorption lines belonging to - P-O- groups. The concentration of AFMD-2 brand corrosion inhibitor containing nitrogen and phosphorus is 1% Results and discussion. Results and its discussion. 3% 6%; ; It was carried out in a condensate environment. Properties of nitrogen-containing oil-soluble corrosion As a result of the tests, the level of protection was 83.3, inhibitors were studied by the test method according to 90.6, 98.6 percent, respectively. With the help of the graph below, the levels of protection of our corrosion inhibitor at different temperatures are presented. Figure 4. Protection level as a function of temperature 15

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Figure 4 shows the protection level of protection were obtained. As a result of the analysis, it was found against corrosion at different temperatures. From this that this inhibitor contains nitrogen and phosphorus. graph, we can see that the optimum temperature for our This shows that it can protect against corrosion. synthesized AFMD-2 corrosion inhibitor is 20 0C. The concentration of AFMD-2 brand corrosion Conclusion. The physico-chemical properties of our inhibitor containing nitrogen and phosphorus is 1% AFMD-2 brand corrosion inhibitor synthesized by us 3% 6%; It was carried out in a condensate environment. and the IR spectrum analysis of the synthesized product As a result of the tests, the level of protection was 83.3, 90.6, 98.6 percent, respectively. References: 1. “Downhole corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas production – a review” M. Askari, M. Aliofkhazraei. Journal “Applied Surface Science Advances” 6 2021. 2. “Амиды и соли алифатических кислот - ингибиторы коррозии черных и цветных металлов в углеводородных и водных средах” Тронова Екатерина Анатольевна.Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата тех- нических наук. Санкт-Петербург-2016. 3. История развития и методы совершенствования ингибиторной защиты в ООО «Газпром добыча Оренбург» Д.А. Кузнецов. «Территории Нефтегаз» 2014. 4. Технология маслорастворимых комплексов сулфонатов лантаноидов и Мg как ингибиторов коррозии и модификатор трения” Иванов Д.М. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук. Екатернбург-2006. 16

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15506 THE INTERACTION OF SALTS OF MICROELEMENTS WITH COMPONENTS OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS Dilnoza Maxkamova doctoral student Namangan engineering and technology institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Zokirjon Turayev Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Namangan engineering and construction institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Dilshoda Rozikova Teacher, Namangan engineering and technology institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ СОЛЕЙ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ С КОМПОНЕНТАМИ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ Махкамова Дилноза Неъматжон қизи докторант Наманганского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган E-mail: [email protected] Тураев Зокиржон проф., д-р техн.наук, Наманганского инженерно-строительного института Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Розикова Дилшода Абдуллаевна преподаватель Наманганского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT To study the interaction of microelement salts with mineral fertilizer components, it was studied by the isomolar series method using 0,01 M solutions of ammonium sulfate and zinc sulfate. The pH, density, viscosity, crystallization temperature, and refractive index of a mixture of 0,01 M solutions of ammonium sulfate and zinc sulfate in various ratios were determined to determine the possible course of the reaction in the ZnSO4 – NH4(SO4)2 – H2O system. АННОТАЦИЯ Для изучения взаимодействия солей микроэлементов с компонентами минерального удобрения изучали методом изомолярных рядов с использованием 0,01 М растворов сульфата аммония и сульфата цинка. Определены водородный показатель рН, плотность, вязкость, температура кристаллизации и показатель преломления смеси 0,01 М растворов сульфата аммония и сульфата цинка в различных соотношениях для определения возможного протекания реакции в системе ZnSO4 – NH4(SO4)2 – H2O. Keywords: ammonium sulfate, zinc sulfate, isomolar series, hydrogen index, density, viscosity, refractive index. Ключевые слова: сульфат аммония, сульфат цинка, изомолярная серия, водородный показатель, плотность, вязкость, показатель преломления. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Maxkamova D., Turayev Z., Rozikova D. THE INTERACTION OF SALTS OF MICROELEMENTS WITH COMPONENTS OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15506

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Micronutrients play an important role in many basic on their nature, concentration, methods of introduction plant growth processes such as starch formation, growth and other factors, can also significantly affect the hormones, seed maturation and production, chlorophyll physicochemical properties of fertilizers [8, 9, 10]. formation, metalloenzymes, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and assimilation, protein and carbohydrate To physicochemical justify the possibility of the metabolism, cell division and development [1]. interaction of zinc sulfate with ammonium sulfate, the Globally, approximately 2-3 billion people suffer from interaction between ammonium sulfate and zinc sulfate micronutrient deficiencies, especially in developing was studied using 0,01 M solutions by isomolar series countries, which constitute a large proportion of the method. To determine the possible course of the reaction population [2,3,4]. The deficiency of trace elements is in the ZnSO4 – NH4(SO4)2 – H2O system, the changes in eliminated by the production of organic and inorganic the characteristics of the hydrogen index pH, density, fertilizers containing microelements and application to viscosity, crystallization temperature and refractive soil and plants [5,6]. The role of some trace elements index of a mixture of 0,01 M solutions of ammonium such as zinc, iron, manganese, and boron is important in sulfate and zinc sulfate in different proportions were obtaining high profit from NPK fertilizers and high- determined. The obtained results are shown in Figure 1 and yielding varieties [7]. Microelement additives, depending Table 1. Figure 1. Changes in pH (1), density (2), viscosity (3), crystallization temperature (4) and refractive index (5) values of solutions depending on the composition of components in the ZnSO4 - (NH4)2SO4 - H2O system 18

