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№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 4. Glazovskiy N.F. Aral'skiy krizis [Aral crisis]. M.: Nauka. 1990. 136 pp. [in Russian] 5. Goudie A.S., & Middleton N.J. (2001). Saharan dust storms: nature and consequences. Earth-science reviews, 56(1-4), 179-204. 6. Grigor'ev A.A. Antropogennie vozdeystviya na prirodnuyu sredu po nablyudeniyam iz kosmosa [Anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment according to observations from space]. L.: Nauka. 1985. 239 pp. [in Russian] 7. Indoitu R., Orlovsky L., & Orlovsky N. (2012). Dust storms in Central Asia: Spatial and temporal variations. Journal of Arid Environments, 85, 62-70. 8. Kublanov J.J. Modelirovanie vliyaniya vinosa soley na solenost' vodi Aral'skogo morya [Modeling the effect of salt removal on the water salinity of the Aral Sea] // Vestnik KKO AN RUz. 2021. – No. 3. P. 67-72. [in Russian] 9. McTainsh G.H., Burgess R., & Pitblado J.R. (1989). Aridity, drought and dust storms in Australia (1960–84). Journal of Arid Environments, 16(1), 11-22. 10. Orlovskiy N.S., Orlovskaya L., Induitu R. Opasnie i osobo opasnie pil'nie buri v Sredney Azii [Dangerous and especially dangerous dust storms in Central Asia]// Aridnie ekosistemi. 2013. No.4 (57). P. 49-58. [in Russian] 11. Ravshanov A.S. i dr. Natsional'nyy plan deystviy po preduprezhdeniyu i smyagcheniyu posledstviy peschanykh i pyl'nykh bur' (ppb) v Respublike Uzbekistan na 2021–2024 gody [National action plan for the prevention and mitigation of the consequences of sand and dust storms (fss) in the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2021–2024]. – Tashkent. Proekt. 2021. – 57 pp. [in Russian] 12. Rubanov I.V., Bogdanova N.M. Kolichestvennaya ocenka solevoy deflyacii na osushayushemsya dne Aral'skogo morya [Quantitative assessment of salt deflation on the drying bottom of the Aral Sea] //Problemi osvoeniya pustin'. – 1987. No. 3. P. 9-16. [in Russian] 13. Semenov O.E., Shapov A.P., Galaeva O.S., Idrisova V.P. Vetrovoy vinos i peschano-solevie vipadeniya s osushennoy chasti dna Aral'skogo morya [Wind removal and sand-salt fallout from the drained part of the bottom of the Aral Sea] // Aridnie ekosistemi. 2006. 12(29). P. 47-58. [in Russian] 14. Shardakova L.YU., Usmanova L.V. 2006. Analiz pil'nix bur' v Priaral'e [Analysis of dust storms in the Aral Sea region] // Problemi osvoeniya pustin'. No. 3. P. 30-34. [in Russian] 15. Sklyarov V.E. Pilevie buri i apvelling v Aral'skom more [Dust storms and upwelling in the Aral Sea] // Sovremennie problemi distancionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa. 2009. 6(1). P. 470-476. [in Russian] 16. Tleumuratova B.S. Matematicheskoe modelirovanie vliyaniya transformaciy ekosistemi Yujnogo Priaral'ya na pochvenno-klimaticheskie usloviya [Mathematical modeling of the impact of transformations of the South Aral Sea ecosystem on soil and climatic conditions]. Diss. … d-ra fiz.-mat. nauk. – Tashkent, 2018. –209 pp. [in Russian] 17. Tleumuratova B.S., Mambetullaeva S.M., Kudaybergenova U.K. Issledovanie svyazi mejdu zagryazneniem atmosferi i rostom zabolevaemosti v Yujnom Priaral'e [Study of the relationship between atmospheric pollution and the increase in morbidity in the South Aral Sea] //Vestnik KKO AN RUz. 2014. No. 3. P. 45–49. [in Russian] 18. Urazimbetova E.P, Tleumuratova B.S. The Use of Coherence in Studies of Biota Dynamics in the Conditions of the Aral Crisis// Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 2022, Vol.7, Issue 3, 54-58. DOI: 10.11648/j.eeb.20220703.13 19. Ventcel' E.S. Teoriya veroyatnostey [Probability Theory]. Ed. 2nd, revised and supplemented // M .: Fizmatgiz. 1962. [in Russian] 20. Veysov S.K., Karibaeva K.N., Nikolaev N.V., Bekmuxamedov N.E., Isaxodjaev R.S. SITUACIONNIY ANALIZ. Peschanie i pil'nie buri v Central'noy Azii [SITUATION ANALYSIS. Sand and dust storms in Central Asia] // REGIONAL'NYYe PODKHODY V BOR'BE S PESCHANYMI I PYL'NYMI BURYAMI I ZASUKHOY V TSENTRAL'NOY AZII. Almaty, 2021. – 78 pp. [in Russian] 10

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE CALCULATION OF THE INTERMEDIATE SUPPORT OF A THREE-SPAN OVERPASS Ruslan Ospanov Assistant-teacher, Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] РАСЧЕТ ПРОМЕЖУТОЧНОЙ ОПОРЫ ТРЕХПРОЛЁТНОГО ПУТЕПРОВОДА Оспанов Руслан Сарсенбаевич ассистент-преподаватель, Ташкентский Государственный Транспортный Университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT In the article, calculations were carried out taking into account the relationship between the supporting and foundation structures of bridge structures deformed by external forces and various soils around them. The practical method of modeling structural deformations and internal stresses formed in the “support-ground” system under the influence of load, their numerical indicators are determined. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье были проведены расчеты, учитывающие взаимосвязь опорных и фундаментных конструкций мостовых конструкций, деформируемых под действием внешних сил, и различных грунтов вокруг них. Определен практический способ моделирования деформаций конструкций и внутренних напряжений, образующихся в системе “опора-грунт” под действием нагрузки, их численные показатели. Keywords: deformation, soil, foundation, structure, foundation, impact of load, bridge structure. Ключевые слова: деформация, грунт, основание, конструкция, фундамент, воздействие нагрузки, мостовая сооружение. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Calculate the intermediate support of a three-span we mainly include a horizontal load falling from the brake, overpass with a massive foundation. Overpass for a structure on a category III-highway, the temporary 18+24+24m, superstructures consist of 24m ribbed load is assumed to be equal to the calculated value beams of 6 T-shaped prestressed beams with a frame of the braking load falling from A-14 equal to 102kN, in cross section and 14m hollow plates between them. and the value of these temporary loads in the horizontal G-10m.The width of the sidewalks is 1m, the direction is assumed. We also include the vertical effect intermediate supports are columnar and have a thickness of time loads [4-6]. The standard vertical load, determined of 1m. by the loads A-14 and NK-100 for the support, is determined for the longitudinal and transverse axes of The roadway consists of the following layers: asphalt the overpass as follows: concrete – 7 cm; protective layer of concrete – 4 cm; waterproofing – 1 cm; leveling layer – 3 cm. RA14=R(1+u)(1+μ)n + vω(1+μ)[1+0,6(n-1)] (1) The use of columnar supports with a shallow Rol=gtω2 (2) foundation involves the use of structures of the same RNK-100= gekvω(1+μ) (3) type in size, which reduces the number of mechanisms and, of course, reduces construction costs [1-3]. We make where: n - number of movable strips for cargo A-14; calculations in the direction of the longitudinal and transverse axes of the overpass. When calculating R - truck axle weight; gekv - equivalent load for NK-100; reinforced concrete supports and foundations, as well gt - the intensity of the regulatory load on pedestrians; as the own weight of superstructures, we enter the ω - the line of action of the superstructure; v - the value volumetric weight: γ=2,5kN/m2. The program also introduces soil parameters. In the developed method, of the load A-14, evenly distributed over the strip. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Ospanov R.S. CALCULATION OF THE INTERMEDIATE SUPPORT OF A THREE-SPAN OVERPASS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15557

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. The maximum value of the found loads is selected It is allowed to take the coefficient ηik equal to 1. for calculation. The impact lines of the superstructure The estimated cost of vertical permanent loads are built in two versions and loaded with A-14 and falling from the superstructure and the roadway is equal NK-100 loads. We calculate the external seismic forces to: Roq,qq=2321,25 kN. by the formula: The normative vertical load on the base,determined by formulas (1)and(3),is equal to: (4) RA14=1005,19 kN, RNK-100=745,42 kN where: Ki - a coefficient that takes into account The estimated value of the load falling from A-14 possible breakdowns of a bridge or overpass, Ki=0.25; in the transverse direction relative to the axis of the bridge Kψ - a coefficient that takes into account the vibration of the structure, Kψ=1; for seismic points A-7,8,9 the is equal to: =96 kN. The calculated value of the braking load falling from seismic coefficient is assumed to be equal to -0,1; 0,2; 0,4; A-14 in the longitudinal direction relative to the axis Qk,red- the mass of the structure, given at the point k; βi, ηik - dynamic coefficient and shape of oscillations. of the bridge is equal to: =102 kN. Calculated resistance of the ground under the The dynamic coefficient is defined as: foundation: R = 0,5353MPa. i = 1.1 , (5) Ti where: Ti– a particular oscillating contour of a bridge or overpass in tone, the coefficient of the oscillating contour cannot be less than 0,8 and more than 2,5. a) b) Figure 1. Transverse direction of the intermediate support a) design scheme; b) deformation from its own weight It follows that the deformations and deformations of own weight in the transverse direction, the mass of the the structure from its own weight are insignificant [7-9]. superstructure of vertical temporary loads and seismic The deformation of the intermediate support from its forces is shown in Figure 2. 12

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Figure 2. Deformation of the intermediate support from its own weight in the transverse direction, the mass of the superstructure of vertical temporary loads and seismic forces Consequently, the values of stresses and Consequently, the deformation of the base relative displacements of the soil at the base of the foundation to overturning was ensured, and the tension of the from this combination of loads increased significantly ground of the foundation base did not exceed its norma- and did not exceed the calculated resistances, namely: tive design resistance. The assessment of the strength of the ground rocks around the foundation of the founda- σu = 0,485,3 MPa R=0,6353 Mpa; tion and the analysis of the priority of internal processes are carried out using the developed algorithm for calcu- S= lating the sequential cycle. References: 1. Influence of the inertia force of underground pipeline systems under seismic loads. AIP Conference Proceedings 2637, 050002 (20 October 2022). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0119606 2. Numerical approach for assessment of stress strain state of road culverts. AIP Conference Proceedings 2637, 050003 (20 October 2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0119096 3. Conducting studies of the calculation system for assessing the technical condition and cost of repair of road bridges. International Scientific and Technical Conference \"Resource-saving technologies in transport\". pp. 317-320. 4. Multivariate Statistical Modeling of Strength and Parameters of Diagrams σb–εb for Expanded Clay Concrete. AIP Conference Proceedings 2637, 050005 (20 October 2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0120127 5. Methodology Of Techno-Economic Feasibility Study For The Reconstruction Of Road Bridges. International Conference on problems and perspectives of modern Sciense (June 2021). https://www.scopus.com/results/authorNamesList 6. Regulatory and theoretical bases for assessing the technical condition and cost of repairing road bridges. International Scientific and Technical Conference \"Resource-saving technologies in transport\". pp. 320-324. 7. Experimental and theoretical studies of the contact interaction of the shore of cracks in experimental samples of disks at a vacuum. International Scientific and Technical Conference \"Resource-saving technologies in transport\". pp. 324-328. 8. Requirements for operated bridges in high-speed traffic. International Scientific and Technical Conference \"Resource-saving technologies in transport\". pp. 386-389. 9. The development of modern ideas about the structure and properties of fiber concrete as a composite material based on steel and non-metallic fiber. International Scientific and Technical Conference \"Resource-saving techno-logies in transport\". pp. 389-392. 13

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. TRANSPORT IMPORTANCE OF LOGISTICS ACTIVITIES IN IMPROVING THE ECONOMY OF UZBEKISTAN Gaffor Samatov Doctor in Economics, Professor of the Department \"Transport Logistics\" Tashkent state transport university, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Dilmurod Akhmedov Assistant of the Department \"Transport Logistics”, Tashkent State Transport University Uzbekistan, Tashkent. E-mail: [email protected] Zokirkhon Yusufkhonov Assistant of the Department \"Transport Logistics”, Tashkent State Transport University Uzbekistan, Tashkent. E-mail: [email protected] Isomiddin Absattarov Assistant of the Department \"Transport Logistics”, Tashkent State Transport University Uzbekistan, Tashkent. E-mail: [email protected] ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАНА Саматов Гаффор Аллакулович д-р экон. наук, проф. кафедры «Транспортная логистика» Ташкентский государственный университет путей сообщения, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Ахмедов Дилмурод Тошпулат угли ассистент кафедры «Транспортная логистика», Ташкентский государственный университет путей сообщения, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент. Юсуфхонов Зокирхон Юсуфхон угли ассистент кафедры «Транспортная логистика», Ташкентский государственный университет путей сообщения, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абсаттаров Исомиддин Хотам угли ассистент кафедры «Транспортная логистика», Ташкентский государственный университет путей сообщения, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: IMPORTANCE OF LOGISTICS ACTIVITIES IN IMPROVING THE ECONOMY OF UZBEKISTAN // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Samatov G. [и др.]. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15586

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассмотрено значение логистических услуг в развитии экономики Узбекистана, проанализированы международные торговые грузоперевозки, грузооборот и экономические показатели. ABSTRACT In this article, the importance of logistics services in the development of the economy of Uzbekistan was seen, and the international trade freight transportation, freight turnover and economic indicators were analyzed. Keywords: logistics activities, cargo transportation, cargo turnover, freight traffic, fields, transport and logistics centers. Ключевые слова: логистическая деятельность, грузоперевозки, грузооборот, грузоперевозки, отрасли, транспортно-логистические центры. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Speech by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan The foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Uz- Sh.M.Mirziyoyev: \"To date, we have taken the first bekistan with the CIS countries amounted to practical steps to implement the Trans-Afghan Transport 11,830.0 million US dollars. Of these, the volume of ex- Corridor construction project, which will connect Central ports amounted to 4,098.3 million US dollars, and the Asia with the Indian Ocean. Its implementation will volume of imports – 7,731.7 million US dollars. serve to ensure stability and sustainable economic de- velopment throughout the region\". The largest volume of foreign trade turnover with the CIS countries was recorded with the Russian Feder- Currently, Uzbekistan has a huge transport potential ation (47.7%), Kazakhstan (25.5%), Kyrgyzstan (7.6%), and unique opportunities to meet the needs of the coun- Turkmenistan (4.5%) and Tajikistan (4.2%). As of April try in the movement of both cargo and passengers in all 1, 2020, 15,765 enterprises and organizations are involved directions and by all possible modes of transport. in the transport sector. Compared to the same period last year, their number increased by 1,741 units, and the By the end of 2020, Uzbekistan's foreign trade turn- growth was 12.4%. over reached $36.3 billion, which is $5.4 billion (13.1%) lower than last year. Of the total WTO volume, exports In January-March 2020, the number of newly cre- amounted to 15,127.7 million US dollars (by January- ated enterprises and organizations in the field of December 2019, a decrease of 13.4% was noted), and transport amounted to 660 units. Compared to January imports – 21,171.5 million US dollars (a decrease of March 2019, this indicator decreased by 219 units. 12.8%). As a result, the balance of foreign trade turnover Its level decreased by 24.9%. In 2020, 1,378.8 million amounted to a passive balance in the amount of $6,043.8 tons of cargo were transported by all modes of transport, million. which is 104.5% compared to the level of 2019. At the same time, cargo turnover amounted to 69.1 billion. t-km, or 4.8% below the level of 2019 [2,3,4,5]. Figure 1. Comparison of enterprises and organizations related to the field of transport (without farms and dehkan farms) 15

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Table 1. Information about the volume of cargo transported and cargo turnover by means of transport in Uzbekistan Factors 2018 2019 2020 1 378,8 Cargo shipped, million tons 1 243,0 1 319,8 70,4 including transport: 1 245,6 Railway 68,4 70,1 62,8 5,1 Automotive 1 102,2 1 177,7 69,1 Pipeline 72,4 72,0 24,0 16,1 Air, thousand tons 13,1 10,4 28,9 219,1 Cargo turnover, billion t-km 71,3 72,6 including transport: Railway 22,9 23,4 Automotive 14,6 15,9 Pipeline 33,6 33,2 Air, million tons. km 123,5 119,0 Source: Based on the data of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan Modernization of the national economy of Uzbeki- and the population in transport services by all means of stan objectively required the introduction and develop- transport. ment of logistics methods for managing commodity flows. Significant transformations have taken place in Currently, spatial connectivity of all regions of the the sphere of commodity circulation, new methods and country has been ensured, structural reforms have been technologies of goods delivery based on the logistics carried out in the field of passenger and cargo road and concept have been used, new forms and methods of or- air transportation, conditions have been created for active ganizing logistics flows have appeared. This is due to and effective integration into the global transport space. the fact that more than 70% of the cost of the product is logistics costs, i.e. transportation, storage, packaging, In this way, the transport system must solve a num- etc. In industrially developed countries, logistics has ber of serious problems that affect its efficiency. This long been put at the service of improving the efficiency requires serious institutional changes, aimed at improv- of managing the movement of material flows. The high ing the transport policy of the party, ensuring the quality rates of development of market relations in Uzbekistan, and volume of passenger and cargo transportation, reduc- as well as the possibility of using advanced foreign tech- ing costs for consumers, increasing the volume of cargo nologies in relation to the organization of commodity transit through Uzbekistan and the formation of a com- flows, make it possible to give greater dynamism to the petitive transport and logistics market, increasing the processes of development of integration interaction. This level of safety and environmental protection [8, 9]. requires an adequate development of the theory of com- modity movement, the study of integration processes, And the time for the development of the transport the essence and patterns of the formation of logistics sector, in addition to the institutional problems, there are centers in the domestic economy. several others, directly related to the effectiveness of the whole: Taking into account the annually increasing vol- umes of trade between the countries of Southeast Asia 1. There is a slight increase in the volume of passenger and Europe, as well as the prospects for using the and cargo transportation, as a result of the poor quality transport and transit potential of Uzbekistan, there is a of services provided to the population and business en- need to improve transport and trade infrastructure, tities. which include the creation of modern warehouse com- plexes for storage, processing, warehousing and distri- 3. A competitive market for transport and logistics bution of export-import cargo. Undoubtedly, these services has not been formed, which reduces the ability to warehouse terminals could serve both domestic cargo effectively use the country's transport and transit potential. and cargo transiting through Uzbekistan. The creation of Logistics Centers with the functions and all the proper 4. The lack of a comprehensive and interconnected infrastructure of the \"dry port\" could be a good solution systematic work in the field of ensuring transport safety to optimize international cargo transportation [6,7]. and road safety leads to the fact that the numbers of road accidents and victims of road accidents are declining Also, over the past period, as a result of the state at a slow pace. policy in the transport sector, large-scale work has been carried out in the country to organize an effective 5. The transport sector remains one of the main sources transport system that meets the needs of the economy of adverse environmental impact due to insufficient sys- tematic work to improve the environmental friendliness of the transport sector. 6. The pace of innovative development of the transport industry remains low, there is a lack of innovation and digitalization in all modes of transport. 16

