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№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Other plant components have a pharmacological ef- difficult by the complexity of the plant material. The fect. Before the modern pharmaceutical industry concentration of individual ingredients in the plant and brought standardized medicines with only one or a few their relationship to each other can be influenced by var- active ingredients onto the market, such phytoextracts ious influencing factors such as harvest time, weather were the only available medicine for large parts of the conditions and soil conditions at the cultivation site. population. However, fresh plants and herbs are only This makes it difficult to set the optimum process con- available at certain times of the year. Important methods ditions in each case. Since there is often an interest in of preservation were drying and soaking in alcohol or selectively extracting individual components from the oil. The active ingredients from dried plants could be plant material, a compromise between yield and selec- made available to the human organism by extraction tivity must also be found. In order to be able to carry out with hot water, i.e. the preparation of a herbal tea. When the phytoextraction experiments in a comparable and re- plant material is placed in it, an extraction also takes producible manner, a standardized laboratory apparatus place and the ingredients are transferred to the alcohol was developed by Delinski and Pfennig [2, 3, 4]. A flow or oil. Many of these traditional extraction methods are diagram of their apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The labor- still used today in the production of plant-based medi- atory apparatus contains two different types of extrac- cines [1, 2]. tors: an immersion extractor and a percolation extractor. The immersion extractor can be operated continuously Phytoextraction is thus one of the oldest procedural and discontinuously. The mechanisms of most of the processes. Nevertheless, many industrial phytoextraction extractors used in industry can be understood by testing processes are still based on experience and therefore these two laboratory extractors. have great optimization potential. The development of a generally applicable design strategy is made more Figure 1. Flow chart of the standardized laboratory equipment from Delinski et al. A comparable apparatus was set up as part of this An HPLC pump (Kontron Analytic, type LC work. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the two extractors and Pump 410) is used to convey the solvent from the sol- the solvent tank are in a temperature-controlled water vent tank into the percolation and immersion extractor. bath. The temperature in the water bath is controlled by The vessels are connected to each other via Teflon hoses. a thermostat (Lauda, type M3). The thermostat is counter- An MR 2002 magnetic stirrer from Heidolph is used as cooled via a water connection. the stirrer in the immersion extractor. Figure 2. Laboratory equipment for phytoextraction 30

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. The percolation extractor is a fixed bed extractor container with a nominal diameter of DN 60 and a flat and is operated with solvent from the tank. The extractor bottom has a capacity of 300 ml. The container is con- consists of a 110 mm long glass tube (from DeDietrich, nected to a flat flange lid with a quick-release fastener. type M-PSGL14/110) with GL14 threads on both sides. The lid has three GL14 connectors. In order to avoid the The extractor can be connected to the pump and the sol- discharge of the solid particles during continuous oper- vent tank via GL laboratory screw connections. If the ation, an immersion filter was attached to the outlet hose. plant material is smaller than the diameter of the hose, Replaceable glass fiber microfilters (Whatman, type GF/D, there is a risk that parts of the heap will be discharged. 25 mm) were attached to the filter holder. The glass fiber In such cases, the plant material was heaped onto a glass filters were also used for sampling in a syringe filter. fiber filter. Wide-necked laboratory bottles with a nominal volume of 250 ml were used as the second immersion extractor. The immersion extractor is manufactured by NORMAG Labor- und Prozesstechnik GmbH. The glass Figure. 3. Concentration-time curve as a function of the ethanol content of the solvent using lemon balm as an example In a series of tests, lemon balm was extracted with composition can be clearly seen here. The highest con- ethanol-water mixtures of different concentrations in a centration at the end of the experimental period was stirred tank. The measured concentrations were based on achieved with 30% ethanol. The amount of substance the solid/solvent ratio. The concentration-time curves of extracted decreases with a higher ethanol content and the rosmarinic acid concentration in the solvent are plot- approaches a minimum with pure ethanol. With an eth- ted in Fig. 3. With 0% ethanol, i.e. pure water, the con- anol/water mixture, the yield can therefore be improved centration of rosmarinic acid in the solvent increases compared to the pure solvents. This is particularly inter- with increasing extraction time and approaches a con- esting since the polarity of rosmarinic acid calculated stant value after approx. 2000 s. With increasing ethanol with VCCLAB is 1.25-2.82. So the solubility in ethanol content, the yield increases, reaches a maximum at 20% should be higher than the solubility in water. The polar- and then decreases again. The minimum is reached with ity should therefore not be the sole evaluation criterion 100% ethanol. Furthermore, the extraction is slower. when selecting the solvent. The choice of solvent should With higher ethanol contents, the equilibrium is not be supported by laboratory experiments. reached in the test period. The dependency on the solvent References: 1. Bart H.J., Hagels H.J., Kassing M., Johannisbauer W., Jordan V., Pfeiffer D., Pfennig A., Tegtmeier M., Schäffer M., Strube J.: Positionspapier der ProcessNet Fachgruppe „Phytoextrakte – Produkte und Prozesse“, Vorschlag für einen neuen, fachübergreifenden Forschungsschwerpunkt, 2012 2. Delinski D., Bol J.B., Pfennig A. Plant-material extraction in a standardised laboratory apparatus using optimal ex- perimental design. International Solvent Extraction Conference Proceedings, Santiago de Chile, 2011 3. Султанова Ш.А. Усенов А.Б. Использование аналитически-расчетного метода для описания движения элементов потока в экстракторе сокслет // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2020. 11(80). 4. Султанова Ш.А. Усенов А.Б. Получение данных температурной зависимости растворимости спирта при экс- тракции растения базилика обыкновенного (ocimum basilicum). // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2020. 11(80). 31

