tech-2022_12(105)

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Реакторы типа ЗРОМ (заземляющий реактор 3. При небольших емкостных токах замыкания однофазный маслянный) и РЗДСОМ (реактор на землю должно широко применяться, заземление заземляющий дугогасящий ступенчатый одно- нейтрали через высокоомное сопротивление, причем фазный маслянный), являются распространенными создаваемый таким путем активный ток замыкания типами ДГР в энергосистемах, позволяют наиболее на землю должен составлять 50–100% емкостного экономическим путем повысить эффективность тока. компенсации ёмкостных токов при однофазных замыканиях на землю и обеспечить высокую 4. Подавляющее распространение в электри- надежность электроснабжения потребителей. ческих сетях 6–35 кВ получили реакторы со ступен- чатым регулированием типа ЗРОМ и РЗДСОМ, Выводы составляющие 80–90% всех ДГР, находящих в эксплуатации. 1. Режимы нейтрали в сетях 6–35 кВ влияют на целый ряд показателей их работы. Они должны быть 5. Повышение эффективности эксплуатации ДГР приведены в соответствие с общими высокими требо- со ступенчатым может быть достигнута заземление ваниями, предъявляемыми к современному уровню счет постоянного автоматического контроля степени эксплуатации энергетических установок. расстройки реактора и автоматических измерений проводимости КНП сети. 2. Этим требованиям уже не удовлетворяет работа сетей с полностью изолированной нейтралью. 6. Применение современной микропроцессорной При дуговых замыканиях на землю возможны техники для измерения проводимостей фаз на землю и 3-4 кратные перенапряжения, опасные для сети. при настройке ДГР со ступенчатым регулированием Кратность и возможность длительности существо- индуктивности, имеет большое народнохозяйствен- вания дуговых замыканий определяется величиной ное значение. тока замыкания на землю. Список литературы: 1. Petersen W., Erdschlusstrome in Hochspannunglagen, ETZ, 1916. 2. ГОСТ 19470–2003. Реакторы масляные заземляющие дугогасящие–Переиздат, 2003. 3. Дорожко А.И., Липкинд М.С. Реакторы с поперечным подмагничиванием–М.: Энергия, 1977–63 с. 4. Жобборов Т.К. Разработка устройства автоматического управления ДГР с применением микропроцессорной техники.–Тезисы респ. науч. техн. конф. Ташкент, 1989, с.78–79. 5. Гамазин С.И., Жобборов Т.К. Экономическая эффективность применения микро–ЭВМ для настройки ДГР в системах электроснабжения.–Тезисы докл.респ.науч.техн.конф. МЭИ, 1989, с.46–47. 6. Xakimovich E.A. et al. AUTOMATIC ADJUSTMENT OF VOLTAGE CHANGES USING REACTIVE POWER // Gospodarka i Innowacje. – 2022. – Т. 29. – С. 277-283. 7. Кодиров А.А., Комолддинов С.С РЕАКТИВНАЯ МОЩНОСТЬ В ОЦЕНКЕ НАДЕЖНОСТИ ЭНЕРГОСИСТЕМ, ОГРАНИЧЕНИЕ НАГРУЗКИ И КОМПЕНСАЦИЯ// ЭКОНОМИКА И СОЦИУМ. -2022. - №. 5-1 (96). – С. 1124-1130. 8. Жабборов Т.К. ОСНОВНЫЕ ВИДЫ ДУГОГАСЯЩИХ РЕАКТОРОВ, ПРИМЕНЯЕМЫХ НА ПРОМЫШ- ЛЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ ДЛЯ КОМПЕНСАЦИИ ОДНОФАЗНЫХ ТОКОВ ЗАМЫКАНИЯ НА ЗЕМЛЮ // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 12-6 (93). – С. 21-25. 9. Жабборов Т.К., Исмоилов И.К. Анализ проблемы надежности силовых трансформаторов в энергосистемах Республики Узбекистан. – 2021. 10. Исмоилов И.К., Турсунов Д.А. ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МЕТОДОВ РОБАСТНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ В СИСТЕМАХ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ СИНХРОННЫХ ГЕНЕРАТОРОВ //Universum: технические науки. – 2020. – №. 12-5 (81). – С. 28-31. 52

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЕ, МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКОЕ И ХИМИЧЕСКОЕ МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ВАНАДИЯ ИЗ ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ РЕСУРСОВ Мамараимов Гайрат Фархадович ст. преподаватель кафедры «Металлургия» Навоийского государственного горного и технологического университета Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои E-mail: [email protected] Хасанов Абдурашид Салиевич зам. главного инженера по науке АО «Алмалыкского ГМК» Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои Вохидов Бахридин Рахмиддинович доц. кафедры «Металлургия» Навоийского государственного горного и технологического университета Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои EXTRACTION OF VANADIUM FROM MAN-MADE RESOURCES Gayrat Mamaraimov Senior Lecturer, Department of Metallurgy Navoi State Mining and technological university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi Abdurashid Khasanov Deputy Chief Engineer for Science Joint Stock Company \"Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine\", Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi Bakhridin Vohidov Associate Professor of the Department of Metallurgy Navoi State Mining and technological university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассматривается изучение состава веществ месторождения Сиджак и разработки оптимальной схемы обогащения образцов месторождения и излечение ванадия из техногенных ресурсов ABSTRACT The article discusses the study of the composition of the substances of the Sidzhak deposit and the development of an optimal scheme for the enrichment of deposit samples and the recovery of vanadium from technogenic resources Ключевые слова: горючие сланцы, ванадий, сланцы металлы, минералы, месторождение, сплавы, твердость, уран, титан, элемент Keywords: oil shale, vanadium, shale metals, minerals, deposits, alloys, hardness, uranium, titanium, element ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Мамараимов Г.Ф., Хасанов А.С., Вохидов Б.Р. ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ ВАНАДИЯ ИЗ ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ РЕСУРСОВ // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14663

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Введение. Разведённые запасы горючих слан- бронзы для некоторых ответственных деталей, цев Узбекистана огромны и оцениваются около твердые сплавы ванадия с золотом для целей 47 млрд. тонн. Главные месторождения горючих зуботехнической техники [3]. сланцев располагаются в пустыне Кызылкума и в Байсунских горах. Одной из определяющих особен- В последнее время довольно большое количество ностей качественной характеристики горючих слан- ванадия идет в сплавы на основе титана. Хлорид ва- цев Узбекистана является повышенное содержание надия используется при термохимическом разложе- металлов. Содержание металлов в горючих сланцах нии воды в атомно-водородной энергетике, а Узбекистана %:V- до 0,45; Мо -до 0,164; Cd - до пентаоксид ванадия в качестве положительного 0,013; In-9-10-г\\т; а также (г\\т) Sc - до 50, Au - до 0,2. электрода (анод) в мощных литиевых батареях и ак- Кроме того сланцы содержат в определённых ко- кумуляторах. Ванадат серебра в резервных батареях в личествах платиноидов и урана. качестве катода. Ванадий - это самый распространенный элемент Методы исследований в природе, но он в свободном виде вообще не встре- чается. Встречаются редко минералы, богатые вана- В современное время ванадий в основном извле- дием, на примере надо отметить ванадинит, где кают из титаномагнетитовых, а также ильменит-маг- содержание всего 19 % V205, патронита 17-29 %, нетитовых руд, но и запасы титаномагнетитов могут деклуазита 22 %, купродеклуазита 17-22 %, карно- обеспечить потребности промышленности в вана- тита 20 %, роскоэлита 21-29 % [4]. дии на сотни лет. Тем не менее, роль техногенного сырья (продукты нефтепереработки, шлаки, золы) Ванадинит встречается в зонах окисления для его получения непрерывно возрастает [4]. свинцово-цинковых рудников. Неокисленный мелко- зернистый галенит встречается в небольших За рубежом были проведены исследования по количествах в виде мягких масс и корок повсюду [2]. переработке техногенных ресурсов и проводились опыты по получению пятиокиси ванадия из техноген- В литосфере ванадий, как типичный рассеянный ных отходов [1]. элемент, встречается в комплексных полиметалли- ческих рудах: титаномагнетитовых, ильменит-маг- Ванадий образует соединения, проявляя степени нетитовых, уран-ванадиевых, свинцово-цинковых, окисления от +2 до +5, при этом наиболее стойки и медных и др. В некоторых магнетитовых, титаномаг- типичны соединения, в которых он проявляет выс- нетитовых, осадочных железных рудах и ванадийсо- шую степень окисления. С увеличением степени держащих фосфоритах бывает до 2,5-3,0 % V205. На окисления ванадия усиливаются кислотные свойства территории Узбекистана ванадий впервые был его оксидов, а также их химическая стойкость [5]. найден в Ферганской долине. Цель исследуемой работы заключается в изуче- В Узбекистане найдены месторождения ванади- нии состава веществ месторождения Сиджак и раз- нита в районах Сиджак, Угамского хребта, также как работки оптимальной схемы обогащения образцов сопутствующий элемент V2O5 (от 0,14 - 0,80%) нахо- месторождения. дится Тебинбулакском месторождении (Республика Каракалпакстан, Караузякского района на правом Для исследования приведены три образца берегу реки Амударья) титаномагнетитовых руд. технологии месторождения Сиджака: образец 1, Если учитывать прогнозные запасы титаномагнети- образец 2, образец 3. Результаты химического анализа товых руд в целом по Тебинбулакскому месторож- образцов показали, что в образцах количество железа дению составляет 4,3 млрд. тонн. Не так трудно, и ванадия немного отличается от ожидаемого резуль- подсчитать, сколько окиси ванадия находится в тер- тата. В первом образце составляет 19,71% Fe2O3общ риториях Узбекистана. и 0,31% V2O5, во втором образце - 13,61% Fe2O3общ и 0,36% V2O5, в третьем образце - 19,98 % Fe2O3общ и Тебинбулакское месторождение является наибо- 0,45 % V2O5. Материал, разработанный по составу лее крупным металлсодержащим рудным объектом вещества, состоит из персинита. Общий вес техно- на территории Узбекистана по ванадию и титана по логических образцов составляет 10 кг. вещественному составу и технологическим свойствам аналогичны рудам Качканарского месторождения Для проведения исследований пробы руды (Россия) [5]. измельчались в щековых дробилках в один прием крупностью от 350 мм до 5-10 мм. Поскольку мы При добавке ванадия в золото происходит изме- знаем, что процессы обжига продукта и выбор про- нение в твердости, где появляется несвойственную цесса плавки требуют с очень мелкой поверхностью ему твердость. В основном твердые сплавы ванадия руды, поэтому мы измельчаем нашу ванадиевую с золотом можно использовать в зуботехнических руду в одноступенчатых шаровых мельницах. целях. Ванадий способен связывать растворенный в Исследования показали, что в процессе выделения стали азот с образованием нитридов. Добавление V2O5 из рудного состава степень измельчения ванадия в чугуны повышает их сопротивление продукта крупностью 1 мм составляет 80-90%, что разрушению и твердость. Накатные (визжащие) является оптимальными условиями сжигания и ролики, штампы для холодной штамповки и другие плавки с серной кислотой. Руда крупностью до детали машин изготавливают из ванадиевого 0,25-0,083 мм, обожжена и выборочно переплавлена. чугуна. Ванадий также входит в состав Полученные нами результаты не отличались от специального сплава для постоянных магнитов. результатов, полученных нами для нашей руды Известны сплавы ванадия для деталей, работающих размером 1 мм. Вот почему мы выбрали руду в морской воде (винтовые винты и др.), ванадиевые размером 1 мм как оптимальные условия для сжигания и выбранного прроцесса плавки. 54

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Результаты и обсуждение ниже, мы выбираем только Na2CO3 50 кг/т, потому что кальцинированная сода дешева и проста в После дробления ванадийсодержащей руды мы использовании. Результаты представлены в таблице 1. подготавливаем шихту к процессу сжигания. Для этого нам нужно перевести ванадий в структуру, раство- Таблица 1. римую в воде. Из добавок, указанных в таблице Результаты процесса сжигания с добавлением натрийудерживающих соединений Исходное количество ванадия 6400 г/т Т=650-750 0С время - 4 часа № Дополнение и расход Раствор продукта Осевший п/п Кг/т [V] мг/л pH V г/т E% 1 NaCl 10 Кг/т 1108 7.2 5935 35.1 2 NaCl 30 Кг/т 1235 7.4 5325 42.5 3 NaCl 50 Кг/т 1355 8.0 5085 44.2 4 NaCl 100 Кг/т 1380 8.2 5085 44.2 5 NaCl+NH4NO3 1405 8.0 5070 45.4 80 Кг/т+20 Кг/т 6 NaCl+NH4NO3 1405 8.0 5060 45.4 80 Кг/т+30 Кг/т 7 Na2CO3 1420 9.5 5050 50.4 50 Кг/т 8 Na2CO3 1415 9.6 5075 46.2 100 Кг/т 9 NaCl+ Na2CO3 1235 8.4 5570 41.0 50 Кг/т+50 Кг/т 10 NaCl+Na2SiO3 645 7.5 6480 31.2 50 Кг/т+50 Кг/т В процессе обжига происходят следующие реак- Результаты кинетики обжига руды ции: Взвешиваем 100-гр. образца руды на техни- Na2CO3= Na2O + CO2 ческих весах и добавляя к ней 5 гр. технической соды, получаем шихту. После этого помещаем в Na2O + V2O5 = 2NaVO3 муфельную печь для обжига. Исследование процесса горения проводилось при различных температурах и Полученный ванадат натрия хорошо растворим проводилось в промежутке температур 600-850 0С, в воде и кислоте. в промежутке временни 4-5 часов. Во время обжига руду перемешиваем каждые 20-30 минут. Результаты обжига показаны в следующих таблицах 2 ,3 и графиках 1, 2. Таблица 2. Результаты кинетики обжига руды опыт-1 Исходное количество ванадия 6400 г/т, Т=600 0С, расход технической соды Na2CO3 50 г/кг Масса и количество Масса огарка № Время обжига шихты Количество Na2CO3гр/кг п/п мин Масса [V] мг/кг Масса Выход шихты, гр 5 огарка, гр огарка, % 5 1 50 100 6,400 5 97 92.4 5 2 150 100 6,400 5 93 88.6 3 200 100 6,400 90 85.7 4 240 100 6,400 89 84.7 5 300 100 6,400 86 81.9 55

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. 100 92,8 88,9 87,2 85,3 90 80 81,9 70 закалка обжига 60 50 40 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 30 время обжига 20 10 0 0 График 1. Результаты кинетики обжига руды опыт-1 Когда мы обожгли руду при 8000С, обоженная обоженная руда стала быстро сливаться друг с другом руда изменилась стала серой. Мы перемешивали и становилась агломератом. обоженную руду каждые 20-30 минут. Наша Таблица 3. Результаты кинетики обжига руды опыт-2 Исходное количество ванадия 6400 г/т, Т=850 0С, расход технической соды Na2CO3 50 кг/т № Время обжига Масса шихты и количество Количество Na2CO3 Масса огаркаа п/п мин гр/кг Масса [V] мг/кг Масса огарка, Выход огарка, шихты, гр гр % 1 50 100 6,400 5 96.5 91.9 2 150 100 6,400 5 92.3 87.9 3 200 100 6,400 5 89.4 85.1 4 240 100 6,400 5 82.6 78.6 5 300 100 6,400 5 80.0 76.2 закалка обжига 100 91,9 87,9 85,1 90 78,6 76,2 80 70 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 60 время обжига 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 График 2. Результаты кинетики обжига руды опыт-2 Когда мы обожгли руду при 8500С, обоженная руда стала быстрее сливаться друг с другом и стано- руда изменилась стала темно серой. Мы переме- вилась агломератом. шивали смесь каждые 20-30 минут. Наш обоженная 56