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Table 1. Changes in the physicochemical properties of solutions depending on the composition of the components in the system [ZnSO4 (0,01 M)] and [(NH4)2SO4(0,01 M)] № Composition of components pH Density, Viscosity, Crystallization Refractive ZnSO4, ml (NH4)2SO4, ml g/cm3 mm2/c temperature, 0C index 1 30 0 3,89 0,9847 0,956 -1,0 1,3319 2 27 3 24 3 5,12 0,9828 0,949 -0,8 1,3320 4 21 5 18 6 5,44 0,9812 0,942 -0,7 1,3321 6 15 7 12 9 5,48 0,9792 0,932 -0,6 1,3322 89 96 12 5,56 0,9786 0,920 -0,5 1,3322 10 3 11 0 15 5,58 0,9768 0,913 -0,6 1,3321 18 5,64 0,9748 0,906 -0,7 1,3320 21 5,71 0,9728 0,897 -0,8 1,3319 24 5,78 0,9701 0,886 -0,9 1,3319 27 5,90 0,9680 0,881 -0,9 1,3318 30 6,19 0,9648 0,878 -1,0 1,3317 As a result of the analysis of the obtained data, the As the amount of 0,01 M ammonium sulfate solutions pH value of the ratio of the components of the 0,01 M in the mixture increases and the amount of 0,01 M zinc solutions showed that when the proportion of the 0,01 M sulfate decreases, the viscosity decreases along the curve solution of ammonium sulfate increases from 3 ml to from 0,956 mm2/s to 0,920 mm2/s at the ratio of 18:12 30 ml, the content of the 0,01 M solution of zinc sulfate components. Also, increasing the amount of ammonium decreases from 30 ml to 0 ml, the pH value increases sulfate in the solution shows a decrease in viscosity from 3,84 to 5,33. It can be seen that the pH value to a value of 0,878 mm2/s. increases along the curve up to 18:12, and then the pH value increases again as the amount of ammonium As the amount of zinc sulfate in the mixture de- sulfate in the mixture increases. The linear dependence creases and the amount of ammonium sulfate increases, of pH shows that the pH value of 0,01 M ammonium the refractive index gradually increases along the curve sulfate is higher than that of 0,01 M zinc sulfate, so the from 1,3319 to 1,3322. Therefore, the refractive index pH values increase in proportion to the increase in the of a solution consisting of 0,01 M ammonium sulfate and percentage of ammonium sulfate (Fig.1). 0,01 M zinc sulfate decreases to 1,3317 with increasing amounts of ammonium sulfate. The crystallization temperature of the mixture increases from -1°C to 0°C with an increasing ratio of In summary, to study the interaction of micronutrient 0,01 M (NH4)2SO4 solution to 18:12 ratio of the mixture, salts with mineral fertilizer components, using 0.01 M respectively. With a sharp increase in the amount of solutions of ammonium sulfate and zinc sulfate, an ammonium sulfate in the mixture, it can be seen that the isomolar series method was studied, and the hydrogen crystallization temperature decreases to -10C. index of the mixtures, density, viscosity, crystallization temperature and refractive index characteristics were studied. References: 1. Richards J.R. et al. Micronutrient availability as affected by the long‐term application of phosphorus fertilizer and organic amendments //Soil Science Society of America Journal. – 2011. – Т. 75. – №. 3. – С. 927-939. https://doi.org/10.2136/ssaj2010.0269 2. Goudia B.D., Hash C.T. Breeding for high grain Fe and Zn levels in cereals // International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies. – 2015. – Т. 12. – №. 2. – С. 342-354. 3. Voortman R. L., Bindraban P. S. Beyond N and P: towards a land resource ecology perspective and impactful ferti- lizer interventions in Sub-Sahara Africa // VFRC Reports. – 2015. – №. 2015/1. 4. Monreal C.M. et al. Nanotechnologies for increasing the crop use efficiency of fertilizer-micronutrients // Biology and fertility of soils. – 2016. – Т. 52. – С. 423-437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-015-1073-5 5. Westfall D.G. et al. Efficient and environmentally safe use of micronutrients in agriculture //Communications in soil science and plant analysis. – 2005. – Т. 36. – №. 1-3. – С. 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200043024 6. Mortvedt J.J. Micronutrient fertilizer technology //Micronutrients in agriculture. – 1991. – Т. 4. – С. 523-548. 7. Somani L.L. Micronutrients for soil and plant health. – Udaipur, Rajasthan : Agrotech Publishing Academy, 2008. – С. 14-74. 19

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 8. Гайсин И.А. Оптимальные дозы и способы применения микроудобрений. / И.А. Гайсин, Ф.Н. Сафиоллин, К.Х. Галлиев.; // Агрохимический вестник.-2004.-№ 6.- С. 14-17. 9. Исайчев В.А. Влияние микроэлементов и пектина на устойчивость озимых культур к неблагоприятным факторам среды / В.А. Исайчев, Ф.А. Мударисов, А.Ю. Семёнов.; // Вестник Российской Академии сельскохозяйственных наук.-2003.- № 5.- С. 34-35. 10. Кудашкин М.И. Перспективы применения микроэлементов» (Сu, Мn, Мо) в полевых агрофитоценозах./ М.И.Кудашкин; Мордовский НИИСХ // Достижения науки и техники АПК.-2005.-№ 5.- С. 8-10. 20

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15452 INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF HEAT EXCHANGE BY CHANGING THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER Ganisher Rakhimov Associate professor Karshinsky Engineering and Economic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi E-mail: [email protected] ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ТЕПЛООБМЕНА ЗА СЧЕТ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КОНСТРУКЦИИ КОЖУХОТРУБНОГО ТЕПЛООБМЕННИКА Рахимов Ганишер Бахтиёрович доцент Каршинский инженерно-экономический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Карши ABSTRACT Is to increase the efficiency of the heat exchange process by increasing the degree of distribution of raw materials in the distribution chamber and, accordingly, its distribution through the pipes, which is achieved by installing a fixed structure that creates centrifugal forces at the inlet fitting located in the cap part of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. АННОТАЦИЯ Рассматривается повышение эффективности процесса теплообмена за счёт увеличения степени распределения сырья в распределительной камере и, соответственно, распределения его по трубам, которое достигается за счет установки неподвижной конструкции, создающая центробежные силы на входном штуцере, расположенный в крышечной части кожухотрубчатого теплообменника. Keywords: shell-and-tube heat exchanger, union, centrifugal force, pipe networks, inter-pipe gap. Ключевые слова: кожухотрубный теплообменник, штуцер, центробежная сила, трубопроводные сети, межтрубное пространство. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ In the world, scientific research is being carried out 1. If the pressure of heat transfer agents is high, pipe aimed at raising the production to a new level, modern- heat exchangers should be used; in such conditions, a izing and diversifying it, introducing innovative technol- heat-carrying agent with a higher pressure is sent into ogies, increasing the volume and quality of the produced the pipes, because the diameter of the pipes is small products, and expanding their types. compared to the diameter of the device shell, so they can withstand a slightly higher pressure; In the chemical and oil and gas industry, the process of processing products under the influence of heat is 2. The corrosive heat transfer agent is supplied widely used. The heat exchange process is carried out through the tubes of the tube heat exchanger, because for the following purposes: 1) maintaining the process the shell of the device is not changed when the tubes are temperature at the given level; 2) cold, heating the prod- corroded due to corrosion. uct or cooling the hot product; 3) steam condensation; 4) condensation of solutions, etc. These processes are car- 3. When using corrosive heat transfer agents, heat ried out in separate heat exchangers or in the technology exchangers made of corrosion-resistant polymer materi- device itself. als (for example, fluoroplast and its copolymers) should be used. In the technology of primary and deep chemical pro- cessing of oil and gas, gasses and electricity generated 4. If one of the heat transfer agents is dirty or has from the combustion of fuels are often used as a direct the property of giving the surface of the device, it is nec- heat source. essary to send such heat carrier to the side of the heat exchange surface that is easy to clean (for example, the Industrial heat exchangers have a very wide nomen- inner surface of the tubes in shell-and-tube devices, and clature of types, sizes, parameters and materials. For this the outer surface of the tubes in coiled devices ). reason, it is possible to choose a device that is optimal in terms of all its parameters for each specific condition. 5. Improving heat exchange conditions does not al- It is advisable to follow the following general rules when ways depend on the speed of the heat carrier (for exam- choosing heat exchange devices. ple, the rate of steam condensation depends on the correct transfer of condensate from the heat exchange __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Rakhimov G. INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF HEAT EXCHANGE BY CHANGING THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15452