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. FOOD TECHNOLOGY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14783 NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE BODY Dilshodjon Shodiev Fergana polytechnic institute Assistant of the Department of Food Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Hojiali Qurbonov Fergana polytechnic institute Student of the Department of Food Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ПИТАТЕЛЬНАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ ПИЩЕВЫХ ДОБАВОК И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ОРГАНИЗМ Шодиев Дилшоджон Абдуложон угли ассистент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Курбонов Хожиали Алижон угли студент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT The article provides some scientific information about the use of food additives in the food industry and their biochemical properties, as well as their effects on the body. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье приведены некоторые научные сведения о применении пищевых добавок в пищевой промышленности и их биохимических свойствах, а также об их воздействии на организм. Keywords: sweeteners. malt extracts, lactose, xylitol, sorbitol, polyhydric alcohols, cyclomates aspartame. Ключевые слова: подсластители. солодовые экстракты, лактоза, ксилит, сорбит, многоатомные спирты, цикломаты аспартам. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sweeteners. Sweeteners have long been used in the molasses (low-sugar, caramel, glucose molasses), glu- food industry, cooking and home cooking. Honey, veg- cose-fructose syrups, glucose syrups [2]. etable juices and fruits are the first ones. The main sweetener used today in everyday life is sucrose. [1]. Malt extract is an aqueous extract of barley malt, a mixture of mono- and oligosaccharides (glucose, fructose, In order to expand the production of products for maltose, sucrose), proteins, minerals and enzymes. The people with reduced calorie content and a number of dis- content of sucrose reaches 5%. It is used in the confec- eases, primarily diabetes, taking into account the latest tionery industry for the preparation of baby food [3]. scientific nutritional requirements, both natural and arti- ficial substitutes for sucrose have been developed, the Lactose is a milk sugar used in baby food and in the production of which is expanding. In the food industry, manufacture of special confectionery products. the use of sweeteners made from starch is expanding: Polyhydric alcohols (polyols). Sorbitol and xylitol are widely used as sweeteners. They are sometimes called sugar alcohols. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Shodiev D., Qurbonov H. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE BODY // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14783

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. CH2OH CH2OH H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H H C OH H C OH CH2OH H C OH Figure 1. Xylitol CH2OH The sweetness of xylitol and sorbitol in relation to sucrose is 0.85 and 0.6. They are almost completely ab- Figure 2. Sorbitol sorbed by the body. Xylitol also has a positive effect on Synthetics use a white crystalline substance - sac- the condition of the teeth, increases the secretion of gas- charin, which has a melting point of 228-229 °C and a tric juice and bile [4]. sweetness 300-500 times greater than that of sucrose. O C NH SO O Figure 3. Saccharin It is usually consumed in the form of sodium salts, diet. It is used in the manufacture of food products, die- which are 500 times sweeter than sucrose. Therefore, the tary cheeses, drinks, chewing gum for diabetics. dose may be too small. When sugar is consumed, it passes through the digestive tract and is 98% excreted in Cyclomats are compounds that do not have a bitter the urine. The World Food Organization is allowed to and sweet taste, are stable during boiling and cooking, use 5 g per 1 kg of product. However, its safety needs and are highly soluble in water. It is 30 times sweeter more scrutiny and should not be consumed in the daily than sucrose. NH SO3Na Figure 4. Sodium cyclamate 33

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. NH SO3 Ca 2H2O NH SO3 Figure 5. Calcium cyclamate Used in the confectionery and beverage industry in several countries. Aspartame. Recently, aspartame, a dipeptide (a com- pound consisting of two amino acid residues), has also been used as a sweetener: H2N-CH-CO-NH-CH-COOCH3 CH2COOH CH2 Figure 6. Aspartame Aspartame contains the amino acid residues on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and central aspargine and phenylalanine. During cooking, in the nervous systems. It is suitable for sweetening foods that presence of moisture and at high temperatures, aspar- do not require heat treatment (eg creams, ice cream) as tame is partially converted to diketopiperazine. It has well as pharmaceuticals. For heat-treated, long-term been extensively tested for toxicity and carcinogenicity storage products, its use is impractical due to the reduced and is considered harmless. Aspartame has no side effects level of product sweetness. Table 1. Below provides information on nutritional supplements currently consumed Code Food additive name Application area Е-200 Е-201 Sorbic acid preservative - sorbic acid. Cream for cheese, sweets, margarine, butter, canned food, packaged Е-202 bread, dried fruits, flour products. Е-210 Е-212 Sodium sorbate preservative. Cheese, oils and vegetable oils (except olive), margarine, butter, Е-213 mayonnaise, pastries. Е-218 Preservative potassium sorbate Cheese, fats and vegetable oils (except olive), margarine, butter, meatball filling, mayonnaise, pastries. Е-223 E-233 Conservative benzoic acid Benzoic acid Sauces (mayonnaise, ketchup), fish products, canned fish, salmon, soft drinks, canned fruits and vegetables, drinks. Potassium benzoate preservative. Sauces (mayonnaise, ketchup), fish products, canned fish, salmon, soft drinks, canned fruits and vegetables, drinks. Preservative Calcium Benzoate Calcium benzoate Sauces (mayonnaise, ketchup), fish products, canned fish, salmon, soft drinks, canned fruits and vegetables, drinks. Para-hydroxybenzoic acid Sauces (mayonnaise, ketchup), canned fish, caviar preservative methyl ester - methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Preservative sodium pyrosulfite Disinfection of dishes drinks, dried fruits, sweets. The preservative of thiabendazole Vegetables and fruits prevent the formation of mold. is thiabendazole. 34

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. In conclusion, completing the discussion of sweeten- substitutes requires the use of additional fillers, preserv- ers, it should be noted that the use of many sucrose atives. Список литературы: 1. Шодиев Д.А., Нажмитдинова Г.К. Пищевые добавки и их значение // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 10-3 (91). – С. 30-32. 2. Шодиев Д.А. Специфические аспекты производства продуктов питания / Д.А. Шодиев, Г.К. Нажмитдинова // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – № 3-2(84). – С. 91-94. – DOI 10.32743/UniTech.2021.84.3-2.91-94. – EDN ETVIFG. 3. Шодиев Д.А. Значение биологических количеств микроэлементов растениями // Formation Of Psychology And Pedagogy As Interdisciplinary Sciences. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 9. – С. 297-301. 4. Шодиев Д.А., & Курбонов Х.А. Ў. (2022). ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ПИЩЕВЫХ ДОБАВОК В ПИЩЕВОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ. Universum: технические науки, (5-7 (98)), 24-26. 35