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Список литературы: 1. Гунько И.М., Червоный И.Ф. Анализ техногенных источников и технологических схем производства пента- оксида ванадия. Россия Запорожская государственная инженерная академия. 2011 г. 2. Коровин С.С. Редкие и рассеянные элементы. Химия и технология: Учебник для вузов / С.С. Коровин, Д.В. Дробот, П.И. Федоров. – В трех книгах. Книга II. - М.: МИСИС, 1999. 3. Рабинович Е. Области применения ванадия / E. Рабинович, Б. Гринберг // Национальная металлургия. - 2002. - № 2. - С. 33-36. 4. Хасанов А.С., Ражаббоев И.М., Вохидов Б.Р., Арипов А.З., Саидахмедов А.А., Шодиев А.Н. Изучение веще- ственного состава и разработка технологии переработки проб руд месторождения Тебинбулак №2 (77) 2019 г. С. 57-60. 5. Хасанов А.С., Вохидов Б.Р., Мамараимов Г.Ф. Разработка технология получения пятиокиси ванадия из ми- нерального и техногенного сырьё // UNIVERSUM: Технические науки - Москва, 2020. - №1(78) C. 78-86. 57

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH RECORDS ACMEOLOGICAL APPROACH AS THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS Halima Abaskhanova Associate professor, Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Ulugbek Abdullayev Senior teacher, Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent АКМЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД КАК РАЗВИТИЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОЦЕССА Абасханова Халима Юнусовна доц., Ташкентский университет информационных технологий имени Мухаммада Аль-Хоразмий Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абдуллаев Улугбек Махмудович ст. преподаватель, Ташкентский университет информационных технологий имени Мухаммада Аль-Хоразмий Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article covers the issues of effective implementation of the acmeological approach in education, the organizational structure of the acmeological approach and the importance of its use, the development of the educational process based on the acmeological approach, and the issues of improving the preparation of students for professional activities based on the acmeological approach. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье освещены вопросы эффективной реализации акмеологического подхода в образовании, организационной структуры акмеологического подхода и важности его использования, развития образовательного процесса на основе акмеологического подхода, а также вопросы совершенствования подготовки студентов для профессиональной деятельности на основе акмеологического подхода. Keywords: innovation, innovative activity, acmeology, intellectual and creative initiative, intellectual ability, professionalism, creative individuality, self-development and improvement. Ключевые слова: инновация, инновационная деятельность, акмеология, интеллектуально-творческая инициатива, интеллектуальные способности, профессионализм, творческая индивидуальность, саморазвитие и совершенствование. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Abaskhanova H.Y., Abdullayev U.M. ACMEOLOGICAL APPROACH AS THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14749

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. The subject of innovative activity in a higher education In these directions, the following ideas were deter- institution is a teacher. In this case, the socio-cultural, mined: intellectual and moral capabilities of the teacher are of high importance, and the teacher's approach to his • creativity is inextricably linked with the leader's innovative activity is interpreted as follows: Humanistic thinking and is the process of creating new cultural and axiology - (axeology is regarded as the highest value to material values with design; it is considered as a creative man and the only goal of social development). activity that creates something qualitatively new, distin- Axiological approach to innovative activity means that guished by its originality and social history; a person devotes himself to the process of creating innovation, a set of pedagogical values created by him; • creative thinking has certain psychological qual- Acmeological approach - acmeology (acme) means the ities and is formed and developed due to the creative po- Greek high point, sharp, blossoming mature, the best tential and abilities of any leader, which is first of all period. Creative approach - (this term appeared in the manifested in the creative direction of the leader and his USA in the 60s of the 20th century) means the ability of attitude to work; an individual to create a new concept and create new skills; Reflexive approach - (Latin reflixio - return) is • management creativity is a process of creative considered as a process of knowing the subject's own solution of management activity problems characterized (inner) mental feelings and states [3]. by the presence of both productive and reproductive el- ements [1]. Acmeology is a science, which is based on various educational systems and processes in search of paths to The definition of a high level of professionalism of improvement of activities. The term acmeology has a person combines the comprehensive development of scientific and practical knowledge like such fields as abilities, a wide area of knowledge in a particular field eurilogy (P. Engelmeyer), ergonology (V. Myasishchev), of activity, the original mastery of the skills necessary reflexology (V. Bekhterev) and appeared in the 20s of for its successful implementation, as well as a powerful the last century[3,4]. Socio-cultural acmeology appeared in and stable motivational and emotional charge aimed at the the works of N. Gumilev, S. Gorodetsky, A. Akhmatova implementation of this particular activity, achievements and others as acmeism at the beginning of the 20th century. it has a unique and non-standard result. The necessary Natural-scientific research on the relationship between professional competence is possible only in a well-defined creative activity and the productivity of various professional position. It is this position that is an indicator psychobiological factors by F. Galton and V. Osvaldo led of a person's attitude to his activity and the degree of to the origin of acmeology. According to B.G. Ananev, participation in it of his creative potential. Involvement the scientific basis of acmeology is the integration in the process of forming a firm professional position of of the sciences of the individual, person, individuality such characteristics as \"acmeological invariants\" leads and life activity of the subject in human development. to the achievement of a fundamentally new peak of In acmeology, a person is considered as a subject in professionalism. Invariants help a person to activate professional activity and self-determination of his life, those internal reserves that he needs to carry out self-development and creativity, human life activity. activities at a higher innovative and creative level. It is On the basis of self-development and self-management this opportunity that allows a person to achieve a level lies the human need to achieve new successes, to improve, of extra class in professional activity. The activity of the to be a supporter of an active life, to believe in one's own teacher in the implementation of the acmeological abilities, to understand the meaning of life. The educational process can be attributed to the coordinating development of a person is inextricably linked with the educational activity as designing, redesigning, conditions of his mother's womb, pre-school childhood, identifying problems and controlling the entire process elementary school, adolescence and youth. During these of preparing a future specialist [1, 2]. periods, what will be his health, what is valuable to him, his private evaluation, his attitude to people and work, Thus, we can say that the teacher, managing his actions, etc. will determine what kind of professional educational activities, expects that changes in the he will be in the future [2]. The main goal of using the student will occur as a result of his own efforts. In this acmeological approach is that the student will be able case, understanding, designing and corrective influence on to independently overcome any existing difficulties or the student's subjective states, their development, trends, problems, develop his creativity in such a way that he can etc. acquire the character of the necessary components of even work independently as a sole entrepreneur. To pedagogical activity. They naturally flow into the course of achieve this, together with the use of the acmeological solving the problems facing the teacher. It is these moments approach in the educational process, it is necessary to that determine the creative component of pedagogical work on the formation of an acmeological environment activity. The partner participation of the student and the in the pedagogical team with the motive of creativity and teacher in the process of understanding and solving success. Connection of creativity with the following educational problems, the need for certain changes in the phenomena: creative attitude to work, creative thinking, student makes both accomplices in the management of creativity, creative direction; the creativity and professional educational activities and building the concept of activity of the leader, the interaction of his professional subjective qualitative changes in the student. When skills and professional skills [1]. determining any difficulties in the implementation of educational activities, secondary needs are identified that formulate new tasks and attitudes that increase the percentage of guaranteed changes for the student. The definition of these indicators is carried out in most cases with the help of a comparative analysis of the highest and lowest indicators of the productivity of the activity. 59

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Conclusion and training; rethinking, creative thinking, education becoming an internal need, education in all subjects Using the acmeological approach: to strengthen and having systematized motivations for knowledge, allowing maintain the health of students, to successfully acquire a the quality of education to increase during the transition of profession, to develop preparation for social and labor the vocational college from functionality to development. activities, to successfully solve the issues of education References: 1. Abasxanova X.Yu. Advantages of application of innovative technologies in the development of preschool education. Mejdunarodniy nauchniy jurnal «Universum: texnicheskiye nauki». 2021, Edition: 12(93). Part 6. –R. 96-100 [In English] 2. Abdusamatova Sh.S. (2020). Interaktivnoye obucheniye kak spetsialnaya forma organizatsii poznavatelnoy deyatelnosti [Interactive learning as a special form of organizing cognitive activity]. “Zamonaviy pedagogikaning dolzarb muammolari” ilmiy maqolalar to‘plami, 2, 191-194 [In Russian]. 3. Ikramov R.A. (2020). Teoretiko-pravovie problemi ekologicheskix interesov cheloveka [Theoretical and legal problems of human environmental interests]. Universum: ekonomika i yurisprudensiya, 12(76) [In Russian]. 4. Zolotix N.V., & Xaytmetov R.K. (2020). Usloviya formirovaniya kompetentnosti budushego pedagoga v lichnostno- razvivayushey vospitatelnoy deyatelnosti [Conditions for the formation of the competence of a future teacher in personality-developing educational activities]. Academic Research in Educational Sciences, 1(2), 113-119 [In Russian]. 60

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.1470314775 KINETICS OF INTERACTION OF HARD ALLOYS ZN22AL-ER SYSTEM WITH OXYGEN IN THE GAS PHASE Mehrubon Mirmuhamedov Applicant, Khujand National University, Republic of Tajikistan, Khujand E-mail: [email protected] КИНЕТИКА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ТВЕРДЫХ СПЛАВОВ СИСТЕМЫ ZN22AL-ER С КИСЛОРОДОМ ГАЗОВОЙ ФАЗЫ Мирмухамедов Мехрубон Мамурович соискатель, Худжандский государственный университет им. акад. Б. Гафурова, Республика Таджикистан, г. Худжанд ABSTRACT The article presents the results of a thermogravimetrical research of the kinetics of the interaction of the Zn22Al hard alloy containing erbium with gas phase oxygen. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье приведены результаты термогравиметрического исследования кинетики взаимодействия твердого сплава Zn22Al, содержащего эрбия с кислородом газовой фазы. Keywords: Zn22Al alloy, thermogravimetrical method, erbium, alloys oxidation, activation energy. Ключевые слова: сплав Zn22Al, термогравиметрический метод, эрбий, окисление сплавов, энергия активации. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Zinc alloys with aluminum are very widely used in the oxidation process for this alloy, it can be seen that with increasing temperature, the oxidation rate increases. industry as anodizing coatings for the protection of steel At the initial stages of the oxidation process of the parts [1–3]. Zn22Al alloy, an oxide film is formed, which, apparently, does not have sufficient protective properties, as evidenced Thermogravimetrical methods for studying the pro- by an increase in the oxidation rate. When erbium is added, the curves become constant, that is, a thick protective oxide cess of oxidation of metal film is formed on the surface of the alloys. An alloy containing 0.01 wt.% erbium is characterized by a lower alloys were carried out in the solid state according oxidizability compared to the original alloy (Figure 1). to the described method [4–6]. Oxidation of alloys of a It can be seen that with an increase in the concentra- certain size is carried out with atmospheric oxygen in tion of erbium in the alloy, the rate of its oxidation in- shaft furnaces [8–10]. The kinetic and energy parameters creases, both with a 10-minute exposure of the alloys and with a 20-minute exposure in an oxidizing atmos- of the oxidation process were determined from the phere (Figure 1). This is evidenced by a decrease in the change in the mass of the sample with time [11–15]. effective activation energy with an increase in the scan- dium concentration in the alloy. This pattern is most The rate of the oxidation process of alloys is determined clearly manifested at 523K (Table 1). by the tangents drawn to several points of the oxidation curves [16–18]. The effective activation energy of the alloys was calculated from the slope of the lgK-1/T dependence [19–28]. The oxidation of the Zn22Al alloy modified with er- bium was studied by the thermogravimetrical method [29–31] at 473K, 523K, and 623K. From the curves of __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Mirmuhamedov M.M. KINETICS OF INTERACTION OF HARD ALLOYS Zn22Al-Er SYSTEM WITH OXYGEN IN THE GAS PHASE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14775

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. 2g,/1s·102 3 1,4 2 1 0,7 0 0 10 20 30 t Figure 1. Kinetic curves of oxidation alloy Zn22Al-0.01Er at Т = 473 (1), 523 (2) and 623 К (3) As the temperature increases, the rate of oxidation of oxidation of alloys modified with erbium is associ- of the alloy increases. The reverse pattern is observed ated with the formation of oxide films of a complex with an increase in the concentration of the modified composition with good protective characteristics on component - erbium up to 1.0 wt%. An increase in the their surface. oxidation rate is accompanied by a decrease in the effec- tive activation energy (table 1). The decrease in the rate Table 1. Kinetic and energy parameters of the oxidation system Zn22Al-Er alloys Content Er Oxidation True oxidation Effective activation energy шn the alloy, wt% temperature, rate К.104, of oxidation, kJ/mole kg · m-2 . s-1 151.2 0.0 К 3.12 473 3.56 170.0 0.01 523 3.91 623 2.51 168.8 0.05 473 2.62 523 2.96 166.3 0.1 623 2.59 473 2.70 161.5 0.5 523 3.06 623 2.77 160.0 1.0 473 2.88 523 3.22 623 2.95 473 3.03 523 3.43 623 3.07 473 3.25 523 3.60 623 References: 1. Кеchin V.А., Lyblinskii Е.Ya. Zinc alloys. – Мoscow: Metallurgy, 1986. – 247 p. [In Russian]. 2. Lin K.L., Yang C.F., Lee J.T. Correlation of microstructure with corrosion and electrochemical behaviours of the bach-type hot-dip Al-Zn coatings: Part 1. Zn and 5% Al-Zn coatings. Corrosion. 1991. Vol. 47. N 4. P. 9–13. 3. Obidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N., Amonov I.T., Ganieva N.I. Corrosion of Al+2.18% Fe Alloy Doped with Gallium. Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. 2011. V. 47. N 5. P. 654–657. DOI: 10/1134/S2070205111050133 4. Obidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N., Eshov B.B., Amonov I.T. Corrosion-Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties of Al+2.18% Fe Alloy Alloyed with Indium. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2010. V. 83. N 2. P. 263–266. 62

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Correlation of microstructure with corrosion and electrochemical behaviours of the bach-type hot-dip Al-Zn coatings: Part 2. 55% Al-Zn coatings. Corrosion. 1991. Vol. 47. N 4. P. 17–30. 24. Оbidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N. Anode protective of zinc-aluminium covering with II group elements. Berlin: LAP LAMBERT Acad. Publ. 2012. 288 p. (In Germany) 25. Обидов З.Р. Анодное поведение и окисление сплавов Zn5Al, Zn55Al, легированных стронцием // Физикохимия поверхности и защита материалов. 2012. Т. 48. № 3. С. 305-308. 26. Reza A., Razazi M., Nizomov Z., Ganiev I.N., Obidov Z.R. Temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties of Zn-5Al and Zn-55Al alloys with magnesium // Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2012. Vol. 28, No. 2. P. 841-846. 27. Обидов З.Р. Влияние рН среды на анодное поведение сплава Zn5Al, легированного бериллием и магнием // Известия СПбГТИ(ТУ). 2015. № 32(58). С. 52-55. 28. Obidov Z.R. Thermophysical Properties and Thermodynamic Functions of the Beryllium, Magnesium and Praseodymium Alloyed Zn-55Al Alloy. High Temperature. 2017. V. 55. N 1. P. 150–153. DOI: 10.1134/S0018151X17010163 29. Оbidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N. Physicochemical of zinc-aluminium alloys with rare-earth metals. Dushanbe: ООО «Аndaleb-R». 2015. 334 p. (In Tajikistan) 30. Vasil’ev E.K., Nazmansov M.S. Qualitative X-ray structural analysis. Novosibirsk: Science. 1986. 200 p. (In Russian) 31. Lepinskikh B.M., Kitashev A.A., Belousov A.A. Oxidation of liquid metals and alloys. – Мoscow: Science, 1979. – 116 p. [In Russian]. 63