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. surface), therefore It is necessary to choose a device with In addition, the analysis of the design and process of an appropriate design for a specific situation. the device allows to determine the permissible energy consumption for heat transfer. Usually, the power con- Approximately 80% of the heat exchangers pro- sumption refers to the power of the pump. duced in the CIS for the oil and gas industry and related industries are shell-and-tube devices. Such heat ex- Therefore, when the sum of the pressure losses dur- changers are easy to make and convenient to use. Shell ing the transfer of the heat conductor through the device and tube devices are universal and are used for external is unchanged, it is necessary to create methods of inten- heat exchange between gas, steam and liquids, when sification that ensure the reduction of its overall dimen- pressure and temperature change over a wide range. In sions. It is known that in all methods of intensification addition, the direction of movement of heat-carrying of turbulent flows, the flow is additionally artificially agents can be different in shell-pipe devices. turbulized to accelerate heat transfer. However, at the same time, the coefficient of hydraulic resistance also There are the following methods of intensification increases. Therefore, in order to know the degree of in- of heat exchange devices used in industry: tensification, it is appropriate to compare the results ob- tained by the intensification method with the 1. Reducing the dimensions and mass of the heat experimental data obtained in a straight pipe. The exchanger; Nu/NuT ratio can be used for this. 2. Permitted energy costs for intensifying the heat Knowing the hydrodynamic composition of the tur- exchange process and the type of energy available for its bulent flow and the specific characteristics of heat ex- implementation; change from it helps to determine in which area of the flow it is necessary to intensify the turbulent fluctua- 3. Changing the hydrodynamic regimes of the flow tions. According to the information of many scientists, intensifying heat transfer. That is, creating a turbulent no one denies that it is necessary to accelerate the move- regime or increasing the value of the Reynolds criterion. ment of liquids near the pipe wall. Distribution of heat flow density or temperature field in the heat conductor; In the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, the inner and outer surfaces of the tubes are shaped like screws to cre- 4. Propensity to the manufacturing technology of ate artificial tubular vibrations (Fig. 1). the heat exchanger, as well as convenience and reliabil- ity during operation. а) b) d) a) The external and internal parts have been changed; b) the external part is changed; d) the internal part is changed Figure 1. Views of internal pipes of shell-and-tube heat exchangers In addition, scientists have developed a screw- the hydraulic resistance increases. In the construction of shaped barrier that acts as a support in the pipes for arti- the heat exchanger shown in Figure 2, the hydraulic re- ficial turbulization in the inter-tube space of the shell- sistance is lower than in the straight segment barrier. The and-tube heat exchanger (Fig. 2). level of precipitation is also low. Based on this, we can say that by placing the pipe barrier in a spiral manner, In the heat exchanger of the construction shown in the value of thermal indicators increases, the indicators Figure 1 above, the heat exchange efficiency increases. of the hydrodynamic regime of the flow improve, and But the formation of deposits in the external and internal the level of sediment formation decreases. channels of the pipes accelerates, and at the same time, 22

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. d) Figure 2. Location of obstacles in the inter-tube space in the shell-and-tube heat exchanger: vertical segment barriers; b, d - screw-shaped barriers Methods of increasing the efficiency of heat ex- networks are located. We can see that the inlet union on change by changing the internal structure of the shell- the cover of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is perpen- and-tube heat exchanger have been sufficiently studied, dicular to the cover. In this case, if the raw material or and some scientific research is being conducted in this product inlet nozzle is located vertically on the cover of regard even now. the device, the velocity in the part of the pipe networks close to the nozzle is high and the level of distribution to It is possible to increase the heat exchange efficiency the pipes is low. of the shell and tube heat exchanger by increasing the level of flow distribution in the chamber where the pipe Figure 3. Centrifugal shell and tube heat exchanger In this case, it is possible to create a centrifugal force by ensuring the circulation of the flow in the distri- by placing the union located on the cover of the device bution chamber of the heat exchange device, it was de- against the circle of the cover. By this, the current distri- termined that the heat transfer coefficients and the bution in the distribution chamber of the device increases. amount of transferred heat increase, resulting in a de- crease in heat and electricity consumption; The following results can be achieved by transfer- ring the flow motion using centrifugal force: by improving the designs of heat exchange devices used in oil and gas processing enterprises, that is, by di- The level of supply of raw materials in the distri- recting the flow movement under the influence of cen- bution chamber of the heat exchange device addition- trifugal force, by organizing the optimal hydrodynamic ally increases and the level of precipitation in the regimes of the movement of raw materials, it is possible device decreases; to extend the time between repairs and increase their economic efficiency. under the influence of centrifugal force, the coefficient of heat transfer from the heat carrier to the outer wall of the pipe increases, and the coefficient of heat transfer from the pipe wall to the heated liquid also increases; References: 1. Физические основы и промышленное применение интенсификации теплообмена: Интенсификация теплообмена: монография / И.А. Попов, Х.М. Махянов, В.М. Гуреев; под общ. ред. Ю.Ф. Гортышова. – Казань: Центр инновационных технологий, 2009. – 560 с. 23

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 2. ҲУРМАМАТОВ А.М., РАХИМОВ Ғ.Б., МУРТАЗАЕВ Ф.И. ИНТЕНСИФИКАЦИИ ПРОЦЕССОВ ТЕПЛО- ОБМЕНА В ТРУБЧАТЫХ ТЕПЛООБМЕННИКАХ // МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ». – МОСКВА, 2021.–№ 11 (92). – С. 11-15. (02.00.00; №1). 3. Ҳурмаматов А.М., Рахимов Ғ.Б. Calculation of heat transfer and heat transfer in a pipeapparatus in heating gas conden. Наманган муҳандислик-технологияинститути илмий-техника журнали.VOL 6 – Issue (1) Наманган- 2021. 187-191 б. 4. Yusupbekov N.R., Nurmuhamedov H.S., Zokirov S.G. Kimyoviy texnologiya asosiy jarayon va qurilmalari. - Toshkent, O‘qituvchi, 2003. - 557 b. 5. Khurmamatov A.M., G.B.Rakhimov, Murtazayev F.I. Intensifications of heat exchange processes in pipe heat ex- changers / AIP Conference Proceedings 2432, 050021 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0096336Published Online: 16 June 2022. 6. ҲУРМАМАТОВ А.М., РАХИМОВ Ғ.Б. РАСЧЕТ ГИДРАВЛИЧЕСКОГО СОПРОТИВЛЕНИЯ ПРИ ПЛАВНОМ РАСШИРЕНИИ И СУЖЕНИИ ГОРИЗОНТАЛЬНОЙ ТРУБЫ // МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ТЕХНОЛОГИИ НЕФТИ И ГАЗА». – МОСКВА, 2021.–№6(137). – С. 62-64. (05.00.00; №80). 24

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15553 DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY OF TABLETS CONTAINING IRON Gulnora Rakhimova Associate Professor of Drugs Industrial Technology Department, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Oigul Rakhimova Associate Professor of Drugs Industrial Technology Department, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent РАЗРАБОТКА ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ТАБЛЕТОК СОДЕРЖАЩИЕ ЖЕЛЕЗО Рахимова Гулнора Рахим қизи доц. кафедры ПТЛС, Ташкентского фармацевтического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Рахимова Ойгул Рахим қизи доц. кафедры ПТЛС, Ташкентского фармацевтического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The composition and rational technology of tablets with anti-anemic action were determined and substantiated. The choice of excipients for tablet cores was carried out on the basis of studying the technological properties of compressible masses for tableting, and the physicomechanical properties of model tablets. It was found that the optimal solution for granulation is an alcohol solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone, which made it possible to obtain tablet cores of necessary strength. АННОТАЦИЯ Определен состав и обоснована рациональная технология таблеток антианемического действия. Выбор вспо- могательных веществ для таблеток-ядер проведен на основе изучения технологических свойств прессуемых масс для таблетирования, и физико-механический свойств модельных таблеток. Установлено, что оптимальным для грануляции, является спиртовой раствор поливинилпирролидона, который позволил получить таблетки -ядра необходимой прочности. Keywords: iron deficiency, iron sulfate, folic acid, vitamin B12, tablet, flowability, bulk density, compressibility, angle of repose, residual moisture, pushing pressure of model tablets from the matrix, compression ratio, core-tablet, fractional composition. Ключевые слова: дефицита железа, железо сульфат, фолиевая кислота, витамина В12, таблетка, сыпучесть, насыпная плотность, прессуемость, угол естественного откоса, остаточная влажность, давление выталкивания модельных таблеток из матрицы, коэффициент сжатия, таблетка-ядро, фракционный состав. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Iron deficiency is the main and most malnutrition, iron deficiency leads to severe conse- common nutritional disorder in the world. Iron defi- quences - poor health, premature death and loss of in- ciency, which affects many children and women in de- come. Iron deficiency and anemia reduce the veloping countries, is the only malnutrition that is also productivity of individuals and entire populations, lead highly prevalent in industrialized countries. More peo- to serious economic consequences and create obstacles ple suffer from iron deficiency than from any other to national development. Overall, the most vulnerable, health condition, which is a public health problem com- poorest and least educated people are disproportionately mensurate with an epidemic. Less noticeable in its man- affected by iron deficiency, and it is they who will ben- ifestations than, for example, protein-energy __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Rakhimova G.R., Rakhimova O.R. DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY OF TABLETS CONTAINING IRON // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15553