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. To solve the above problems, it is necessary to im- tematic approach and require special software develop- plement a comprehensive transport strategy for the de- ment. Perhaps the following basic principles should be velopment of the country's transport industry. included in the program: It should be aimed at creating a transport system ca- • operation and development of transport infra- pable of ensuring efficiency, safety, environmental structure; friendliness, both domestic and international, transit passenger and freight traffic [10,11,12]. • improving passenger and freight traffic; • transport links, transport corridors, cooperation In the EU countries, in the total time spent on the with neighboring countries and integration into the movement of goods from raw materials to the end con- global transport network; sumer, only 5% is spent on the actual production, and • integration of transport systems; 95% on storage, storage, handling and other operations. • ensuring traffic safety in all modes of transport; The reduction of the transport and logistics component • environmental problems in the development of makes it possible to accelerate the turnover of capital, transport and its infrastructure; respectively, increase profits, and reduce the cost of pro- • statistics on the movement of goods and the de- duction. According to international experts, a 1% reduc- velopment of information infrastructure; tion in logistics costs is equivalent to an 8% increase in • development of legislation in the field of transport. sales [13]. Thus, in the case of optimizing logistics costs, National transport and forwarding organizations ac- a real and effective improvement in the economic per- tively involved in international cargo transportation are formance of enterprises is possible already in the short the first to recognize the importance of cargo logistics, and term. also understand the importance of cargo logistics, mul- timodal and terminal systems, cargo transportation tech- The experience of using transport and logistics cen- nologies, modern telecommunications. ters (TLC) in developed countries shows that their oper- Logistics activities are an integral part of production ation can reduce transport costs by up to 20%, reduce and include an intermediate range of products (services). the cost of loading and unloading operations, storage of Logistics in macro resources reflects the joint work of material resources and finished products by up to 30%, integrating business through the integration of various reduce overall logistics costs from 12 to 35%. organizations. All activities and operations related to lo- gistics must be planned, managed and coordinated [16]. In addition, an efficient scheme of transport and lo- The purpose of logistics is to understand all the gistics services at the national level can become a seri- ways of globalization, the movement of goods, services, ous factor in increasing the transport and transit raw materials and materials, which cover a wide range potential of the country. An increase in revenues from of human activities. Currently, logistics in the field of the export of transport and logistics services is provided forwarding activities is intensively developing. through the creation of multimodal transport and logis- One of the key features of logistics is the joint work tics centers, the profitability of which is 60% (against of their links until the goods of different enterprises 12% for conventional warehouses). TLC is the main link reach consumers. Reducing the cost of such activities in the logistics chain of cargo delivery, where a complex will help create reserves. At the same time, the lack of a of technological operations for its processing, transport mechanism for distributing the total profit between lo- and forwarding services, maintenance of vehicles and gistics partners somewhat reduces the effectiveness of containers, as well as cargo clearance and related ser- this work. In Uzbekistan, we can solve the following vices (information, financial, insurance, etc.) . problems, which are the reason for the slow development of logistics: To date, an integrated network of logistics centers • lack of qualified specialists in Uzbekistan who has not been formed in Uzbekistan. There are not are able to organize or improve the efficiency of existing enough large multimodal logistics centers that provide logistics processes. management of inventory and related cargo flows and • lack of appropriate conditions for the imple- provide a high level of logistics services that meet inter- mentation of the principles of logistics in organizations. national standards. Only a small number of LCs meet Many companies experience difficulties in the for- modern requirements for such complexes. They are spe- mation of a logistics service. Private firms have a poor cialized and focused on export products (for example, understanding of the functions they are supposed to per- cotton terminals) or created to provide freight transpor- form and the activities of these units. tation and service free economic zones (for example, • national legislation is not yet sufficiently adapted Navoi FEZ and Angren FEZ) [14,15]. to international law, international trade, international transportation, national transport, and so on. The creation of a single transport market of the Re- • lack of good relations with foreign logistics or- public of Uzbekistan is one of the main tasks of the ganizations. The solution of this problem is facilitated transport strategy. The geographic location of a country's by the establishment of interstate legal relations with in- transit routes is a key driver of the logistics management ternational logistics associations. approach to ensure the intensive development of the na- It is also necessary to create a national logistics por- tional transport infrastructure. tal to support national carriers and create additional con- ditions for entrepreneurs. Especially the opening, The importance of the transport system necessitates the implementation of a targeted program of economic development, the implementation of a comprehensive program aimed at the development of various modes of transport. Modern transport problems are based on a sys- 17

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. expansion, reconstruction and refurbishment of interna- tional transit routes. References: 1. Message of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev to the Oliy Majlis dated 29.12.2020 2. State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, http://stat.uz/ 3. Равшанов М.Н., Ахмедов З.С., Ахмедов Д.Т. У., & Юсуфхонов З.Ю. У. (2022). ПРОСТОТА ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ПОСТАВОК ПО КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНЫМ ЦЕНАМ. Universum: технические науки, (5-4 (98)), 64-67. 4. Salaev S., Akhmedov D., & Yusufkhonov Z. (2022). ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ТАМОЖЕННОГО И ПОГРАНИЧНОГО ОФОРМЛЕНИЯ. Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии, 19. 5. Kuziev A., Juraev M., Yusufkhonov Z., & Akhmedov D. (2023, March). Application of multimodal transportation in the development of future flows of the region. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2612, No. 1, p. 060027 ). AIP Publishing LLC. 6. Омонов Б.Ш., Жураев М.Н., Юсуфхонов З.Ю. У., & Абсатторов И.Х. У. (2022). ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ СКЛАДСКОЙ ПЛОЩАДИ В ЦЕПЯХ ПОСТАВОК. Universum: технические науки, (4-5 (97)), 9-13. 7. Mirsalih M., & Zokirkhon Y. (2022). CHOICE OF THE OPTIMUM FORECASTING MODEL IN DIFFERENT VALUE OF INITIAL INFORMATION. Universum: технические науки, (6-7 (99)), 23-26. 8. Abdurahim M., Zulfiya A., & Zokirkhon Y. (2022). DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN CRITERIA WHEN SELECTING CARGO TRANSPORTATION. Universum: технические науки, (6-7 (99)), 27-29. 9. Yusufkhonov Z., Ravshanov M., Kamolov A., & Kamalova E. (2021). Improving the position of the logistics performance index of Uzbekistan. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 264, p. 05028). EDP Sciences. 10. Мирзаев Ф.Р., Назарова В.Х., Ахмедов Д.Т. У., & Юсуфхонов З.Ю. У. (2022). АНАЛИЗ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ ОТСЛЕЖИВАНИЯ ГРУЗА. Universum: технические науки, (2-3 (95)), 32-35. 11. Жураев М.Н., Ахмедов Д.Т. У., Икромов М.Д. У., & Юсуфхонов З.Ю. У. (2022). КРИТЕРИИ ЭКОНО- МИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ СВОЕВРЕМЕННОЙ ДОСТАВКИ ГРУЗОВ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫМИ ТРАНСПОРТНЫМИ СРЕДСТВАМИ. Universum: технические науки, (2-3 (95)), 15-18. 12. Мирзаев Ф.Р., Назарова В.Х., Ахмедов Д.Т. У., & Юсуфхонов З.Ю. У. (2022). КАЧЕСТВО ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИХ УСЛУГ И КВАЛИФИКАЦИЯ ПЕРСОНАЛА. Universum: технические науки, (2-3 (95)), 28-31. 13. Abdullaev B., Yuldoshev D., Muminov T., & Axmedov D. (2021). Improving the method of assessing road safety at intersections of single-level highways. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 264, p. 05027). EDP Sciences. 14. Саматов Р.Г., Ахмедов Д.Т. У., & Юсуфхонов З.Ю. У. (2022). ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЛОГИСТИКИ. Universum: технические науки, (2-3 (95)), 46-51. 15. Nazarova V. (2018). INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS ON INCREASING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN UZBEKISTAN. International Finance and Accounting, 2018(5), 25. 16. Ирисбекова М. (2016). ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В ЭФФЕКТИВНОМ УПРАВЛЕНИИ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА. In СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПРИРОДНОЙ СРЕДЫ И НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ (pp. 3994-3997). 18

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15513 CAR PARKING PROBLEMS IN CITIES, CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS Ezoza Khakimova Master student, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Ezozbek Tokhirov PhD., Associated professor, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ПРОБЛЕМЫ С ПАРКОВКОЙ В ГОРОДАХ, ПРИЧИНЫ И РЕШЕНИЯ Хакимова Эъзоза магистрант, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Тохиров Эъзозбек Турсуналиевич д-р филос. наук, доцент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT In the article, parking problems in the city, its various causes and approaches that have not yet been successful are reviewed. Modern technologies and techniques in this regard have produced various new solutions. The article examines new planning trends and technological solutions to help ease the strain of the problem. Because the car parking spaces are not a solution in themselves, but a means to reach the wider community. The article discusses the of improving urban transportation, making cities more livable and efficient, considering the environmental impacts, and proposing solutions. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрена проблема парковки в городе, ее различные причины и подходы, которые пока не при- несли успеха. Современные технологии и приемы в этом отношении дали различные новые решения. В статье рассматриваются новые направления планирования и технологические решения, помогающие снять остроту про- блемы. Потому что парковочные места сами по себе не являются решением, а средством охвата более широкого сообщества. В статье обсуждаются вопросы улучшения городского транспорта, повышения уровня жизни и эффективности городов с учетом воздействия на окружающую среду и предложения решений. Keywords: car parking, planning, design of parking area. Ключевые слова: автомобильная стоянка, планировка, проектирование парковочной зоны. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Research problem the main cause of parking problems. In addition, the People want to own personal cars because cars offer parking system plays an important role in the world's an unmatched combination of speed and time. But the transportation system, and its lack is associated with truth is that there is no personal vehicle that is in con- traffic congestion, traffic accidents, accidents, air pollu- stant motion. Most private vehicles are used during busi- tion, and the impact on the climate. Although a planned ness hours or at night and spend most of their time at parking system in the upper system can not only im- leisure. It follows that the city should have at least two prove the quality of life of residents, but also improve parking spaces for each car. Two places should be pro- urban transport and the urban environment, the issue of portional to the place of work and residence of people. cars and parking is an often neglected aspect of urban planning and transport. Urban planners need to look for Urban parking problems are increasingly becoming smarter, more efficient and innovative solutions to the a global problem worldwide and are one of the most dis- problem of management, planning and perfect parking. cussed topics in the larger society today. Imbalance be- tween parking supply and parking demand was seen as __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Tokhirov E., Khakimova E. CAR PARKING PROBLEMS IN CITIES, CAUSES AND SO- LUTIONS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15513

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Research objectives parking spaces in these areas is expected to be miscalcu- lated. This is due to the disruption of the proposed mass This article examines the problem of parking in cit- transit system in the new areas; ies and towns in order to develop general principles and guidelines for solving parking problems. Decisions • Excessive automobile use. Car addiction imposes made to improve the quality of life for citizens must take many costs on society. These include increased user into account aspects of planning, design, management, costs, increased travel choices, increased car and resi- technology and the environment. The research objec- dential parking costs, and increased risk of accidents. tives are as follows: External costs include increased road and parking costs, congestion, uninsured accidents, environmental degra- • Determining the causes of the parking problem dation, adverse land use impacts and reduced mobility and its negative consequences. for ordinary citizens. • Learn how to effectively and comprehensively • Parking spaces that are an inconvenience to solve parking problems according to clear and general nearby residents and businesses, Businesses, organiza- instructions. tions and large shopping complexes may have difficulty retaining customers if they do not have well-planned • Study various conventional but unsuccessful ap- parking, and residents may have trouble finding parking proaches presented for planning and problem solving. close to their homes; • Explore innovative and smart solutions that use • The requirement for disabled parking spaces. modern technological tools or take into account environ- These areas should generally be located as close as pos- mental and urban design aspects in both planning. sible to both garages and above-ground lots, entrances and exits, and sidewalks; Research methodology • Loading, unloading and large truck areas. Lack This study developed an analysis methodology of parking space for loading or unloading commercial based on extensive literature on parking problems in cit- vehicles causes them to get stuck in traffic, waste a lot ies and urban areas. The article analyzed the data col- of time and block their roads; lected to achieve the goal and classified them according to the types of parking solutions at the level of planning, • pricing methods. Most require drivers to pay in management and design. And again, it includes mechan- advance for the maximum amount of time they can be in ical and technological innovations, as well as the devel- a parking lot and for using a specific parking space. As opment of solutions taking into account the preservation a result, drivers often end up paying for time they don't of the environment. The conclusions and recommenda- use, and are fined if they miscalculate; tions of the study are presented. • Insufficient parking at event venues. A lack of Causes of Parking problems parking at special public events, concerts, and similar public gatherings can disrupt traffic flow and put crowds In countries all over the world, car ownership and at a disadvantage. Each event can present its own unique the demand for parking spaces have become a conflict- traffic challenges. ing and confusing situation for people. • Low level of parking in the parking lot. This can Parking problems at the airport, bus stations and happen when cars are parked in one place for at least 4 shopping malls happen every day. A lack of parking can hours (on average). hurt local businesses and reduce the quality of life for residents. Because of the importance of parking, cities Negative impacts of Parking problems are constantly studying and analyzing parking programs and performance. Parking problem spoils the look and design of the city. Increasing on-street parking at or near each build- The parking problem in cities and towns is actually ing pushes buildings further apart and increases the dis- between the demand for parking and the supply of park- tance between buildings, requiring more street space and ing spaces, i.e. the number of parking spaces that are suf- making walking more difficult. Rows of parking spaces ficient for the cars that need parking means that there is in front of buildings alter pedestrian access routes to a difference. This gap occurs for several reasons: these buildings, altering their access routes in a desig- nated manner. Due to the lack of sufficient spaces for • In the ancient world, many ancient and historic parking, open spaces such as public spaces, public cities, especially capitals, were planned with narrow squares, public gathering places are being converted into streets and had horse-drawn carriages rather than cars. parking spaces over time and under the pressure of this Also, the difference between the population density of problem. Parking lots are generally the least attractive these cities at that time and the current density of those and most environmentally damaging land use. As a cities and districts is quite large. These narrow streets parking solution, the use of surface lots and multi-story are inconvenient for all types of vehicles with high traf- parking plans is often seen as the optimal solution. Be- fic and parking density. This exceeds their planned ca- cause of the costs, parking lots are also rarely done at a pacity; level of detail that matches public spaces. Therefore, it is preferable to separate the surface plots located behind • Due to the sharp increase in car ownership in new the buildings or to block and surround the presence of cities and newly planned urban areas, especially among these plots with fences, walls or fences. the high and middle income population, the demand for 20