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.1470314777 KINETICS OF INTERACTION OF HARD ALLOYS ZN22AL-TL SYSTEM WITH OXYGEN IN THE GAS PHASE Jamshed Sharipov Applicant, Khujand National University, Republic of Tajikistan, Khujand E-mail: [email protected] КИНЕТИКА ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ТВЕРДЫХ СПЛАВОВ СИСТЕМЫ ZN22AL-TL С КИСЛОРОДОМ ГАЗОВОЙ ФАЗЫ Шарипов Джамшед Хакимович соискатель, Худжандский государственный университет им. акад. Б. Гафурова, Республика Таджикистан, г. Худжанд ABSTRACT The article presents the results of a thermogravimetrical research of the kinetics of the interaction of Zn22Al hard alloy containing thallium with gas phase oxygen. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье приведены результаты термогравиметрического исследования кинетики взаимодействия твердого сплава Zn22Al, содержащего таллия с кислородом газовой фазы. Keywords: Zn22Al alloy, thallium, thermogravimetrical method, activation energy, alloys oxidation. Ключевые слова: сплав Zn22Al, таллий, термогравиметрический метод, энергия активации, окисление сплавов. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ During the development of industrial production [1–3], alloying metals are involved in the practice of synthesiz- ing new materials [24–26], which include rare earth met- the introduction of new technologies and the increasing als, which have a number of unique properties [27–31]. requirements for durability and reliability of corrosion- The process of oxidation of the Zn22Al alloy con- resistant and structural materials [4–10], it is necessary taining 1.0% thallium proceeds intensively at the initial to pay special attention to the application and optimization of alloy production processes [11–14]. In connection stage due to the absence of an oxide film at the reaction with the expansion of the areas of application of zinc and surface. This is evidenced by the calculated values of the aluminum and its alloys [15–20], previously little-studied oxidation rate, which are given in table 1. Table 1. Kinetic and energy parameters of the oxidation system Zn22Al-Tl alloys Content Tl Oxidation Oxidation rate К.104, Activation energy of oxidation, in the alloy, wt% temperature, К kg · m-2 . s-1 kJ/mole 151.2 - 473 3.12 176.4 0.01 523 3.56 178.3 0.1 623 3.91 473 2.18 174.5 0.5 523 2.48 623 2.73 473 2.05 523 2.24 623 2.56 473 2.21 523 2.57 623 2.84 __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Sharipov J.H. KINETICS OF INTERACTION OF HARD ALLOYS Zn22Al-Tl SYSTEM WITH OXYGEN IN THE GAS PHASE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14777

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Content Tl Oxidation Oxidation rate К.104, Activation energy of oxidation, in the alloy, wt% temperature, К kg · m-2 . s-1 kJ/mole 1.0 473 2.41 171.8 523 2.81 623 3.00 With the introduction of 0.1% thallium in the Zn22Al systems under consideration. The high values of the Gibbs alloy, that is, as a result of the formation of an oxide energy, the enthalpy of formation, and the chemical film, the further course of the process slows down, since potential of the oxides of these metals contribute to the the reaction area decreases. In this case, apparently, the proposed mechanism of the oxidation of these alloys. formed film is sufficiently dense and excludes the access of oxygen (Table 1). From the slope of the straight line of the dependence of the oxidation rate of Zn22Al alloys with different The process of oxide formation at the surface of alloys thallium contents on the reciprocal temperature, their ef- is complex and multifactorial. The rate of the process fective activation energy of oxidation was calculated, depends on the activity of the initial components, which is 151.2, 176.4, 177.6, 178.3, 174.5 and 171.8 kJ/mol. the products of their interaction, and external factors. An increase in the thallium content above 0.5% promotes The possibilities of the process and the formation an increase in the oxidation rate of the Zn22Al alloy, of various oxidation products are determined by the which is accompanied by a decrease in the activation thermodynamic characteristics of the components of the energy (Figure 1). -lgK 3.4 3.5 1 3.6 6 5 2 3 4 1.6 1.9 2.1 1/Т·10-3 Figure 1. Isochronous of the oxidation (523 K) system Zn22Al-Tl alloys References: 1. Кеchin V.А., Lyblinskii Е.Ya. Zinc alloys. – Мoscow: Metallurgy, 1986. – 247 p. [In Russian]. 2. Lin K.L., Yang C.F., Lee J.T. Correlation of microstructure with corrosion and electrochemical behaviours of the bach-type hot-dip Al-Zn coatings: Part 1. Zn and 5% Al-Zn coatings. Corrosion. 1991. Vol. 47. N 4. P. 9–13. 3. Obidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N., Amonov I.T., Ganieva N.I. Corrosion of Al+2.18% Fe Alloy Doped with Gallium. Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. 2011. V. 47. N 5. P. 654–657. DOI: 10/1134/S2070205111050133 4. Obidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N., Eshov B.B., Amonov I.T. Corrosion-Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties of Al+2.18% Fe Alloy Alloyed with Indium. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2010. V. 83. N 2. P. 263–266. 5. Обидов З.Р. Анодное поведение и окисление сплавов Zn5Al и Zn55Al, легированных барием // Известия СПбГТИ (ТУ). 2015. № 31(57). С. 51-54. 6. Obidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N. Anodic Behavior and Oxidation of the Thallium Alloyed Al+2.18% Fe Alloy. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2012. V. 85. N 11. P. 1691–1694. DOI: 10.1134/S1070427212110230 7. Obidov Z.R., Amini R., Nazarov O.N., Dzhayloev J.Kh. and all. High temperature and electrochemical corrosion of Zn0.5Al alloy doped with calcium in various media. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2020. V. 63. N 11. P. 20–26. 65

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. 8. Amini R.N., Obidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N., Mohamad R.B. Potentiodynamical Research of Zn-Al-Mg Alloy System in the Neutral Ambience of NaCl Electrolyte and Influence of Mg on the Structure. Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology. 2012. N 2. P. 110–114. DOI: 10.4236/jsemat.2012.22017 9. Khakimov I.B., Rakhimov F.А., Ganiev I.N., Obidov Z.R. Oxidation kinetic and anodic behavior of Zn22Al alloy doped with nickel. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2021. V. 64. N 6. P. 35–40. 10. Обидов З.Р. Теплофизические свойства и термодинамические функции сплава Zn55Al, легированного бериллием, магнием и празеодимом // Теплофизика высоких температур. 2017. Т. 55. № 1. С. 146-149. 11. Amini R.N., Irani M., Ganiev I., Obidov Z.R. Galfan I and Galfan II Doped with Calcium, Corrosion Resistant Alloys. Oriental Journal оf Chemistry. 2014. V. 30. N 3. P. 969–973. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/300307 12. Safarova F.R., Obidov Z.R., Strucheva N.Е., Ganiev I.N., Novodzhenov V.А. High-temperature Oxidation of gallium-doped Zn5Al alloy with gaseous oxygen. Polzunovskii vestnik. 2019. N 3. P. 112–116. (In Russian) 13. Обидов З.Р. Влияние рН среды на анодное поведение сплава Zn55Al, легированного бериллием и магнием // Журнал прикладной химии. 2015. Т. 88. № 9. С. 1306-1312. 14. Obidov Z.R. Effect of pH on the Anodic Behavior of Beryllium and Magnesium Doped Alloy Zn55Al. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2015. V. 88. N 9. P. 1451–1457. DOI: 10.1134/S1070427215090116 15. Amini R.N., Obidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N., Mohamad R. Anodic Behavior of Zn-Al-Be Alloys in the NaCl Solution and the Influence of Be on Structure. Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology. 2012. N 2. P. 127–131. DOI: 10.4236/jsemat.2012.22020 16. Одинаева Н.Б., Ганиев И.Н., Обидов З.Р., Амини Р.Н. Потенциодинамическое исследование сплава Zn+0.5% Al, легированного таллием // Доклады АН Республики Таджикистан. 2014. Т. 57. № 8. С. 686-689. 17. Obidov Z.R., Amonova A.V., Ganiev I.N. Influence of the pH of the Medium on the Anodic Behavior of Scandium – Doped Zn55Al Alloy. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals. 2013. V. 54. N 3. P. 234–238. 18. Obidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N., Aliev D.N., Ganieva N.I. Anodic Behavior of Zn5Al and Zn55Al Alloys Alloyed with Calcium in NaCl Solutions. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2010. V. 83. N 6. P. 1015–1018. 19. Obidov Z.R. Anodic Behavior and Oxidation of Strontium – Doped Zn5Al and Zn55Al Alloys. Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. 2012. V. 48. N 3. Р. 352–355. DOI: 10.1134/S2070205112030136 20. Одинаева Н.Б., Сафарова Ф.Р., Ганиев И.Н., Обидов З.Р. Анодное поведение сплава Zn+0.5% Al, легированного индием, в среде электролита NaCl // Вестник Таджикского технического университета. 2014. № 4 (28). С. 73-76. 21. Obidov Z.R., Amonova A.V., Ganiev I.N. Effect of Scandium Doping on the Oxidation Resistance of Zn5Al and Zn55Al Alloys. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2013. V. 87. N 4. P. 702–703. DOI: 10.1134/S0036024413040201 22. Обидов З.Р., Ганиев И.Н. Анодное поведение и окисление сплава Al+2.18% Fe, легированного таллием // Журнал прикладной химии. 2012. Т. 85. № 11. С. 1781-1784. 23. Lin K.L., Yang C.F., Lee J.T. Correlation of microstructure with corrosion and electrochemical behaviours of the bach-type hot-dip Al-Zn coatings: Part 2. 55% Al-Zn coatings. Corrosion. 1991. Vol. 47. N 4. P. 17–30. 24. Оbidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N. Anode protective of zinc-aluminium covering with II group elements. Berlin: LAP LAMBERT Acad. Publ. 2012. 288 p. (In Germany) 25. Обидов З.Р. Анодное поведение и окисление сплавов Zn5Al, Zn55Al, легированных стронцием // Физикохи- мия поверхности и защита материалов. 2012. Т. 48. № 3. С. 305-308. 26. Reza A., Razazi M., Nizomov Z., Ganiev I.N., Obidov Z.R. Temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties of Zn-5Al and Zn-55Al alloys with magnesium // Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2012. Vol. 28, No. 2. P. 841-846. 27. Обидов З.Р. Влияние рН среды на анодное поведение сплава Zn5Al, легированного бериллием и магнием // Известия СПбГТИ(ТУ). 2015. № 32(58). С. 52-55. 28. Obidov, Z.R. Thermophysical Properties and Thermodynamic Functions of the Beryllium, Magnesium and Praseodymium Alloyed Zn-55Al Alloy. High Temperature. 2017. V. 55. N 1. P. 150–153. DOI: 10.1134/S0018151X17010163 29. Оbidov Z.R., Ganiev I.N. Physicochemical of zinc-aluminium alloys with rare-earth metals. Dushanbe: ООО «Аndaleb-R». 2015. 334 p. (In Tajikistan) 30. Vasil’ev E.K., Nazmansov M.S. Qualitative X-ray structural analysis. Novosibirsk: Science. 1986. 200 p. (In Russian) 31. Lepinskikh B.M., Kitashev A.A., Belousov A.A. Oxidation of liquid metals and alloys. – Мoscow: Science, 1979. – 116 p. [In Russian]. 66

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.1470314687 CURRENT STATUS OF COMPLEX EXTRACTION OF METALS FROM TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE MINING AND METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY Nurmurod Khujakulov Docent, Navoi State Mining and technology university, independent applicant, Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi E-mail: [email protected] Nigora Nasirova Trainee researcher of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi branch, Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi E-mail: [email protected] Bobur Ibotov Assistant of the department “Metallurgy” Navoi State Mining and Technology University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Navoi E-mail: [email protected] СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ МЕТАЛЛОВ ИЗ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ РАСТВОРОВ ГОРНО-МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ Хужакулов Нурмурод Ботирович доц., Навоийского государственного горно-технологического университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои Насирова Нигора Рамазановна стажёр-исследователь академии наук Республики Узбекистан Навоийского отделении, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои Иботов Бобур Одил угли ассистент кафедры “Металлургия” Навоийского государственного горно-технологического университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои ABSTRACT The article discusses the study of the optimal technology for cleaning technological solutions from harmful impurities by adding various reagents to them, as well as the associated extraction of non-ferrous metals. Relevance of the study: obtaining a large amount of metals by cleaning harmful additives contained in technological solutions. Theories and methods of purification of technological solutions from harmful impurities, methods of extracting non-ferrous metals such as copper, nickel, zinc, and gold were studied. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассматриваются исследование оптимальной технологии очистки технологических растворов от вредных примеси путем добавления в них различные выди реагентов, а также попутное извлечение цветных ме- таллов. Актуальность исследования: иизвлечение большого количества металлов путём очистки технологических растворов от вредных примисей. Изучено теории и способы очистки технологических раство- ров от вредных примеси, способы извлечение цветных металлов как медь, никель, цинк и золота. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Khujakulov N.B., Nasirova N.R., Ibotov B.O. CURRENT STATUS OF COMPLEX EXTRACTION OF METALS FROM TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE MINING AND METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14687

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Keywords: minerals; chemical elements; non-ferrous metallurgy; heavy metals; waste water; mechanical method; biological method; physical and chemical methods; waste water disinfection. Ключевые слова: полезные ископаемые; химические элементы; цветная металлургия; тяжёлые металлы; сточные воды; механический метод; биологический метод; физико-химический метод; дезинфекция сточных вод. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ In the world, the mining and metallurgical industry materials that are used directly for the production of fin- provides a significant part of the gross domestic product ished products: metal, metal-containing (rock, slag, etc.) and foreign exchange earnings in the country's economy. and non-metal waste. By-products include the waste of In recent years, non-ferrous metallurgy has become a technological materials and substances used or gener- highly developed branch of heavy industry. The demand ated in technological processes. for metal is increasing year by year. The development of technology, science and culture cannot be imagined Extraction and processing of minerals will remain without machines, mechanisms, tools and many other one of the strategic directions of the economy of our re- metal objects. In modern conditions, the rapid development public in the future. At the same time, it was shown that of atomic energy, space technology and aviation, radio the tasks of protection of underground resources and ra- electronics and computer technology requires an increase tional use of mineral raw materials occupy a key place in in the volume of production of many types of metals [1, the nature protection activities of enterprises [8, 23-26-p.]. 7-8 p.]. The problem of preventing the harmful effects of Technologies that take into account environmental low-concentration toxic heavy metal ions on environ- protection in most cases are characterized by the produc- mental objects and cleaning them from pollutants is of a tion of additional products through the introduction of global scale and is considered urgent for the whole low-waste technologies, the rational use of waste gener- world today. In many industries there is a problem of ated during the main production process, and in some cleaning process solutions and wastewater from heavy cases, obtaining additional products during the produc- metal ions. This is especially relevant now, when the tion process requires high energy consumption and world community is on the brink of an environmental keeping equipment in working condition, requires mate- crisis [9, 165-p.; 10, 17-23-p.]. rials and components and other operating costs [2, 158- 159-p.]. The ion exchange method is often used to remove lead, mercury, copper, cadmium, cobalt, phosphorus, ar- Currently, among chemical elements, chemical ele- senic, chromium, zinc, and iron compounds from indus- ments with an atomic mass above 50 and their com- trial waters. Ion exchange natural materials are used in pounds - salts (or ions) of heavy metals - are the main waste treatment. Alkaline medium is the most effective and dangerous pollutants of environmental objects, in in extracting heavy metal ions [11; 241-251-p.]. particular, the water environment. Today, among the heavy metals, mercury, lead, cadmium, mercury, copper, Wastewater of 3-hydrometallurgical plant (ГМЗ-3) vanadium, tin, zinc, antimony, molybdenum, cobalt, contains a large amount of suspended minerals, non-fer- nickel, etc. are recognized as the main environmental rous metals, iron sulfates, arsenic, oils and even sulfuric pollutants [3, 4-p.] acid. The results of research [4, 56-57-p.] show that with The following methods are commonly used for the help of bacteria, iron, zinc, nickel, cobalt, titanium, wastewater treatment in the metallurgical industry: aluminum, lead, bismuth, gold, germanium, rhenium, indium, thallium, and gallium elements can be trans- • Mechanical ferred from the ground to solution. Microbes that oxi- • Biological dize compounds of sulfur and other elements are one of • Physical and chemical the cheapest metallurgical tools. • Disinfection of sewage (septic tanks, wastewater from domestic premises). In the last decade, a number of general problems When considering mechanical methods, sieves and have been identified, which are specific to the mineral sieves, settling tanks, membrane elements, sand forks raw material base of the industry and to a large extent are used as cleaning measures. These methods make it determine the negative trends in the development of possible to separate a significant amount of heavy large non-ferrous metallurgy, especially its mining industry. suspended particles in recycled water. Mechanical The industry of many countries was mainly focused on cleaning operations are essential to create a more uni- the processing of ores and concentrates of other coun- form flow of wastewater. tries [5]. Recently, due to the depletion of the mineral re- source base of gold, refractory sulfide gold-bearing ores In the process of mining and beneficiation of mines are involved in processing [1]. For their processing, bac- in metallurgy and related industries, a large amount of terial-hydrometallurgical technologies are widely used solid and liquid waste is generated, part of which is pro- in world practice [2,3]. cessed, and most of it is stored in landfills. Metallurgical The method for extracting copper from sulfate solu- processing processes generate large amounts of slag, tions in the extraction process consists in extracting cop- sludge, dust, and gas waste that require processing [6, per by mixing the sulfate solution with a solution of a 27-29-p.]. cation-exchange organic selective extractant, and then separating the copper extract and extraction raffinate The authors [7, 8-p.] divided waste into two groups - by precipitation, purifying the reagent. extracted solu- primary and secondary. The main ones include waste tion by flotation followed by filtration or coalescence. 68