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. efit the most from reduced levels. Iron deficiency ane- of hemoglobin, as well as proteins containing iron (my- mia is a syndrome that is characterized by a decrease in oglobin, iron-containing tissue enzymes) leads to iron the amount of hemoglobin and/or red blood cells in the deficiency anemia. The absorption of iron by the cells of blood due to a lack of the microelement iron in the body. the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract from This type of anemia is the most common among all, and salt compounds mainly occurs in a divalent form, since according to statistics, it accounts for about 78% in the apoferritin in enterocytes, which prevents excessive in- structure of such diseases. According to WHO, about 1.8 take of iron into the body, can only bind to Fe2+ ions. billion people worldwide suffer from anemia. A hidden Therefore, preparations based on various iron (II) salts lack of iron (sideropenia) can be found in 3.6 billion (sulfate, fumarate, gluconate, succinate, glutamate, lac- people. According to WHO statistics, there are more tate, etc.) have greater bioavailability and are generally than 2 billion people in the world suffering from anemia, more preferable than preparations containing iron (III) most of them women and children [1, 2]. This problem salts. In addition, they are the cheapest drugs compared is also very relevant for Uzbekistan. Most of the drugs to other iron preparations [2, 3]. The purpose of this used to treat anemia are imported from abroad. work is to develop the optimal composition and technol- ogy of an antianemic drug in the form of tablets. The development of a complex anti-anemic domestic preparation containing iron sulfate, folic acid, vitamin Materials and research methods. The optimal B12 for the treatment of iron deficiency conditions is one dosage of iron sulfate, folic acid and vitamin B12 in tab- of the urgent tasks of pharmaceutical science and practical lets, ascertained as a result of pharmacological studies, healthcare. Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin essential is 112.6 mg for iron sulfate, 0.8 mg folic acid, 0.01 mg for the growth and development of the circulatory and cyanocobalamin, which implies the introduction of ex- immune systems. Folic acid deficiency can cause mega- cipients into the tablet. When choosing methods for loblastic anemia in adults, and taking folic acid during manufacturing tablets, as well as when selecting excipi- pregnancy reduces the risk of fetal neural tube defects. ents, the physicochemical and technological properties Vitamin B12 is the common name for two chemical variants of the substance are of great importance: flowability, ex- of the cobalamin molecule - cyanocobalamin and hy- pressed in terms of the mass flow rate of the powder droxycobalamin, which have vitamin activity. It dissolves from the vibrating funnel, and the angle of repose, bulk well in water, practically does not break down during density, shape and size of particles, compressibility, the prolonged heat treatment. The main benefit of Cobalamin density of the substance [4, 6] of the tablet dosage form, is to help the development of red blood cells, it is neces- the technological characteristics of the mixture of the sary for the normal process of cell division (hematopoi- substance iron sulfate, folic acid, vitamin B12 were de- esis) and the formation of DNA. It affects the state of termined. Technological parameters of mixtures of the rapidly renewing tissues - blood, immune system, skin substance: fractional composition, bulk volume, flowa- and mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. It bility, compressibility were determined according to the also brings invaluable benefits in the formation of nerve methods given in the literature [5] on devices from fibers and has a positive effect on metabolism, the move- Erweka (Germany). The moisture content of the sub- ment of lipids and carbohydrates in the body. Prevents stance was determined by drying on an MB35 Ohaus anemia. In children, it promotes growth and improves halogen moisture analyzer. To determine the resistance appetite. Increases energy. Maintains the nervous sys- of tablets to crushing, a sample weighing 0.5 g was tem in a healthy state. Reduces irritability. Improves pressed into a tablet with a diameter of 11 mm in a hy- concentration, memory and balance. Iron makes up only draulic press at a pressure of 120 MPa, and then the 0.0065% of the body weight of a person weighing 60 kg - strength of the resulting tablet was determined on an about 2.1 g (35 mg/kg of body weight), but the biological Erweka TVT device (Germany). The force of ejection of significance of iron in the body is very high. This trace tablets from the matrix was determined by ejecting the element is a universal component of a living cell, partic- obtained pressing by the lower punch with registration ipating in many metabolic processes, body growth, as of the extrusion pressure on the pressure gauge of the well as in the processes of tissue respiration. Iron easily press [5, 6]. enters into contact with atmospheric oxygen and partic- ipates in its transportation to all cells of the body, sup- Results and discussion. The study of the techno- porting their vital activity. In addition, iron is part of logical properties of the mixture of the substance myoglobin, a protein that stores oxygen in muscles, and showed poor flowability (3.0*10-3 kg/s), a high compac- is also found in more than 70 different enzymes. There- tion coefficient (3.5), and an increased residual moisture fore, with iron deficiency, the protective and adaptive content of 5.5%. The pressure of expulsion of model tab- forces of the body and metabolism are disrupted. A de- lets from the matrix when lubricated with stearic acid crease in the amount of iron in the body (in the blood, was high and amounted to 8.5 MPa. bone marrow and depot), which disrupts the formation 26

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Table 1. Physico-chemical and technological properties of mixtures of the substance iron sulfate, folic acid and vitamin B12 № Name of indicator Values Results 1 Fractional composition μm % 50.00 + 2000 16.50 - 2000 + 1000 kg/s*10-3 10.40 - 1000 + 500 kg/m3 5.00 - 500 + 250 degree 9.00 - 250 + 125 N 9.10 - 125 % MPa 3.0 2 Flowability - 520.0 3 Bulk density 40.0 4 Angle of repose 5 Compressibility 90 6 Residual moisture (700С) 5.50 7 Ejection pressure of model tablets from the matrix 8.54 8 Compression ratio 3.5 Thus, according to the unsatisfactory results of the granulation method was used. Granulation - directed studied technological parameters of the substance mix- coarsening of particles, i.e. the process of converting a tures, the need to use excipients (Sharipov’s) was as- powdered material into grains of a certain size is carried sumed. Taking into account the physicochemical and out in order to compact the powder and obtain uniform technological properties of mixtures of the substance in grains-granules with good flowability and a high bulk the development of the composition and technology, the density. When using purified water, ethyl alcohol of var- possibility of using such fillers as sucrose, lactose, ious concentrations as a binding component, the model MCC, potato starch, corn starch, calcium stearate, rep- tablets turned out to be very loose, brittle and easily resenting local raw materials, has been studied. The role crumbled, the granules had a large proportion of small of binders was performed by purified water, 55-67% sugar fractions, and the flowability also had the lowest index syrup, ethyl alcohol of various concentrations -30, 40, and amounted to 3.4 kg/s *10-3, when using 2%, 5%, 50, 70, 96%, 4-15% starch solutions, 10-20% PVP solu- 7% solutions of methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl tion in 50% ethyl alcohol [8]. Experimental samples of methylcellulose (OPMC), 5%, 7%, 10% starch solutions tablets were prepared with the addition of excipients in as a binding component, the disintegration time of the various ratios and combinations according to 35 pre- resulting model tablets exceeded the regulated ones and scriptions. Table 2 shows the compositions of 8 tablets amounted to 25-30 minutes, with moistening the mass formulations, which differ from each other both in type with a 10% alcohol solution of PVP, the granulate after and in the amount of excipients used. Initially, we studied drying turned out to be strong, the pressed mass had the the possibility of obtaining tablets by direct compression, best flow characteristics (9.5-10.4 kg /s *10-3), the frac- which, as is well known, has a number of advantages. tional composition was uniform than in other pressed The direct pressing method makes it possible to achieve masses, the obtained model tablets had a qualitative high labor productivity, significantly reduce the time of appearance, sufficient mechanical strength (85-95 N), the technological cycle by eliminating a number of op- disintegration (6-8 min). Therefore, in subsequent stud- erations and stages, eliminate the use of several items of ies, a 10% alcohol solution of PVP was chosen as a bind- equipment, reduce production areas, and reduce energy ing agent. 8 tablet mixtures were obtained, differing in and labor costs. An analysis of the obtained technologi- the nature and amount of excipients (Table 2). As tech- cal parameters showed the need to add excipients that nological indicators of the pressed mass, the fractional improve flowability, reduce the force of ejection of tab- composition, bulk density, flowability, angle of repose, lets from the matrix channel, and reduce the absorption porosity, compaction coefficient, compressibility coef- of moisture from the air. Tablets obtained by direct com- ficient, and residual moisture were studied. The deter- pression did not meet the requirements of SP XII in terms mination of the above parameters was carried out of abrasion strength (85%), fracture strength (30 N), according to the methods of SP XII. The results are average weight and deviations from the average weight shown in table 3. (0.3 + 15%). Therefore, to achieve the goal, the wet 27