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Roadside parking means that cars occupy several and facilitate payment solutions. Using this process, lanes of the road and thus increase the load on the rest some taxi drivers can negotiate a fare, get a parking spot of the road, which sometimes becomes a single lane, for a proposed location, and pay as soon as they leave. which exceeds the design capacity of the roads. It leads Drivers can usually view the result via phone and the to traffic jams. Also, in order to limit parking spaces world wide web. Nevertheless, standard sensors play a without obstructing the flow of traffic, especially on nar- very important role in helping to locate nearby vehicles. row streets or in the city center, local authorities should Also, the car must be ready to find customers and their create these lanes at the expense of the width of the vehicles through shared bookings, allowing access to roads, which makes them non-standard. will do. Also, regulated spaces. This parking lot id approach can use a the use of these sidewalks by pedestrians will be diffi- mobile phone access verification code for the site visitor. cult, inconvenient and unpleasant. Innovative design solutions to solve the parking Solutions of Parking Problem problem are mainly implemented through the automation of multi-storey parking lots. Mechanical parking sys- Parking spaces can be provided in three forms; park- tems allow vehicles to be automatically stopped by com- ing on the street (parking), off-street parking (parking) puter-controlled hydraulics in spaces several and parking that can be of two types; as a one- or two- centimeters wider than other vehicles. These systems of- story or separate structure (multi-story garage) forming fer a much higher volume of desirable land, but the cap- the basement (if underground) or podium (if above ital cost limits acquisition mainly in urban centers and ground) of the building. Each parking lot has several areas with high land values. In high-density residential types of vehicle circulation and is arranged to maximize areas, mechanical parking is an important tool for in- the number of cars that can be parked in it. creased use. Public and private spaces also play an im- portant role in delivery. Design options range from Each machine system in each of the previous three systems that place two cars vertically in a single lot to forms has three main parts; quantity, quality and man- systems that can fit cars horizontally between dozens of agement. Conventional parking lot planning focuses pri- spaces without the width of a carriageway between cars. marily on quantity. It assumes that more is always better Many individual approach car facilities; non-automatic and that there can never be excess. This type of planning or automated, designed with only function and cost as- relies primarily on minimum parking requirements and pects in mind, ignoring any contextual and aesthetic the provision of ample parking. Parking planning takes considerations. In terms of architecture and urban de- into account the quality of parking spaces, for example, sign, they can be very innovative, intelligent systems, the convenience and safety of walking from the parking high-tech, beautiful and can act as landmarks in the ur- place to the destination, the attractiveness and safety of ban context of a city. Smart Parking is the world's most ac- parking spaces, and the environmental requirements of cepted, fastest growing and currently widely used smart parking spaces. Parking management is aimed at achiev- parking system. Airports, universities, large shopping ing the best economic performance of parking spaces, malls, and city garages are some of the main facilities especially in parking lots or marginal parking lots. that are beginning to take advantage of the significant It is aimed at a management system suitable for each benefits of automated parking technology. Smart Park- situation and the correct application of the price policy. ing enables users to use low-cost sensors, real-time data A combination of planning and management solutions and applications to monitor available and unavailable ensures that the demand for parking is measured ac- parking spaces. Its main goal is to automate and shorten cording to the actual needs of the development and its the search for the optimal parking place and vacant lots operating conditions, rather than specific general standards. without spending too much time. Some solutions in- It also saves financial costs, user time and convenience, clude a complete set of services such as online pay- green infrastructure necessary for ecological balance. ments, parking time notifications and even vehicle tracking functions for very large areas. A smart parking Another way to solve parking problems is to de- solution can bring great benefits and revenue to both velop and implement smart parking. Smart Parking is a the drivers and the space owner. garage/system that uses several technological methods to help organize the car port properly. Electronic parking uses sophisticated technology to reduce booking costs References: 1. Manville M. (2014), “Improving Cities Through Parking Policy”, JOURNEYS; 2. Syden B., & Scavo J. (2015), “Downtown parking myths, realities, and solutions”, Laberge Group; 3. Siegman P. (2014), “Solving Parking Shortages, New Solutions for an Old Problem”, Nelson\\ Nygaard Consulting Associates. 4. Toronto City Planning, (2013), Design Guidelines for “Greening” Surface Parking Lots. 5. Aliev R., Aliev M., Tokhirov E. (2022) Mathematical model and algorithm for determining the optimal parameters of sensors control the approach of a train to a crossing in normal and control modes //AIP Conference Proceedings. – AIP Publishing LLC, 2022. – Т. 2432. – No. 1. 6. Aliev R., Aliev M., Tokhirov E. (2022) Analysis, development of a model and an algorithm in the concept of the growth of tone jointless rail circuits //Transportation Research Procedia. 63. pp. 178-186. 7. Tokhirov E. (2021) Analysis and Scientific Methodological Recommendations for Reducing the Delay on Railway Crossings// Интерактивная наука Интерактивная наука. 5 (60). 77-79 pp. 21

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15488 THE IMPORTANCE OF APPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT Mekhriban Shukirillaeva Master student, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Ezozbek Tokhirov PhD., Associated professor, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ВАЖНОСТЬ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЙ ДЛЯ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОГО ТРАНСПОРТА Шукириллаева Мехрибан магистрант, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Тохиров Эъзозбек Турсуналиевич Doctor of Philosophy, доцент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article highlights the significance of public transport apps in modern urban mobility. These apps provide commuters with real-time information, journey planning tools, ticketing options, and accessibility features. АННОТАЦИЯ В этой статье подчеркивается значение приложений для общественного транспорта в современной городской мобильности. Эти приложения предоставляют пассажирам информацию в режиме реального времени, инструменты планирования поездки, варианты продажи билетов и специальные возможности. Keywords: public transport, mobile apps, mobility. Ключевые слова: общественный транспорт, мобильные приложения, мобильность. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction Analysis of the existing studies on public transport applications Public transport apps have revolutionized the way we plan and manage our daily commutes. These innova- Several researchers and organizations have explored tive applications provide us with real-time information the use of public transport applications and their impact. about the status of buses, trains, subways, and other Here are some examples of researchers and their findings: modes of transportation. They simplify journey planning by offering schedules, route maps, and fare estimators. A study published in the Journal of Public Transpor- By improving the efficiency, convenience, and sustain- tation explored the use of mobile applications for public ability of public transport systems, these apps help re- transport in the United States. The researchers found that duce traffic congestion, air pollution, and greenhouse mobile applications had the potential to improve the user gas emissions. Moreover, these apps promote inclusivity experience and increase ridership, but that there were and diversity by catering to users of all backgrounds and significant challenges to adoption, such as concerns about abilities. Therefore, public transport apps are crucial privacy and data security. tools that can enhance the daily commuting experience and shape the future of urban transportation. A study by the University of California, Berkeley, examined the impact of real-time transit information on public transport ridership. The researchers found that real-time information could increase ridership by up to 9%, __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Tokhirov E., Shukirillaeva M. THE IMPORTANCE OF APPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15488

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. but that the effectiveness of the information depended 2. Citymapper: This app provides detailed infor- on the quality and accuracy of the data. mation about public transport options in major cities around the world. It includes real-time information on A report by the World Bank explored the use of mo- bus and train schedules, as well as bike-sharing and bile applications for public transport in developing ride-sharing options. The app also includes a feature countries. The report found that applications had the po- that helps users find the nearest public transport stop tential to improve access to transport services and reduce or station. costs, but that there were significant challenges to adop- tion, such as low smartphone penetration and limited in- 3. Moovit: This app provides real-time information ternet access. on public transport routes and schedules, including bus, train, and subway systems. The app also includes a trip Main Body planner that helps users find the most efficient route to their destination, as well as alerts and notifications about One of the main benefits of public transport apps delays and disruptions. is that they allow us to avoid delays caused by unexpected events, such as breakdowns, accidents, or road closures. 4. Uber: While not strictly a public transport app, Commuters can receive real-time updates about their bus Uber has become an important part of many cities' trans- or train's arrival time and plan their journey accordingly. portation networks. The app allows users to quickly and This is a significant improvement over traditional trans- easily request a ride from a nearby driver, and provides portation methods, where arrival times are often unpre- real-time updates on the driver's location and estimated dictable, and unexpected delays can significantly disrupt arrival time. Uber also offers a carpooling service called one's schedule. UberPOOL, which helps reduce traffic congestion by allowing multiple passengers to share a single ride. Additionally, public transport apps make it easier for users to purchase tickets, reducing long queues and 5. Google Maps: Google (По требованию wait times at ticket offices. Many public transport com- Роскомнадзора информируем, что иностранное лицо, panies now offer digital ticketing options, allowing владеющее информационными ресурсами Google commuters to purchase and validate tickets directly from является нарушителем законодательства Россий- their smartphone. This process takes only a few seconds, ской Федерации – прим. ред.) saving both time and resources while making the trans- portation experience more convenient. Maps provides detailed information on public transport options in cities around the world. The app in- Public transport apps also play a vital role in improving cludes real-time information on bus and train schedules, the sustainability of urban transport systems. By providing as well as bike-sharing and ride-sharing options. It also users with accurate information about the public transport includes a feature that helps users find the nearest public options available in their area, these apps encourage the transport stop or station, and provides directions for use of eco-friendly transportation methods. Widespread walking or cycling to and from the stop. adoption of public transport apps can help reduce overall traffic congestion, air pollution, and greenhouse gas 6. Waze Carpool: This app helps connect drivers emissions. with passengers who are going in the same direction. The app allows users to quickly and easily find a carpool Moreover, public transport apps are convenient and partner, and provides real-time updates on the driver's accessible to everyone, regardless of age or physical ability. location and estimated arrival time. Carpooling helps re- They simplify the journey planning process, helping duce traffic congestion and lowers carbon emissions. users of all backgrounds and abilities access public transport with ease. These apps also promote inclusivity Conclusions and diversity in transportation by providing accessible routes and real-time accessibility updates. In conclusion, public transport apps are essential tools for anyone who uses public transport regularly. Below are the best transit applications that are easy These applications offer real-time information about to use and make journey comfortable: routes, schedules, fares, and accessibility. They help us- ers avoid delays, simplify ticket purchasing, and pro- 1. Transit: This is a popular public transport app mote sustainability. By adopting these apps, we can that provides real-time information on transit routes and improve our daily commuting experience while also schedules, as well as alerts and notifications about delays making our transportation systems more efficient and and disruptions. The app also includes a trip planner that eco-friendly. Therefore, it is vital to promote and invest helps users find the fastest and most convenient route in these technologies to help shape the future of urban to their destination. mobility. References: 1. Hensher D.A., & Li Z. (2018). The future of public transport: Insights from theory and practice. Transport Reviews, 38(1), 1-25. 2. International Association of Public Transport (UITP). (2019). Digitalization in public transport. Retrieved from https://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/UITPDigitalisationinPubli cTransport.pdf 3. Rizvi S.A., & Memon M.A. (2018). Mobile applications in public transportation: A literature review. Journal of Transport Literature, 12(1), 3-16. 23

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 4. United Nations (UN). (2019). Sustainable development goals. Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/ 5. World Bank. (2019). Mobility for development. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/mobility-for-development 6. Aliev R., Tokhirov E., Aliev М. The mathematical model of the sensor for monitoring the state of the track section with current receivers// International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE). ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8, Issue-5, January 2020. DOI: https://doi:10.35940/ijrte. E5936.018520 (Scopus; IF=0.158). 7. Aliev R., Tokhirov E., Aliev М. Analysis, development of a model and an algorithm in the concept of the growth of tone jointless rail circuits. Transportation Research Procedia Volume 63, 2022, Pages 178-186. (Scopus; IF=0.158). 8. Aliev R., Tokhirov E., Aliev М. Mathematical Model and Algorithm for Determining the Optimal Parameters of Sensors Control the Approach of a Train to a Crossing in Normal and Control Modes. AIP Conference Proceedings Том 243216 June 2022. International Conference on Problems and Perspectives of Modern Science, ICPPMS 2021 Tashkent 10 June 2021-11 June 202.1(Scopus; IF=0.158). 24

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING METHODS AND APPROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL RESOURCES OF TRACTION ROLLING STOCK Abdulaziz Yusufov Doctoral student PhD, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Zokir Keldibekov Assistant, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent АНАЛИЗ СУЩЕСТВУЮЩИХ МЕТОДОВ И ПОДХОДОВ К ОЦЕНКЕ ОСТАТОЧНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ ТЯГОВОГО ПОДВИЖНОГО СОСТАВА Юсуфов Абдулазиз Махамадали угли докторант Phd, Ташкентский государственный университет путей сообщения, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Келдибеков Зокир Оллобердиевич ассистент, Ташкентский государственный университет путей сообщения, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article presents an analysis of existing methods and approaches to assessing the residual life of elements of load- bearing structures of traction rolling stock. In this work, methods for assessing reliability indicators and reliability during the use of torsion action content are presented. The analysis of the characteristics characterizing the reliability of technical objects is presented. To confirm the validity of the forces acting on the motion, algebraic formulas are given. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье представлен анализ существующих методов и подходов к оценке остаточного ресурса элементов несущих конструкций тягового подвижного состава. В данной работе представлены методы оценки показателей надежности и безотказности при использовании материалов торсионного действия. Представлен анализ характеристик, характеризующих надежность технических объектов. Для подтверждения достоверности сил, действующих на движение, приведены алгебраические формулы. Keywords: residual resource, reliability, bearing capacity, statistical load, quasi-static load, dynamic load, variable, multiple and low cyclic loads, Weibull equation. Ключевые слова: остаточный ресурс, надежность, несущая способность, статистическая нагрузка, квазистатическая нагрузка, динамическая нагрузка, переменные, многократные и малоциклические нагрузки, уравнение Вейбулла. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. The practical significance of the has not yet been completely exhausted [1,2,3,4,5]. Cur- problem of the residual life of traction rolling stock in rently, the problem of determining the optimal variant of railway transport is even greater. Although at the current energy and labor costs spent on replenishing the fleet of pace of scientific and technological progress, the moral locomotives and their repair, the solution of which con- wear of railway rolling stock machines is going faster tributes to the fulfillment of the tasks facing rail than before, the real resource in many industries has not transport, is urgent. reached economically acceptable values. One of the big- gest problems we face is that replacing obsolete railway Methods equipment with new ones is not economically justified. The reason is that, although most of the machines used To date, two directions of assessing the reliability of in railway transport are obsolete, their initial resource traction rolling stock have been formed. The first of them is operational reliability, the basic principles and __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Yusufov A., Keldibekov Z. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING METHODS AND AP- PROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL RESOURCES OF TRACTION ROLLING STOCK // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15498

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. methods of which are formulated by S.V. Serensen, Thirdly, when predicting the duration of the func- V.P. Kogaev, R.M. Schneiderovich, R.V. Kugel, tioning of an object in the tasks of forecasting the resid- B.S. Kuznetsova, A.M. Scientists such as Sheinina have ual resource of its functioning for a certain period of studied. The analysis of work in this direction shows that time, this is a random process, the argument of which is the procedure for determining reliability indicators in time. Thus, at runtime it is to determine the value of the the presence of information about the nodes of traction random time function here [10]. rolling stock is reduced, so to speak, to the appropriate methods. However, research methods and operational Structures of railway traction rolling stock during reliability also have some disadvantages, the main one operation take on loads (static, quasi-static, dynamic, of which is that the duration of information payment variable, multiple and low-cycle) that affect the design takes a lot of time. of the support at different levels and periods of use. At the same time, it causes both elastic and plastic defor- The second direction is the determination of relia- mations. Loads (impacts) are characterized by the de- bility indicators in the design of the structure. In this di- gree of propagation in space, the speed of their rection, it should be noted that Academician E.A. movement and other estimated parameters. To check the Chudakov’s method of calculating structures for operability of the design of the traction rolling stock, the strength in the form of reserve coefficients does not al- impact class and its characteristics are established, low us to proceed to estimating the resource of parts, as which should be reflected in the model. The belonging for the intuitive forecasting method, which is advisable of an effect to a certain class is determined by its most if the developed parts are compared with similar parts important properties, depending on which the following that have proven themselves well in the work [6,7,8]. classification is considered [11]. Reliability indicators can be partially determined • Statistical (or quasi-static) effects that do not lead using stands at manufacturing plants and during various to a significant acceleration in the design. tests at repair facilities, but the most complete infor- mation about operational reliability can be obtained us- Static loads refer to the effect of time on the devel- ing archived data in repair depots. Information is opment of fatigue failure of the structure or to single or collected on traction rolling stock, while not only mal- less frequently repeated loads. Such loads (usually to a functions and malfunctions, various impacts (mainte- lesser extent), which can lead to a breakdown or break- nance, current and major repairs) are recorded, but also down of the structure due to fatigue, affect most traction the operating conditions of the rolling stock, for exam- moving parts. To do this, the calculation of the load- ple; the transported cargo, the length of traffic, the per- bearing capacity of traction moving parts should be centage of traffic on various roads, etc. based on statistical or repetitive statistical load-bearing capacity and endurance. Results The load capacity of traction moving components Improving the reliability of machines, equipment affected by static load should be considered because of and devices is one of the priority areas of technology and their effect on plastic deformation and movement, since technology development for the coming decade. The in some cases the limiting state of the part should corre- most important property characterizing the reliability, spond to the presence of plastic deformations in it. service life and resource intensity of technical objects. The theory of reliability allows us to assess the influence ������ = ������пред ∙ ������������ = ������пред ∙ ������������ (1) of factors on the average resource and resource alloca- ������������ ������раб ������раб tion, to assess the residual resource in combination with methods and means of technical diagnostics. In this place; ������пред ⎯ the maximum load corresponding to the Units of measurement of residual resources are se- maximum permissible movement, load-bearing capacity lected for each industry separately in relation to each or fatigue, depending on the criterion by which the static class of machines, aggregates and structures. The best load-bearing capacity is determined; and universal unit from the point of view of theory and ������������ ⎯ appropriate load to reach the current limit general methodology is a unit of time. at the sharpest points of the structure; ������������ ⎯ safety margin when calculating the current Firstly, the operating time of a technical facility as strength. a whole includes not only the time of its useful work, but In this expression, the coefficient ������пред ⁄������раб also the total working time and breaks. At the same time, shows how much the margin of safety differs from the in these gaps, the object is exposed to environmental in- usually calculated yield strength when calculating static fluences and loads arising during operation. Thus, the load-bearing capacity. aging process, when the properties of materials change, • A dynamic effect that cause significant accelera- proportionally leads to a decrease in the total resource [9]. tions due to the variability of vibrations close to the main tone. Secondly, the resource is closely related to the ser- • O impact variables that change their values or po- vice life, which is defined as the calendar duration of the sitions at different points. In many cases, exposure vari- object's operation before the transition to the limit state ables are not constant. Then they can be characterized by and is measured in units of time. The service life of the discrete quantities, and they are considered as short- object before decommissioning (planned, standard ser- term processes over a period of time during which the vice life) is largely due to the pace of scientific and tech- effect exists. nological progress in this area. 26