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. It is determined that it consists of obtaining cathode cop- stripping. The regularities of the process of purification per and spent electrolyte by electroextraction from puri- of copper electrolyte from arsenic by extraction using fied copper stripping, using spent electrolyte for copper Cyanex 923 reagent as an extractant have been studied. References: 1. Уткин Н.И. Производство цветных металлов. М.:»Интермет Инжиниринг», 2000 - 421 с. 2. Информационно технический справочник по наилучшим доступным технологиям (ИТС 12-2016). Производство никеля и кобальта. М: Бюро НДТ 2016-194 c. 3. Долина Л.Ф. Современная техника и технологии для очистки сточных вод от солей тяжелых металлов: Монография. – Дн-вск.: Континент, 2008 -254 с. 4. Иванова, Н. П. Гидроэлектрометаллургия: электронный конспект лекций для студентов специальности 1-48 01 04 «Технология электрохимических производств» / -Минск: БГТУ, 2010-103 с. 5. Соколов В.М., Экономическая стратегия развития цветной металлургии россии в условиях интеграции отрасли в мировую экономику. Автореф. дис. док. эконом. наук.: 08.00.05; институт экономики и организации промышленного производства –2000 - 36 с. 6. Данилова Н. Ю., Алексеев А. В., Шепель А. А. Организация процесса утилизации отходов на предприятиях цветной металлургии. Журнал: Актуальные проблемы авиации и космонавтики. 2017. №13. с. 27-29. 7. Валуев Д.В., Гизатулин Р.А., Технологии переработки металлургических отходов: учебное пособие. Юргинский технологичесий институт. –Томск: изд-во Томского политехнического университета, 2012.-196с. 8. Закон Республики Узбекистан от 9 декабря 1992 г., № 754-XII «Об охране природы». 9. Юсупова А.И. Очистка сточных вод, содержащих ионы тяжелых металлов, сорбентами и экстрактами из таннинсодержащих отходов. 03.02.08. - Экология (в химии и нефтехимии). Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук. Казань, КНИТУ, 2015. -с.165. 10. Клименко Т.В. Очистка сточных вод от ионов тяжелых металлов // Современные научные исследования и инновации. –2013. - №11. –с. 17-23 11. Sanak-Rydlewska Stanisława, Ziba Danuta. Удаление меди и ионов свинца из сточных вод с помощью ионитов // Inż. środ. - 2002. - Vol. 7, № 2. P. 241-251. 12. Чекушин В.С. Переработка золотосодержащих рудных концентратов (обзор методов) / В.С. Чекушин, Н.В. Олейникова // Известия Челябинского научного центра. - 2005. - №4(30). - С. 94-110. 13. Набойченко С.С. Автоклавная гидрометаллургия цветных металлов / С.С. Набойченко [и д.р.] - Екатеринбург: ГОУ УГТУ-УПИ, 2002. - 940 с. 14. Богородский А.В. Автоклавное окисление сульфидных золотосодержащих концентратов / А.В. Богородский, С.В. Баликов, Н.В. Копылова, Ю.Е. Емельянов // Материалы первого международного конгресса «Цветные металлы Сибири – 2009», раздел IV, Производство благородных металлов. - 2009. 533-535 c. 69

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Научный журнал UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ № 12(105) Декабрь 2022 Часть 6 Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ: ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 54434 от 17.06.2013 Издательство «МЦНО» 123098, г. Москва, улица Маршала Василевского, дом 5, корпус 1, к. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленного оригинал-макета в типографии «Allprint» 630004, г. Новосибирск, Вокзальная магистраль, 3 16+

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УДК 62/64+66/69 ББК 3 U55 Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии: Горбачевский Евгений Викторович, канд. техн. наук; Демин Анатолий Владимирович, д-р техн. наук; Звездина Марина Юрьевна, д-р. физ.-мат. наук; Ким Алексей Юрьевич, д-р техн. наук; Козьминых Владислав Олегович, д-р хим. наук; Ларионов Максим Викторович, д-р биол. наук; Манасян Сергей Керопович, д-р техн. наук; Мажидов Кахрамон Халимович, д-р наук, проф; Мартышкин Алексей Иванович, канд.техн. наук; Мерганов Аваз Мирсултанович, канд.техн. наук; Пайзуллаханов Мухаммад-Султанхан Саидвалиханович, д-р техн. наук; Радкевич Мария Викторовна, д-р техн наук; Серегин Андрей Алексеевич, канд. техн. наук; Старченко Ирина Борисовна, д-р техн. наук; Усманов Хайрулла Сайдуллаевич, д-р техн. наук; Юденков Алексей Витальевич, д-р физ.-мат. наук; Tengiz Magradze, PhD in Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering. U55 Universum: технические науки: научный журнал. – № 12(105). Часть 7. М., Изд. «МЦНО», 2022. – 60 с. – Электрон. версия печ. публ. – http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/12105 ISSN : 2311-5122 DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12 Учредитель и издатель: ООО «МЦНО» ББК 3 © ООО «МЦНО», 2022 г.

Содержание 5 5 Papers in english 5 Civil engineering and architecture 8 SIMULATION OF A SLIDING LAYER BETWEEN FOUNDATION AND SPATIAL FOUNDATION PLATFORM. SYSTEM APPROACH TO APPLICATION SEISMIC ISOLATION IN SEISMIC 8 CONSTRUCTION Rima Myrzambekova 13 Transport 17 DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN PARAMETERS OF THE ASYNCHRONOUS TRACTION 22 MOTOR OF THE ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE OF THE “O'ZBEKISTON” SERIES Tulagan Nazirkhonov 26 Dilshod Yuldashev 26 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT POWER SOURCE FOR THE POSITION OF NON-DISASSEMBLED VIBROACOUSTIC DIAGNOSTICS OF AN ELECTRIC ROLLING 29 STOCK WITH A DC TRACTION MOTOR Murodilla Shadmonkhodjaev 29 Tulagan Nazirkhonov 32 METHODS FOR INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF SORTING PROCESSES ON RAILWAY SORTING HILLS 32 Zokhid Toshboyev 36 Ulugbek Abdullaev 40 CALCULATION OF THE LENGTH OF CABLE LINES USED AT STATIONS Janibek Kurbanov 40 Aziz Saitov Zokhid Toshboyev 44 Transport, mining and construction engineering RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF THE MODE OF DETONATION WAVES IN BOREHOLE CHARGES WITH AN AXIAL AIR CAVITY Azamat Shukurov Technology, machinery and equipment for logging, forestry, wood processing and chemical processing of wood bi-omass SELECTION OF A DEVICE TO ACCELERATE THE PHYTOEXTRACTION PROCESS Azamat Usenov Natalya Afanaseva Shakhnoza Sultanova Food technology NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE BODY Dilshodjon Shodiev Hojiali Qurbonov EFFECT OF CRUSHING TIME ON THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MILK YIELD DURING THE PRODUCTION OF PLANT MILK Abdulaziz Eshonturayev Dilafruz Sagdullayeva Chemical engineering DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMINERAL COMPOSITIONS FROM CLAYS OF THE UZBEKISTAN DEPOSIT FOR THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING THERMOSTABLE DRILLING FLUID Sherzod Toshev Khasan Abdulloev KINETICS AND ISOTHERM OF Cu2+ ION SORPTION ON A NEW SORBENT OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF VERMICULITE Obid Tursunmuratov Murod Jurayev Davronbek Bekchanov Mukhtarjon Mukhamediev

THE EFFECT OF EFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENTS ON EFFICIENCY 49 Dilmurod Ergashev Navruzbek Mirzayev 54 Oybek Ergashev 54 Energy industry POWER LOSS DUE TO THE EFFECT OF HIGH HARMONICS IN ASYNCHRONOUS ENGINES Abduvokhid Abdullaev Feruza Nasretdinova Mukhayyo Yoldoshova

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14754 SIMULATION OF A SLIDING LAYER BETWEEN FOUNDATION AND SPATIAL FOUNDATION PLATFORM. SYSTEM APPROACH TO APPLICATION SEISMIC ISOLATION IN SEISMIC CONSTRUCTION Rima Myrzambekova Master of Science in Technology, International Educational Corporation, Kazakhstan, Almaty E-mail: [email protected] МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ СКОЛЬЗЯЩЕГО СЛОЯ МЕЖДУ ФУНДАМЕНТОМ И ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ ФУНДАМЕНТНОЙ ПЛАТФОРМОЙ. СИСТЕМНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ПРИМЕНЕНИЮ СЕЙСМИЧЕСКОЙ ИЗОЛЯЦИИ В СЕЙСМИЧЕСКОЙ КОНСТРУКЦИИ Мырзамбекова Рима Манатовна магистр техн. наук, Международная образовательная корпорация, Республика Казахстан, г. Алматы ABSTRACT Traditional seismic isolation devices are compared with an unconventional device in the form of a sliding layer under a continuous spatial foundation platform. The efficiency of the sliding layer at large dynamic displacements of the weak base is confirmed by the keyword. АННОТАЦИЯ Традиционные устройства сейсмоизоляции сравниваются с нетрадиционным устройством в виде скользя- щего слоя под платформой непрерывного пространственного фундамента. Эффективность скользящего слоя при больших динамических смещениях слабого основания подтверждена ключевым словом. Keywords: keyword, Scad, dynamic, seismic Ключевые слова: ключевое слово, скад, динамика, сейсмика ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Traditional and non-traditional approaches of the new system, including the foundation, especially for complex soil conditions. As an example, we can point It should be noted that traditional seismic isolation to a solution in which a pile foundation with a grillage devices, in including seismic isolating supports, have a is separated from the superstructure by a layer of sand. significant common drawback: they divide the whole The integrity of the \"building-foundation\" system is system \"building foundation\" into separate parts, which violated with possible undesirable consequences. It is leads to a weakening of the system in favor of seismic possible to formulate some general fundamental provi- isolation of a certain part of this system. In this case, sions that increase the efficiency of seismic isolation mutual displacements arise between the insulated and of buildings and structures. The building (construction), non-insulated parts, which must be identified by kinematic together with the foundation, must form a single integral calculation, and to limit these mutual displacements, it spatial multi-connected system, which, even when is necessary to install dampers that dissipate the energy separated from the base, must remain geometrically of seismic action. unchanged. And in the event of an accidental violation of one (or several) local connections, the possibility of This situation is created, in our opinion, because spatial redistribution of efforts should be made to prevent seismic isolation is applied (as if mechanically introduced) the global collapse in the structures of buildings that are designed for non- seismic areas, without fundamental understanding __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Myrzambekova R.M. SIMULATION OF A SLIDING LAYER BETWEEN FOUNDA- TION AND SPATIAL FOUNDATION PLATFORM. SYSTEM APPROACH TO APPLICATION SEISMIC ISOLA- TION IN SEISMIC CONSTRUCTION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14754

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. The seismic isolation device should refer to this en- The calculation scheme \"building-spatial founda- tire system, and not to its separate part. An example of tion platform\" on a sliding layer is a rather complex non- such a constructive solution can be a building (struc- linear model due to friction and possible kinematic ture), combined with a solid spatial foundation platform, movements (as a result of overcoming friction). between which and the leveled base there is a sliding layer that reduces friction. In this case, a powerful seis- To determine the resulting seismic isolating effect, mic wave slips under the platform, the level of large hor- one can consider the stage of operation when friction is izontal seismic actions (including asymmetric, torsional, overcome. In this case, an auxiliary scheme can be used, etc.) on the platform and thus on the topside is signifi- in which the horizontal (tangential) connections be- cantly reduced. tween the PFP and the base are removed or significantly weakened, i.e. only vertical (normal) links remain sig- The integrity and multi-connection of buildings with nificant. Such approach models the state of the sliding the foundation make it possible to perceive vertical shocks layer when the friction is overcome. as well. In this case, possible horizontal displacements will take place not between individual parts of the building Such a model can be implemented, for example, (integrity is not violated), but between the system with the help of vertical rods in the nodes of a finite el- (“building-foundation”) and the foundation. Small (on ement mesh, which have a very high longitudinal stiff- the order of a few centimeters) displacements may be ness and negligible bending stiffness, i.e. transmission allowed in the planning of the territory, and to limit large of normal forces with little shear resistance (slippage). displacements, stops are installed (dampers, return In this way, the main idea of the sliding layer will be devices, etc.). implemented: the horizontal displacements of the base will not be transmitted to the PFP and the superstructure. Thus, the sliding layer forms a seismic isolation pro- tective device that does not violate the integrity of the The studies were carried out for a model of a 5-storey \"building-foundation\" system. Other possible types of frame building, the design scheme of which was taken protective seismic isolating (screen) devices that are out- in the form of a square in terms of spatial frame with nodal side the “building-foundation” system should be pointed concentrated masses (section of columns 0.4x0.4m2, out, for example, the construction of trenches (ditches) crossbars 0.6x0.3m2; material - concrete E = 3.25 104 MPa, across the dynamic impact. µ = 0.2), located on a solid foundation slab measuring 16x16x0.5m3 (Picture 1). Evaluation of the effectiveness of seismic isolation in the form of a sliding layer between the spatial foundation platform (SFP) and the foundation Figure 1. Spatial design scheme of a 5-storey frame building on the PFP The calculations of the spatial frame for the horizontal metal rods (length 0.1 m, square section 0.05x0.05 m2), vibration load Р(t) = P0 sin(θt) applied in the nodes pivotally connected to the foundation slab and soil base with the exception of horizontal connections between base of the upper layer of the subgrade (nodal mass m= 20 t, plate and foundation. At the same time, non-stretching P0 = 294 kN, θ = 20 rad/s) were carried out using the horizontal bonds were imposed at the corner points of the foundation slab to ensure geometric invariability. SCAD software Office taking into account the elastic In the second model, the sliding layer was modeled by rod elements (0.5 m long, with almost zero bending properties of the soil base according to the spatial model stiffness - EJ = 0.098 kN m2), rigidly connected at the nodes of the finite element mesh with the foundation of an elastic weightless half-space. Category III soil slab and base. (E =11 MPa, µ=0.3) is represented by a spatial array As can be seen from the calculation results presented 50x50x26m in the form of bending moment diagrams in Fig. 2, both 3 . Volumetric finite elements are used. The lower plane of the soil mass is fixed motionlessly. Two models of the sliding layer were considered. In the first one, the sliding layer was modeled by vertical 6