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14767 EFFECT OF CRUSHING TIME ON THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF MILK YIELD DURING THE PRODUCTION OF PLANT MILK Abdulaziz Eshonturayev PhD student of Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Dilafruz Sagdullayeva Doctor of technical science, Leading researcher, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ВЛИЯНИЕ ВРЕМЕНИ ДРОБЛЕНИЯ НА КОЛИЧЕСТВО И КАЧЕСТВО УДОЯ ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО МОЛОКА Эшонтураев Абдулазиз Абдулатиб угли аспирант, Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Сагдуллаева Дилафруз Саидакбаровна д-р техн. наук, вед. научн. сотр., Институт биоорганической химии Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT In this article, the effect of processing time on the quantity and quality of milk by the method of wet crushing of plant-based milk is studied in experiments. Kernels of 4 different samples of local almond varieties were selected as the research object. For all samples, the same amount of almond kernels was taken and the same amount of distilled water was added as a solvent. 4 samples were crushed for 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes, respectively. The obtained results were com- pared in terms of quantity and quality, and organoleptic evaluations were carried out according to the requirements of the GOST standard. The Lactoscan S analyzer analyzes the milk components in the samples, and all the analysis results are presented in the tables. All analyzes are discussed, and the optimal time of crushing when obtaining plant-based milk is presented in the conclusion of the article. АННОТАЦИЯ В этой статье исследуется влияние времени измельчения на количество и качество молока при влажном спо- собе измельчения молока на растительной основе в экспериментах. В качестве объекта исследования были вы- браны 4 разных образца местных сортов миндаля. Для всех образцов был взят один и тот же сорт и одинаковое количество миндальной муки, и в качестве растворителя было добавлено такое же количество дистиллированной воды. Время измельчения образцов в разное время проводилось в 5, 10, 15, 20 минут. Полученные результаты сравнивали по количеству и качеству, проводили оргонолептические оценки по требованиям ГОСТа. В анализа- торе lactoscan s анализируются компоненты молока в образцах, а все результаты анализа представлены в табли- цах. Все анализы обсуждаются, а оптимальное время дробления при получении молока на растительной основе приводится в заключительной части статьи. Keywords: alternative milk, plant substances, extraction, emulsion, ultrasonic, crushing. Ключевые слова: альтернативное молоко, растительные вещества, экстракция, эмульсия, ультразвук, измельчение. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Eshonturayev A., Sagdullayeva D. EFFECT OF CRUSHING TIME ON THE QUAN- TITY AND QUALITY OF MILK YIELD DURING THE PRODUCTION OF PLANT MILK // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14767

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Introduction. Plant milks require specific parameters Method and materials and regimes in the production process according to the raw material category. Currently, the production and 1. Preparation of almond milk samples consumption of plant-based milk alternatives is growing 4 different samples of milk were taken from the ker- rapidly. It is known from the literature that today all nel of the local \"Samarkand\" variety, created on the ba- plant milks are obtained on the basis of plant products sis of the type of sweet almond (Amygdalus communis belonging to 5 categories. They are plant milk based on L.), which grows under natural conditions in Uzbeki- grain-based (oat, rice, corn, wheat milk), based on legumes stan. For each sample, 50 g of almond kernels were ex- (soy, peanut, lupine, pea milk), nut-based (almond, pis- tracted and dried at 50º C for 20 minutes. In order to tachio, nut milks), based on seeds (sunflower, sesame, dissolve the substances in dried almond kernels and flax milk), pseudo grains (quinoa, amaranth milk). In the form an emulsion, 1/6 of distilled water was allocated production processes of plant-based milk alternatives, for each sample. A household blender SH-BL-03K with different temperature indicators can be used directly and a maximum speed of 1200 rpm was used to crush the indirectly according to the functional purpose of the samples in laboratory conditions. After grinding, the product [1-2p]. samples were filtered, processed in a D160 laboratory mini-homogenizer for 15 minutes and packed in sterile Extracting milk from plants has been known to people glass bottles for observation. in various forms since ancient times, but this branch of food production is not yet a large-scale industry. Taking into 2. Determination of organoleptic indicators of account the opportunities of raw materials in Uzbekistan, samples it is possible to produce competitive products at the world level in this industry, which is expected to develop The color, taste, smell, and consistency of almond in the future. Due to its wealth of useful components, milk were studied based on the standard requirements of technological possibilities for obtaining alternative GOST 29245-91 during the organoleptic evaluation of milk, alternative milk production from almond kernel the samples. According to the requirements of this is one of the developing directions in the world. standard, the organoleptic indicators of milk (taste and smell, structure, color) are determined depending on the All plant milks consist mainly of splitting the plant method of consumption of this product. The temperature matter with water and filtering the resulting emulsion to of the analyzed products should be between 15 and the required size. This seemingly simple process consists 20°C.1 The color of the samples was determined by of several technological steps. When making milk based pouring them into a glass container in natural light. on many nuts and legumes, you may encounter techno- Smell detection - milk samples were strained in a closed logical problems such as unpleasant tastes, smells, and container and, after shaking, were identified by smell non-combination of plant substances with water. One of when opening the lid of the container. The taste of the the similar problems is to keep the temperature optimal sample was determined by shaking the milk well and for the raw material throughout the process. Almost all drinking it. Consistency was determined by pouring plant milks use crushing devices, and since these devices milk from one bottle to another. When determining the are made of metal and work quickly, they can heat up consistency, it is important that the milk is not stretchy, the product as well. does not settle and is homogeneous [3; 2-p]. There are two main technological methods for the 3. Analyses performed on the analyzer production of plant milk: one is the wet technological \"Lactoscan S\" milk analyzer was used to determine process, and the other is the dry technological process. some parameters of the obtained samples. This milk ana- The wet process, which involves soaking and grinding, lyzer calculates analyzes based on components that depend begins by placing grains, legumes, nuts or seeds in large on the freezing point. The freezing point depends only stainless steel tanks containing filtered water and a small on the dissolved components in the milk and the amount amount of salt. Soaking time varies depending on the level of water used as a solvent. The Lactoscan S analyzer of hydration of the plant, but can last up to 12 hours. complies with the requirements of the GOST 26809-86 The soaking process can remove enzyme inhibitors and standard and works on the basis of ultrasonic technology. improve nutrient digestibility and bioavailability. Softens the plant to aid further processing. After soaking, the grain, Results. All almond milk samples were mixed with legumes, nuts or seeds are washed and drained. Next, the same amount of distilled water, and the mixing time they are processed to a smooth puree or paste. [2; 2-p] was 5 minutes each, in a household blender and passed through a homogeneous filter. Sample 1 5 minutes at Optimum time of dry or wet crushing of plant mate- 1200 rpm. and sample 4 was crushed at the same speed rial is very important in extracting milk from plants. for 20 minutes. It was found that 5 minutes is not enough During the experiments, it was noticed that the prolon- to grind almond kernels, it was seen that the shell of the gation of the churning time affects the quantity and taste kernel does not separate, and the mass is not completely of alternative milk. In this article, the effects of different emulsified. It was found that a longer crushning time af- temperatures and duration of ripening time on the quan- fects the amount of milk after the emulsion is filtered. tity and quality of almond milk in the process of extract- When the crushing time was long, almond substances ing milk from almonds are described. formed a slimy mass and more mass remained in the fil- trate. Quantitative results are presented in Table 1. 1 ГОСТ 29245-91 Консервы молочные. Методы определения физических и органолептических показателей. 37