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Then these data can be characterized by discrete changes in load times during the same type of work cy- quantities, and during the period of time during which cles. At the same time, changes in the load value are de- the effect exists, they are considered as short-term pro- termined by the characteristics of the locomotive cesses. If these loads exceed a certain level, irreversible equipment and its purpose (shunting, luggage). Parts of changes will begin to occur in the metal structure ele- various machines used in many machines, especially ment, which will lead to cracking. The crack, developing traction rolling stock, diesel engines, reactors, work for gradually, eventually leads to the rapid destruction of the a long time under load at high temperatures. Some elements of the traction rolling stock. This phenomenon features of plastic deformation under these conditions is called metal fatigue. lead to breakage or failure of its components. Deformations caused by compression can reach the limit In some cases, it is convenient to use the equation values at which the machine will fail in time. As a result, proposed by Weibull to describe fatigue curves. the metal gradually weakens due to elastic stresses at the connection points of the structure, and the possibility of (������Б + ������)(������ − ������−1)������ = ������ (2) reuse of a certain service life by reducing the limiting stresses over time leads to a slow increase in deformations In this place; over time under the influence of constant loads. ������−1⎯ the ultimate strength of the design sample, i.e. the highest value of the maximum cycle stress that In general, in order to determine the maximum load it can withstand without breakage, on distortion, it is necessary to determine the dependence ������Б ⎯ it is called a test base (usually 10 million cycles of this load on deformations, calculate the final for steel samples, 50-100 million cycles for light alloy accumulation. It is necessary to determine the maximum samples). number of cycles (time) for the specified time (number The margin of safety in the calculation of static of cycles) and determine the endurance reserve. load-bearing capacity can be determined as follows: • And the short-term effects that affect the struc- ������������ = ������пр������ and ������������ = ������пр������ (4) ture over time are much less than the lifetime of the ������раб ������раб structure. The service life of a structure is a process with an interval of several iterations, which is affected by Special effects resulting from very rare effects. With the load. the help of modern engineering programs, it is necessary The generalized Masing principle is defined for a to determine the probability of their occurrence [12,13]. cyclic deformation curve as follows. Conclusion ������ = ������(���������(���������������)) (3) ���������(���������) During long-term operation of structural elements under alternating stresses (millions), the limiting state is In this place; determined mainly by changes in the state of the metal, ST(K) − depending on the number of cycles, the co- which gradually accumulate in it as a result of deformation efficients are determined; (fatigue process). If the structures operate at high tem- peratures, time becomes one of the factors leading to E − accumulated fatigue in the structure. the occurrence of boundary conditions. At the same This is very convenient for solving cyclic problems, time, it is necessary to achieve a uniform distribution of since this implies the similarity of single and cyclic de- deformations and loads in the structure as a result of a formation curves, and, consequently, the solution of the gradual change and displacement of the mechanical cyclic problem can be obtained on the basis of static so- properties of the metal structure material. Consideration lutions. of the deformed state of the traction rolling stock struc- Prolonged exposure to its element during the time ture in the kinetic sense and analysis of the boundary states corresponding to the service life of the structure. It is a based on the criteria of cracks or permissible impact continuous or continuous process with relatively small on the structure allows us to determine the appropriate limiting forces, the number of cycles and time charac- terizing the bearing capacity. References: 1. Нормы для расчета прочности несущих элементов, динамических качеств и воздействия на путь экипажной части локомотивов железных дорог колеи 1520 мм. – М.: ВНИИЖТ, 1998. – 145 с. 2. Теория и конструкция локомотивов: учебник для вузов ж.-д. транспорта / Г.С. Михальченко, В.Н. Кашников, В.С. Коссов, В.А. Симонов; под ред. Г.С. Михальченко. — М.: Маршрут, 2006. — 584 с. 3. Биргер И.А. Техническая диагностика. -M.: Машиностроение, 1978.-240 с. 4. Хамидов О.Р. и др. ОЦЕНКА ДОЛГОВЕЧНОСТИ СВАРНЫХ НЕСУЩИХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ЛОКОМОТИВОВ // Universum: технические науки. – 2023. – №. 2-3 (107). – С. 48-53. 5. Yusufov Abdulaziz, Khamidov Otabek, Zayniddinov Nuriddin, Jamilov Shukhrat, Abdurasulov Sherzamin APPLICATION OF COMPUTER- AIDED DESIGN (CAD) SYSTEMS WHEN SOLVING ENGINEERING SURVEY TASKS // Universum: технические науки. 2023. №3-5 (108). 27

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 6. Yusufov A. O‘zbekiston respublikasi temir yo‘llaridagi manevr lokomotivlarini tahlili va rivojlanish istiqbollari // Science and innovation. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. A8. – С. 943-950. 7. Khamidov O. et al. Remaining life of main frame and extension of service life of shunting Locomotives on railways of Republic of Uzbekistan //E3S Web of Conferences. – EDP Sciences, 2023. – Т. 365. – С. 05008. 8. Khamidov O. et al. Remaining life of main frame and extension of service life of shunting Locomotives on railways of Republic of Uzbekistan //E3S Web of Conferences. – EDP Sciences, 2023. – Т. 365. – С. 05008. 9. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Оценка остаточного ресурса главных рам маневровых тепловозов //Universum: техниче- ские науки. – 2022. – №. 2-3 (95). – С. 59-62. 10. Хамидов О.Р.и др. Виды повреждений несущих конструкций и технологические аспекты их возникновения // Инновационные подходы, проблемы, предложения и решения в науке и образовании. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 1. – С. 142-147. 11. Yusufov A.M. et al. Lokomotivlarning texnik holatini bort tizimi yordamida aniqlash //Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – Т. 2. – №. 9. – С. 600-605. 12. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Продлению остаточного ресурса главной рамы тепловоза серии ТЭМ2 с методом конечных элементов (МКЭ) // Инновационные подходы, проблемы, предложения и решения в науке и образовании. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 1. – С. 148-153. 13. Yusufov A.M.et al. Temir yo ‘l tortuv harakat tarkibi issiqlik kuch qurilmalarini avtomatik boshqarish va diagnostika tizimi //Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – Т. 2. – №. 9. – С. 613-618. 28

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. TRANSPORT, MINING AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING ON THE ISSUE OF THE INTEGRATED USE OF SHARGUNKUMIR FOR OPEN-PIT COAL MINING Zuhriddin Latipov Ass prof. (PhD) of dep. of “Mining” Karshi engineering and economics institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi E-mail: [email protected] Abbos Shodiyev Head of dep. of “Mining” Karshi engineering and economics institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi Nilufar Boymurodova Ass. of dep. of “Alternative energy sources” Karshi engineering and economics institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi Xilola Xoliyorova Ass. of dep. of “IT” Karshi engineering and economics institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi Doniyor Murodov Master student of dep.“Mining” Karshi engineering and economics institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi Dilshod Xakberdiyev Master student of dep.“Mining” Karshi engineering and economics institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi К ВОПРОСУ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ШАРГУНЬКУМИР ПО ДОБЫЧЕ УГЛЯ ОТКРЫТЫМ СПОСОБОМ Латипов Зухриддин Ёкуб угли (PhD), доц. каф.“Горное дело” Каршинский инженерно-экономический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Карши Шодиев Аббос Немат угли зав. каф. “Горное дело” Каршинский инженерно-экономический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Карши Боймуродова Нилуфар Муродуллаевна асс. каф.“Альтернативных источников энергии” Каршинский инженерно-экономический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Карши __________________________ Библиографическое описание: ON THE ISSUE OF THE INTEGRATED USE OF SHARGUNKUMIR FOR OPEN-PIT COAL MINING // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Latipov Z. [и др.]. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15560

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Холиёрова Хилола Комил кизи асс. каф.“ИТ” Каршинский инженерно-экономический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Карши Муродов Дониёр Бахтиёр угли магистрант каф.“ГД” Каршинский инженерно-экономический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Карши Хакбердиев Дилшод магистрант каф.“ГД” Каршинский инженерно-экономический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Карши ABSTRACT The paper proposes the preparation of sites for excavation using the existing technology, the main technological solutions for stripping, and the issue of the integrated use of Shargunkumir for open-cast coal mining. АННОТАЦИЯ В работе предложена подготовка участков к выемке по существующей технологии, основные технологические решения вскрытия и к вопросу комплексного использования Шаргунькумир по добыче угля открытым способом. Keywords: Shargunskoye field, borehole, drift, drilling and blasting, ammonite 6ZhV, block, drilling of holes, development system, stope, extraction blocks. Ключевые слова: Шаргуньское месторождение, шпур, штрек, буровзрывных работ, аммонитом 6ЖВ, блок, бурение шпуров, система разработка, очистный забой, выемочные блоки. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The deposit is divided according to the methods of The angles of inclination of the sides of open pits in opening the field into an adit (up to a horizon of 1300 the final position must be established on the basis of an m) and a sloping one (up to a horizon of 925 meters). analysis of the geological, mining and physical, and ge- ographical conditions of the deposit, affecting the stabil- The false roof of the deposit is represented by a fine ity of rocks in the slopes, as well as taking into account interbedding of unstable mudstones with a thickness of the technical and technological factors that form the fi- 0-1.5 m, the main roof is an interbedding of sandstones nal sides. with siltstones. Soil rocks - siltstones and sandstones - are resistant to heaving[1-8]. In the simplest case, with strong weakly fractured rocks that make up the sides of a quarry, or with rocks The mine belongs to category I in terms of gas, is of medium strength and a side height of up to 150 m, the explosive in terms of dust, and is silico-hazardous in slope angle of the side in the final position can be found terms of workings through rocks. from the expression[4]. The hydrogeological conditions for the develop- n ment of the field are complex. All rocks, depending on  hi the lithological composition and fracturing, are water- β0  β = arctg n i =1 bearing. n  δпi + hictgi The rocks of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic i =1 i =1 periods take part in the geological structure of the field of the deposit. where βo is the slope angle of the side according to the conditions of rock stability, deg.; h1 is the height of The area allocated for the quarry of the coal deposit the ledges in the final board; δb is the width of the safety is a rocky ridge. berm; α is the slope angle of the ledge in the final posi- tion. Category of rocks according to the scale of Pro- todyakonov M.M. - 7-9. Loosening coefficient - 1.40, The main proposed elements of the system for de- bulk density - 2.68 t/m3. veloping the section of the exit of the coal seam from the surface are taken depending on the geological structure The development of the deposit will be carried out and physical and mechanical properties of the constituent in an open pit - a quarry, with the use of drilling and rocks of the section, as well as the method, system, and blasting. technology of development, the type of equipment used. The bottom of the design quarry is located at +1700 m; The parameters of the development system are de- the maximum depth of the quarry is 43 m. The area termined in accordance with the current Uniform Safety of the quarry at the end of mining is 53,522 m2. Rules and Standards for Technical Operation in Open Mining. Pit side angles 70° Angle at the end of mining - 47° The likelihood of landslides and suffusion processes is excluded. There is no gas content. Seismicity 9 points. Production facilities will be located in close prox- imity to the field area. 30

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Selective development of the fertile layer, overbur- 1.06 – well drilling ratio. den, and minerals is envisaged. Road-planning work For calculations under the condition of safe blasting, will be carried out using a T-130 bulldozer. For mining the conditional diameter of the well is assumed to be operations, it is proposed to use the Dosan-420 excava- d = 0.110 m. tor with a bucket capacity of 2.0 m3, excavation and Vertical wells are accepted for calculations by the transportation of rocks is carried out by dump trucks project[6]. with a carrying capacity of 25.0 tons. Solid charge, VV-mango-2. When using other types of explosives, it is necessary to introduce a correction Development of coal by ledges: 5.0 m. is carried out factor that takes into account the specific energy con- by a Dosan-420 excavator with loading into Chakman sumption of the destruction of explosive rocks. dump trucks. Wells are driven with drill cuttings and crushed rock. The slope angle of the working side of the mining The initiation of borehole charges consisting of the bench is up to 70°, and the slope angle of the non-work- simplest ammonium nitrate explosives is carried out by ing side of the bench is 57°. militants in the amount of one piece, consisting of am- monite cartridges No. 6 ZhV with a diameter of 32 mm. The annual capacity of the open pit for coal, according The mass of ammonite fighter No. 6ZhV for downhole to the terms of reference, is 100 thousand tons. m3. charges should be at least 0.6 kg. To isolate charges from non-water-resistant explosives in flooded wells, the height Commercial coal reserves at the quarry site of the water column is more than 1 m, the project pro- amounted to 170.872 thousand m3 and will ensure the vides for the use of polyethylene sleeves. operation of the enterprise for 1.5 years. Excavation and loading operations consist of the ex- cavation of rock mass from the face and loading it into The quarry is open all year round: means of transport or moving it to a warehouse. • number of working days - 305; The heights of the developed ledges, the physical • number of shifts per day: and mechanical properties of the rocks, and the structure • in mining operations (limestones) - 1, of the mechanization of related processes make it possible • overburden works (loams) - 1; to use the Dosan-420 hydraulic excavator for mining • duration of the shift - 8 hours. operations (for excavation). Drilling of blast holes on the rock ledge is provided The excavation of the rock mass is carried out by by the SBU-100 rig (drill bit diameter 105 mm). face slaughter, which ensures the maximum performance Design wells are instrumentally carried out and of the excavator due to the small average angle of rotation fixed on the ground along the grid according to the pro- for unloading, convenient supply of vehicles for loading, ject for the production of a mass explosion. and minimal downtime. SBU- 100 crown diameter dk = 0.105 m. The conditional diameter of the well is determined by calculation d =dk * 1.06= 0.105*1.06=0.110 m. References: 1. Norov Y., Karimov Y., Latipov Z., Khujakulov A., Boymurodov N. Research of the parameters of contour blasting in the construction of underground mining works in fast rocks // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1030 (1), 012136 2. Biznes-plan aksionernogo obщestva «Shargunkumir» na 2016 god 3. Geologiya mestorojdeniy uglya i goryuchix slansev SSSR. Tom-6. Ugolnыe basseynы i mestorojdeniya Sredney Azii. Moskva: Izdatelstvo «Nedra», 1968.- 600 s. 4. Ismailov A.S., Rizakulov M.S., Baratov V.N.3, Buronov Ya.A. Primenenie sovremennogo mexanizirovannogo kompleksa na podzemnыx ugolnыx shaxtax Uzbekistana // Problemы nauki: texnicheskie nauki – Moskva, 2021. 5. Latipov Z.Y., Muxammadov A.A., Ismoilov M.I. K voprosu otxodov dobыchi i pererabotki kaliynыx soley tyubegatanskogo mestorojdenie // Universum: texnicheskie nauki. – Moskva, 2022. – №4(97). – S. 5-9 6. Maxmudov D.R. Ismailov A.S. Isroilov M.A. Barotov V.N. Azizkulov M.A. Muratov Z.T. Obosnovanie mexanizatsii razrabotki krutopadayuщix moщnыx ugolnыx plastov v usloviyax Shargunskogo mestorojdeniya kamennogo uglya // Universum: texnicheskie nauki – Moskva, 2022. . – №5(98). S. 29-34 7. Xoliyorova X.K. Voprosы optimalnogo proektirovaniya podzemnыx soorujeniy // Universum: texnicheskie nauki – Moskva, 2022. – №10(103). S. 14. 8. Xoliyorova X.K., Yakubov S.X., Latipov Z.Yo. Matematicheskie modeli optimizatsii silindricheskix obolochek s podkreplennыmi rebrami jestkosti // Universum: texnicheskie nauki. – Moskva, 2021. – №2(83). S. 31-33. 31

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15502 METHOD OF OPTIMIZATION AND PROTECTION OF DIAGNOSTIC DATA IN MONITORING RAILWAY AUTOMATION DEVICES Qurbonali Nuriddinov Foundation PhD student, Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Asadulla Azizov Candidate of technical sciences, professor, Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Ruslan Abdullaev Candidate of technical sciences Associate Professor, Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] МЕТОД ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ И ЗАЩИТЫ ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКИХ ДАННЫХ ПРИ МОНИТОРИНГЕ УСТРОЙСТВ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОЙ АВТОМАТИКИ Нуриддинов Курбонали Комилжон угли аспирант, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Азизов Асадулла Рахимович канд. техн. наук, профессор, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абдуллаев Руслан Борисович канд. техн. наук, профессор, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT Works on the logical processing of control and diagnostic data in devices and systems of railway automation and telemechanics have been studied and their shortcomings have been identified. On the basis of these shortcomings, and as an addition to them, the possible modes of operation of the supply transformer, which is one of the automation and telemechanics devices that can be controlled during operation at signal points of automatic blocking, are investigated. For the tasks of technical diagnostics of this device, the current limits were determined and divided into ranges by significant values. In order to increase the efficiency of logical processing and sending diagnostic data via communication channels, the information vectors obtained during the measurement are replaced by the principle of quantizing the range of values, depending on the correspondence of these ranges to vectors with a small length. As a result, it was possible to reduce the load on the computing device when performing logical and arithmetic operations and reduce the time required for this. In addition, issues of protecting simplified data packets when they are sent over a communication channel were considered. For this purpose, cyclic codes are used, depending on various generator polynomials, to check for the presence of distor- tions in data transmission. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the results of errors that cannot be detected when checking the data for errors of the codes used, recommendations and conclusions on the use of cyclic codes are given, depending on various generating polynomials. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Nuriddinov Q.K., Azizov A.R., Abdullaev R.B. METHOD OF OPTIMIZATION AND PROTECTION OF DIAGNOSTIC DATA IN MONITORING RAILWAY AUTOMATION DEVICES // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15502