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Table 2. Investigated model compositions of granulates for obtaining tablets-cores, prepared by wet granulation Component name №1 Composition number for core tablets (mg/tab) №8 112.6 №2 №3 №4 №5 №6 №7 112.6 Ferrous sulfate Folic acid 0.8 112.6 112.6 112.6 112.6 112.6 112.6 0.8 Vitamin В12 0.01 0.01 Sucrose 93.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Lactose 80 MCC 90.29 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 85.59 Potato starch Corn starch 3 93.3 93.3 93.3 103.3 18 PVP 300 Calcium carbonate 93.3 93.3 3 Aerosil 300 Magnesium stearate 80.29 Average core mass 75.29 90.29 90.29 90.29 90.29 15 333333 300 300 300 300 300 300 To obtain model compositions of tablets in labora- Then the granulate was pressed with a manual hydraulic press on a press tool with a diameter of 9 mm, biconcave tory conditions, the required amount of the substance of shape at a pressing pressure of 120 MPa, while fixing the ejection pressure on the pressure gauge and recalcu- iron sulfate, folic acid, vitamin B12 and excipients was lating in MPa. To assess the compressibility, a powder weighed according to the relevant prescriptions. Tablet weighing 0.5 g was pressed on a manual hydraulic press into a model tablet 11 mm in diameter at a pressure of mixtures were moistened with a solution of a binder, the 120 MPa (40 atm). The crushing load was determined on a spring dynamometer. The compressibility (mechan- mass plasticity required for granulation was ascertained ical compressive strength) of the mass was expressed in Newtons. The technological properties of the pressed experimentally. The moistened compressible mass was masses were determined according to the data given in dried in an oven at a temperature not exceeding 30°C to the literature [5]. an optimal residual moisture content of 2.8–3.0%, then Table 3. wiped through a stainless steel sieve with a hole diame- ter of 1.5 mm. Magnesium granules were dusted with stearate and aerosil, previously crushed and screened through a nylon sieve with a hole diameter of 100 μm. The results of determining the technological properties of compressible masses for tablet cores Name of the indicator, units of meas- Model composition number urement 12345678 Fractional composition, microns, % 0.9 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 + 2000 - 2000 + 1000 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.0 - 1000 + 500 41.3 42.8 52.3 54.3 48.4 45.0 40.8 65.3 - 500 + 250 - 250 + 125 47.15 43.8 35.3 33.88 39.17 43.2 50.4 30.4 - 125 8.3 9.8 9.4 8.8 9.5 8.4 6.8 3 Flowability kg/s*10-3 1.15 1.4 1.5 1.32 1.43 1.1 - - 8.0 8.2 6.8 6.8 7.5 7.2 8.3 10.4 Angle of repose, degree 35 38 39 36 33 34 36 30 Bulk density, kg/m3 720 730 694 740 733 734 740 800 Extrusion pressure from the matrix, MPa 7.4 6.2 6.3 5.5 5.4 6.5 5.4 2.5 Compression ratio 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.5 Physical and mechanical properties of model tablets Pressability, N 74 75 64 60 65 75 71 90 Abrasion resistance, % 98.0 97.8 98.4 97.5 98.3 97.8 98.2 99.9 Disintegration, min 11 15 13 14 13 12 14 8 28

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. According to Table 3, it can be noted that the auxil- tablets, the ejection pressure should be no more than iary substances used improved the technological proper- 10% of the pressing pressure [7]. When using composi- ties of the substance - flowability, bulk density, angle of tion No. 8, the extrusion pressure did not rise above 2.5 repose, compression ratio, etc., had more positive values MPa, i.e. was only 2% compared to other formulations. for the pressed mass than for the substance, which indi- An analysis of the technological characteristics of tablet cates the correct selection of auxiliary substances and mixtures of model compositions and the quality of the the course of the technological process. The results of obtained tablets (Table 3) showed that all compositions the study of the physical and mechanical properties of have good flowability, bulk weight, and meet the re- the obtained tablets showed that the tablets of all formu- quirements for disintegration and mechanical abrasion lations meet the requirements of SP XII in terms of resistance. strength. It was noted that the use of sucrose and lactose caused the granulate to adhere to the surface of the press Conclusion: the best ratio of flowability, bulk den- tool. Positive indicators of the pressed mass were noted sity, ejection pressure from the matrix, mechanical when using starch, MCC and PVP solution (Plasdone S- strength, abrasion resistance, disintegration has a mix- 630) as a binding agent. A great influence on the quality ture of model composition No. 8. Composition No. 8 of the tablets has an external friction when pushing the meets all the physical and mechanical requirements for tablets out of the matrix channel. The greater the friction SP XII imposed on tablets [4], and has relatively small of the tablet on the matrix, the more inhomogeneously sizes and average weight of tablets, and this does not the residual stress, density, and strength are distributed make it difficult for patients to swallow tablets. Based in it, which leads to delamination of the tablets during on the above results, composition No. 8 was chosen for their ejection from the matrix. To obtain high-quality further research. References: 1. Tsvetkova O.A. Medico-social aspects of iron deficiency anemia. Russian medical journal. 2009; 3. 2. Alleyne M., Horne M.K., Miller J.L. Individualized treatment for iron deficiency anemia in adults. Am. J. Med. 2008; 121 (11): 943–48. 3. Gorodetsky V.V., Godulyan O.V. Iron deficiency states and iron deficiency anemia: treatment and diagnosis. M.: Medpraktika Publishing House. 2004; 3:28. 4. State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. – 12th ed. - Part 1. - M.: Scient. center of examination for expertise of med. devices and equipment, 2008. – p.704. 5. Ishchenko V.I. Guidelines for the implementation of laboratory work on the industrial technology of medicines: Textbook / V.I. Ishchenko. Vitebsk, publishing house of VSMU.2003. p.214. 6. Voskoboynikova I.V., Avakyan S.B., Sokolskaya T.A. et.al. Modern excipients in the production of tablets. The use of macromolecular compounds for improving dosage forms and optimizing the technological process // Chem.-pharm.journ. - 2005. - V.39, No. 1. - pp.22-28. 7. A.G. Daragan, Physics of tableting and basic technological processes for obtaining tablets, CBSTI, Medical Industry, Moscow (1983). 8. Egoshina Yu.A., Potselueva L.A., Galiullina T.N. //Modern excipients in tablet production. Teaching aid on pharmaceutical technology for foreign students. - 2003. - Kazan. – p. 15. 29