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Table 1. Effect of crushing time on the amount of milk Options Crushing time, min The amount of milk, ml Example 1 5 290 Example 2 10 310 Example 3 15 285 Example 4 20 140 The organoleptic results of the experiment were samples had cooled and reached a uniform temperature. studied based on the requirements for the organoleptic The increase in temperature also affected the organoleptic evaluation of milk and milk products according to the parameters of almond milk, as the prolongation of the GOST standard. Organoleptic evaluations were carried crushing time caused the emulsion to heat up. The results out 30 minutes after the samples were ready, after all the of organoleptic evaluations are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Orgonoleptic indicators of experimental samples of milk obtained on the basis of almond kernel Options Colour Smell Taste Consistency Nutty Heterogeneous, sedimentary 1 White Characteristic of wood Almond-like, similar to milk Homogeneous, without precipitation Homogeneous, more liquid, without 2 Creamy Typical of almonds woody precipitation Heterogeneous fluid 3 Creamy Typical of almonds Typical of wood, astringent 4 Gray A sharp, nutty smell After straining the samples at room temperature for 0.30% for all indicators. The indicators analyzed in the analyzer are presented in Table 3. 5 minutes, they were analyzed in the \"Lactoscan S\" milk analyzer. The error of the analyzer is on average ± Table 3. Analyzes performed on the Lactoscan S analyzer Options Fat, % Dry Matter, % Density, g/sm3 Salt, % Protein, % Unbound water, % 1 2.62 00.07 0.60 62.86 2 05.59 2.32 865 00.09 01.55 50.96 3 05.18 00.11 01.58 49.80 4 03.81 04.34 1004 00.31 01.55 50.19 04.42 1085 04.21 1522 Discussion. As can be seen from the results, the in- fourth sample, the higher temperature generated during fluence of the crushing time on the quantity and quality prolonged crushing and heavy friction caused the crushed of the obtained milk is significant. In general, the parame- plant matter to turn into a slimy slurry. ters of the second sample can be accepted as the optimal variant of the experiment. After the second sample was In organoleptic analysis, it can be seen that the pro- filtered for 10 minutes, 310 ml of milk was obtained. longation of the crushing time had a negative effect on A relatively drier mass of almond kernel and other solids the taste and smell of almond milk. Such differences can be remains in the filtrate. The analyzes obtained in the an- said to be related to the texture of the almond kernel. The alyzer also showed that 10 minutes of crushing time is results of the organoleptic analysis presented in Table enough for the necessary components of almond kernel 2 also proved that the first sample is optimal. to dissolve in water. The indicators of the first sample showed that 5 minutes was not enough for crushing. Conclusion. In conclusion, the indicators of the sec- Since the almond kernels crushed for 5 minutes were not ond sample can be called the optimal option. The reason completely broken down, the components of the kernels for this is not only the quantity, but also the fact that the did not have time to go into the emulsion, and the density main components of almond kernel remain in milk in was also low. The longer the crushing time, the more the relatively large quantities. In the third and fourth samples, breakdown of the tissues in the kernel increases, and the the components were separated due to the longer grinding amount of tissues passed into the milk also increases. time, but the increase in temperature and the prolonged The fourth sample was crushed for 20 minutes and a grinding process turned the emulsion into a slimy slurry. minimum amount of 140 ml of milk was obtained. In the This requires additional chemical and technological pro- cesses. 38

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. References: 1. Sethi S., Tyagi S. K., & Anurag R. K. (2016). Plant-based milk alternatives an emerging segment of functional beverages: a review. Journal of food science and technology, 53(9), 3408–3423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-016-2328-3b 2. Belewu MA, Belewu KY. Comparative physicochemical evaluation of tiger nut, soybean and coconut milk sources. Int J Agric Biol. 2007;9(5):785–787. 3. A.A. Eshonturaev, D.S. Sagdullaeva, A.M. Reymov Effect of heat treatment of raw materials on milk quality in plant-based milk production technology. Science and Education in Karakalpakstan. №4/3 ISSN 2181-9203 123-126 pp 4. Abdurasulov A.A. O’zbekistonda bodomni bog’ tipida plantatsiyalarini barpo qilish bo’yicha tavsiyanoma. Toshkent 2010. 5. Biswas S, Sircar D, Mitra A, De B. Phenolic constituents and antioxidant properties of some varieties of Indian rice. Nutr Food Sci. 2011;41(2):123–135. 6. A.A.Eshonto’rayev, D.S.Sagdullayeva. O’simlik asosida olinadigan sutlarga bo’lgan talab va ularning iqtisodiy-ijtimoiy ahamiyati. O’zR FA Umumiy va noorganik kimyo instituti yosh olimlar ilmiy-amaliy anjumani – 2021 73-75 b. 7. Alejandro JDA (2007) Method for preparing a beanless-flavor soy milk and/okara using carbon dioxide in a state of sublimation. US7258889B2. 21.08.2007 8. Deshpande RP, Chinnan MS, McWatters KH. Optimization of a chocolate-flavored, peanut–soy beverage using re- sponse surface methodology (RSM) as applied to consumer acceptability data. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2008;41:1485–1492. 39