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. АННОТАЦИЯ Исследованы работы по логической обработке данных управления и диагностики в устройствах и системах железнодорожной автоматики и телемеханики и выявлены их недостатки. На основании этих недостатков, и как дополнение к ним, исследованы возможные режимы работы питающего трансформатора, являющегося одним из устройств автоматики и телемеханики, которые могут контролироваться в процессе эксплуатации на сигнальных точках автоблокировки. Для задач технического диагностирования данного устройства были определены пре- делы тока и разбиты на диапазоны по значимым величинам. С целью повышения эффективности логической обработки и отправки диагностических данных по каналам связи, информационные векторы, полученные при измерении, заменены принципом квантования диапазона значений в зависимости от соответствия этих диапазо- нов до векторов с небольшой длиной. В результате удалось снизить нагрузку на вычислительное устройство при выполнении логических и арифметических операций и сократить необходимое для этого время. Кроме того, были рассмотрены вопросы защиты упрощенных пакетов данных при их отправке по каналу связи. Для этой цели ис- пользуются циклические коды, зависящие от различных порождающих полиномов, для проверки на наличие ис- кажений при передаче данных. По результатам сравнительного анализа результаты ошибок, которые не могут быть обнаружены при проверке данных на ошибки используемых кодов, изображаются на графике в виде кри- вых. На основании этого графика даются рекомендации и выводы по применению циклических кодов, зависящие от различных порождающих полиномов. Keywords: technical diagnostics of automatic blocking devices, monitoring, logical processing of diagnostic data, signal quantization, data protection, CRC codes. Ключевые слова: техническое диагностирование устройств автоблокировки, мониторинг, логическая обработка диагностических данных, квантование сигнала, защита информации, коды CRC. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Introduction (some value that identifies digital information). The hash function check (CRC) is a more reliable method of digital Railway automation and telemechanics systems are data identification system. The essence of this method is of great importance in ensuring the process of safe and to calculate the control value of the cyclic redundancy continuous transportation of goods and passengers in code (CRC) of the data [7]. railway transport [1-3]. Currently, there is a trend to- wards the introduction of railway automation and re- II. Literature survey mote control systems based on digital devices, i.e. microprocessor and microelectronic components [1,4]. Today, there is practically no area where digital data Due to the increase in the number of digital devices, the is not exchanged. In addition, the exchange of digital amount of digital information exchanged between them data between objects and facilities of the railway indus- increases several times. At the same time, the need to try is being widely introduced. Currently, on the roads ensure the integrity and reliability of this information of the post-Soviet space, a number of systems and de- has increased [5]. Errors in information occur as a result vices of railway automation, their components, are out- of interference in the transmission of information. dated and do not meet the requirements of the time due Simply put, the information sent on the sender's side to the large amount of waste of energy and resources. In may not be in the form of the original information on the particular, on the example of railway automation and re- receiver's side after exposure to these interferences [6]. mote control systems, on most railway lines operated in This, in turn, can cause abnormal situations in train traf- the former CIS countries, centralization and blocking fic control systems. signaling systems are used, which were put into opera- tion in the 60s of the last century [8-10]. The control by Data integrity violations can occur due to the following ferry devices located between the stations and sending situations: the data received from them to the centralized control room were carried out mainly through auto-blocking • inversion (distortion of bit values) of bits as a re- systems and frequency dispatch control (FDC) [11]. Un- sult of external influences; til now, the devices of this system have simply worked out their resource and are kept in a partially serviceable • change in the value of the information vector; (operable) state due to the end of the operational period, • changing the order of bits or groups of bits, etc. wear and tear and lack of components to replace the Various methods are used to protect data from the failed device [12-13]. The level of technical diagnostics of effects of interference, such as those described above, the state of devices of this type of systems is low, that is, and to prevent threats to the integrity of information [6]. they cannot provide the exact location and cause of de- They are often considered integrity methods based on vice failures in the process of diagnosing, and the nar- cryptographic approaches, and the following tools are rowness of the system functions indicates that this is currently used: incompatible with the acceleration of transport pro- • control of amounts; cesses today. The knowledge of the reliability and integ- • hash functions (CRC – Cyclic Redundancy Code); rity of monitoring and diagnostic data in these systems • digital signatures. also raises doubts [14-16]. Given the strategic im- The simplest way to check the integrity of data portance of railway systems, there is a need to optimize transmitted in digital form is the checksum method, in which the checksum of the message is calculated 33

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. and protect data transmission over communication chan- controllers, several bytes are required, depending on the nels to a centralized single dispatch server. With this in number of bits of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) mind, it is important to create methods and mechanisms for [22]. transmitting information in local conditions using mod- ern methods from devices located at the signaling sta- D = 2N , (1) tions of the FDC system. At the same time, it is important to use methods for verifying the validity of the where D is the number of measurement steps (num- above information when sending. ber of analog signal measurement levels) of the ADC; N is the number of ADC bits. III. The degree of study of the problem The greater the number of ADC bits, the higher the In [17–20], measurements were carried out using accuracy of the measured analog value, and the greater various controllers at some control points for railway au- the amount of information generated by the controller. tomation and telemechanics systems, methods for logi- In fact, the amount of such information may be redun- cal processing of monitoring and diagnostic data were dant for the parameters of the device being measured, studied. In particular, in [17-19], the authors carried out and in this case the information received will have a research on estimating the time of requests for analog large redundant part. In addition, it takes a long time to signals in diagnostic and control systems for station de- transmit information with such a redundant part over a vices of railway automation and telemechanics. To con- communication channel, and the intensity of transmis- duct this study, the authors used Atmel AVR sions increases. Also, when sending a large amount of microcontrollers. Due to the low speed of these micro- data over a communication channel, consisting of sev- controllers and limited functionality, the issue of logical eral bytes with such a redundant part, the number of er- processing of the values measured by the analog-to-dig- rors will be greater. Taking this into account, the author ital converter (ADC) device was not considered. of [21] proposed a logical processing method based on signal quantization in order to optimize the placement of In [20], the author describes methods for monitoring all this data in one information vector (packet). In this automation and telemechanics devices using program- case, the limit values (critical points) of the parameters mable logic controllers, as well as methods for diagnos- of a particular device are determined, in other words, the ing the state of devices. As an example, the connection levels of analog values by which a specific state of the de- to new control points for technical diagnostics and device vice can be assessed. These intervals of critical points monitoring is shown. In [21], the author proposes the form different ranges. It is intended to replace these principle of quantization of the input voltage of a travel- ranges with a few bits of data. With this method, the ing relay used in railway automation and telemechanics change in the parameter of the controlled device is bro- systems, divided into levels according to the most im- ken down into \"cases\" (a range of critical points), which portant operating modes of the device. can be between minimum and maximum values. Simpli- fied coding is then applied to these ranges, a process that IV. Purpose of the work further speeds up and reduces logic processing time. In the above works, it can be noted that some pa- In the above work [21], the author proposed to re- rameters of devices and systems are not taken into ac- duce the length of the diagnostic data vector based on count, the parameters of which are also important for the quantization of the travel relay supply voltage range. presenting the “general picture” of the technical condition It should be noted that since each track circuit has its of the diagnosed object. Also briefly considered is the own norms (standards), the above conventional analog reduction in the number of transmission errors based on values are only general principles for approaching the the digital processing of diagnostic data received from problem under consideration. The diagnostics of the control objects. At the same time, the work on measur- track circuit is carried out not only with the help of the ing analog, discrete and other parameters of signal track circuit relay itself. In addition, it is necessary to points located between railway stations is not an excep- take into account the parameters of the transformer de- tion. Therefore, the main goal of this work is to further vice that supplies this rail circuit with mains voltage. Ac- study the checkpoints of the diagnosed devices of rail- cordingly, they can be defined as short-circuit current Ikz, way automation and telemechanics for the implementa- load operating current Irn, maximum load operating cur- tion of predictive diagnostics tasks and the study of rent Irnmax, minimum load operating current Irnmin and no- methods for protecting information during logical pro- load current Ixx. cessing and transmission, the formation of shortened data vectors about the parameters of the diagnosed de- Based on the foregoing, let's consider an example of vice. quantizing the range of important values of the current of the supply transformer of a track circuit and the prin- V. Methodology ciple of replacing the measured values with information vectors of small length. On fig. 1 presents the basic prin- To analyze the measured parameters of devices, ciples of quantization of the supply current levels of the a large amount of data is transmitted to a computing de- track circuit according to the main threshold values of vice, that is, to an arithmetic logic unit, which is consid- the parameters. The figure conventionally shows the ered the \"brain\" of the controller, based on various curve I(t) and the levels of current values in the main algorithms. This creates a certain load on him when pro- operating modes of the transformer. As noted above, cessing data and requires him a certain amount of time when adjusting a track circuit, it is mainly operated on for this. Usually, to measure analog values using special 34

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. the basis of the levels of the current value of the trans- range between the critical points Irnmax and Irnmin is con- former shown on the vertical scale of the figure in dif- ditionally defined, where the transformer supplies the ferent operating modes. Therefore, in order to reduce the devices connected to it with a rated current based on number of data bytes in the process of logical pro- their total load Rn. Therefore, at each ADC quantization cessing, the values generated at each quantization step step, all data bytes falling within this range are replaced and corresponding to the same transducer parameter by a short vector 010. The remaining ranges are com- range are combined. Thus, it is proposed to represent bined according to the same principle, all their data bytes this range of data bytes (denoted by curly braces) as one are replaced by vectors of small length. short data vector. For example, in the figure, the current a) Division of rail circuit supply current levels into ranges according to the most important current levels; b) Formation of a short data vector by combining their values Figure 1. Quantization (number of measurements per unit of time) of the current range by the levels of critical values of the currents of the supply transformer of the track circuit The length of the created data vector can be differ- the measured data from each device is 12 bits, and the ent depending on the characteristics of the device being data size of 4 such devices is 48 bits. Instead of this 48- measured and its modes of operation, states, and other bit data, our example generates a 10-bit vector. By add- parameters. Also, there is no need to use a large number ing one more 8-bit data vector from 8 discrete device of measurement ranges for zoning the input voltage val- states to the resulting 10-bit vector, a common 18-bit ues of the travel relay according to its state. It suffices to data vector is created. A detailed description of the se- use a vector with a length of only 3 bits [21]. The analog quence of bits that make up the data vector is shown in parameters of other devices are also represented by a Figure 2. By adding a control vector to this data vector, data vector of the same length as in Figure 1. Thus, if we a common sending packet is formed. assume that the number of ADC bits is 12, the size of Figure 2. Generated data vector during technical diagnostics of the track circuit 35

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. VI. Experimental results • P38 – x5+x2+x1; • P47 – x5+x3+x2+x1+x0; To reduce the number of errors in the transmission • P52 – x5+x4+x2; of the data vector, various codes are used, in which, by • P56 – x5+x4+x3; shortening the above proposed method, high efficiency can • P59 – x5+x4+x3+x1+x0. be achieved both in transmission and in data processing. For example, CRC codes are currently widely used in For the selected polynomials, undetectable errors various communication channels, industrial data exchange protocols, and data processing devices [23]. The error are calculated using formula (2) [23]: detection function of this type of code depends on the generator polynomial. Generating polynomials are divided N = 2m(2m−k+l −1) , (2) into classes depending on the length of the vector. Among them, we single out several types related to the where N is the number of undetectable errors; m is the 5th class (the class of the polynomial means the number length of the information vector; of control bits in the code vector). Let's introduce the designation of generating polynomials, for example, k is the length of the control vector; l is the degree as P38, P47, P52, P56, P59, where the decimal digits are of the smallest term of the generating polynomial. the equivalents of the binary coefficients of the algebraic representation of these polynomials. The algebraic repre- Having calculated the ratio of the number of unde- sentations of these polynomials are expressed as fol- tectable errors Ni in each bit of this information vector lows: to the total number of undetectable errors N in fractions λ=Ni/N, we present the following table 1. Table 1. The ratio of the number of errors to the number of errors not detected Bit sequence P38 P47 Generating polynomials P56 P59 number 0 0 P52 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 1.961 9.804 29.412 3 7.23 3.431 26.471 3.676 4 6.895 3.366 14.338 23.529 3.366 5 5.964 3.093 12.647 25.21 2.953 6 6.071 3.135 12.01 25.469 3.135 7 6.382 3.111 12.557 24.661 3.205 8 6.328 3.078 12.698 24.887 3.078 9 6.16 3.157 12.416 25.339 3.075 10 6.2 3.19 12.392 24.887 3.19 11 6.338 3.067 12.608 24.661 3.161 12 6.297 3.022 12.566 25.469 3.022 13 6.127 3.256 12.33 25.21 3.116 14 6.176 3.333 23.529 3.333 15 6.495 2.696 12.5 26.471 2.941 16 6.536 2.614 12.843 29.412 2.614 17 5.556 5.556 12.132 5.556 5.556 18 11.765 λ 0 0 16.667 0 0 6.25 3.125 25 3.125 0 12.5 Based on the results of Table 1, we can conclude simplification method for logical processing of control that the best detecting characteristics from their class of and diagnostic data by performing analog measurements generating polynomials are the polynomials P47 and using the example of a rail circuit supply transformer P59. When using these polynomials when transmitting from among the system devices. This will reduce the information vectors over communication channels load on the arithmetic logic unit when performing oper- (wireless, wired), the level of error detection is much ations and reduce the data processing time. In addition, lower than with others, which makes it possible to when using the above method, the efficiency of sending achieve reliable transmission of diagnostic data. processed data from communication channels increases. At the same time, to check for errors (failures) when VII. Conclusion and future work sending data over communication channels, as well as to increase resistance to interference, according to the re- Based on the results of studying the tasks of moni- sults of experiments conducted using various CRC toring and diagnosing devices and equipment located at codes, it is advisable to use polynomials containing free automatic blocking signal points related to train traffic members. control systems on the stage, the following conclusions were drawn. It is possible to use the data vector length 36

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Using the above method, it is possible to increase of railway automation and telemechanics, but also in other the efficiency of work not only in systems and devices industries for collecting, processing and transmitting data. References: 1. Theeg G. Railway Signalling & Interlocking: 3ed Edition / G. Theeg, S. Vlasenko. – Germany, Leverkusen PMC Media House GmbH, 2020. – 552 p. 2. Schmidt St. APS – Advanced Protection System; the low-cost introduction of ETCS Level 2/3/St. Schmidt // DVV Media Group GmbH: Signal+Draht. – 2019. – Vol. 111, iss. 10. – Р. 22–31. 3. Langschwert C. End position detector systems – safety on the right track / C. Langschwert, H. Achleitner // DVV Media Group GmbH: Signal+Draht. – 2019. – Vol. 111, iss. 9. – Р. 50–58. 4. G.A. Kazimov, V.N. Aleshin, A.E. Derevianko, S.V. Zolotareva, G.F. Lekuta, S.B. Platunov, A.V. Suraev, S.A. Khokhlov, K.D. Khromushkin. (Microprocessor centralization of points and signals EBILock 950 /. - M.: TRANSIZDAT, 2008. - 368 p. 5. Zaripova G.K., Ramazonov Zh.Zh. Information security (duties). Scientific research. - 2019. - no. 1 (27). - pp. 14 - 19. 6. Khorev A.A. Organization of the protection of confidential information in a commercial. Information security. Inside. - 2015. - no. 1. - pp. 14-17. 7. Polynomial Code with Detecting the Symmetric and Asymmetric Errors in the Data Vectors / R. Abdullaev [et al.] // Proceedings of 17th IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS`2019), Batumi, Georgia, September 13–16. – 2019. – P. 157–161. – DOI: 10.1109/EWDTS.2019.8884451. 8. Sapozhnikov V.V., Sapozhnikov Vl. V. and others. Department of \"Automation and telemechanics on railways\" of St. Petersburg State University of Railways in the XX - early XIX century - St. Petersburg: PGUPS, 2009. - 346 p. 9. Molodtsov V.P., Ivanov A.A. Systems of dispatch control and monitoring of devices for railway automatics and telemechanics - St. Petersburg: PGUPS, 2010. - 140 p. 10. Ivanov A.A., Legonkov A.K., Molodtsov V.P. Transmission of data from the devices of the moving equipment by APK-DK equipment in the absence of a physical line and round-the-clock duty. Transport automation. - 2016. - Volume 2. - No. 1. - pp. 65-80. 11. Sharikov V.A., Ebel I.I. Chastotnyj dispetcherskij kontrol' (Frequency dispatch control) - M .: Transport, 1969-184 p. 12. Nuriddinov Q.K. Application of Internet of Things technologies in railway automation and remote control systems // I International Scientific and Practical Conference \"Young Scientific Researcher\" collection of articles. - Tashkent 2022 - p. 364-369. 13. Nuriddinov Q.K., Analysis of the state of the running facilities of railway automation, telemechanics and methods for improving their monitoring systems/ Nuriddinov Q. K // The scientific journal vehichles and roads, 2022 № 2. pp. 86-91. 14. Efanov D.V. Functional control and monitoring of railway automation and telemechanics devices. - St. Petersburg: FGBOU VO PGUPS, 2016. - 171 p. 15. Efanov D.V., Osadchy G.V., Khóroshev V.V., Shestovitskiy D.A. Diagnostics of Audio-Frequency Track Circuits in Continuous Monitoring Systems for Remote Control Devices: Some Aspects // Proceedings of 17th IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS`2019), Batumi, Georgia, September 13-16, 2019, pp. 162-170, doi: 10.1109/EWDTS.2019.8884416. 16. Efanov D.V., Osadchii G.V., Khóroshev V.V. The New Stage in the Safety Traffic Control Technologies Development: Digital Railroad Crossing // Proceedings of 2nd International Russian Automation Conference (RusAutoCon), Sochi, Russia, September 8-14, 2019, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/RUSAUTOCON.2019.8867700. 17. Yuldashev Sh.M. Microprocessor technical means of automatic control of the state of train traffic control devices at stations. Doctor’s thesis, Tashkent, Tashkent State Transport University, 2021. - 120 p. 18. Azizov A.R., Nuriddinov K.K. Implementation method and study of a device model for measuring the voltage of a self-locking track relay. Scientific-technical and information-analytical journal of TUIT, 2022. - V. 62, No. 2. - S. 77-89. 19. Azizov A.R., Yuldashev Sh.M., Nuriddinov K.K. Automation of measuring the time characteristics of the automatic code generator. Republican scientific and technical conference with the participation of foreign scientists \"Resource-saving technologies in railway transport\". - Tashkent, 2015. - pp. 187-189. 20. Abdullaev R.B. Implementation of a subsystem for collecting diagnostic information in systems for continuous monitoring of railway automation devices on programmable logic controllers. Transport automation. - 2020. - T. 6. - No. 3. - pp. 309-331. 21. 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№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. TECHNOLOGY OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE TEXTILE AND LIGHT INDUSTRY ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TECHNICAL FABRIC OF NEW COMPOSITION Imamaddin Turmanov Associate Professor of the Department of Industry Technology, Karakalpak State University names Berdaha, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] Janar Qidirbaeva Assistant of the Department of Industry Technology, Karakalpak State University names Berdaha, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] Sholpan Tolibaeva Assistant of the Department of Industry Technology, Karakalpak State University names Berdaha, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] Kamila Muratbaeva Student of the Department of Industry Technology, Karakalpak State University names Berdaha, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] Batir Kojametov Trainee teacher of the Department of Industry Technology, Karakalpak State University names Berdaha, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] АНАЛИЗ МЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ ТКАНИ НОВОГО СОСТАВА Турманов Имаматдин доцент кафедры технология промышленности Каракалпакского государственного университета имена Бердаха, Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус Кыдырбаева Жанар Конисбаевна ассистент кафедры технология промышленности Каракалпакского государственного университета имена Бердаха, Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус __________________________ Библиографическое описание: ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TECHNICAL FABRIC OF NEW COMPOSITION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Turmanov I. [и др.]. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15530