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15440 CHROMATOMATIC MASS ANALYSIS OF DIVINYLACETYLENE DERIVATIVE OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE Zukhriddin Rayimov Doctorant of the Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Sadullo Khayitov Doctorant of the Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] ХРОМАТО-МАССОВЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ДИВИНИЛАЦЕТИЛЕНОВОГО ПРОИЗВОДНОГО ФТАЛЕВОГО АНГИДРИДА Райимов Зухриддин Хайриддин угли докторант, Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Хайитов Садулло Тойир угли докторант, Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT The corrosion process of technological apparatuses of the chemical industry is one of the urgent problems. Since due to the corrosion process, metal equipment, equipment, structures and devices quickly fail, resulting in great economic damage. Various methods and corrosion inhibitors are used to reduce this level of damage. This scientific article provides information on the analysis of the chromato-mass spectrum of the divinylacetylene derivative of phthalic anhydride, which is the basis of a newly synthesized corrosion inhibitor. АННОТАЦИЯ Коррозионный процесс технологических аппаратов химической промышленности является одной из актуальных проблем. Так как вследствие процесса коррозии происходит быстрый выход из строя металлического оборудования, оборудования, конструкций и устройств, в результате чего наносится большой экономический ущерб. Для сни- жения этого уровня повреждений используются различные методы и ингибиторы коррозии. В данной научной статье приведены сведения об анализе хромато-массового спектра дивинилацетиленового производного фталевого ангидрида, являющегося основой вновь синтезированного ингибитора коррозии. Keywords: MDEA (methyldiethanolamine), corrosion, divinylacetylene derivative of phthalic anhydride, corrosion inhibitor, sulfuric acid, dipropynyl ion of phthalanhydride, chromato-mass spectrum, IR (infra red) spectrum Ключевые слова: МДЭА (метилдиэтаноламин), коррозия, дивинилацетиленовое производное фталевого ан- гидрида, ингибитор коррозии, серная кислота, дипропинил-ион фталевого ангидрида, хромато-масс-спектр, ИК (инфракрасный) спектр ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction the capacity of metal equipment, damage caused by their forced shutdown due to accidents caused by corrosion, as Corrosion of metal equipment and structures used in well as costs for eliminating the consequences of acci- industrial networks is one of the urgent problems. Be- dents that often lead to environmental catastrophes [1-2]. cause every year a large part of the metal fund is lost due to corrosion. Corrosion problems often occur in shell-and-tube heat exchangers used in the process of absorption purification In addition to such direct damage, there are also of hydrocarbon gases from acidic components. many indirect damages. They include the reduction of __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Rayimov Z.X., Khayitov S. CHROMATOMATIC MASS ANALYSIS OF DIVINYLACETYLENE DERIVATIVE OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15440

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Various methods and corrosion inhibitors are used Below are the results of the chromato-mass spec- to reduce this level of damage. trum of the divinylacetylene derivative of the synthe- sized phthalic anhydride and its analysis [5-6]. Aggressive medium consisting of MDEA (methyl- diethanolamine) and sulfuric acid enters the shell-and-tube Research methodology heat exchanger with a temperature of 50℃ and leaves the device with a temperature of 80℃. The pressure When determining the composition of the in the heat exchanger is 1.66 kg s/cm2 [3-4]. synthesized phthalic anhydride derivative with divinylacetylene, not only the IR (infra red) spectrum The proposed corrosion inhibitor is directly added analysis, but also the chromato-mass spectrum of the to MDEA at a mass ratio of 0.05%. The corrosion inhib- substance (Fig. 1). Based on the analysis of the itor created on the basis of divinylacetylene derivative chromato-mass spectrum of the synthesized derivative of phthalic anhydride blocks the corrosion process oc- of phthalic anhydride with divinylacetylene, a curring in the heat exchange device during the circula- conclusion is made depending on the ions that can be tion of natural gas in the process of absorption formed during its decomposition [7-8]. purification. Figure 1.Chromato-mass spectrum of divinylacetylene derivative of phthalic anhydride In this case, the molecular ion peak was equal to After entering the divinylacetylene derivative of 220.0, corresponding to the molecular mass of the phthalic anhydride into the chromato-mass spectrometer, derivative of phthalic anhydride with divinylacetylene. a molecular ion of the divinylacetylene derivative Below is a scheme of the formation of fragment ions of phthalic anhydride with a m/ch of 220.0 was formed formed from the molecular ion of the divinylacetylene between 9.179 and 9.272 minutes under the selected derivative of the initial phthalic anhydride. conditions. H H+ C C C C CH2 C C C C CH2 H H -e O O C C C C CH2 C C C C CH2 H H H H In addition, the formation of fragment ions with ion of phthalic anhydride at 9.179 minutes, the release mass m/ch 192, m/ch 166, m/ch 118, and m/ch 76 was of m/ch 192 ion was shown. This peak corresponds to determined in the spectrum. As a result of the release of the dipropynyl ion of phthalanhydride with m/ch 192 and the -CH2 radical from the divinylacetylene derivative is also consistent with these bond energies. H+ + C C C C CH2 H H C C C CH O O C C C C CH2 H H + 2*CH2 C C C CH H m/ch=220 m/ch=192 m/ch=28 31

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. The separation of the m/ch 166 ion is manifested ion of phthalanhydride. This peak corresponds to di- due to the release of the -CH radical from the dipropynyl acetylenyl ion of phthalanhydride with m/ch 166. + + H H C C C CH CCC O O + 2*CH C C C CH CCC H H m/ch=192 m/ch=166 m/ch=26 At the same time, it can be seen that a fragment ion phthalanhydride. This peak corresponds to the phthalic with m/ch 118 was formed from the release of (-C2) anhydride ion with mass m/ch 118. radical from the decomposition of diacetylenyl ion of + + H H C CCC O + 2*C2 O C H CCC H m/ch=166 m/ch=118 m/ch=48 In turn, the separation of m/ch 76 ion from the release at 9.272 minutes was shown. This peak corresponds to of (–C2H2O) radical from methylene ethylene amine ion C6H4 ion with m/ch 76. + + H C C + *C2H2O O C C H m/ch=118 m/ch=76 m/ch=42 Summary disintegration of the ring confirm the structure of the substance with its correctness and clear identification, The kinetic laws of the ions formed at the end of the compliance with the laws. [9] The results of the chromato- analysis also occur in accordance with the complexity of mass spectrum analysis confirmed that the synthesized the opening of the ring. At the initial stage, the substance is a derivative of phthalic anhydride with separation of the ions of the side chain and then the divinylacetylene. References: 1. Ахмедов Вохид Низомович, Бобир Баходир Угли Олимов, and Шомурод Комилович Назаров. \"Электронная структура и квантово-химические расчёты виниловых эфиров фенолов.\" Universum: химия и биология 4 (70) (2020). 2. Olimov B.B., Akhmedov V.N., Gafurova G.A. Application of derivatives of diatomic phenols as corrosion inhibitors // Euro Asian Conference on Analytical Research (Germany. – 2021. – Т. 15. – С. 136-138. 3. Zuhriddin, R., & Niginabonu, J. (2022). PRODUCTION OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE. Universum: технические науки, (5-11 (98)), 58-62. 4. Olimov B., Akhmedov V., Gafurova G. Production and use of corrosion inhibitors on the basis of two-atomic phenols and local raw materials //environment. – Т. 7. – С. 11. 32