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMINERAL COMPOSITIONS FROM CLAYS OF THE UZBEKISTAN DEPOSIT FOR THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING THERMOSTABLE DRILLING FLUID Sherzod Toshev Candidate of technical sciences, PhD, associate professor, Bukhara engineering and technological institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara Khasan Abdulloev Teacher, Bukhara engineering and technological institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara РАЗРАБОТКА ПОЛИМИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ КОМПОЗИЦИЙ ИЗ ГЛИН УЗБЕКИСТАНСКОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ С ЦЕЛЬЮ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ТЕРМОУСТОЙЧИВЫХ БУРОВЫХ РАСТВОРОВ Тошев Шерзод Орзиевич канд. техн. наук, PhD, доц., Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Абдуллоев Хасан Рахматович преподаватель, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT In conditions of high temperatures and pressures, reagents-stabilizers widely used in practice undergo chemical change and lose their stabilizing properties, as a result of which the stability and thixotropic functions of clay drilling muds deteriorate, their yield increases and the separation of the suspension occurs with the release of the dispersed phase. АННОТАЦИЯ В условиях высоких температур и давлений широко применяемые на практике реагенты-стабилизаторы ис- пытывают химические изменения и теряют свои стабилизирующие свойства, в результате чего устойчивость и тиксотропные функции глинистых буровых растворов ухудшаются, повышается их водоотдача и происходит расслоение суспензии с выделением дисперсной фазы. Keywords: drilling mud, salt formation, clay mineral, hydrothermal regime, polymineral clay compositions, water loss, salt tolerance, clay, additives, bentonite, palygorskite, dispersion, coagulation. Ключевые слова: буровой раствор, глинистый минерал, гидротермальный режим, полиминеральные ком- позиции глин, водоотдача, глина, добавки, бентонит, палыгорскит, дисперсия, коагуляция. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Currently, in the Bukhara-Khiva and The development of heat-resistant drilling fluids Ustyurt regions of Uzbekistan, drilling of oil and gas can be carried out in two main directions, partially com- wells is mainly carried out in saline formations, where plementing each other; for such purposes it is necessary to use drilling fluids obtained mainly using palygorskite clays (atapulgite), • creation of high-quality dispersed systems based which are rich in CaO. on heat-resistant natural mineral raw materials; For drilling deep wells in difficult geological condi- • based on heat-resistant stabilizer reagents [1]. tions, heat-resistant drilling fluids are needed, obtained It is known that the use of even high-quality mont- using palygorskite clays and chemical reagents. morillonites (bentonites) does not allow efficient drill- ing in mineralized environments without treatment with __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Toshev S.O., Abdulloev K.R. DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMINERAL COMPOSITIONS FROM CLAYS OF THE UZBEKISTAN DEPOSIT FOR THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING THERMOSTABLE DRILLING FLUID // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14793

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. chemical reagents, which is many times higher than the concentration of the studied aqueous dispersions of clay consumption of clays for drilling fluids, and often leads to the impossibility of their operation due to coagulation minerals in all cases was 10% [5,6]. of the clay suspension with electrolytes [2]. The use of palygorskite clays when drilling continuous salt-bearing Carbonate palygorskite Navbakhor deposit (Navoi strata makes it possible in some cases to do without ex- pensive chemical reagents, which reduces the cost of region) is an aqueous magnesium aluminosilicate with drilling fluid tenfold. the ideal formula R5 [Si8O2] (OH)2 ∙ (OH2)4, 4H2O. The crystal structure of this palygorskite, which has a layered - Objective. The purpose of this study is to study the thermal stability of drilling fluids obtained from ribbon structure, resembles the structure of an amphibole the developed compositions of Navbakhor clays. and has zeolite - like minerals 6.4-3.7 Å in size [7]. Results and discussion. In practice, in particular in Two types of water are located in them: molecules freely laboratory conditions, the method of hydrothermal treat- ment of clay solutions is more often used, simulating the located and associated with the electronegative surface conditions of deep and superdeep wells, as well as changes in the nature of the formation of coagulation of the bases of tetrahedra, and molecules that have a structures of clay minerals [3]. bond with octahedral cations on side walls of the channels. The study of the processes of formation of the latter under conditions of elevated temperatures is of particular These molecules are removed from the latter at higher importance in connection with the need to develop methods for obtaining clay solutions for complicated drilling [4]. temperatures, just like water molecules from zeolites. We carried out hydrothermal treatment in a laboratory The density of carbonate palygorskite (depending on the autoclave AV-2 under isothermal conditions at a tem- place of sampling) varies between 2.3÷2.5 g/cm3. perature of 3500C and a pressure of 169 for 3 hours. The Multiple chemical analyzes revealed that in the car- bonate palygorskite, the ratio of SiO2: RO ranges from 2.1÷2.5 (where RO is the content of MgO, FeO, Al2 O3 , Fe2O3 expressed in equivalents of the amount of MgO) [8]. For carbonate palygorskite Navbakhor deposit, the total exchange capacity is 20–30 meq per 100 g of sam- ple. Table 1. Results of analyzes of endo- and exothermic effects by DTA methods of bentonites and palygorskite Navbakhor field (NF) Temperature, 0С Types of thermal effect Bentonite NF Carbonate palygorskite NF alkaline alkaline earth Endothermic: - first maximum 150-180 160-190 - -second maximum 550-600 600-620 - - third maximum 720-760 740-790 - Exothermic - first maximum - - 140-170 -second maximum - - 500-580 third high - - 800-850 Table 1 presents the results of DTA of three types the remains of hydroxyl groups are removed with the re- of clays from the Navbakhor deposit. Table 1 shows that crystallization of montmorillonite [9]. When the type of the bentonites (montmorillonites) of the Navbakhor deposit bentonite changes from alkaline to alkaline earth, ap- have differences in the temperature of the observed en- proximately the same phenomena are observed, with dothermic effects, which shows the difference in their some difference in the temperatures of the maxima. crystal structure. In alkaline bentonite, the first maximum is observed at 150-180 0C, when the main amount of hy- Features of the crystal structure and chemical com- groscopic water is released; position of carbonate palygorskite containing more than 16% CaO play a significant role in obtaining heat-re- At 550-600 0C, moisture is removed from the crystal sistant drilling fluids [10]. At the same time, it should be lattice of the mineral of hydroxyl groups; at 720-760 0C, noted that carbonate palygorskite is characterized by a relatively greater dispersion than other types of clays. 41