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. sliding layer models provide a good seismic isolation (Picture. 2, b); for the 2nd model of the sliding layer - 9.53 effect. So, for the 1st model of the sliding layer, the and 12.97 kN m (Picture. 2, c), which is on average largest bending moments in the columns and crossbars 40 times less than for the frame on the PFP without the of the frame turned out to be 10.23 and 12.09 kN m sliding layer (Picture. 2, a) Figure 2. Diagrams of bending moments (kN m) in the middle frame from the action of horizontal harmonic load Р(t): a – frame on PFP without sliding layer; b, c - frame on PFP with a sliding layer according to the 1st and 2nd calculation models It should be noted that for the 1st sliding layer Similar calculations performed at other frequencies model, the horizontal movements of the foundation slab, of dynamic impact confirm the effectiveness of the use with the frame located on it, we got practically zero of a seismic insulating layer, and for construction not (0.003 mm) compared to the displacements of the upper only on soft soils (category III), but also on other soils. soil layer (10 mm), and for the 2nd model of the sliding layer they are equal to 0.3 mm. That is, under seismic Conclusion action, the slab, especially for the 1st model of the sliding layer, practically does not move in the horizontal direction Note that it is not advisable to divide the seismically compared to the points of the subgrade. insulating building (together with the foundation) into parts, thereby creating conditions for the mutual At the same time, the horizontal displacement of the displacement of these parts. Such seismic isolation top of the building for the frame on a solid foundation weakens the building. This is a significant drawback of slab was 36.6 mm, and for the frame on a slab with a sliding traditional seismic isolation. It is advisable to build layer, 0.11 and 0.6 mm, respectively, for the first and \"closed type buildings\", creating a seismic isolation second models of the sliding layer. (sliding layer) between the foundation slab and the foundation. Then only displacements of the building The obtained results show that the sliding layer with the foundation as an integral system along relation between the PFP connected to the topside and the to the base. At the same time, the forces in the upper subgrade significantly reduces the forces in the topside. structure are significantly reduced with large dynamic It should be noted that the device of the sliding layer is effects on the base. well combined with foundations in the form of a solid slab (SFP), which makes it possible to build buildings and structures on soft soils [10–17]. References 1. CH RK EN 1998-1:2004/2012 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES RESISTANT TO SEISMICITY 2. EUROCODE 8: DESIGN OF STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE – PART 5: FOUNDATIONS, RETAINING STRUCTURES AND GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS 3. SP RK 5.01-102-2013 \"FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES\" (WITH AMENDMENTS AND ADDITIONS AS OF 03/18/2021). 7

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. TRANSPORT DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14726 DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN PARAMETERS OF THE ASYNCHRONOUS TRACTION MOTOR OF THE ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE OF THE “O'ZBEKISTON” SERIES Tulagan Nazirkhonov PhD (Phd), acting Docent, Department of \"Electric rolling stock\", Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Dilshod Yuldashev Master, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ОСНОВНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ АСИНХРОННОГО ТЯГОВОГО ЭЛЕКТРОДВИГАТЕЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОВОЗА СЕРИИ “O’ZBEKISTON” Назирхонов Тулаган Мансурхон угли канд. техн. наук (Phd), и.о. доц. кафедры «Электроподвижной состав», Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Йулдашев Дилшод Илхом угли магистр, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT Target. Determining the parameters of asynchronous traction motors (ATM) is necessary to create a computer sim- ulation model that allows you to reproduce electromagnetic processes in the traction drive and converters, as well as the processing functions of the obtained simulation results, adequate to the real conditions of use on electric rolling stock of converters with various control algorithms in traction and regenerative braking. To determine the parameters of the ATD in relation to the T-shaped equivalent circuit, the idle, short circuit and rated load modes are used using the motor loss separation method. Analytical expressions are obtained for calculating the main parameters of the ATD in relation to the T-shaped equivalent circuit. The main design parameters and electrical quantities are given, The results obtained can be used in a computer simulation model designed to reproduce electromagnetic processes in a traction electric drive and converters, when determining the energy characteristics of an electric locomotive series \"O'zbekiston\". АННОТАЦИЯ Цель. Определение параметров асинхронных тяговых двигателей (АТД) необходимо для создания компью- терной имитационной модели, позволяющей воспроизводить электромагнитные процессы в тяговом электропри- воде и преобразователях, а также функции обработки полученных результатов моделирования, адекватные реальным условиям применения на электрическом подвижном составе преобразователей с различными алгоритмами управления в режимах тяги и рекуперативного торможения. Для определения параметров АТД применительно к T - образной схеме замещения используются режимы холостого хода, короткого замыкания и номинальной нагрузки с помощью метода разделения потерь в двигателе. Получены аналитические выражения для расчета основных параметров АТД применительно к T-образной схеме замещения. Приведены основные расчетные параметры и электротехнические величины, характеризующие режимы работы АТД серии 1TB 2KF2624 – 3EA00 электровоза серии «O’zbekiston». Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в компьютерной имитационной модели, предназначенной для воспроизведения электромагнитных процессов в тяговом электроприводе и преоб- разователях, при определении энергетических характеристик электровоза серии «O’zbekiston». __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Nazirkhonov T., Yuldashev D. DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN PARAMETERS OF THE ASYNCHRONOUS TRACTION MOTOR OF THE ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE OF THE “O'ZBEKISTON” SERIES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14726

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Keywords: asynchronous traction motor, method for calculating parameters, active and inductive resistances of windings, determination of ATD parameters. Ключевые слова: асинхронный тяговый электродвигатель, метод расчета параметров, активные и индуктив- ные сопротивления обмоток, определение параметров АТД. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction The components of the consumption and losses of electric- Asynchronous electric motors are widely used in the ity for the movement of ERS can be taken into account traction drive of rail transport due to their greater relia- only by analytical methods. For an adequate analysis bility and lower manufacturing and operation costs com- of the energy balance, it is necessary to determine the pared to collector motors. parameters, as well as the energy performance of the Six-axle AC electric locomotives of the “O'zbekiston” converters and units of the traction electric drive. series (Picture. 1) are designed taking into account the latest trends in the field of electric locomotive construc- The parameters and energy characteristics of traction tion. The characteristic features of an electric locomo- converters and traction motors have an unambiguous tive include the use of an asynchronous traction electric relationship in terms of voltage level, switching frequency drive, traction converters, axis-by-axis regulation of of power electronic devices, and current ripples. traction and braking force, and a microprocessor control system [6]. Experimental determination of the parameters of the ATD windings in most cases is complicated by the tech- Figure 1. electric locomotive \"O'zbekiston\" nical conditions for the implementation of test modes. Analytical determination of the ATD parameters - active The use of ATD as a traction drive is impossible resistance and leakage inductance of the windings, the without a semiconductor converter. In this case, the magnitude of mechanical losses and losses in the steel can shape of the voltage and current of the stator winding is be performed on the basis of no-load and short circuit far from sinusoidal. modes using the loss separation method in the rated load mode [4-7]. Currently, there is an urgent problem of increasing the energy efficiency of railway transport, which is as- The resistance of the stator phase windings in this sociated with an increase in the energy performance of case is determined by the power loss ������������������мн in copper at electric rolling stock (EPS). An important step in this di- rated load, (Ohm) rection is the creation of a computer simulation model that makes it possible to reproduce electromagnetic pro- ������������ = Δ3���������������������м2���н.н, (1) cesses in the traction electric drive and converters, as well as the functions for processing the obtained simu- where is the stator phase current in the nominal lation results that are adequate to the real conditions for mode ������������н. using converters with various control algorithms in trac- tion and regenerative braking modes on the ERS [1-3]. Let's determine the power loss in the copper of the Energy consumption of EPS in operating modes is stator at rated load by the formula (W) recorded by measuring instruments - electricity meters. Δ������������м.н = ������н ∙ 103 (1 − (������н + ������н)) ������н (2) − (Δ������мех.н + Δ������������ ст.н + Δ������������ дм), Where ������н - rotor slip in the rated load mode, ������н - power of the rated mode, ������н - coefficient of perfor- mance (efficiency) of the rated mode, Δ������������ ст.н - power of losses in the stator steel in the rated load mode, Δ������мех.н - power of mechanical losses in the rated load mode, Δ������������ дм - power of additional losses in the stator copper, due to the spatial harmonics of the stator current. The power of mechanical losses in the rated load mode can be taken as Δ������мех.н = 0,002 ������н ∙ 103 W [6], ������н the power of additional losses from spatial harmonics of the current Δ������������ дм = 0,005 ������н ∙ 103 W [7]. ������н 9

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. η ηн 0,8 0,6 ηmax 0,4 0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 P/Pн Figure 2. Dependence of the ATD efficiency on the load The power loss in steel in the rated load mode is al- The short-circuit impedance for the stator phase of most equal to the power loss in steel for the ¾ rated load the ATD is conditioned by the multiplicity of the short- circuit current ������������кз = 7 − 8 (ohm) equal to mode. The latter can be determined from the condition ������к = √������к2 + (с1������к)2 = ������������н , (7) of equality of the main losses in the steel and copper of √3������������н������������кз the stator at the maximum motor efficiency correspond- ing to the mode of ¾ of the rated load (Picture. 3), (W) Δ������������ ст.3/4 = 3 ������н ∙ 103 (1 − ������max) (3) Here ������к - motor short circuit resistance, ������к = ������������+������′������. 4∙2 ������max Short circuit inductive reactance can be determined − (Δ������мех.3/4 + Δ������������дм). from the formula (Ohm) Mechanical losses at the rated rotor speed are prac- ������к = ������к√1 − cos2������кз, (8) tically independent of the load, therefore, with sufficient accuracy, we can assume that Δ������мех.3/4 = Δ������мех.н . Where in cos ������кз - engine power factor for the modeshort circuit, pre-accept cos ������кз = 0,15 − 0,2. The rotor resistance, reduced to the stator phase re- sistance, can be calculated from the power losses in the Idle mode current ATD (A) [6-7] rotor at rated slip and reduced rotor current ������′������н (ohm): ������′������ = ������н ∙ 103 ∙ ������н . (4) ������������0 ≂ ������������н (sin ������������н − co2s���φ���нsн), (9) 3������′������н2 where cos ������������н – motor power factor for nominal Let's find the rotor current, reduced to the stator mode. current, for the rated load mode according to the formula (A), [6] After performing the calculations according to for- mulas (1) – (9), the values should be clarified and the refined calculation of the active and inductive re- (������������������������0н 2 ������������0 sistances of the stator and rotor of the ATD should be ������������н2������н ������′������н = ������������н√1 − ) − , (5) repeated ������′������, ������к, с1 ≂ 1 + ������к . 2������0 From the experience of designing ATD with a Wherein ������������0 – no-load current of ATD at rated volt- power of 1-1.3 MW, the ratio of the leakage inductance age and rated frequency of the stator current, ������н – mul- tiplicity of the highest electromagnetic torque. of the stator phase and the reduced leakage inductance The value is determined by the rated load mode and of the rotor phase in relative units is 1: 0.8. the inductive resistance of the motor short circuit ������н������к : Stator phase leakage inductance (������������������, N) ������������������ = ������к , (10) ���������2���н(1 − ������н) 1,8∙2������∙������������н 2с1(������н ∙ 103 + Δ������мех.н)������к ������н = √3 ∙ , (6) Where ������������н- frequency of the stator voltage in the nominal mode. Where с1 - the coefficient of reduction of the param- eters of the ATD windings to the Г - shaped equivalent circuit. 10

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Leakage inductance rotor phase (������′������������, Н), reduced to Mutual inductance resistance (������������, Ohm) of the the stator phase is equal to windings of the stator and rotor phases are calculated by the formula ������к∙0.8 . ������′������������ = (11) ������������ = ������������н − ������������������ , (15) 1.8∙2������∙������������н √3∙������������ Motor phase impedance at idle (������0, Ом) ������0 = ������������н . (12) In which is the resistance of the ������������������ - leakage in- ductance of the stator phase, ������������������ = 2������������������н������������������. √3������������0 Mutual inductance of the stator and rotor phase The active component of the no-load current of the stator phase, (������������0������,A) windings, reduced to the stator (������������, H) is .Δ������������ст.3/4+(������������∙������������02)+Δ������ ������дм+Δ������мех.н ������������ = ������������ (16) 2������∙������������н ������������0������ = √3∙������������н (13) Stator phase magnetization current, (������������,A) Based on formulas (10)-(16), the calculation of the ������������ = √������������02 − ������������0������2. (14) main parameters of the ATD \"1TB 2KF2624-3EA00\" used on “O'zbekiston” electric locomotives. Passport data, design parameters and electrical values characterizing the operating modes of ATD 1TB 2KF2624 - 3EA00, are given in table. 1, and 2 [6-7]. Table 1. Passport data ATD \"1TB 2KF2624 - 3EA00\" Options Designation Meaning Rated power, kW 1020 Rotation frequency, rpm ������н 1450 Rated line voltage, V ������н 2100 Rated current, A ������������н 344 Power factor at 100% load ������������н 0.85 efficiency ������������������ ������������н 0.94 Rated stator current frequency, Hz ������н 50 Number of pole pairs ������������н 2 Rated rotor slip ������ 0.015 ������н Table 2. Design parameters and basic electrical quantities of ATD \"1TB 2KF2624 - 3EA00\" Parameters and data Designation Meaning Power loss in stator copper at rated load, W ������������������м.н 28484 Power of mechanical losses in the mode of rated load, W ������������мех.н 2170 Power of additional losses from spatial current harmonics, W ������������������ дм 5425 Power loss in steel in ¾ rated load mode, W 12750 Power loss in rotor copper at rated load, W ������������������ ст.3/4 20345 Stator phase winding resistance, Ohm ������������������м.н 0.079 Rotor resistance reduced to stator phase resistance, Ohm ������������ 0.046 Multiplicity of the greatest electromagnetic moment ������′������ 1.9 Short circuit impedance, Ohm ������н 0.499 short circuit inductive reactance, Ohm ������к 0.483 Inductive reactance of leakage fluxes of the stator phase, Ohm ������к 0.268 The inductive resistance of the leakage fluxes of the rotor, reduced to the phase ������������������ of the stator, Ohm 0.214 Stator phase leakage inductance, H Х���′��������� 0.00085335 ������������������ 11

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Parameters and data Designation Meaning ������′������������ 0.00068268 Leakage inductance of the rotor phase, reduced to the stator phase, H ������0 12.321 Motor phase impedance at idle, Ohm с1 1.023 The coefficient of reduction of the parameters of the windings to the L-shaped ������′������н 332 equivalent circuit ������������0 98.4 Rotor current reduced to stator current for rated load mode, A ������������0������ ������������ 5.8 Idle mode current, A 98.2 ������������ 12.074 Active component of the no-load current of the stator phase, A ������������ 0.038 Magnetization current of the stator phase, A Inductive resistance of mutual inductance of the windings of the stator and rotor phases, Ohm Mutual inductance of the stator and rotor, reduced to the stator (magnetizing inductance), H Conclusion parameters and the main characteristic data of ATD are obtained in relation to the t-shaped equivalent circuit. A method is proposed for calculating the parameters The main design parameters and electrical quantities of the ATD based on the experiments of idling and short characterizing the operating modes of the ATD series circuit using the method of loss separation in the rated are given. 1TB 2KF2624-3EA00 electric locomotive of load mode. Analytical expressions for calculating the the O'zbekiston series. Reference: 1. Andryushchenko A.A. Asynchronous traction drive of locomotives: textbook / A.A. Andryushchenko, Yu.V. Babkov, A.A. Zarifyan et al.; ed. A.A. Zarifyana // - M .: Educational Methodological Center for Education on the Railway. transport, 2013. - 413 p. 2. Benkovich N.I. Asynchronous traction drive of a promising diesel locomotive for the Eastern range of Russian rail- ways / N.I. Benkovich, I.A. Rolle // electronics and electrical equipment of transport: scientific and technical journal. St. Petersburg: PGUPS, 2019. - No. 2 - S. 35-38. 3. Grishchenko A.V. New electrical machines of locomotives: textbook. allowance for universities railway transport / A.V. Grishchenko, E.V. Kozachenko // - M .: Textbook - method. education center on the railway. transport, 2008. - 271 p. 4. Nazirkhonov T.M. Computer model of a traction transformer of O’Z-ELR series alternating current electric locomo- tive / T.M. Nazirkhonov, A.Ya. Yakushev // Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University, 2020, vol. 17, iss. 3, pp. 416–427. 5. Syromyatnikov I.A. Operating modes of asynchronous and synchronous motors / I.A. Syromyatnikov; edited by L.G. Mamikoyants. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1984. - 240 p. 6. Vikulov I.P. Scomparative analysis of the technical characteristics of electric locomotives of the O'Z-ELR and O'zbekiston series / I.P. Vikulov, T.M. Nazirkhonov // Izv Petersburg University of Communications. - St. Petersburg: PGUPS, 2019. - Vol. 16, no. 1. - S. 68-76. 7. Yakushev A. Ya. Determination of the main parameters of an asynchronous traction electric motor / A.Ya. Yakushev, T.M. Nazirkhonov, I.P. Vikulov, K.V. Markov // Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University, 2019, vol. 16, iss. 4, pp. 592–601. 12