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 5. O’G’Li, R.Z. K., & Qizi, J.N. Q. (2022). ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANCE AND METHODS OF PRODUCTION OF BLOCK SOPOLYMERS BASED ON POLYETYLENTEREPHTALATE. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Natural Sciences, 3(1), 51-55. 6. Olimov B., Akhmedov V. The effect of reaction duration and catalyst on the synthesis of arylvinyl esters //Збірник наукових праць ΛΌГOΣ. – 2020. – С. 33-37. 7. Паноев Э.Р., Дустов Х.Б., Ахмедов В.Н. Проблемы коррозии в кислых компонентных системах и способы ее уменьшения //Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 12-5 (93). – С. 47-50. 8. Zuhriddin R., Niginabonu J., Aminjon V., & Temurbek D. (2022). MECHANISMS OF ETERIFICATION OF TEREFTALIC ACID WITH ETYLENGLYCOL. Universum: технические науки, (5-11 (98)), 63-67. 9. V.N. Axmedov, Z.X. Rayimov, G.A. G'afurova.Tereftal kislota hosilalari. ISBN 978-9943-9265-3-0 Monografiya “Durdona” nashriyoti. 2023. 152 bet. 33

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. SELECTION OF AN EFFECTIVE METHOD OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FROM OIL AND PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS IN OIL REFINING Burkhon Saydaliyev Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ВЫБОР ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО МЕТОДА ОЧИСТКИ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД ОТ НЕФТИ И ПРОДУКТОВ НЕФТЕХИМИИ ПРИ ПЕРЕРАБОТКЕ НЕФТИ Сайдалиев Бурхон Якубович ассистент Ферганского политехнического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT This article presents the most commonly used modern methods of extracting oil and petrochemical products from wastewater, as well as the results of studies on water purification by adsorption. Wastewater from the Mubarak gas treat- ment plant (Uzbekistan), solid waste from the Angren HPP (Uzbekistan) formed as a result of coal combustion were selected as the object of scientific and technical research. Data on the chemical composition of ash and the results of adsorption of 1 liter of water from petroleum products in various proportions and media are presented. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье представлены наиболее часто используемые современные методы извлечения нефти и продуктов нефтехимии из сточных вод а, также результаты исследований по очистке вод методом адсорбции. В качестве объекта научно-технического исследования были выбраны сточные воды газоочистной установки Мубарак (Узбекистан), твердые отходы Ангренской ГЭС (Узбекистан), образующиеся в результате сжигания угля. Приведены данные о химическом составе золы и результаты адсорбции 1 литра воды из нефтепродуктов в раз- личных пропорциях и средах. Keywords: toxicological, waste, hydrocarbons, organic chemistry, environment, internal combustion engines, flam- mable, gasoline, paraffin, sludge, coagulant, flocculants. Ключевые слова: токсичность, отходы, углеводороды, органическая химия, окружающая среда, двигатели внутреннего сгорания, легковоспламеняющиеся, бензин, парафин, шлам, коагулянт, флокулянты. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Most of the industrial toxicological emissions come environmental impacts: when used in internal combus- from the main part of oil, products of its processing and tion engines - 38.1%, 27.3% - in industrial production petrochemicals. It is well known that the bulk of oil, equipment, 11.2% - in coastal tankers, 10.8% - in the total which occupies a special place among fossil fuels, con- volume of traffic, 6.3% - in refineries and petrochemi- sists of hydrocarbons and is the main raw material for cals, unforeseen accidents and accidents - 4.2% of the the production of basic energy saving products and or- total number of cases and 2.1% - cleaning of tankers and ganic chemistry. Taking into account the fact that today oil tankers. In addition, incomplete combustion in appa- the volume of oil production in the world has reached ratuses, the use of gasoline and kerosene when cleaning 3.5 billion tons and only 1%, according to the regula- machines and mechanisms. Most of the industrial toxi- tions, will not be able to get into the environment, 35 cological emissions are from petrochemicals, oil and million tons of oil and products of its processing will be products of its processing. It is known that the bulk of oil, released, we clearly see a negative environmental im- which occupies a special place among mineral resources, pact. and economic impact on the environment. In addi- consists of hydrocarbons and is the main source of en- tion, given the unpredictable and unforeseen ergy and raw material for the production of organic circumstances of the accident (at least the same amount products chemistry. of oil and refined products, as well as petrochemicals have a negative impact on the environment), it is not dif- If we assume that 1% of all refining oil pollutes the ficult to imagine what the future will be like. environment, one can imagine what a negative environ- mental and economic impact 3.5 billion tons of refining Analyzes show that oil and petroleum products only oil has on the environment. In general, the oil and gas provide a clearer picture of the situation with subsequent industry is one of the industries that releases various __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Saydaliyev B. SELECTION OF AN EFFECTIVE METHOD OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FROM OIL AND PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTS IN OIL REFINING // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15550

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. types of refined and petrochemical products into the en- was reduced to 27%, and the concentration of chemi- vironment. Currently, various physical, chemical and cally useful oxygen (COD) - by 49%. And the amount technological methods are used to purify wastewater of finely dispersed colloidal compounds is reduced to from oil, refined products and petrochemicals and ex- 41%. More and more information about the effective- tract components from them. These include flotation, ness of a new flotation process - pressure flotation. The coagulation, oxidation with ozone and chlorine gases, process of combined pressure flotation and pressure flo- electrochemical methods, osmosis, precipitation, and tation is more efficient than others. The main advantage others. of the method is the smaller volume of sediment and the relatively lower moisture content in it. The content of Methods for extracting compounds from petroleum flotation condensate in this sediment is slightly less than products (petroleum distillates) and petrochemicals (col- in the sediment obtained by other methods, and the pro- oring and dissolving in different waters) from cess lasts no more than 30 minutes. wastewater are considered [4]. Electrochemical method. This method is most often Coagulation is one of the most commonly used used to separate petroleum products from wastewater. methods of wastewater treatment, purification of refined The basis of the method is the oxidation of substances at and insoluble oils and petrochemicals. Years of research the anode and their reduction at the cathode. In this case, in this area have shown that aluminum and iron ox hy- alloys of iron and aluminum are used as an electrode. drates are used as coagulants in wastewater treatment. Adsorption method. Good results can be achieved in Recently, more and more attention has been paid to the process of purification of water-soluble and insolu- the widespread use of secondary products as coagulants. ble organic compounds by adsorption. The results of Enough information on the use of flocculants with coag- cleaning with the adsorption method depend on the ulants to improve the efficiency of the coagulation pro- physicochemical properties of organic compounds dis- cess. For this joint process, local flocculants K-4 and K- solved in water, and on the properties of the adsorbent 9 are widely used in the Republic of Uzbekistan [1]. The [2; 3]. Based on the analyzes given above, for the puri- use of a composition of coagulants and flocculants sig- fication of wastewater from soluble and insoluble or- nificantly increases the efficiency of the isolation of wa- ganic compounds, the adsorption method was chosen. ter-soluble and insoluble organic products. The main disadvantage of this method is the large amount of Wastewater was chosen as the object of scientific sludge released from the wastewater for coagulation and and technological research Mubarek gas cleaning plant, flocculation. The sludge can be sent to the next stage for in which the content of oil products is 5 g/l. Unlike other processing only after it has been dehydrated for 90-120 facilities, wastewater from this enterprise accumulates minutes. in the lowlands of the steppe zone in which this enter- prise is located, which is the reason for the formation of Flotation method. The flotation method also plays swamps. As a treatment facility, solid waste from the an important role in the recovery of dissolved and insol- Angren GRES, formed as a result of coal combustion, is uble oils and wastes in wastewater. Research data on ex- used, the amount of which today is more than 5,000,000 perimental laboratory devices show that when during the tons. The chemical composition of the ash is given in flotation process without reagents, 47-56% of undis- table 1. solved and 38-48% of dissolved organic products. When using a multi-stage flotation method, it was noted that the concentration of bio useful oxygen (BOD) Table 1. The chemical composition of the ash Substance SiO2 AL2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2O K2O Content, % 45,66 13,00 8,88 21,46 4,24 1,30 1,69 1,13 Sulfate was used as coagulant. Table 2 below gives As can be seen from Table 2, when the amount of the results of aluminum - Al2 (SO4) 3 • 18 H2O. adsorp- coal ash is 5000-15000 mg/l with the addition of alumi- tion of 1 liter of water from petroleum products in vari- num sulfate in the amount of 300-500 mg/l, the cleaning ous proportions and media. efficiency increases by more than 95%. Different order of addition of the reagents was tried. This is due to the fact that about 6% of the calcium The following order was found to be more efficient than oxide contained in the ash, dissolving in water, forms the others. It consists in the following: 1 liter of purified calcium hydroxide, which helps to increase the pH to 1, adsorbent was stirred for 2-4 minutes, then aluminum and the coagulation activity of aluminum hydroxide also sulfate solution was added and stirred for another 6-8 increases under these conditions. minutes. The mixture was cooled for 12-15 minutes fol- lowed by analysis of residual oil in water. Experimental results show that the use of one ash in this process is inefficient. Efficiency is achieved when using ash as a coagulant based on aluminum sulfate. 35