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Толибаева Шолпан Исламбай кызы ассистент кафедры технология промышленности Каракалпакского государственного университета имена Бердаха, Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус Муратбаева Камила Икрамовна студент кафедры технология промышленности Каракалпакского государственного университета имена Бердаха, Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус Кожаметов Батыр Тохтарбай ули учитель-стажер кафедры технология промышленности Каракалпакского государственного университета имена Бердаха, Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус ABSTRACT The scientific work presents the results of creating canvas fabrics of a new composition from recycled materials and analyzing their structure. Boiled yarn 35x2 tex, obtained from environmentally friendly raw materials, was used for the base and base of the technical tarpaulin fabric of the new composition of the designed canvas. The quality indicators of technical tarpaulin fabrics with a new composition of the developed tarpaulin cutting practically do not differ from the physical and mechanical indicators of tarpaulin fabrics produced at local textile enterprises. АННОТАЦИЯ В научной работе представлены результаты создания техническая ткань (брезентовых) нового состава из вторичного сырья и анализа их структуры. Для основы и уток технической брезентовой ткани нового состава проектируемого ткана использована крушения пряжи 35х2 текс, полученная из экологически чистого сырья. Физико-механических показателей техническая ткань (брезентовых) не отличаются от выпускаемых на местных текстильных предприятиях. Keywords: linen, cotton, technical fabric, breaking load, weft reduction. Ключевые слова: полотно, хлопчатобумажная, техническая ткань, разрывная нагрузка, сокращение по уток. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. In the textile industry of the Republic of outerwear fabrics [7]. Much attention is paid to the of Uzbekistan, the need for tarpaulin fabrics is very high. study of the properties of cotton fiber and the production With this in mind, small enterprises and private of finished products from it [8-9]. The mechanical prop- entrepreneurs are mastering the production of tarpaulin erties of the obtained threads depend on the difference fabrics from cotton fiber in our republic. Cotton fiber in the length and diameter of the fibers. As the fiber tarpaulin has almost the same characteristics as flax fiber diameter increases along the length, the stress factor tarpaulin. decreases [10]. Literary analysis. The concept of interdisciplinary Method and materials. Boiled yarn 35x2 tex, analysis of digital elements in textile processes is obtained from environmentally friendly raw materials, emerging. This new approach can be used to analyze the was used for the base and base of the technical tarpaulin deformation, strength and durability of textile fabrics [1]. fabric of the new composition of the designed canvas. Each thread-based fiber effectively resists the applied For the production of fabric, a small loom of the STB load when the tissue is deformed. The stiffness of the model was used. The quality indicators of a technical fiber can affect the elongation of the yarn [2]. The friction tarpaulin with a new composition of the developed between the threads plays a very important role in canvas.The physical and mechanical properties of the absorbing the energy of an external impact, the geometric fabric were analyzed on a UniStretch 500 machine arrangement of the threads in the fabric and the effect of according to standard methods in the laboratory friction between the threads are very important for the conditions of the Department of Textile Machinery and strength of the fabric [3]. With a decrease in the density Equipment, LLC Industrial Technology, Karakalpak and thickness of the tissue, its elongation increases and State University named after Berdak. the physical and mechanical properties decrease [4]. The wear resistance of fabrics made of cotton and The physical and mechanical properties of the fabric polyester fibers has been studied [5-6]. It has been obtained on the UniStretch 500 machine are presented established that threads from a mixture of synthetic in Table 1. Graphs of fabric breakage in the warp and and cotton fibers are better suited for the production weft directions taken on the UniStretch 500 machine are presented in Figures 1 and 2. 39

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Table 1. Physico-mechanical parameters of the fabric in the directions of the body and warp, obtained on the UniStretch 500 machine Indicators of the tissue according to body Indicators of the fabric according to the yarn 1 2 3 Average № 1 2 3 Average 459 458,8 433,7 450,6 Tensile strength, N Elongation at break % 1013,2 933 1018 988,3 14,2 13,80 15,14 14,40 38,92 33,20 32,17 34,7 Analysis of results. As can be seen in Fig. 1, the the body, its tensile strength in this direction is higher tensile strength of the fabric was 988.3 N, and in Fig. 2, than the tensile strength in the warp direction. it was 488.6 N. Due to the high density of the fabric in Figure 1. A graph of the fabric's discontinuity Figure 2. A graph of the fabric breaking in the direction of the body in the warp direction In Figure 1, the elongation at break in the body was was 14.4%. The reason for this is that the amount of tis- 34.7%, in Figure 2, the elongation at break in the beam sue shrinkage is high. Table 2. The main indicators of the tissue № Indicators Units of measurements Existing tissue New tissue 1 Raw tissue width cm 160 160 2 Linear density of Tanda thread Tex 46х2 35х2 3 Linear density of hemp yarn Tex 39х2 35х2 4 Tissue density on the body 280 260 5 The density of the tissue on the rope Yarn/dm 130 130 6 Shortening of the tan threads in the fabric Yarn/dm 16,5 18,4 7 Shrinkage of thread in the fabric 4,5 4,2 8 Surface density of tissue % 325 325 % g/m2 As can be seen from Table 2, the textile parameters Conclusion. The estimated rate of shortening of the of the developed new composition of the shearing cloth tarpaulin threads is 18.4%, the actual one is 16.5%. The tarpaulin correspond to the actual textile indicators. In calculated value of yarn shrinkage was 4.2%, and the ac- particular, the calculated reduction rate of body threads tual value was 4.5%. The tensile strength of the fabric in is 18.4%, and the actual one is 16.5%. The calculated the direction of the warp threads was 988.3 N, and in the value of yarn shrinkage was 4.2%, and the actual value direction of the warp threads - 488.6 N. Due to the high was 4.5%. The calculated and actual surface density of density of the fabric in the direction of the body, its tensile the fabric was 325 grams. strength in this direction is higher than in the direction of the warp threads. It can be concluded that the parameters of the designed fabric correspond to the real ones. 40

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. References: 1. Guangming Zhou, Xuekun Sun, Youqi Wang Multi-chain digital element analysis in textile mechanics Composites Science and Technology Issue 2, February 2004 2. Gaurav Nilakantan, Travis A.Bogetti, John W.Gillespie “A deterministic finite element analysis of the effects of projectile characteristics on the impact response of fully clamped flexible woven fabrics” Composite Structures Volume 95, January 2013 3. Gaurav Nilakantan, MichaelKeefe, “On the finite element analysis of woven fabric impact using multiscale techniques” Journal of Solids and Structures, August 2010 4. Rimantas Barauskasa, AušraAbraitienė “Computational analysis of impact of a bullet against the multilayer fabrics in LS-DYNA “International Journal of Impact Engineering Volume 34, Issue 7, July 2007, Pages 1286-1305 5. Kozhametov B.T. U., Faizullaev Sh.R., Rakhmatullinov F.F. (2022). Analysis of yarn properties from a mixture of cotton and chemical fibers. Universum: technical sciences, (5-6 (98)), 13-18. 6. Rajapov O.O., Kojametov B.T., & Kolondorov M.J. (2023). Effect of thread on yarn quality of cotton/polyester 80/20% blend yarn. International Journal of Advance Scientific Research, 3(02), 24-32. 7. Shavkat F., Shoira M., Allambergen U., & Batir K. (2023). Analysis of the quality performance of cotton/polyester mixed yarn made by ring spinning method. Universum: технические науки, (2-6 (107)), 23-28. 8. Miyras Shamuratov,. Jaxongir Gafurov,. Kabul Gafurov,. mesh drum for scutching machines, forming a uniform fibrous layer universum: технические науки № 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.103.10.14342. 9. Baxtiyar P., Abdumalik P., Jurabek M., & Batir K. (2022). Investigation of mechanical damage of cotton fiber in the process of pressing and baling. Universum: технические науки, (3-7 (96)), 19-23. 10. Турманов И., Алланиязов Г., & Кожаметов Б. (2020). Исследование технологических свойств волокон хлопка, отобранных из разных зон семени. Проблемы науки, (5 (53)), 16-18. 41

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. FOOD TECHNOLOGY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15533 TO STUDY METHODS OF PROCESSING OIL OBTAINED FROM SOYBEAN RAW MATERIALS Zufarbek Kadyrov Assistant of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ИЗУЧЕНИЕ СПОСОБОВ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ МАСЛА, ПОЛУЧЕННОГО ИЗ СОЕВОГО СЫРЬЯ Кодиров Зуфаржон Зафарович ассистент кафедры пищевых технологий, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT In the production of low-cost quality vegetable oils from local raw materials, not only the press, but also the extraction method has its own importance, although 30% of the extracted oils are extracted using this method. This prompts them to review their security criteria and even rethink existing technology. In the course of our research, we have studied the methods of processing the oil extracted from soy raw materials by the method of pressing and extraction. АННОТАЦИЯ При производстве недорогих качественных растительных масел из местного сырья свое значение имеет не только пресс, но и метод экстракции, хотя 30% добываемых масел экстрагируется этим методом. Это побуждает их пересматривать свои критерии безопасности и даже переосмысливать существующие технологии. В ходе наших исследований мы изучили способы переработки масла, полученного из соевого сырья, методом прессования и экстрагирования. Keywords: soybean oil, glyceride, vegetable oils, peroxide, iodine, alkali, cottonseed, acid number. Ключевые слова: соевое масло, глицерид, рафинация, дезодорация, растительные масла, перекись, йод, щелочь, хлопковое, кислотное число. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Alkaline refining of soybean oil can be done on Choosing the amount and concentration of NaOH to use crude or hydrogenated oil. Because the market for soy- in soybean oil processing is critical. bean lecithin is much smaller than potential production, in practice in the United States, where lecithin is not ex- The use of alkaline solutions to remove non-glycer- tracted, crude soybean oil is refined by sending the leci- ides and free fatty acids is an effective method, but this thin to soapstock. The conventional explanation for this can cause hydrolysis or saponification, which leads to is that the loss of neutral oil during crude oil processing increased losses during the purification process. The is less than the loss during hydration and subsequent re- overall goal of alkaline cleaning is to achieve maximum fined oil processing. quality with minimum losses. The scavenging effects of the following alkalis were Virgin refined soybean oil is pure oil from which all studied: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and so- free fatty acids and non-fatty matter have been removed dium bicarbonate. Almost the only substance currently by chemical action and physical or mechanical separa- used in soybean oil refining processes is sodium hydroxide. tion. The main requirements for refined soybean oil are presented in Figure 1. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Kadyrov Z. TO STUDY METHODS OF PROCESSING OIL OBTAINED FROM SOYBEAN RAW MATERIALS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15533

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Quality indicators of primary refined soybean oil 300 250 250 200 150 100 50 0 0,1 3,5 1,5 0,1 24 0 6 -50 Free fatty acids, % Color, red unit. Unsaponifiable matter, % Moisture and volatile substances, % Flash point, °C Figure 1. Quality indicators of primary refined soybean oil Refined soybean oil is pure, clear oil from which all unpleasant odor and taste. The requirements for fully re- coloring matter and related materials have been removed fined and refined soybean oil are shown in figure 2. by adsorption and deodorization, which give the oil its Quality indicators of fully refined soybean oil 300 250 250 200 150 100 50 0 0,054 2 0,1 6 0 1 2 345 -50 Free fatty acids, % Color, red unit. Unsaponifiable matter, % Moisture and volatile substances, % Flash point, °C Figure 2. Quality indicators of fully refined soybean oil At our oil plants, soybean oil is obtained by pressing The quality indicators of the starting oil are as follows: = soybean petals and extracting soybean kernels using ex- 2.6 mg / KOH, Color - 60 mg iodine, moisture - 0.15%. traction gasoline. In the technological process at this stage, the product is subjected to a lot of heat treatment. The soybean oil obtained by the press method is The resulting unrefined soybean oil is difficult to purify. neutralized at a temperature of 55-60 °C, the cleaning process is carried out for 30 minutes using a caustic soda At \"Fergana oil and oil\" JSC, we studied the method solution with a concentration of 110 g/l to 140 g/l, more of processing soybean oil obtained by the press method. than 20% more than the theoretically necessary amount. 43

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. increased. After quenching the refined oil, the soapstock The results of determining the effect of the concen- was separated, the oil was washed with hot, softened wa- tration of the alkali solution on the level of removal of ter, condensate to a neural state, and then dried at a tem- iodine substances, reducing the loss of oil and increasing perature of 100-105 °C. the yield of purified soybean oil are presented in figure 3. Effect of alkali solution concentration on quality parameters of refined soybean oil 180 160 90,6 91,3 92,4 91,5 140 120 100 Yield % of refined oil 80 Soapstock fat content, % 60 34,5 33,2 32,5 33 Color, mg iodine 40 25 20 Acid number, mg KOH/g 30 20 20 0 0,38 0,32 0,27 0,26 Alkali Alkali Alkali Alkali concentration, concentration, concentration, concentration, g/l 110 g/l 120 g/l 130 g/l 140 Figure 3. Effect of alkali solution concentration on quality parameters of refined soybean oil As can be seen from the data in the figure, with the obtained when the concentration of the alkali solution increase in the concentration of caustic soda solution, was 130 g/l. the acid content and color of the purified soybean oil de- crease and the yield increases, the highest results were References: 1. Кодиров З.З. Влияние концентрации NaOH и избытка щелочи на состав продукта при рафинировании хлоп- кового, соевого, подсолнечного масла // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 3-3 (84). – С. 50-52. 2. Кодиров З.З. Физико-химические изменения и нормативные требования к хранению и доставке растительных масел населению //Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 10-3 (91). – С. 8-12. 3. Кодиров З.З., Кодирова З.А. Влияние влаги при хранении высококачественного рафинированного, дезодорированного хлопкового, подсолнечного и соевого масел //Universum: технические науки. – 2020. – №. 10-2 (79). – С. 25-27. 4. Kodirov Z.Z., Rakhmatovna M.I., Saydillaevna K.N. Study of the process of sample refining and deodorization of sunflower and soybean oils //Innovative Technologica: Methodical Research Journal. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 12. – С. 8-15. 44