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Figura 1. Change in the effective viscosity (ηeff) of the clay solution depending on the temperature of its hydrothermal treatment: 1-for AEB NF; 2 - for CP NF, 3 - for the composition of CP: AEB NF = 50:50 Figure 1 shows changes in the effective viscosity of treatment of alkaline nanomaterials, some increase in its fineness is observed and, simultaneously, a change occurs aqueous solutions of Navbakhor clays and their compo- in the submicroscopic region (from 69 to 105 Å) of in- sitions. In this case, the effective viscosity of the solu- homogeneity. Above 150 0C, the number of crystals in- volved in the formation of coagulation structures tions was measured on a high-temperature rotational decreases, which is reflected in the drop in the effective viscosity of the solution [12]. In the case of CP NF- elas- viscometer - replastometer VSN-2, manufactured by ticity and plasticity increase, as well as the coefficient of stability of the coagulation structure. The results ob- KF VNIIK Azneftegaz [11]. tained are presented in table 2. It can be seen from figure 1 that with individual use of AEB (alkaline-earth bentonite) NF and CP NF in a 10% aqueous suspension, their effective viscosity (ηeff) increases up to 150 0С and further, strongly decreases. This is explained by the fact that, during the hydrothermal Table 2. Values of cation exchange of clays of the Navbakhor deposit Type of clay Exchange complex, meq per 100 g of clay Alkaline bentonite Ca2+ _ Mg2+ Na+ Total Alkaline earth bentonite 56.4 65.4 Carbonate palygorskite 48.7 7.9 1.1 55.7 27.8 - 6.1 0.9 prevails - From the data of table 2 it can be seen that the lowest In drilling fluids obtained from compositions of clay value of cation exchange belongs to carbonate palygorskite minerals, attention is drawn to the relative decrease in Navbakhor deposit (27.8 mg equiv per 100 g of clay), the minimum concentration of the formation of a coag- which is consistent with the salt tolerance of drilling fluids ulation structure in all basic mixtures [13]. All these fea- obtained on its basis. The replacement of the exchange tures of the formation of coagulation structures in complex of carbonate palygorskite with various ions solutions of polymineral clay compositions, determined slightly affects its hydrophilicity. by the possibility of the occurrence of contacts of certain types, the most effective under the conditions of the ex- In practice, “bentonite–kaolin”, “bentonite– istence of suspensions, and their distribution in the vol- palygorskite”, “bentonite–hydromicaceous” clay mixtures ume of the system, i.e. scheme for constructing the are used for drilling wells in various conditions. framework of the solution, are coagular confirmation of the advantage of carbonate palygorskite over other types However, mixtures i.e. Compositions of these types of clays [14]. of clays from the Navbokhors deposit for drilling fluids have not been studied enough. Therefore, we can conclude that, in terms of physi- cochemical and technological parameters, drilling fluids In order to fill this gap, we studied a number of com- positions obtained on the basis of clays from the Navbakhor deposit, etc. 42

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. obtained from compositions of CP NF with other clay Conclusions minerals are superior to the solution obtained from other individual clays. 1. The use of CP NF in the composition of clays for the production of drilling fluids increases their thermal Carbonate palygorskite rather slowly increases its stability, which is very important for deep and compli- viscosity in comparison with bentonites in the drilling cated drilling of oil and gas wells; fluid. Therefore, some time is required to increase the viscosity of the solution after the addition of carbonate 2. CP NF increases the resistance of drilling fluids palygorskite (CP NF). to salt and hydrogen sulfide aggression; 3. The addition of CP NF to the composition of the clay composition reduces the consumption of clays in drilling fluids. References: 1. Sh.O. Toshev, S.A. Abdurakhimov. Features of the chemical composition and colloid-chemical properties of local palygorskite clays // Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Technology. - Tashkent, 2010. - No. 4. - P. 10-12 2. Ya.A. Ryazanov. Encyclopedia of Drilling Fluids Text. / Ya.A. Ryazanov. Orenburg.: Chronicle, 2006. - 664 p. 3. Sh.O. Toshev, S.A. Abdurahimov, G.R. Bozorov. Features of drilling fluids obtained from clays of the Navbakhor deposit . Uzbek Journal of Oil and Gas, No. 2, 2011 г. , P.15-16 4. Mirzaev A.U., Chernenko G.V., Glushenkova A.I., Chinnikulov H. Sorption properties of bentonite clays of the Navbakhor deposit. Uzbek chemical journal 1999 No. 5-6, pp. 34-36. 5. Sh.O. Toshev, G.R. Bazarov, S.A. Abdurahimov. Obtaining highly efficient washing suspensions based on compositions from local minerals Collection of materials of the Republican scientific and technical conference, II volume, Tash- kent-2008, pp. 77-79 . 6. Krylov V.I. On the rheological properties of drilling fluids. / IN AND. Krylov, V.V. Kretsul // Science and technol- ogy of hydrocarbons. No. 2, 2002. p. 53-64. 7. Ryabchenko V.I. Management of the properties of drilling fluids-M.: Nedra, 1990-230 p. 8. Toshev Sh.O. The composition of bentonites and palygorskites of the Navbakhor field//“The introduction of advanced technologies is the basis for the development of the oil and gas industry of Uzbekistan” Republican scientific and technical conference of young scientists and specialists. Tashkent, 2018, pp. 176-178. 9. Toshev S., & Obidov H. (2021, September). Features of the chemical composition and colloidal-chemical properties of local clays of Uzbekistan and their comparison with other clays. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 839, No. 4, p. 042076). IOP Publishing. 10. Kandiyorovich S.K., Orziyevich T.S., & Axmatovna Y.A. (2020). Thermo-and Salt-Resistant Drilling Fluids Based on Polymineral Clays of Uzbekistan. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology, 17(6), 3913-3922. 11. Toshev Sh.O., Nurullaeva Z.V. & Khozhieva R.B. (2016). Indicators of physical and chemical properties of drilling fluids obtained from clays of the Navbakhor deposit. Science and Education Today, (2(3)), 16-18. 12. Kamolov D.D., Toshev Sh.O., & Sattorov M.O. (2021). Investigation of colloid-chemical properties of Navbakhor palygorskite clays. Universum: Engineering Sciences, (3-3), 42-44. 13. Toshev Sh.O., Abdurahimov S.A., Adizov B.Z. & Bazarov G.R. (2019). Study of the thermal stability of drilling fluids obtained from the developed compositions of Navbakhor clays. Universum: Engineering Sciences, (2(59)), 44-48. 14. Toshev S., & Rakhimov B. (2022, December). Well production increased when drilling horizontal wells. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2388, No.1, p. 012171). IOP Publishing. 43