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14714 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT POWER SOURCE FOR THE POSITION OF NON-DISASSEMBLED VIBROACOUSTIC DIAGNOSTICS OF AN ELECTRIC ROLLING STOCK WITH A DC TRACTION MOTOR Murodilla Shadmonkhodjaev Assistant of the chair «Electric rolling stock», Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Tulagan Nazirkhonov Cand. tech. Sci., Associate Professor of the Department of Electric Rolling Stock, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] РАЗРАБОТКА ЭНЕРГОЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ИСТОЧНИКА ПИТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ПОЗИЦИИ БЕЗРАЗБОРНОГО ВИБРОАКУСТИЧЕСКОГО ДИАГНОСТИРОВАНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОПОДВИЖНОГО СОСТАВА С ТЯГОВЫМ ДВИГАТЕЛЕМ ПОСТОЯННОГО ТОКА Шадмонходжаев Муродилла Шухратилаевич ассистент кафедры «Электроподвижной состав» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Назирхонов Тулаган Мансурхон угли канд. техн. наук, доц. кафедры «Электроподвижной состав» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT Conducting experimental studies under operating conditions, transition to mathematical modeling of the wheel-motor unit of the electric rolling stock (EPS) at the position of in-place diagnostics of the bearings of the traction electric motor. Simulate a diagnostic complex that allows you to determine the technical condition of the wheel-motor unit in locomotive depots. An approach has been defined for selecting and evaluating the parameters of power sources at the position of in- place vibroacoustic diagnostics of the wheel-motor unit of the EPS in locomotive depots. The analysis of the methodology for designing semiconductor converters has been carried out. An algorithm for determining the state of bearings indis- criminately has been developed. The moment of inertia of the wheel pair connected to the anchor of the electric motor in the raised state of the electric rolling stock is determined. An experiment was carried out in the locomotive depot \"Uzbekiston\" JSC \"Uzbekiston temir yullari\" to determine the moment of inertia of the wheel-motor units. АННОТАЦИЯ Проведение экспериментальных исследований в условиях эксплуатации переход к математическому моде- лированию колесно-моторного блока электрического подвижного состава (ЭПС) при позиции безразборной ди- агностики подшипников тягового электрического двигателя. Моделировать диагностического комплекса, позволяющие определять техническое состояние колесно-моторного блока в локомотивных депо. Определён подход для выбора и оценки параметров источников питания при позиции безразборной виброакустической ди- агностики колесно-моторного блока ЭПС в локомотивных депо. Выполнен анализ методологии проектирования полупроводниковых преобразователей. Разработаны алгоритм определения состояния подшипников без разбора. Определён момент инерции колесной пары, соединенной с якорем электрического двигателя при поднятом состоянии электроподвижного состава. Проведён эксперимент в локомотивным депо «Узбекистон» АО «Узбекистон темир йуллари» для определения момент инерции колесно-моторных блоков. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Shadmonkhodjaev M., Nazirkhonov T. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT POWER SOURCE FOR THE POSITION OF NON-DISASSEMBLED VIBROACOUSTIC DIAGNOSTICS OF AN ELEC- TRIC ROLLING STOCK WITH A DC TRACTION MOTOR // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14714

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Keywords: electric rolling stock, power supply, traction electric motor, wheel-motor unit, vibroacoustic diagnostics, moment of inertia. Ключевые слова: электроподвижной состав, источник питания, тяговый электродвигатель, колесно-мотор- ный блок, виброакустическая диагностика, момент инерции. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ An analysis of equipment failures for electric loco- Therefore, one of the most important tasks is to de- motives on the railway network of the Republic of termine the method for detecting LCM defects in the Uzbekistan shows that 25–35% of their total number CIP mode. In recent years, in the CIS countries, when are damage to traction motors (TED) [1–2]. repairing an EPS equipped with a KMB with collector engines, internal depot positions of vibroacoustic in-place The most important and vulnerable link of the EPS diagnostics of traction electric drive anchor units began with DC traction motors is the bearings of the wheel- to be used [1-7]. motor unit (KMB). The labor intensity of current, medium and major repairs of TED windings is from 30 to 70% The essence of the process of vibroacoustic diag- of the total amount of work [1-2]. In turn, KMB bearings nostics is as follows: are the most reliable EPS element. During operation, defects occur with them; • an electric locomotive or a motor car is installed on a ditch equipped with jacks; Diagnostic complexes that determine the technical condition of the EPS in motion require special attention • then the diagnosed object is hung out on jacks from specialists. For example, to determine the state of and voltage is supplied to the power circuit from a special bearing assemblies by the intensity of infrared radiation power source (PS), which is selected based on the results when the train passes through specialized points using of several experiments carried out in the mathematical the KTSM diagnostic complex and places it on the stage. model, based on energy efficiency and reliability; When EPS enters for maintenance or repair in a locomotive depot, the ARGUS complex is used to determine the • upon reaching the required number of revolutions state of the wheel pair rolling surface [7, 8]. of the wheel pairs, with the help of special equipment, an assessment of the vibroacoustic manifestations of the To determine the state of bearing assemblies, their anchor units is made and a conclusion is made about acoustic manifestations during rotation are used. In accord- their condition. ance with the rules for the repair of electrical machines, electric locomotives and electric trains must periodically It should be noted that the power required to drive undergo routine maintenance (TR-3) in a depot under the motors can be tens of kilowatts [1-8]. collapsible conditions. This, as usual, takes a lot of time, labor, including energy costs due to the use of different Improving the safety and reliability of train traffic is stands [1-8]. one of the priority tasks in Uzbekistan Temir Yollari JSC, which is inextricably linked with the overall performance and structural changes that are being implemented in railway transport. Figure 1 shows the number of identi- fied bearing defects for the period 2019-2021. Quantity 20 16 18 18 2021 16 2020 14 Quantity per year 12 11 10 8 6 4 2 0 2019 Figure 1. Bearing defects for three years In order to determine approaches for selecting and When analyzing the technological process of in-place evaluating the parameters of power sources at the position diagnostics of anchor nodes, it is required to justify of in-place vibroacoustic diagnostics of the KMB in the the feasibility of using a portable mobile power source locomotive depot, an analysis of the methodology for to determine sufficient power while simultaneously designing semiconductor converters was performed. powering four TEMs [1-8]. 14

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Improvement of methods and tools for CIP bearing Due to the laboriousness and cost of conducting diagnostics of KMB is inextricably linked with the de- experimental studies under operating conditions, the velopment of non-standard equipment for the imple- transition to mathematical modeling of the wheel-motor mentation of the diagnostic process. You can imagine unit in the position of in-place diagnostics of TED bear- non-standard equipment with a modern controlled rectifier ings is a more optimal solution for the task. To determine with transfer capabilities. To achieve this goal, a task is an energy-efficient power supply as a load, the KMB set that formulates the technical requirements for the mathematical model is used, described in the Matlab power source of the position of vibroacoustic diagnostics, program in the Simulink package (Figure 2) [1-8]. performing a quantitative analysis of the energy efficiency criteria for power source options [1-8]. Figure 2. KMB Model in Matlab/Simulink In works [2-6], specialists considered the simulation unknown parameters, such as the moment of inertia of of a switching power supply for carrying out the techno- the wheelset connected to the armature of the electric logical process of plasma-electrolytic oxidation, with motor in the raised state of the ERS [2-6]. the aim of building voltage-raising circuits; the pulse-width control circuit is synchronized with the supply network. The moment of inertia in the wheel pair model con- Overview of modern static converters, various methods nected to the electric motor armature is determined by of frequency conversion with pulse-width modulation. the coast down method and the coefficient (1 + y) is cal- Time diagrams of currents and voltages on the circuit culated, taking into account the inertia of the rotating elements were obtained when operating on an active load parts. To do this, in the depot during the experiment, and an equivalent active-reactive equivalent circuit of the body is accelerated to a frequency slightly higher the electrolyzer. A separate class of industrial consumers than the nominal one, then it is transferred to the run- is singled out as requiring low-frequency power supply down mode and the rotational speed of the electric motor without its regulation, including dewaxing systems. n is measured at certain time intervals. As a result, it is Advantages and disadvantages relative to other types of possible to obtain a characteristic of the run-out time (T1) frequency converters. The control voltage was received (Figure 3) [2-6]: by a device, the main elements of which are two active pulse-width modulated converters connected by a common The characteristic allows you to determine the moment DC link. Recommendations are given for the construction of inertia J of the rotating parts of the installation, kg m2: of power sources for technological installations of plasma- electrolytic oxidation. A method of computer simulation J = 60М сТ1 has been obtained; experimental time dependences of 2nн electromagnetic processes and oscillograms are in qual- itative agreement with each other and with theoretical data. where Mс is the moment of resistance of the motor armature, N m: The power supplies discussed above are designed and calculated for different devices. The load value is important Мс = 60Рн for conducting an experiment in the Matlab/Simulink 2nн environment to determine the energy efficiency of power supplies [2-6]. where Рн is the rated power of the DC traction motor, W; nн - rated frequency of rotation of the electric motor, rpm. When modeling the KMB in the Matlab/Simulink environment, it is necessary to determine the values of 15

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. n, А rpm nн А1 C t0 T1 t1 B t, sek Figure 3. Run-out time characteristic of a wheel pair connected to an electric motor armature To determine the moment of inertia, it is necessary In the mode of the technological position of the in-place to take into account the diameter of the wheelset of an vibroacoustic diagnostics of rolling bearings of the ERS electric train and an electric locomotive (they are differ- of wheel pair rotation 150 rpm. According to the results ent) and perform an experiment for each pair. of the experiment carried out several times, the average parameters of the moment of inertia were analyzed and The experiment was carried out in the locomotive determined (Table 1). depot \"Uzbekiston\" JSC \"Uzbekiston temir yullari\". Table 1. The average parameter of the moment of inertia of the EPS EPS type ВЛ80С ЭР9Е J 964,3099 1059,44 Conclusion development of an energy-efficient converter power supply, a mathematical model of the KMB was developed, Based on the results produced in the locomotive de- which should be performed on the basis of the initial pot \"Uzbekiston\" JSC \"Uzbekiston temir yullari\" for the data obtained from the results of the experiments. Reference: 1. German-Galkin S.G., Kardonov G.A. Electrical machines: Laboratory work on a PC. - St. Petersburg: CROWN print, 2003. - 256 p., ill. 2. Ismailov Sh.K., Smirnov V.P., Khudonogov A.M. Diagnosing the insulation of locomotive traction motors and en- suring the optimal temperature and humidity conditions for its operation. M.: 2012, 270s. 3. Osipov S.I., Osipov S.S., Feoktistov V.P. Theory of Electric Traction: A Textbook for High Schools of the Railway. Transport / S.I. Osipov, Ed. S.S. Osipov. - M .: Route, 2006. - 436 p. 4. Shadmonkhodjaev M.Sh. Position of diagnostics of intercoil connections of the traction motor / M.Sh. Shadmonkhodjaev, A.P. Zelenchenko // Transport: problems, ideas, prospects. - 2019. - No. - S. 78-81. 5. Shadmonkhodjaev M.Sh. Position of vibroacoustic diagnostics of rolling bearings of electric rolling stock / M.Sh. Shadmonkhodjaev, A.P. Zelenchenko // Traction rolling stock. – 2019. 6. Vikulov I.P. Scomparative analysis of the technical characteristics of electric locomotives of the O'Z-ELR and O'zbekiston series / I.P. Vikulov, T.M. Nazirkhonov // Izv Petersburg University of Communications. - St. Petersburg: PGUPS, 2019. - Vol. 16, no. 1. - S. 68-76. 7. Yakushev A. Ya. Determination of the main parameters of an asynchronous traction motor / A.Ya. Yakushev, T.M. Nazirkhonov, I.P. Vikulov, K.V. Markov // Izvestiya of the Petersburg University of Communications. - St. Petersburg: PGUPS, 2019. - V. 16, no. 4. - S. 592-601. 8. Zelenchenko A.P. Power supply for the position of in-place diagnostics of bearings / Zelenchenko A.P., Bog- dan A.A., Shadmonkhodjaev M. Sh. // St. Petersburg: PGUPS, 2021. - V. 18, no. 4. - S. 554-560. 16

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14686 METHODS FOR INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF SORTING PROCESSES ON RAILWAY SORTING HILLS Zokhid Toshboyev Assistant professor, “Automation and Telemechanics”, Tashkent State transport, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Ulugbek Abdullaev Student, Tashkent State transport, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] МЕТОДЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТИ СОРТИРОВОЧНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ НА ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫХ СОРТИРОВОЧНЫХ ГОРКАХ Тошбоев Зохид Бахрон угли и.о. доцент, кафедрой «Автоматика и телемеханика», Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абдуллаев Улуғбек Уйғун ўғли студент, Ташкентский государственный университет транспорта, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article discusses the existing problems that arise when uncoupling on sorting yards. New methods aimed at increasing the throughput of an automated sorting yard control system during one-day sorting operations, as well as re- quirements for the technology of operating a sorting yard using cuts and reducing the number of switches, have been studied. By analysing the systems comparatively, the most optimal system was selected based on the number of one-day sorting operations, and the sorting capacity of the sorting hill was significantly increased. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассмотрены существующие проблемы в железнодорожной автоматике и телемеханике, воз- никающие при расцепке на сортировочных горках. Анализ новых методов, которые направленны на повышение пропускной способности автоматизированной системы управления сортировочными горками при однодневных сортировочных работах, а также требования к технологии работы сортировочной горки с использованием разре- зов и сокращением количества переключений. Путем сравнительного анализа систем была выбрана наиболее оптимальная система, исходя из количества однодневных сортировочных операций, и была значительно увели- чена сортировочная мощность сортировочной горки. Ключевые слова: Плохой бегун (ПБ), Замедлителъ(З), автоматика и телемеханика (А и Т), Сортировочная горка (СГ), хороший бегун (ХБ). Keywords: Bad runner (BR), retarder (R), automation and telemechanics (AT), sorting hill (SH), good runner (GR). ________________________________________________________________________________________________ In modern conditions, it is appropriate to consider wagons in accordance with energy consumption require- the issue of construction of a combined hill structures on ments. one or two roads for good and bad runners in the devel- opment of an automatic control system for throwing __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Toshboyev Z., Abdullaev U. METHODS FOR INCREASING THE CAPACITY OF SORT- ING PROCESSES ON RAILWAY SORTING HILLS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14686

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. a) 30-40М BP2 TH1 BP1 1/6 1/6 TH2 B) 30-40М 1/6 TH1 1/6 TH2 BP1 BP2 Figure 1. Scheme of combined hills: a – on one pushing path; b – on two pushing paths Based on the different characteristics of wagons, the rework the throwing technology [1]. A cross-section of method of designing “winter” and “summer” combined a crest (Fig. 2) is shown as a combined peak complex hills, which existed in the last century, will have to be consisting of parallel peaks of high and low power. More radically modernized due to the development of automated than 100 mechanized hills are being used on railways, continuous throwing technology. 50% of which have been equipped with a three-wagon deceleration mechanism. In general, about 3,400 wagon At the current stage of the development of automation decelerators are used to brake wagons on sorting hills, systems, combined hills not only reduce capital invest- their operation is ensured by 442 compressor devices. ments and the metal consumption system of the throwing Total annual expenses for their maintenance and repair system, but also allow to abandon the hill locomotives are more than 1 billion soums. and switch to automatic pushers, which fundamentally BR GR HB HG Figure 2. Cross-section of the bend of the combined hill complex 18