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15564 MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF OIL EMULSIONS Zilola Ergashova MSc student of Tashkent chemical technology institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Akbarali Ruzibayev Candidate of technical sciences, Professor of Tashkent chemical technology institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Malokhat Dzhumaniyozova Tashkent chemical technology institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent МИКРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЖИРОВЫХ ЭМУЛЬСИЙ Эргашова Зилола Аваз кизи студент магистратуры Ташкентского химико-технологического института, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Рузибаев Акбарали Турсинбаевич канд. техн. наук, профессор Ташкентского химико-технологического института, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Джуманиёзова Малохат Рихсиевна Ташкентский химико-технологический институт, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent ABSTRACT The article presents the results of microbiological analyzes of oil emulsion products and their compliance in accord- ance with the General Technical Regulations on food safety \"No. 724 of 11.17.2020 and Sanitary Regulations and Norms АННОТАЦИЯ В статье приведены результаты проведения микробиологических анализов продуктов жировой эмульсии и их соответствие согласно Общему Техническому Регламенту о безопасности пищевой продукции» №724 от 17.11.2020 и СанПин 0366-19. Ключевые слова: исследование, микробиологические показатели, жировые эмульсии, маргарин, майонез, спред. Keywords: research, microbiological indicators, oil emulsions, margarine, mayonnaise, spread product. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction permissible content of sanitary-indicative microflora Microbiological testing of food is an important ac- indicates the possible presence of certain microbes. tivity to check for the presence of pathogens or to ensure The organoleptic properties of food products are de- that control measures are effective in reducing the prev- alence of pathogens to acceptable levels. termined by the indicators of taste, color, smell and tex- ture characteristic of each type of product, and must Mandatory control of sanitary-indicative microorgan- satisfy the traditionally established tastes and habits of isms, the detection of which is also an indirect indicator the population. The organoleptic properties of food prod- of the biological contamination of the test material ucts should not change during their storage, transportation with microorganisms. Exceeding the standards for the and in the process of sale [1, 3]. Emulsions are a form of a product that is homoge- neous in appearance, consisting of mutually insoluble __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Ergashova Z.A., Ruzibayev A.T., Dzhumaniyozova M.R. MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF OIL EMULSIONS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15564

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. finely dispersed liquids, intended for internal, external or High quality and food safety is one of the main tasks parenteral use. Emulsions are microheterogeneous systems of the food production process. Microbiological studies consisting of mutually insoluble, finely dispersed liquids, of food products, in particular oil/fat emulsion products most often water and oil. Emulsions are coarsely dis- produced in our republic, to identify food pathogenic or- persed systems in which the liquid suspended in the ganisms in them, as well as microorganisms that cause form of droplets is called the dispersed phase, and the spoilage, help to ensure the constant safety of food prod- liquid in which the dispersed phase is distributed is ucts throughout the supply chain and improve their qual- called the dispersion medium [5]. ity and shelf life. Food emulsions such as mayonnaise, butter, and Objects and methods of research salad dressings are two-phase systems of immiscible liq- uids with limited stability. One of the phases exists as Sanitary Regulations and Norms 0366-19, Research discrete droplets suspended in the other, continuous methodology according to GOST 10444.15-94 , GOST phase, and between the two phases there is an interfacial 31747-2012, GOST 10444.2-94, GOST 10444.12-88. layer which is occupied by the required surfactant. In The objects of the study were products with oil emulsions. food products, two types of emulsions are important. In oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, oil droplets are suspended Results and discussion in a continuous phase of water. These are more versatile emulsions; they appear in food in many forms, such as This research has led to the development of methods mayonnaises, cream liqueurs, cream, whipped toppings, to control and prevent the growth of microorganisms that and ice cream mixes. Examples of water-in-oil (w/o) cause spoilage in food. In addition, the study of microflora emulsions are butter, margarines and fat spreads [4, 5]. in oil emulsions is also an important aspect of microbi- ological research. Microflora in fat emulsions can affect Microbiological studies of oil emulsions are an im- the stability and quality of the emulsion, as well as the portant area of food research that has received significant degradation of oil components. Understanding the com- attention in recent years due to the growing demand for position and diversity of microflora in fat emulsions can sustainable and safe food products. Oil emulsions are a provide valuable information about the processes that mixture of water and fat and are commonly used in the affect the stability and degradation of fat emulsions. food industry as raw materials or as finished products. The presence of molds and yeasts in oil is undesirable One of the key areas of microbiological studies of because they grow over a wide range of temperatures oil emulsions is the study of the effect of microorgan- and pH values, resulting in surface discoloration and off- isms on the stability and quality of emulsions. Microbial flavors. However, of even greater concern is the fact that contamination of oil emulsions can lead to changes in some molds are capable of producing toxic metabolites the chemical and physical properties of the mixture, known as mycotoxins. Some of these toxins, such as such as acid number and consistency, which can lead to aflatoxins, are known to be carcinogens. instability and separation of the fat and water phases [7]. Typically, microbial contamination of fat emulsions Another area of research is the detection of micro- can be due to the fact that it is usually produced from organisms before the degradation process of fat emul- contaminated raw materials, in addition to the primitive sions. It was found that some strains of bacteria and way of processing, handling, storage and distribution. fungi are able to decompose various components of fatty emulsions - lipids, a number of carbohydrates, including Samples: glucose, with the formation of acid [10]. I –Spread product (82% of fat) II-Margarine (60% of fat) Formulation of the problem III-Mayonnaise IV- Spread product (82,5% of fat) V-Condensed product Table 1. Results of microbiological analyses of oil emulsions Sample Type of Sensory properties Colimorphic QMAFAnm St.aureus Mold and yeast number emulsion bacteria 1,3·105 CFU/g I W-in-O Homogeneous, emulsion stable Detected Detected Yeast 100 II W-in-O Homogeneous, emulsion stable Not detected Not standardized Not No mold and standardized yeast detected III O-in-W Inhomogeneous consistency, sep- Detected 3·104 Not standard- Molds over 100 arated fat and water phases ized IV W-in-O Homogeneous, emulsion stable Not detected Single colonies Not detected Molds 10 V O-in-W Homogeneous, emulsion stable Not detected No growth Not detected No mold or yeast detected 46

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. As a result of the data obtained, it was found that in Identified discrepancies were due to insufficient mi- sample No. 1, organorleptic changes weren’t revealed, crobiological control during the production process. Ap- due to the detection of St.aereus, coliforms and an in- propriate measures have been taken to solve these creased content of yeast in the product. problems. Samples No. 2,4,5 comply with the standards pre- In conclusion, microbiological studies of fat emul- sented in the General Technical Regulation on Food sions are an important area of research that can make a Safety\" No. 724 dated 11/17/2020. significant contribution to the development of stable and safe fat emulsions. Further research is needed in this area In sample No. 3, changes in the emulsion were re- to fully understand the impact of microorganisms on vealed, it lost its stability and is more prone to mold. foods and to develop effective strategies to control and prevent the degradation of fat emulsions. References: 1. Ипатова Л.Г., Кочеткова А.А., Нечаев А.П., Тутельян В.А. Жировые продукты для здорового питания. Современный взгляд. - М.: «Дели принт», 2009 г., 396 с. 2. Sanitary Regulations and Norms 0366-19, Research methodology according to GOST 10444.15-94 , GOST 31747-2012, GOST 10444.2-94, GOST 10444.12-88. 3. Лисицын А.Н., Григорьев В.Н. Масложировые технологии: теория, практика, перспективы // Масложировая промышленность. 2002. № 3. С.8-11. 4. Kadirov Y., Ruzibayev A. Yog’larni qayta ishlash texnologiyasi. -T.: “Fan va Texnologiya”. 2014. -320 b. 5. МакКен Б.М. Структура и текстура пищевых продуктов. Продукты эмульсионной природы - СПб, Профес- сия, 2008г. - 450 с. 6. Жицкова С.А. Современные требования к майонезной продукции // Масложировая промышленность. - № 4. — 2009. - с. 9-10. 7. Бугаец Н.А.Бухтояров Р.Ю.Тамова М.Ю. «Изменение микрофлоры майонеза при хранении» // Известия высших учебных заведений. Пищевая технология 8. Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products (Edby D Swem). -New York, 1979, vol.1,841 p, 1982, vol.2,603 p. 9. John Bmkhaher. Crude oil handing and storage. The Journal of American Oil Chemists Society. 1976. Vol. 53. №. 6, p. 332-333. 10. Analysis of echible oils and fats // Food ingredients and Anal. Int. -1995.-17. №2, - c. 32-34. 47

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15422 ANALYSIS OF VEGETABLE OIL PROCESSES, INFLUENCE OF EXCESSIVE ALKALINE CONSUMPTION IN THE REFINING OF SUNFLOWER AND SOY OILS ON THE QUALITY INDICATORS OF THE FINISHED PRODUCT Zufarbek Kadyrov Assistant of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] АНАЛИЗ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАСЕЛ, ВЛИЯНИЕ ИЗБЫТОЧНОГО РАСХОДА ЩЕЛОЧИ ПРИ РАФИНЕ ПОДСОЛНЕЧНОГО И СОЕВОГО МАСЛА НА КАЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ГОТОВОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ Кодиров Зуфаржон Зафарович ассистент кафедры пищевых технологий, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT In the processes of refining and deodorization of vegetable oils, the raw materials required to obtain a high-quality product are also required to be high. Improper or insufficient handling at any stage of the process can result in a change in the quality of the oil involved in refining or deodorization. In this article, several types of methods of refining and deodorization of vegetable oils are studied. АННОТАЦИЯ В процессах рафинации и дезодорации растительных масел сырье, необходимое для получения качественного продукта, также должно быть высоким. Неправильное или недостаточное обращение на любом этапе процесса может привести к изменению качества масла, используемого для рафинации или дезодорации. В данной статье изучено несколько видов методов рафинации и дезодорации растительных масел. Keywords: refining, deodorization, vegetable oils, sunflower, peroxide, iodine, alkali, cottonseed, acid number. Ключевые слова: рафинация, дезодорация, растительные масла, подсолнечное, перекись, йод, щелочь, хлоп- ковое, кислотное число. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Today, based on modern technology, there are a After the independence of our republic, part of the number of methods of vegetable oil processing: oil land was allocated for planting grain crops. As a result, hydration, physical and chemical refining, bleaching and in recent years, the volume of delivery of cotton seeds to deodorization. the processing industry has reached 1.5 million per year. reduced to tons. Oil companies are supplied with cotton Regardless of which method is used, each method is seeds by only 55-60%. This requires the search for new carried out according to a specific technological scheme. types of fat-protein raw materials and suitable agricultural A technological scheme refers to a set of logically con- crops for industrial processing. Solving this problem is nected technological processes. A technological process related not only to the prospects for the development of is defined as processes carried out under the influence of the mixed feed industry. One such crop is sunflower, various factors (pressure, temperature, vacuum, humidity, which contains 33-57% fat and 20.8% protein. Oil etc.). obtained from sunflower seeds is not inferior to cottonseed oil in terms of taste and quality [1]. Technological process change is affected by some mechanical, heat, moisture and chemical reactants, With this in mind, theoretical and experimental and the process changes its direction. research aimed at improving the technology of cleaning and deodorizing vegetable oils, including sunflower oil, In the processes of refining and deodorization of is relevant for the industry. vegetable oils, the raw materials required to obtain a high-quality product are also required to be high. Improper In order to increase the nutritional value and or insufficient handling at any stage of the process can technological properties of oils and fats, they are result in a change in the quality of the oil involved subjected to various stages of purification - refining. in refining or deodorization. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Kadyrov Z. ANALYSIS OF VEGETABLE OIL PROCESSES, INFLUENCE OF EXCESSIVE ALKALINE CONSUMPTION IN THE REFINING OF SUNFLOWER AND SOY OILS ON THE QUALITY INDICATORS OF THE FINISHED PRODUCT // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15422

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. A complete cleaning cycle includes the following main in a continuous and continuous process are sufficiently processes: removal of phosphatides, waxy substances, well developed [2]. free fatty acids, coloring substances and odors [4]. In these methods, such a level of separation of Deodorization is the removal of specific taste and phosphatides is achieved that it is considered sufficient odor characteristics, resulting in \"denatured\" oils and from the point of view of preparation of fats for the fats that cannot be distinguished or identified by taste or hydrogenation process. The method of neutralization of smell. Deodorization is of great importance in the free fatty acids with alkaline solutions does not cause process of preparing oils for the production of any difficulties. The most difficult way to get a well- margarine, mayonnaise, preserves and salad oils. clarified refined oil. The different qualities of fats and oils encountered Sunflower oil is one of the best types of vegetable in refining, as well as the diversity of requirements for oils. It has a low freezing point and a high percentage of refined products, show that in each individual case, it is unsaturated fatty acids. It is added to salads, vinaigrettes, necessary to use different stages of technological various sauces and dressings are prepared from it, fish processes of refining or different combinations of and vegetables are fried, and it is used in various separate operations. This, in turn, emphasizes the pastries. Sunflower oil is sold in unrefined, refined and importance of process samples that include exemplary deodorized form. Refined sunflower oil - transparent, hydration, neutralization, and bleaching [3]. golden or pale yellow in color, does not form sediments during storage, has a weak smell of seeds. The development of the refining regime of any vegetable oil, including sunflower oil, leads to the The following concentrations of alkali solution were development of methods for the separation of lean used to determine the effect of alkali solution substances with the participation of glyceride oils. At the concentration and its excess on yield and quality same time, methods for the separation of phosphatides indicators of refined extractable sunflower oil: Concentrations of alkali solution 350 300 g/l 300 250 g/l 250 200 g/l 200 150 g/l 150 100 50 % 50 25 % 30 % 20 % 0 Figure 1. Concentrations of alkali solution The results of the study on the effect of the the yield and quality indicators of refined extractable concentration of the alkaline solution and its excess on sunflower oil are presented in Table 8. 49

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 100 An excess of alkali, % 90 Acid number mg, KOH 80 Color of iodine mg 70 Yield of refined vegetable oil, % 60 50 Yield of refined vegetable oil, % 40 Color of iodine mg 30 Acid number mg, KOH 20 An excess of alkali, % 10 0 Alkali solutionAlkali solution concentration Alkali solution concentration Alkali solution g/l 150 g/l 200 concentration concentration g/l 250 g/l 300 Figure 2. The effect of alkali solution concentration and its excess on the quality parameters of refined extractable sunflower oil As a result, the concentration of alkali solution and The analysis of the research results showed that to its increase leads to a decrease in the acid and color num- refine the sunflower oil obtained by this extraction ber of refined sunflower oil, and reduces the separation method, it is necessary to use an alkali solution with a of refined sunflower oil. concentration of 150 g/l, more than 30%, while the refined sunflower oil is 94.3%, acid number 0, 18 mg of At the same concentration of alkali solution of 150 KOH and the color number is 25 mg of iodine. g/l, with the increase of alkali from 20% to 30%, the acid number of refined oil is from 0.4 mg KOH to 0.18 mg After refining in an alkaline solution, oils retain KOH, the color number of iodine is 30 mg and 25 mg, a soapy taste if the soap is poorly washed off, and the oil and the oil reduces the extraction from 96.5% to 94.3%. acquires an earthy taste when large amounts of bleaching earth are used or from prolonged contact with it. At a concentration of 200 g/l with a 20% excess of alkali, the acid value of the refined oil is 0.35 mg KOH, Therefore, we studied the deodorization process of the color value is 30 mg iodine, and the oil separation is refined sunflower oil according to the following data: 95.2 %. In the same volume, the concentration of the Color - 15 mg / iodine, acid number - 0.6 mg KOH/g, alkaline solution is more than 20%, the color number peroxide number - 12 mmol a.k. / kg. The influence of remains at the same volume of 30 mg of iodine, the the duration of the deodorization process on the quality separation of refined oil increases to 96.3%. indicators of sunflower oil during the deodorization process was studied. The deodorization process was In relatively strict conditions of refining, a 50% carried out under production conditions in steam heated increase in the concentration of an alkali solution of 300 to 230 °C for 60-90 minutes at 2-3 mm Hg of residual g/l reduces the acid number to 0.15 mg KOH, and the pressure in a periodic deodorizer. The obtained results color number to 25 mg iodine, and the oil separation is are presented in figure 3. 93.5%. 50

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. 30 12 12 25 10 20 7 15 15 15 14 12 10 5 0 0,58 0,53 0,48 0,41 0 0 Duration of Duration of Duration of Duration of deodorization, deodorization, deodorization, deodorization, minute 60 minute 65 minute 70 minute 75 Acid number Color of iodine mg Peroxide number mg, KOH mmol a.k\\kg Figure 3. The obtained results It follows that increasing the duration of the process research results made it possible to determine that in leads to a decrease in the acid, color and peroxide order to deodorize this extracted sunflower oil, periodic numbers of the deodorized oil. During 85 and 90 min, the acid number was 0.3 and 0.25 mg KOH/g, 8 and 6 mg deodorization should be carried out for 85-90 minutes iodine color, and the peroxide number was 4 mmol with heated steam at a temperature of 230 °C, while the active oxygen/kg. These indicators correspond to the requirements of GOST-1129-2013. The analysis of the residual pressure in the deodorizer does not exceed 2-3 mm of the mercury column. References: 1. Кодиров З.З. Влияние концентрации NaOH и избытка щелочи на состав продукта при рафинировании хлоп- кового, соевого, подсолнечного масла // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 3-3 (84). – С. 50-52. 2. Кодиров З.З. Физико-химические изменения и нормативные требования к хранению и доставке растительных масел населению //Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 10-3 (91). – С. 8-12. 3. Кодиров З.З., Кодирова З.А. Влияние влаги при хранении высококачественного рафинированного, дезодорированного хлопкового, подсолнечного и соевого масел //Universum: технические науки. – 2020. – №. 10-2 (79). – С. 25-27. 4. Усманов Б.С., Кодиров З.З. Влияние солнечных лучей на состав продуктов при хранении высококачественных растительных масел //Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 2-2 (83). – С. 92-95. 51