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14745 KINETICS AND ISOTHERM OF Cu2+ ION SORPTION ON A NEW SORBENT OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF VERMICULITE Obid Tursunmuratov Doctoral student, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Chirchik E-mail:[email protected] Murod Jurayev Doctor of philosophy chemical sciences, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Chirchik E-mail: [email protected] Davronbek Bekchanov Doctor of chemical sciences, professor, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Mukhtarjon Mukhamediev Doctor of chemical sciences, professor, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] КИНЕТИКА И ИЗОТЕРМА СОРБЦИИ ИОНОВ Cu2+ НА НОВОМ СОРБЕНТЕ ПОЛУЧЕННОМ НА ОСНОВЕ ВЕРМИКУЛИТА Турсунмуратов Обид Хамзаевич докторант, Чирчикского государственного педагогического университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Чирчик Жураев Мурод Махмаражаб угли канд. хим. наук, PhD. Чирчикского государственного педагогического университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Чирчик Бекчанов Давронбек Жумазарович д-р хим. наук, проф., Национальный университет Узбекистана им. Мирзо Улугбека, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Мухамедиев Мухтаржан Ганиевич д-р хим. наук, проф., Национальный университет Узбекистана им. Мирзо Улугбека, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: KINETICS AND ISOTHERM OF Cu2+ ION SORPTION ON A NEW SORBENT OB- TAINED ON THE BASIS OF VERMICULITE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Tursunmuratov O. [и др.]. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14745

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of the study of the sorption of Cu2+ ions in artificial solutions to the ion obtained on the basis of vermiculite at 293, 303 and 313 K, the duration of sorption to equilibrium (24 hours) and at different concen- trations. The kinetics of the processes were studied, and Langmuir and Freundlix isothermal models were used to represent the adsorption mechanism at equilibrium. The isotherm parameters calculated on the basis of the obtained results are R2(0,998-0,9998). value was found to be consistent in all isothermal models. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, qmax = 40,161 mg / g, and according to the Freundlix isotherm model, n = 0,277. This indicates a high sorption of Cu2+ ions into the ionite based on vermiculite. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной работе представлены результаты исследования сорбции ионов Cu2+ в искусственных растворах ионита на основе вермикулита при 293, 303 и 313 К, продолжительности сорбции до равновесия (24 часов) и при различных концентрациях. Изучены механизмы сорбции процессов и использованы изотермические модели Ленгмюра и Фрейндлиха для представления механизма адсорбции в равновесии. Параметры изотермы, рассчи- танные на основании полученных результатов, составляют R2 0,998-0,9998. Значение оказалось постоянным во всех изотермических моделях. По модели изотермы Ленгмюра qmax = 40,161 мг/г, а по модели изотермы Фрейндлиха n = 0,277. Это свидетельствует о высокой сорбции ионов Cu2+ в ионите на основе вермикулита. Keywords: vermiculite, copper ions (Cu2+), adsorbent, CEC, kinetics, Langmuir, Freundlich and isotherm. Ключевые слова: вермикулит, ионы меди (Cu2+), адсорбент, COE, кинетика, Ленгмюр, Фрейндлих и изотерма. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. It is clear that nowadays, the contin- • recyclable or reuse; uous development of industry in the world and the intro- • impact on the environment; duction of advanced technologies are causing the • price; decline in water and air quality. The negative impact of • chemical stability and environmental resistance an increase in the concentration of pollutants in the com- In recent years, the use of “slyuda” and composite position of water and air on the ecosystem and human compounds made from them as adsorbents has been giv- life is steadily increasing. One of the risks from these ing effective results in order to prevent and eliminate effects is the presence of heavy metals in the composi- pollution of the environment with organic and inorganic tion of pollutants. These heavy metals pollute industrial pollutants. Therefore, interest in the use of non-chemical wastewater and the environment. Due to their high con- and cheap adsorbents is growing, an example of which centration toxicity, carcinogenic effects occur on hu- is the vermiculite-clay mineral, to which the group of mans and animals. Based on the above, it is required to aluminosilicate belongs [4]. remove pollutants containing heavy metal ions such as There is a classification of origin and distribution of Cu, Ag, Ni and Co from wastewater [1]. This is briefly vermiculite, which divides Mica minerals into three mentioned in this research work. main groups: the kaolinite group, the illite group and the smectite-vermiculite group. Smectite-vermiculite belong- The continuous development of industry and the in- ing to the vermiculite groups is formed mainly as a result troduction of advanced technologies in the world are of purification from potassium biotite, phlogopite. Ver- causing the quality of water and air to decrease. The neg- miculite has several advantages of high hardness, easy ative impact of the increase in the concentration of pol- processing, low adsorbent and selectivity compared to lutants in water and air on the ecosystem and human life other solids. It was first discovered in 1824 by the Amer- is increasing day by day. One of the most dangerous of ican XXXob. Vermiculites appear naturally, they are these effects is the presence of heavy metals in pollu- formed primarily as a result of changes in minerals tants. These heavy metals pollute industrial wastewater (alternating mixtures of various minerals such as ver- and the environment. Their high concentration has a car- miculite, hydrobiotite and phlogopite) caused by weather, cinogenic effect on humans and animals due to their tox- hydrothermal action, percolation of groundwater or a icity. Based on the above, it is required to remove combination of these three factors [5]. pollutants containing heavy metal ions such as Cu, Ag, Ni Vermiculite is an environmentally friendly product and Co from waste water [1]. that does not contain heavy metals. It is a 100% natural material and is neutral in relation to alkalis and acids that Traditional methods for removing heavy metals from do not pose a danger to humans, the environment. Ver- aqueous solutions include ion exchange, ultrafiltration, miculite is not prone to rotting and oxidation organic and adsorption. The adsorption method from these methods solvents and is insoluble in water and therefore does not is affordable, effective even when the concentration of lose its properties over time and has significant relief heavy metals is low, is used in wastewater treatment due (0.065–0.130 g/cm3) as well as being a very abundant and to its universal nature, sensitivity to toxic substances, much cheaper raw material in nature. It can be modified the possibility of regeneration. in many ways, resulting in inorganic-organic hybrid materials [6]. One of the unique properties of vermiculite To choose an adsorbent, the following criteria must is its delamination at high temperatures due to the loss be taken into account [3]: of water inside the layers. It has a high resistance to chemicals and heat, the interchangeability of cations, • sorption ability of adsorbent; • sensitivity, efficiency, mechanical strength and chemical stability; • biological decay; 45