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Table 2. The results of analyzes of oil products after the adsorption of water from oil products in various proportions and media № If- Sulfate content Quantity of Sulfate content Quantity of Sulfate content The amount honor aluminum, residual oil aluminium, residual oil aluminum, of residual oil products, mg/l products, g/l mg/l ash, mg/l mg/l products, g/l - % -% g/l - % 2,90-58,00 Waste water pH = 7,0 2,35-47,00 1. 1000 300 2,01-40,00 400 2,80-52,00 500 2,50-50,00 2. 2000 300 1,75-35,00 500 2,40-48,00 3. 3000 300 1,30-26,00 400 2,20-44,00 500 1,50-30,00 4. 5000 300 1,20-24,00 500 1.35-27,00 5. 10000 300 400 1,75-35,00 500 1,20-24,00 6. 15000 300 1,75-35,00 500 1,10-22,00 1.60-32,00 400 1.50-30,00 1. 1000 300 1,40-28,00 2. 2000 300 1,00-20,00 400 1.35-27,00 3. 3000 300 0.50-10,00 4. 5000 300 0,40-8,00 400 1,10-22,00 5. 10000 300 6. 15000 300 Waste water pH = 8.0 400 1.60-32,00 500 1,40-28,00 500 1,30-26,00 400 1,50-30,00 500 1,10-22,00 500 0,60-12,00 400 1,20-24,00 500 0,30-6,00 500 0,10-2.00 400 0,80-16,00 400 0,40-8,00 400 0,30-6,00 References: 1. Мамадалиева С. В., Сайдалиев Б. Я., Сайдалиев О. Т., & Умарова М. (2022). Значение И Роль Кислотной Активации Глинистых Адсорбентов Используемых При Очистке Нефтепродуктов. Conference Zone, 82–86. Retrieved from http://conferencezone.org/index.php/cz/article/view/715 2. Мамадалиева С.В. Зависимость показателей очищаемого парафина от размера гранул применяемого адсорбента // Universum: Химия и биология: электрон. научн. журн. – 2019. – № 11 (65) [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: http://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive/item/8079 (дата обращения: 05.11.2019). 3. Сайдалиев Бурхон Якубович Эффективный метод очистки сточных вод от нефти и нефтехимических про- дуктов при переработке нефти // Universum: технические науки. 2019. №11-3 (68). URL: https://cyber- leninka.ru/article/n/effektivnyy-metod-ochistki-stochnyh-vod-ot-nefti-i-neftehimicheskih-produktov-pri- pererabotke-nefti. 36

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. MECHANISM FOR OBTAINING IMPORTED SUBSTITUTE ODORANT BASED ON DOMESTIC RAW MATERIALS Shakhnoza Tilloeva Trainee teacher of the departments “Oil and gas affair”, of the Bukhara engineering and technology institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] МЕХАНИЗМ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ИМПОРТНОГО ЗАМЕНИТЕЛЯ ОДОРАНТА НА ОСНОВЕ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО СЫРЬЯ Тиллоева Шахноза Фахритдиновна учитель-стажер, кафедры “Нефтегазовое дело”, Бухарский инженерно-технологический института Республика Узбекистан, г Бухара ABSTRACT Odorant is added to natural combustible gases transported through the main pipeline in gas treatment plants, compressor stations in order to give them a special smell. By localizing this substance imported from abroad, it is possible to reduce the cost of gas odorization. This research paper describes the mechanism of obtaining an odorant from a stable condensate. АННОТАЦИЯ В природные горючие газы, транспортируемый по магистральному трубопроводу, добавляют одорант в установках подготовки газа, компрессорных станциях с целью придания им особого запаха. За счет локализации этого вещества, импортируемого из-за рубежа, можно снизить затраты на одоризацию газа. В данной исследовательской работе описан механизм получения одоранта из состава стабильного конденсата. Keywords: condensate, natural gas, odorant, mercaptan, alkali, extraction, distillation, mixture. Ключевые слова: конденсат, природный газ, одорант, меркаптан, щелочь, экстракция, дистилляция, смесь. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction • sulfidnie (diethylsulfide, dimethylsulfide, tetra- gyrotiophene); In the oil and gas industry, when processing hydro- carbon raw materials, a sufficient amount of organic sul- • mercaptali (captain, methylmercaptan, ethylmer- fur compounds is formed, which have a strong special captan). odor. These compounds will be considered waste of pro- duction, on the basis of which it will be possible to ob- Odorant can be introduced into the gas stream in a tain odorants of a new composition. In the gas supply, liquid and vaporized state. The transfer of odorant to the odorant is added to it from the need for a special odor to gas pipeline in a liquid state is carried out using a dropper natural gas before delivery. To date, odorants used in gas or a normalizing pump. On its basis, the constant value supply are imported from the Russian Federation. This, of the mass of one drop of the liquid (for the odorant, in turn, is the reason for the increase in gas supply costs the mass of one drop is considered to be 0.02 g, that is, and gas prices. We conducted research on the solution there are about 50 drops in 1 g of odorant) [4]. of this urgent issue and conducted research on obtaining an odorant that could replace imports based on local raw By controlling the odorant transmission and calculat- materials. ing the number of drops per unit of time, it is possible to find the required odorant consumption for the installed Materials amount of gas consumption. At high gas consumption, the duration of odorant drops is converted into fluid Odorant is a sulfur-based compound-ethyltionate. flow [1, 2]. By composition, odorants can be divided into: In terms of technical characteristics, the odorant to be added to the gas flow must meet the following requirements (Table 1): __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Tilloeva S. MECHANISM FOR OBTAINING IMPORTED SUBSTITUTE ODOR- ANT BASED ON DOMESTIC RAW MATERIALS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15451