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. The proposed complex of combined hills can offer maximum speed of 6.22 m/s and with braking calculated a universal solution and can be used for various sorting from the positions. EC modeling of the processes of systems with different numbers of descent and push pushing and lowering movements from hills allowed to paths. Figure 5 shows the existing and design profiles determine the dynamics of good and bad runners in winter and plans of hills combined with earthworks for minor and summer conditions, their speed in the downhill and road network changes and small capacity hills. In all var- downhill parts of the sorting park, intervals between run- iants, car retarders are not available (or are set to be dis- ners, point or target inspection of wagons in the park [3]. mantled) in the second braking positions and are In most cases, for the winter conditions of the Republic recommended in front of the couplings of the sorting of Uzbekistan, the height of the main sorting hills is 4.1– park in the first braking position [2]. 4.2m, when the temperature is close to -50C and the headwind (or from the side) is 7 m/s or more, which allows In summer conditions, the sorting of movements can empty wagons to enter the sorting park freely. The be carried out by means of small power hills, and in win- height of a small power hill in such conditions is 2.5-3 m. ter conditions by both systems. In the summer, when the Loaded wagons enter the third braking position in free average temperature is normal and the road is windy, fall at a speed of 4.5–5 m/s, taking into account braking empty wagons pass the calculated sections on difficult - at an allowed speed 1.4 m/s due to collision of wagons. roads at a speed of 3.5-4 m/s, and loaded wagons - at a а) If there are three push paths BP3 С1 (BR) BP1 С2 (GR) BP1 С3 BP2 С4 BP1 Removable TP Designed roads BP3 Figure 3. Variants of pushing wagons on different tracks on combined hills For summer conditions (low-power hill, air temper- shows that 90-95% of the volume of loaded wagons pro- ature +30°C, wind speed on the road 5-6 m/s), bad run- cessed in the Southern direction and 25-30% in the ners pass the determined points of the qualifying park at Northern direction. The average daily processing of one 40-50 m, good runners enter the third braking position hill is from 700 to 8000 wagons. The annual cost of at a speed of up to 6 m/s [4]. It should be noted that in maintenance and repair of compressor devices, wagon the implementation of a complex of combined hills and retarders, arrow switches, for one northern system, with two parallel push tracks for pushing and distributing three connecting sorting roads and three braking posi- wagons, there may be some delays in the separation of tions, is 90-100 million soums, of which 31% is spent on trains and pushing to the main hill. In this case, the pro- electricity. the height of the hill of the northern sorting sys- cessing capacity of the system may decrease by 1-2%. tem of the sorting station is equal to 3.54 m, 70% of pro- In order to overcome these shortcomings, it is proposed cessed wagons are empty, they do not need retarders in to use an electric puller to push the empty wagons from the first two positions, 30% of wagons are loaded, for the dividing arrow to the top. It is a remote-controlled which one section of the sorting park is given. The second additional self-propelled shunting device designed to option for the distribution of wagon flows into \"empty - move wagons by placing powerful and electromechani- loaded\" can be at the points of separation in front of the cal devices on a two-axle bogie frame [5]. For example, hill in the drop and push sections with a slope of 10- consider one of the Khovos sorting stations of “Uzbekistan 15%. A symmetric 1/6 arrow type is laid on the 50 m Railways” JSC - a two-way sorting station with parks long descent section, which allows to observe the peak arranged in a row. Sorting systems (Southern and North- interval with a speed of 1.4 m/s between the cuts within 9- ern) have high-powered hills with three brake positions. 10 [1]. The analysis of the work of sorting systems of the station 19

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. а) Direction of transportation BP2 BP3 TH C1 K3-5 C2 BP1 B3ПГ B3ПГ B3ПГ PH3-2 C3 The top of hill Second brake position б) First brake position Third brake position H г=4,2м (Х) (Х) Removable brake position Disegned roads H г=3,54м Design height profile of the hill for empty wagons H гмм=2,3м Existing hill profile Designed hill profile for loaded wagons Укпоя 10.8 0 24 42 33 12.0 80.0 7.3 100 2.0 1 Расс 90 10 10 20 30 29 100 Figure 4. Plan and profile of the northern combined hill complex of the sorting station: a-plan of the head of the sorting park; b-longitudinal profiles of combined hills When placing wagons according to the pattern of only two are required in the design option - for the third “bad-good-bad” (B-G-B), empty wagons are “moved” link roads. Park retarders will be maintained on all to the main hill, and also loaded ones are moved into the roads. When the share of loaded wagons in the streams additional hill. It is implied to use hill locomotives for increases and they double or more, the sorting park is further advancement of empty wagons on the hill. modernized to a single system due to the laying of a As can be seen from Figure 4, out of the eight overhead crossing line instead of the first dividing arrow [6]. car decelerators operating with the existing technology, 40 2 РТ 40 0 5.5 0 6.6 9 39 8 4.9 7 a) 396 5.45 РТ 39 4 5. 7 9 39 2 4. 8 3 38 6 38 8 39 0 5.69 ПМ10 5.9 0 236 374 376 384 4.96 РТ 378 380 6. 7 6 40 2 5.1 1 382 4.55 6.14 РТ 6.2 5 40 2 РТ 40 0 5.5 0 б) 6.6 9 39 8 4.9 7 396 5.45 РТ 39 4 5. 7 9 39 2 4. 8 3 38 6 38 8 39 0 5.69 ПМ10 5.9 0 236 374 376 384 4.96 РТ 378 380 6.7 6 40 2 5.1 1 38 2 4.5 5 6.14 РТ 6.2 5 Figure 5. Options for improving the double-sorting system of the sorting station: a- medium-capacity hill design with a single push-way; b-the project of the combined hill complex 20

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out the fol- option (Fig. 5, b), it is proposed to design a second hill lowing works: construction of the superstructure and on a solid slope parallel to the medium-strength design road elevation for the ground sheet with the laying of rails, hill (low-strength, 2.5 m high). A 50-m-long drop sec- sleepers and cross-sections; placement and installation tion with a 1/6 symmetrical arrow type is laid, which of automatic centering field devices on the hill; re-equip- provides a peak interval between the crossings when ment of the remote control that controls the throwing of moving at a speed of 1.4 m/s. movements at the hill post; equipping the hill with an additional sorting device in the push part. The design In conclusion, it should be noted that in the new height of the medium-power hill is 3.6 m, equipped with construction of the sorting stations with a complex of two braking positions (TP) in the descent part and a third combined hills, the costs of use can be reduced by 35- TP on the park roads in the descent part (Fig. 5, a), 40% due to the absence of wagon decelerators in the this situation significantly improves the performance second braking positions, the reduction of costs for the of the station and increases the processing capacity of repair and maintenance of compressor devices and the the station in a double system by 3 times. In the second use of new technologies for dispersing wagons. References: 1. Saitov A., Kurbanov J., Toshboyev Z., Boltayev S. Improvement of control devices for road sections of railway automation and telemechanics. E3S Web of Conferences 264, 05031 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405031. 2. Boltayev S., Rakhmonov B., Muhiddinov O., Saitov A., & Toshboyev Z. (2021). A block model development for in- telligent control of the switches operating apparatus position in the electrical interlocking system. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 264, p. 05043). EDP Sciences. 3. Курбанов Ж.Ф., & Тошбоев З.Б. Ў. (2021). ТЕМИР ЙЎЛ САРАЛАШ ТЕПАЛИГИ АВТОМАТИКА ВА ТЕ- ЛЕМЕХАНИКА НАЗОРАТ ҚУРИЛМАЛАРИНИ МИКРОПРОЦЕССОР БОШҚАРУВ АСОСИДА ТАКО- МИЛЛАШТИРИШ. Scientific progress, 2(5), 425-431. 4. Курбанов Ж.Ф., & Тошбоев З.Б. Ў. (2021). САРАЛАШ ТЕПАЛИГИДАГИ АВТОМАТЛАШТИРИЛГАН БОШҚАРУВ ТИЗИМИ ЖАРАЁНЛАРИНИ РИВОЖЛАНТИРИШНИ АСОСИЙ ТАМОЙИЛЛАРИ. Scientific progress, 2(5), 432-435. 5. T.Z. Bahron o’g’li, Improvement of microprocessor control of railway deceleration wagon deceleration devices. Oct 17, 2021. 6. Курбанов Ж.Ф. (2022). Информатика, вычислительная техника и автоматизация. Innovative Society: Problems, Analysis and Development Prospects, 61-66. 21

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. CALCULATION OF THE LENGTH OF CABLE LINES USED AT STATIONS Janibek Kurbanov Doctor of technical sciences, associate professor, Tashkent State transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Aziz Saitov PhD, Associate Professor, Tashkent State transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Zokhid Toshboyev PhD, Associate Professor, Tashkent State transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] РАСЧЕТ ДЛИНЫ КАБЕЛЬНЫХ ЛИНИИ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ НА СТАНЦИЯХ Курбанов Жанибек Файзуллаевич д-р техн. наук, доц., Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Саитов Азиз Азимович PhD, и.о.,доц., Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Тошбоев Зохид Бахрон угли PhD, и.о.,доцент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article discusses the existing problems in calculating the length of cable lines at stations. It is aimed at calculating the length of cable lines at stations with new methods. The determination of the length of automatic and telemechanical control devices and common cables at stations by a new method is explained. In this case, the length of the cables at the station is reduced, it has significant economic efficiency and automatic reliability. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассматриваются существующие проблемы при расчете длины кабельных линий на станциях. Он направлен на расчет длины кабельных линий на станциях новыми методами. Объяснено определение длины устройств автоматического и телемеханического управления и общих тросов на станциях новым методом . В этом случае сокращается длина кабелей на станции, она имеет значительную экономическую эффективность и автоматическую надежность. Keywords: interlocking signaling (IS), automation and telemechanics, non-combustible polyvinyl chloride (NPCH), electricity centralization (EC), transformer box (TB). Ключевые слова: сигнализации централизации блокировка (СЦБ), автоматики и телемеханики, негорючий поливинилхлорид (НПХ), электричества централизация (ЭЦ), коробка трансформатора (КТ). ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Today, the cable network installed on the electrical Installed cable networks can be mainly divided into centralization devices serves to interconnect the central- three groups: traffic light, arrow and rail chain. The ized objects located outside the post, for example, traffic wires to the arrow switch, traffic light, relay and supply lights, arrow switches, power supply and relay trans- transformers are laid in separate cables. When designing formers of rail chains, relay cabinet devices, shunting a cable network, it is necessary to try to reduce the number poles. of designed cables. For this purpose, when the cable is laid __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Kurbanov J.F., Saitov A., Toshboyev Z. CALCULATION OF THE LENGTH OF CABLE LINES USED AT STATIONS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14685

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. in long or separated sections and small stations, the wires test voltage of 2000 V with a frequency of 50 Hz at a for different purposes are combined with one cable, current of 5 minutes, cable electrical resistance of the in addition, it is not allowed to combine the wires of the insulation is not less than 5000 MOm per 1 km, the relay transformers of the rail circuit and the semi-au- working capacity in 1 km of a pair of cables is not more toblocking wires of the block mechanism with the wires than 100 nF, the working capacity in 1 km of one cable is of alternating current of more than 100 V. not more than 150 nF, the current conductivity is a copper wire with a diameter of 1 mm, 1 km at a temperature of Electrical centralization cable networks of large sta- 20 ° C the resistance of the electric current conduction tions with more than 100 trains per day should be de- in the length of the cable is not more than 23.5 Ohm, signed as usual, in order to prevent the failure of the the conductivity of the cable fibers should be 54.2. NPCH entire station link in the event of the failure of some cables, sheathed or sheathed cables are designed for temperatures the cables of the switchgear, traffic lights, and rail chain from -40 to + 60 °C, while polyethylene sheathed or devices are run in separate cables of even and odd direc- sheathed cables are designed for -50 to + 60 °C. Cable tions. laying is carried out at an ambient air temperature of not less than 15 ° C for armored cables and 10 ° C for protective Objects of the same type are grouped using distribution cables with plastic hoses and for other cables. During couplings. When grouping objects, a suitable place for installation and assembly, the bending radius of the cables installing the coupling is selected. The distribution cou- should be at least 12 diameters for the reserved and pling is installed where there is the object that collects the 12 diameters for the rest of the cables. The nominal most. When grouping objects, it is necessary to make thickness of the insulation of the fibers is 0.45 mm sure that there are maximum fibers of the group cable. (up to 7 is allowed in 0.9 mm armored cables). The nom- In order to reduce the number of very small number inal thickness of the cable with a plastic surface can be of fiber cables that run parallel to each other in one depth, from 1.5 to 2.5 mm, depending on the diameter at the group cables should be combined in couplings, in a se- base of the surface. The length of the cable being built quence arrangement, and group similar objects. For the should be at least 300 m. During laying, the entire length same purpose, it is advisable to provide a parallel tran- of construction cables is used, cable sections can be laid sition, in which specially installed couplings are used: only at the end of the cable line [3]. two cables at a distance of 150 m are replaced by three cables at a distance of 100 m. Since 1979, the industry has mastered the production of symmetrical signal blocking, but double-burst fiber A group cable shall be provided with a coupler that cables with enhanced electrical and mechanical proper- distributes the individual cables to the post. Taking into ties have increased. Available cable brands are manufac- account the length of the entry of this cable, it will not tured with 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 16, 30, 33, and 42 fiber counts. be less than 100 m, and at least three individual cables The basic rules and conditions accepted for use in pro- will be connected to the coupling. The number of termi- jects for alarm and signaling systems, as well as existing nals in the distributor and connecting coupling and the types of cable fittings in the use of symmetrical cables, transformer box must take into account the fact that the are kept until new fittings are assembled. The signal fibers of the group and individual cables are connected blocking cables used in the construction of electrical cen- in pieces to the same terminal. Individual cables are laid tralization (EC differ depending on the outer diameter, de- from the couplings of each object group of centraliza- scription, brand, number of fibers, laying order [1]. tion. It is possible to connect separate cables to several objects at a distance of more than 25 m. In the cable net- Cable installation in electrical centralization (EC) works of arrows and traffic lights, 3 devices in a row devices in relay and crossover buildings, relay cabinets, and, as an exception, 4 devices are allowed (for exam- control room in the control room, guard building, TB-1 ple, double arrows and EPK Electropneumatic valves, and TB-2 road transformer box, RB-1 relay box, throttle four maneuvering traffic lights). In cable networks of transformer cable couplings, EC coupling arrow automatic power supply and relay transformers, 5 object cables are cleaner in cables, UKC-12 and UKC-24 universal cable allowed to be connected in series [6]. couplings, four-, seven- and eight-way distribution cable couplings. The distribution coupling has a barrier be- Polyethylene-insulated, plastic-surfaced copper wire tween the compartments, so any type of wire can be in- signal blocking cables are used to connect the line of stalled in the side holes of the coupling. road electrical equipment in railway automation and telemechanics. In alternating current traction stations, The length of the cable from the electrical centering if the length of the main cable line in the galvanically (EC) post to the coupling or to the centralized objects is isolated supply circuit, the cable with a plastic surface calculated according to the formulas exceeds the permissible cable length standard, a cable with a lead surface is used. Cables with non-flammable poly- = 1.03 (L + 6n + + 1.5 + 1) (1), vinyl chloride (NPCH) surface are recommended for connecting the electrical circuits of alarm centralization where L is the distance from the distribution coupling blocking (SCB) equipment. Polyethylene layered cables or centralized objects to the post on the ordinate of the are not recommended for this purpose as they do not specified station plan, m; 6 – the length of the cable meet fire safety requirements [2]. Cables with plastic between the axes of a road and at the intersection of the coating and polyethylene insulation (ГОСТ 6436-75) road, m; n - the number of crossed roads; - the length are designed for connection of signaling centering block of the cable to enter the post building. 1.5 - the length (SCB) electrical circuits with a voltage of up to 380 V of the cable used to raise the cable from the lower part AC or 700 V DC and for the following characteristics: 23