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS LIPOLYTIC ENZYMES IN THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL FROM GRAIN RAW Bobur Qayumov Assis. teacher, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Azamkhon Khasanov Assis. teacher, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Khasan Khasanov Cand. biol. sci., dotcent, Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭКЗОГЕННЫЫХ ЛИПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ФЕРМЕНТОВ ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ СПИРТА ИЗ ЗЕРНОВОГО СЫРЬЯ Каюмов Бобур Собирович ассис. преподаватель, Ташкентский химико-технологический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хасанов АъзамхонХасанович ассис. преподаватель, Ташкентский химико-технологический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хасанов Хасан Турсунович канд. биол. наук, доцент, Ташкентский химико-технологический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The effect of rice bran lipases on wheat lipids was studied. Treatment of milled wheat with lipases increases the content of free fatty acids and this has a positive effect on the formation of secondary products during alcoholic fermen- tation. It has been established that in this case the content of aldehydes decreases by 2 times, and the content of fusel oils and methanol also decreases. АННОТАЦИЯ Изучено действие липаз из рисовой мучки на липиды пшеницы. Обработка пшеничного помола липазами способствует увеличению содержание свободных жирных кислот и это положительно влияет на образование вторичных продуктов во время спиртового брожения. Установлено, что при этом содержание альдегидов умень- шается в 2 раза, а также снижается содержание сивушных масел и метанола. Keywords: rice bran, lipase, grain must, lipids, hydrolysis, spiro fermentation, secondary products. Ключевые слова: рисовая мучка, липаза, зерновое сусло, липиды, гидролиз, спировое брожение, вторичные продукты. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Enzymes are biological catalysts The use of exogenous enzymes in the production of used in alcohol technology due to their many benefits in alcohol is due to numerous technological and economic terms of product quality [1]. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Qayumov B., Khasanov A., Khasanov K. INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS LIPOLYTIC ENZYMES IN THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL FROM GRAIN RAW // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15395

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. advantages. Understanding the important role that en- The reaction mixture with a volume of 2 ml, containing zymes play in alcohol technology contributes to the de- 0.2 ml of the substrate in 0,1 Мphosphate buffer, pH 7.5, velopment of strategies for optimizing the production and 20 мМ CaCl 2 , was incubated at 37 0 in the enzyme process to improve alcohol [2]. solution for 1 h. Then 0.25 ml of the reaction mixture was taken and 1 ml of 0.1 M HCl in ethanol was added It is known that organic acids are important in car- to stop the reactions. The remaining operations were bon metabolism, energy metabolism of microorganisms, performed according to the procedure [7]. synthetic and dissimilation processes. The use of fatty acids as a carbon source depends on the type and race of Enzymatic hydrolysis of lipids of grain milling yeast, the concentration of the acid, the length of its car- bon chain, and the degree of electrolytic dissociation. A 30% suspension of wheat milling was prepared Good substrates are acids with a carbon chain length in 0.1M phosphate buffer pH 6.5, a 0.1% solution of li- from C2 to C6 (acetic, pyruvic, lactic, butyric, etc.) at a pases obtained from rice bran was added. The mixture relatively low concentration. Potassium salts of acids was stirred and kept for a certain time in a thermostat at containing from 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the molecule a temperature of 37°C, after which 0.25 ml of samples stimulate the growth of yeast by 1.4–3.3 times compared were taken to determine the products of hydrolysis to the corresponding acids [3, 4]. (released fatty acids), and 1 ml 0,1 М of HCl in ethanol was added to stop the reactions. The content of lipid Fatty acids with an average length of carbon chain hydrolysis products was determined from a calibration (from C6 to C10 ) are consumed to a lesser extent by yeast curve constructed for palmitic acid, according to the pro- and at very low concentrations in the medium (0.02- cedure [7]. 0.05%). Higher concentrations inhibit the development of yeast. Fatty acids with 12–17 carbon atoms per molecule Fermentation of saccharified wort in the presence are consumed selectively depending on the genus and of lipolytic enzymes. Experiments were carried out at species of yeast [5–6]. the Yangiyul joint-stock company “Biokhim”. Sugared mash for fermentation was prepared in accordance with The purpose of this work was to study the effect of the accepted technological scheme. The fermentation pro- lipolytic enzymes on the formation of secondary prod- cess was carried out for 78 hours at a temperature of 30oC. ucts during alcoholic fermentation. After the completion of the fermentation process, raw alcohol was isolated from the mash by distillation and Materials and methods analyzed for the content of secondary fermentation products. Reagents . We used a lipase preparation obtained by degreasing rice bran with hexane and subsequent ex- Determination of the composition of alcohols traction with 0.05 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0. Raw alcohol samples were analyzed using an Ag- ilent 7890 gas chromatograph connected to a 5975 C For the preparation of buffer solutions, one- and spectrophotometer. inert XL EI/CI MSD . two-substituted potassium phosphate (chemically pure \" Reakhim \"), rhodamine 6G (chemically pure \" Reakhim \"), Results and discussion acetic acid (chemically pure \" Reakhim \") , rectified alcohol (JSC \"Biokimyo\") and hexane (chemically pure Figure 1 shows the effect of medium pH and tem- \"Reachim\"), silica gel KSK (chemically pure \"Reachim\"). perature on the specific activity of lipases from rice flour. From the presented data, it can be seen that the Determination of lipolytic activity maximum lipolytic activity is manifested at a pH value of the medium of 6-7 (Fig. 1, a). The temperature opti- Lipolytic activity was measured by a photocolorimet- mum of action was 45-52 ° C (Fig. 1, b). ric method using rhodamine 6G as a chromophore agent [7]. The specific activity was expressed in µmol of fatty acids released in 1 hour per 1 mg of protein. Refined cottonseed oil emulsified with an equal vol- ume of 1% polyvinyl alcohol was used as a substrate. ab Figure 1. Influence of medium pH (a) and temperature (b) on the activity of lipases from rice bran 53

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. On fig. 2 shows the kinetics of the formation of free (Figure 2, curve 1.) Increasing the fermentation temper- fatty acids during the fermentation of wheat flour slurry ature to 37oC and 45oC contributed to an increase in the in aqueous media. From the presented data, it can be formation of free fatty acids. For example, at these tem- seen that the rate of formation of lipid hydrolysis prod- peratures, after a 2-hour fermentation, the free fatty acid ucts depends on the reaction temperature. content was 6.3 and 8.7 µmol/ml, respectively. At 52 ° C, the initial rate of hydrolysis increases, but due to thermal It can be seen from the presented data that the initial denaturation, the fatty acid content will eventually be rate of lipid hydrolysis with rice flour lipases at 30°C is lower than when the reaction is carried out at 45°C . slow. After 2 hours of fermentation, the content of free fatty acids in the reaction medium was 2.3 μmol/ml. Figure 2. The effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of lipids in grain milling 1 - at 30 o C, 2 - at 37 o C, 3 - at 45 o C, 4 - at 52 o C In further experiments, the influence of these en- of secondary products of alcoholic fermentation. Acetal- zymes on the formation of secondary products during dehyde inhibits the fermentation process, so the physio- fermentation was investigated. logical need for yeast is its transformation into other products, namely, acids, ethyl alcohol, 2,3-butylene It is known that most of the biochemical reactions glycol, etc. [3, 4]. that occur in the process of obtaining alcohol are cata- lyzed by enzymes. Acetaldehyde, formed during glycer- The effect of lipolytic enzymes on the formation of opyruvine fermentation, is the main source of formation secondary products during alcoholic fermentation is listed in Table 1. Table 1. Influence of lipases from rice bran on the chemical composition of alcohol (product content mg/l) Compound Control Rice flour lipase Aldehydes 15,2117 _ 10.9073 Ethers 6.1529 Fusel oils 6.7643 227.8159 Methanol 253.3613 0.0015 Furfural 0.000 Isopropanol 0.0012 0.3139 0.000 0.3389 From the presented data, it can be seen that the use of The study conducted by us showed that the intro- lipases during the processing of grain wort contributes duction of lipolytic enzymes from the plant revealed the to a change in the chemical composition of the resulting effect of reducing the content of aldehydes, esters and alcohols. the content of fusel oils in the mash. This had a positive effect on the fermentation process. Lipase from rice flour also contributes to a decrease in the content of aldehydes by almost 1.4 times and it is It has been shown that an increase in the yield of 10.9 mg/l, esters are reduced by 9%, condensed oils ethyl alcohol during the fermentation of wort enriched by 10% and isopropanol by 7-8%. At the same time, with lipolysis products is due to a more economical pro- the content of methanol and an increase of 25%. cess, namely, an increase in the degree of bioconversion 54

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. of carbohydrates into ethanol, a reduction in starch efficiency of its hydrolysis, enriches the medium with losses and the formation of by-products. fatty acids, which ultimately contributes to an increase in the physiological activity of yeast cells, intensifica- Thus, the research results point to the important role tion of the fermentation process and an increase in the of the enzymes of the lipolytic complex in the process yield of the target product. of alcoholic fermentation and yeast generation . The ef- fect of lipases on the lipids of grain must increases the References: 1. Римарева Л.В. Влияние ферментативных систем на биохимический состав зернового сусла и культуральные свойства осмофильной расы спиртовых дрожжей Saccharomycescerevisiae / Л.В. Римарева, М.Б. Овчеренко, Е.М. Серба, Н.И. Игнатова // Производство спирта и ликероводочных изделий. – 2013. – № 1. – С. 16–18. 2. Поляков В.А. Научное обеспечение инновационного развития спиртовой отрасли на пути интегрирования в мировую экономику / В.А. Поляков, Л.В. Римарева // Производство спирта и ликероводочных изделий. – 2013. – № 1 –С.4-8 . 3. Алексеева А.А. Зависимость концентрации ароматообразующих компонентов и органических кислот в белом столовом виноматериале от способа технологической обработки // Известия высших учебных заведений. Пищевая технология. 2019. № 5/6 (371-372). С. 27-30. 4. Killian E. and Ough C.S. (1979). Fermentation esters – formation and retention as affected by fermentation temperature. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 30: 301–30. 5. Viegas C.A., et al. Inhibition of yeast growth by octanoic and decanoic acids produced during ethanolic fermentation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1989, 55(1), pp. 21–28. 6. Liu P., Ivanova-Petropulos V., Duan C., and Yan G. (2021). Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on intrametabolites and aroma compounds of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in wine fermentation. Foods, 10(2): 277. 7. Anderson M.M., McCarty R.E. Rapid and sensitive assay for free fatty acids using rhodamine 6G //Anal.Biochem., 1972, v. 45, p. 260-270. 55

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15551 FEATURES OF THE USE OF VALUABLE NATURAL FOOD DYES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY Dilshod Shodiev Assistant of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana Hojiali Qurbonov Student of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Mohidil Abduvalieva Student of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ЦЕННЫХ НАТУРАЛЬНЫХ ПИЩЕВЫХ КРАСИТЕЛЕЙ В ПИЩЕВОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ Шодиев Дилшоджон Абдуложон угли ассистент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Курбонов Хожиали Алижон угли студент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Абдувалиева Мохидил Адхамжон кизи студент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT The article presents scientific information on the possibility of obtaining food dyes from natural food dyes in a modern way and the use of these dyes in the food industry. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье представлены научные сведения о возможности получения пищевых красителей из натуральных пищевых красителей современным способом и использования этих красителей в пищевой промышленности. Keywords: curcumin, natural food coloring, anthocyanins, sugar cane, beets, sugar. Ключевые слова: куркумин, натуральный пищевой краситель, антоцианы, сахарный тростник, свекла, сахар. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Quinone dyes. Permitted dyes in this group include alkane plant. This paint color was not widely used due hacarmine, alkanine and curcumin. Alkanin (alkanet) is to insufficient durability. a red-brown dye (E103) obtained from the root of the __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Shodiev D., Qurbonov H., Abduvalieva M. FEATURES OF THE USE OF VALUABLE NATURAL FOOD DYES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15551

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. Alkanin is a derivative of 1,4-naphthoquinone. CH3 CH CH3 OH O H2C CH OH OH O Alkanin Curcumin is a yellow dye (E100) that does not dissolve body weight. Another representative of this group is in water, therefore it is used in the form of an alcohol turmeric (E100) - turmeric root powder. The permissible solution. It is obtained from a plant of the fig family - daily dose is 0.1 mg per kg of body weight. Carmine turmeric. The permissible daily dose is 2.5 mg per kg of is a red dye derived from anthraquinone. OO HO OH OCH3 OCH3 Curcumin As a yellow dye, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is used in Along with anthocyanins, other representatives of its own form or in the form of the sodium salt of this group are enoboyac, which is obtained in the form orthophosphate, riboflavin-5. Quinone dyes not allowed of a dark red liquid from the pulp of red grapes and in our country include alizarin, kermes and anthocyanin blackberries (fruits of the coral tree). Enocolor (E163) is dyes (E163). A feature of natural anthocyanins is that a mixture of anthocyanins, catechins and other substances their color changes depending on the pH of the released from black grapes during pressing [4]. The re- environment, temperature, exposure to light, their lease form is a dark red liquid. The color of the product structure, reactivity, and other factors. For example, in after staining depends on the pH of the medium. It provides an environment with a pH of 1.5-2.0 (acidic medium), an analogue of the color of the product in an acidic en- they give their typical red color, which changes to red vironment, and in a neutral and slightly alkaline it gives and dark red at a pH of 3.4-5.0. In an alkaline environ- a blue tint. In this regard, organic acids are used to create ment (pH 8.0), the color remains blue or blue-green, at the necessary. Yellow and pink-red pigments of antho- pH 9.0 - green, and an increase in pH to 10 leads to a yel- cyanin nature are currently isolated from a wide range low tint. Anthocyanin dyes can form complexes with of plants: blackberry (E163III), black elderberry, red cur- various metals. In the presence of magnesium and cal- rant, cranberry and cranberry [5]. cium salts, a blue color is formed, and in the presence of potassium salts, a red, dark red color is formed [2-3]. Sugar color (E150) is obtained by caramelization of sugar in the form of a dark brown aqueous solution. 57

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. According to the technology, various types of sugar Beetroot is used for dark red food coloring, sweet and syrup are produced: sugar syrup I (E 150 a, caramel I), sour pomegranate flavor, and velvety foliage. A number sugar syrup II (E 150 b, caramel II), sugar syrup III of dyes are produced from the yellow part of the wood, (E 150 s, caramel III), sugar syrup IV (E 150 e, caramel IV), the pods of maclura, mulberry, sumpi and pomegranate, they are used in the production of drinks, bread, confec- which by their chemical nature belong to polyphenolic tionery and culinary products. compounds. They are yellow dispersed powders, highly soluble in water and alcohol, and can be used in the Recently, interest in natural food colorings has in- production of confectionery and soft drinks. creased significantly, which contain biologically active, flavoring and flavoring substances that give finished In a word, the search for dyes of zoological origin products not only an attractive appearance, but also a is being actively conducted. The use of marine products natural aroma, taste and texture. also provides additional is considered promising. In some coastal countries, nutritional value. as mentioned above, a red dye is used, obtained from red crab. References: 1. Dilshodjon S., Hojiali Q. THE VALUE OF COMPOUNDS THAT CHANGE THE COLOR OF FOOD RAW MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS // Universum: технические науки. – 2023. – №. 7-4 (109). – С. 53-54. 2. Dilshodjon S., Hojiali Q. IMPORTANCE OF FOOD COLORINGS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY //Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 11-8 (104). – С. 23-25. 3. Dilshodjon S., Hojiali Q. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE BODY // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 12-7 (105). – С. 32-35. 4. Шодиев Д.А. У., Курбонов Х.А. Ў. Перспективы использования пищевых добавок в пищевой промышленности // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 5-7 (98). – С. 24-26. 5. Шодиев Д.А., Нажмитдинова Г.К. Пищевые добавки и их значение // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 10-3 (91). – С. 30-32. 58

№ 5 (110) май, 2023 г. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.110.5.15410 DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE IKFA CORROSION INHIBITOR IN THE AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT OF MDEA ABSORBENT ON A SAMPLE OF STEEL 09G2S Vohid Akhmedov Professor of the Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Zukhriddin Rayimov Doctorant of the Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИНГИБИТОРА КОРРОЗИИ ИКФА В АГРЕССИВНОЙ СРЕДЕ АБСОРБЕНТА МДЭА НА ОБРАЗЦЕ СТАЛИ 09Г2С Ахмедов Вохид Низомович профессор, Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Райимов Зухриддин Хайриддин угли докторант, Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT In the chemical industry, the corrosion process occurring in technological devices is one of the urgent problems. Because corrosion causes great economic damage due to the rapid failure of metal products, equipment, structures and devices. Various methods and corrosion inhibitors are used to reduce this level of damage. This scientific article presents data on the effectiveness of the newly synthesized corrosion inhibitor IKFA. АННОТАЦИЯ В химической промышленности процесс коррозии, происходящий в технологических устройствах, является одной из актуальных проблем. Потому что коррозия наносит большой экономический ущерб из-за быстрого вы- хода из строя металлических изделий, оборудования, конструкций и устройств. Для снижения этого уровня по- вреждений используются различные методы и ингибиторы коррозии. В данной научной статье представлены данные об эффективности вновь синтезированного ингибитора коррозии ИКФА. Keywords: MDEA (methyldiethanolamine), corrosion, urotropine, hydrochloric acid, acetone, desiccant, steel, drying cabinet, corrosion inhibitor. Ключевые слова: МДЭА (метилдиэтаноламин), коррозия, уротропин, соляная кислота, ацетон, эксикатор, сталь, cушильный шкаф, ингибитор коррозии. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction about 300 billion dollars per year, which is 6% of the The damage caused by corrosion of metal products, country's national income. equipment, structures and devices used in developing in- In the Russian Federation, 12% of the total mass of dustries is unprecedented. For example, in the United States of America, the damage caused by corrosion is the metal stock is lost every year due to corrosion. This indicator is 30% of the annual metal production. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Akhmedov V.N., Rayimov Z.X. DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE IKFA CORROSION INHIBITOR IN THE AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT OF MDEA ABSORBENT ON A SAMPLE OF STEEL 09G2S // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 5(110). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15410