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. of the intersection m; 1 – spare cable length in the cou- centralization objects and the sections of the supply wires pling, more than 50 m. m 1.03 is a coefficient that takes (the number of fibers in the wire). The calculation takes into account the increase of the length of the cable into account the nominal and calculated load of electrical in the lower part of the soil by 3% (from the total length devices and devices of signaling centralization blocking of the cable). (SCB) devices, the norms of losses in the permissible wire and relay contacts in the connection [5]. The length of the cable from the distribution cable to the object or between objects is calculated according Signaling centering block (SCB) devices supply wire to the following formula: cross-sections are determined by the permissible voltage drop in the mains circuit. As a rule, it is not possible to = 1.03 (L + 6n +2*( 1.5 + 1)) (2) check the cross-section of wires for strengthening cen- tralized signaling devices in signaling centering block The results obtained in calculations are rounded (SCB) cables by the permissible current density, be- to a number with the last digit being 0 or 5. The length cause the load calculated from the permissible voltage of the cable is 15 m at one road crossing and 20 m at two drop does not increase the permissible current density road crossings, where traffic lights are laid on bridges (the maximum permissible current density in a single and consoles (for example, to signal transformers or cable copper fiber of 0.785 section with plastic insulation coupling). Newly installed alarm systems must have large load- equal to 8A). In the number of fibers in the spare wires: the number of fibers is up to 10 - 1, from 10 direct and reverse supply wires of the device, the maxi- to 20 - 2, more than 20 - 3. mum permissible length of the cable is determined by the formula [4]. The required number of wires in the cables is deter- mined depending on the commissioning schemes of the Table 1. Number of fibers according to the calculation number The number number The number of fibers according of received fibers is n of fibers according of received fibers is n to the calculation to the calculation is 2 2 10,9< ≤12 12 2< ≤2,66 2,66< ≤4 3 12< ≤12,93 12 4< ≤4,8 4,8< ≤6 4 12,93< ≤14 14 6< ≤6,85 6,85< ≤8 5 14< ≤14,93 15 8< ≤8,88 8,88< ≤10 6 14,93< ≤16 16 10< ≤10,9 7 16< ≤16,94 17 8 18 9 16,94< ≤18 10 18< ≤18,94 19 11 18,94< ≤20 20 (3) The required cross-section of the supply wires of the device ( ) is determined by the formula where : ∆U- permissible voltage drop in the cable, V; r = 0.0235 Ohm - fiber resistance in 1 m copper cable; - (5) the current in the wire, A. and - the number of cables in the direct and reverse wires, respectively. where L is the length of the cable from the supply device to the measuring device, m; 54 - conductivity The maximum permissible cable length without du- of copper, plication in the supply cables of the device is determined (7) (4) 24

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. The calculation of the number of cables in straight Voltage drop in the cable, and reverse wires is determined according to table 1. Taking into account the effect of their different numbers (9) on the cross-sectional size of the wires. The table is cal- culated taking into account that the number of straight In conclusion, on the basis of a new mathematical fibers is different from the number of reverse fibers, de- method of determining the length of cables in railway pending on the number of the same fibers and the num- stations, by automating automatic and telemechanical ber of the opposite. control devices, the cost of cables and the human factor are reduced, the length of common cables is reduced by For cables not listed in the table, the amount of fi- new methods, and economic efficiency is achieved. By bers can be determined by formulas determining the length of obsolete cables in stations, us- ing a wireless microprocessor method, a significant in- (8) crease in the work of receiving and sending trains at the station is achieved. References: 1. Saitov A., Kurbanov J., Toshboyev Z., Boltayev S. Improvement of control devices for road sections of railway au- tomation and telemechanics. E3S Web of Conferences 264, 05031 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405031. 2. Boltayev S., Rakhmonov B., Muhiddinov O., Saitov A., & Toshboyev Z. (2021). A block model development for in- telligent control of the switches operating apparatus position in the electrical interlocking system. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 264, p. 05043). EDP Sciences. 3. Курбанов Ж.Ф., & Тошбоев З.Б. Ў. (2021). ТЕМИР ЙЎЛ САРАЛАШ ТЕПАЛИГИ АВТОМАТИКА ВА ТЕ- ЛЕМЕХАНИКА НАЗОРАТ ҚУРИЛМАЛАРИНИ МИКРОПРОЦЕССОР БОШҚАРУВ АСОСИДА ТАКО- МИЛЛАШТИРИШ. Scientific progress, 2(5), 425-431. 4. Курбанов Ж.Ф., & Тошбоев З.Б. Ў. (2021). САРАЛАШ ТЕПАЛИГИДАГИ АВТОМАТЛАШТИРИЛГАН БОШҚАРУВ ТИЗИМИ ЖАРАЁНЛАРИНИ РИВОЖЛАНТИРИШНИ АСОСИЙ ТАМОЙИЛЛАРИ. Scientific progress, 2(5), 432-435. 5. T.Z. Bahron o’g’li, Improvement of microprocessor control of railway deceleration wagon deceleration devices. Oct 17, 2021. 6. Курбанов Ж.Ф. (2022). Информатика, вычислительная техника и автоматизация. Innovative Society: Problems, Analysis and Development Prospects, 61-66. 25

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. TRANSPORT, MINING AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF THE MODE OF DETONATION WAVES IN BOREHOLE CHARGES WITH AN AXIAL AIR CAVITY Azamat Shukurov Ass. dept. of “Mining” Karshi engineering and economics institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi E-mail: [email protected] ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ И АНАЛИЗ РЕЖИМА ДЕТОНАЦИОННЫХ ВОЛН В СКВАЖИННЫХ ЗАРЯДАХ С ОСЕВОЙ ВОЗДУШНОЙ ПОЛОСТЬЮ Шукуров Азамат Юсупович Асс. каф.“Горное дело” Каршинский инженерно-экономический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Карши ABSTRACT In this article, the main purpose of presenting the methodology for studying the explosion of charges with axial air is the detonation of an explosive charge in a well with an axial air gap under the action of initial detonation and the production and application of high-speed propagating detonation waves. . АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье основной целью изложения методики исследования взрыва зарядов с аксиальным воздухом является детонация заряда ВВ скважины с аксиальным воздушным зазором под действием начальной детонации и получение и применение высокоскоростных распространяющихся детонационных волн. . Keywords: mine, mine service life, production capacity, gross excavation, ore bodies. Ключевые слова: скорость детонации ВВ, плотность, ударная волна, микро электродетонатором, перебур. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ When describing the action of borehole explosive charges, the main attention is paid to the process of de- velopment of detonation waves, which is quite fully de- scribed in [1-5]. Based on the theoretical and experimental studies of N. Vanderberg, A.I. Golbinder, L.V. Dubnov, N.A. Deremin, V.P. Martynenko, V.F. Tyshevich, L.D. Khotin, A.R. Chernenko et al. [6-7,8] studied the mode of detonation waves in explosive charges with an axial air cavity. Let us consider the detonation of borehole explosive charges with an axial air cavity, the scheme of which is shown in fig. 1. Figure 1. Scheme of detonation of borehole explosive charges with an axial air cavity: dс – borehole diameter; d0 - diameter of the axial air cavity;Vd - detonation velocity; ώ - air wave speed __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Shukurov A.Y. RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF THE MODE OF DETONATION WAVES IN BOREHOLE CHARGES WITH AN AXIAL AIR CAVITY // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14665

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Under the influence of the initial pulse, the borehole  = иd  ;  = (k +1)p + (k −1)p0 , (1) explosive charge with an axial air cavity is detonated,  − 0 0 (k −1)p + (k −1)p0 forming detonation waves propagating at a speed D. As a result of the detonation wave products, a kind of gas where k is the air isentropic index; ρ, ρ0 - respectively, piston is formed in the gap between the charge - the axial the cross-sectional area of the borehole charge and the air cavity, with a speed ω. According to the general laws axial air cavity, m2; - speed of the gas piston, m/s. of gas dynamics, the shock wave arising in the channel should be characterized by a higher speed than the speed In this case, the value of ud is equal to the velocity of the gas piston. of propagation of the detonation wave. The pressure at the PV-air interface can be taken approximately equal to Due to the occurrence of a channel shock wave of a the average PV pressure in the charging chamber, which borehole charge ahead of the detonation front, the sub- is determined by the formula: stance is compacted, especially from low-density explo- sives. As a result of the compression wave propagation ( )pPV = RTexp ch / 1−ch , (2) through the substance from the surface of contact with the shock wave in the elongated charge, a conical com- where ρch is the loading density in the tube; α - PV paction area arises, its base sticking to the detonation covolum. wave front, the degree of deformation of the borehole charge, in addition to the physical properties of the ex- Then: plosive, depends on the length and pressure of the shock wave, which is confirmed in the work authors [6].  = D (k + 1) p + (k −1)p0 , м / с. (3) (k −1)p + (k + 1) p0 The studies by the authors of [7, 8] of the channel effect using X-ray pulse photography also showed that At high loading density, i.e. with a small ratio of the the substance is compacted ahead of the detonation, and cross-sectional area of the borehole charge to the cross- the cross section is reduced. Seals across the cross sec- tion and along the length of the charge is uneven. The sectional area of the axial air cavity p  p0 , the maximum X-ray pattern allows us to conclude that a shock-air wave propagates through the gap, and in all cases, in its speed of the shock - air wave is: initial section ω>D.  = D(k +1)/ 2, m / s. To confirm the hypothesis that not detonation prod- ucts, but a shock wave move in the gap with a velocity ω, Assuming that the air isentropic index for air equal experiments were performed in a rarefied atmosphere. to k=1.5, we obtain the formula for calculating the speed When the air pressure in the tube was reduced to 1.33 kPa of the shock-air wave according to the formula: in PZhV-20 ammonite, the detonation attenuated in a section approximately twice as large as in experiments ω=1,25D, m/s. (4) at atmospheric pressure. This is a consequence of the de- crease in pressure in the channel, which causes the com- Conclusion paction of explosives ahead of the detonation front, which is associated with a decrease in the amplitude of In summary, the main purpose of presenting the the wave propagating through the rarefied atmosphere. technique of studying the explosion of well charges with an axial air gap is to detonate the explosive charge of the Thus, in the axial air cavity of the borehole explosive well with an axial air gap under the influence of the ini- charge, a shock air wave of a rectangular profile propa- tial impulse and generate detonation waves that propa- gates, leading the detonation front, the scheme of which gate at high speed together with making, it is to increase is shown in Fig.1. the efficiency of the well during the blasting process. By the time the formation of the shock front is completed, the velocity of propagation of the shock- air wave ω can be expressed as a function of the deto- nation velocity D, based on the general gas-dynamic dependences: References: 1. Каримов Ё.Л., Латипов З.Ё., Хужакулов А.М. Номдоров Р.У., Хаккулов С. Исследование режима детонационных волн в скважинных зарядах с осевой воздушной полостью // Социально-экономические и экологические про- блемы горной промышленности, строительства и энергетики сборник научных трудов 15-й международной конференции. Минск 29-30 октября 2019 г. С. 261-263. 2. Уринов Ш.Р., Каримов Ё.Л., Норов А.Ю., Авезова Ф.А., Турсинбоев Б.У. Проблема управления энергией взрыва при формировании развала взорванной горной массы на карьерах // Journal of Advances in Engineering Technology – Navoi, 2021. – №2(4). P. 65-71. 3. Покровский Г.И. Взрыв. М., 1973, - 182 с. 4. Родионов В.Н., Адушкин В.В. и др. Механический эффект подземного взрыва. М., Наука, 1976, - 285 с. 5. Ханукаев А.Н. Физические процессы при отбойки горных пород взрывом. М., Недра, 1974, - 224 с. 27

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. 6. Каримов Ё.Л., Латипов З.Ё., Каюмов О.А., Боймуродов Н.А. Моделирование и установление координатов центра масс отвала и хвостов Тюбегатанского калийного месторождения. // Universum: технические науки. – Москва, 2021. – №2(83). – С. 25-29. 7. Каримов Ё.Л., Жумаев И.К., Латипов З.Ё., Хужакулов А.М. Повышение эффективности использования хвостохранилища для размещения солеотходов обогатительной фабрики Дехканабадского завода калийных удобрений // Горный вестник Узбекистана. – Навои, С. 45-48. 8. Адушкин В.В. Влияние плотности и влажности песчаного грунта на размеры котловой полости при камуфлетном взрыве. ФГВ, 1979, №3, с. 107-116. 9. Ляхов Г.М. Основы динамик взрывных волн в грунтах и горных породах. М., Недра, 1974, - 192 с. 10. Дубнов Л.В., Бахаревич Н.С., Романов А.И. промышленные взрывчатые вещества. М.: «Недра», 1988. – 358 с. 11. Салганик В.А., Воротеляк Г.А., Метрофанов В.В., Филипов Н.Ф. Скважинные заряды взрывчатых веществ с осевой воздушной полостью. К.: Техника, 1986. – 88 с. 12. Бабаянс Г.М., Мартыненко В.П., Черненко А.Р. и др. Скважинная отбойка руды с использованием зарядов с осевой воздушной полостью. Обзор. Информ. М.: Черметинформация, 1984, - 22 с. 13. Норов Ю.Д., Каримов Ё.Л., Латипов З.Ё., Боймуродов Н.А. Вскрытие и подготовка при валовой выемке сложных рудных тел с прослоями и включениями пород на месторождении «Зармитан» // Социально-экономические и экологические проблемы горной промышленности, строительства и энергетики сборник научных трудов 15-й международной конференции. Минск – Тула – Донецк 29-30 октября 2019 г. С. 178. 14. Norov Y., Karimov Y., Latipov Z., Khujakulov A., Boymurodov N. Research of the parameters of contour blasting in the construction of underground mining works in fast rocks // IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1030 (1), 012136 28

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. TECHNOLOGY, MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR LOGGING, FORESTRY, WOOD PROCESSING AND CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF WOOD BIOMASS DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14815 SELECTION OF A DEVICE TO ACCELERATE THE PHYTOEXTRACTION PROCESS Azamat Usenov Resercher of the Faculty of Machine building, Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Natalya Afanaseva Director of the IIFE and EM, Belarusian National Technical University Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Shakhnoza Sultanova DSc, professor, dean of the Faculty of Machine building, Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ВЫБОР УСТРОЙСТВА ДЛЯ УСКОРЕНИЯ ПРОЦЕССА ФИТОЭКСТРАКЦИИ Усенов Азамат Бакир угли соискатель , Ташкентский государственный технический университет имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Афанасьева Наталия Александровна канд. техн. наук, директор ИИФОиМО, Белорусский национальный технический университет, Республика Беларусь, г. Минск Султанова Шахноза Абдувахитовна DSc, профессор, декан машиностроительного факультета, Ташкентсий государственный технический университет имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT Phytoextraction is a subfield of solids extraction that deals with the extraction of components from plant materials. Areas of application of plant extracts are foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and biocides. Plants contain a variety of components. Sometimes only a few components are of interest, sometimes complex mixtures of components. АННОТАЦИЯ Фитоэкстракция — это подраздел экстракции твердых веществ, который занимается экстракцией компонен- тов из растительных материалов. Области применения растительных экстрактов – пищевые продукты, фармацев- тика, косметика и биоциды. Растения содержат различные компоненты. Иногда интерес представляют только несколько компонентов, иногда сложные смеси компонентов. Keywords: phytoextraction, pharmacological effect, laboratory apparatus, plant material Ключевые слова: фитоэкстракция, фармакологический эффект, лабораторная аппаратура, растительное сырье. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Usenov A., Afanaseva N.A., Sultanova S.A. SELECTION OF A DEVICE TO ACCELERATE THE PHYTOEXTRACTION PROCESS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14815