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. the ability to maintain temperature and adsorb water. solution as an effective adsorbent for simultaneous ad- Vermiculite was also used as a reinforcing material for sorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions, for which it has been the production of polymer composites. Vermiculite has modified with the surface active ingredient octylamine a cation exchange capacity, being a type 2:1 layered alu- and adsorption has been studied. The effectiveness of minum silicate mineral that has water molecules and adsorption has increased due to the ion exchange and exchange cations in its inter-layer cavity [7]. complexing properties of the surfactant. Modified ver- miculite with octylamine increased maximum adsorp- It will have a relatively high constant negative tion efficiency for Cd(II) 69,595 mg/g and Pb(II) charge due to the exchange of Al3+ in octahedral areas of 121,986 mg/g, respectively. This means that it has good vermiculite to Mg2+/ Fe2+, and Si4+ in tetrahedral areas to and stable regeneration properties as an effective adsorbent Al3+. Its constant negative charge is mainly balanced by for cleaning water contaminated with heavy metals. [12]. Mg2+ and Ca2+ cations within the inter-layered and basal region, and ion Exchange and external sphere com- Research materials and methods plexes are usually formed. In vermiculite crystals (edge nodes), surface hydroxyl groups formed by hydrolysis In particular, in this article, the kinetics and isotherm of Al and Si atoms can interact with metal cations of the sorption of Cu2+ ions of vermiculite-based ion through internal spherical complexes and also through exchangers in the study of artificial solutions were the outer sphere. Because vermiculite has a specific sur- face area, ion exchange capacity and surface activity, it obtained from ion exchangers with a static exchange is widely used in many fields such as agriculture, chem- capacity of 2.5 mg•eq/g on HCl in an amount of 4 g/l. ical industry and environmental protection. Vermiculite treatment results in an improvement in a specific surface ions. Solutions of different concentrations, which con- area, ion exchange capacity, surfactant groups, and hy- tained Cu2+ and were 0.1, 0.05 0.025 and 0.0125 mol•l-1, drophilic/hydrophobic properties of the surface, allow- ing the use of vermiculite in both hydrophilic and were prepared. Sorption of 100 ml of solution at temper- hydrophobic environments or in appropriate substrates atures of 293, 303 and 313 K until reaching equilibrium [8]. (up to 24 hours) was studied (with the help of EMC- The inter-layer areas of vermiculite, which are 30PC-UV Spectrophotometer) (Cu2+ at 800 nm wave- characterized by exchange of ions, adsorption, etc., are considered favorable for chemical reactions. Organic length). or inorganic species can be introduced into the inter- vermiculite space by physicochemical method, such The CEC value of an ion exchange was calculated as ion exchange, adsorption, and intercalation resulting as follows: in changes in vermiculite properties [9]. СEC = 100 • ������1 − 100 • ������2 • ������ The ability of cation exchange in vermiculites is the 10 result of surface and inter-layer ion exchange processes 10 as well as isomorphic exchange. Such properties associ- ated with high surface areas have been studied as adsor- • ������ bent materials to remove heavy metal ions from industrial and household waste. The level of the ability k1 ― 0,1×V ( alkali)/ V (acid) = 0,1 theoretical, of cation exchange of vermiculite will depend on the k2 ― 0,1×V (primary acid)/V (spent alkali) amount of exchange cations present in the layer and the outer surface. It has a constant negative charge, charac- а ― amount of alkali consumed per sorbed HCl, teristics of large surface areas, and the sorption ability of g ― sorbent mass cations, such as high cation exchange ability (120-140 mmol/mg) [10]. СEС unit mg •eq/g Normal vermiculite was also found to have a cation The amount of sorption was calculated using the exchange capacity of 89 smol (+)/kg, which is lower than typical for vermiculites (actually 100-200 smol (+)/kg). following formula: However, it is known that Palabora vermiculite exhibits variability both in its composition and in its central lo- qe = (C0 − Ce) × V cations. Palabora vermiculite is not pure vermiculite, but m rather a mixed-layered vermiculite-biotite formed by percolation of aqueous hydration of phlogopite biotite. In order to study the mechanism of adsorption of Unlike K+ cations fixed in the interlayer phase of biotite, vermiculite-based ion exchange based on the balance of hydrated interlayer ions in vermiculites are relatively the sorption process, it was studied whether it fits the easily exchanged [11]. Langmuir and Freundlich models: Until now, the properties of vermiculite sorption, its The Langmuir isotherm model is used to find the application in wastewater treatment have been widely qmax and KL values from the Ce/qe dependence graph by studied, and the results of the experiment have been the angle value of the slope of the intersection using the studied to make it a suitable adsorbent for the treatment following linear representation [9]. of heavy metals such as Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) and others from wastewater. Vermiculite has been used in aqueous Using the linear representation given below, the Langmuir isotherm model finds the qmax and KL values through the angular value of the intersection slope from Ce dependence graph of Ce/qe[9]. Ce = 1 + 1 ⋅ Ce qe qeKL qmax The linear equation of the Freundlich isotherm model can be expressed in the following formula [13]. 1 logqe = logKF + (n) logCe 46

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Results and discussion Research The figure below shows the duration of absorption of copper (II) ions at different times and to the ion ex- change obtained on the basis of vermiculite. Figure 2. Graph of the time dependence of the absorption of Cu2+ ions into an ion exchange obtained on the basis of vermiculite Figure 3. SEM images of vermiculite-based ionite (a) and (b) before Cu (II) adsorption SEM morphologies of vermiculite-based ionite be- The results of the study of the isotherm of equilib- fore and after Cu(II) adsorption are shown (Figure 3). It rium state in adsorption processes are presented in the can be concluded that copper(II) ions were absorbed into following (a and b ) graphs: the vermiculite-based ionite. Figure 4 Graphs of Langmuir (a) and Freundlich (b) isotherm models of sorption of Cu2+ ions on vermiculite-based ion exchange 47

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Absorption isotherm constants of Cu2+ ion Table 1. Langmuir isotherm model q max KL RL R2 293 K 30,3 0,00194 0,1467 0,998 303 K 35,714 0,1427 0,9991 313 K 40,161 0,002 0,1044 0,9998 1/n 0,00294 Freundlich isotherm model 3,433 KF R2 293 K 3,4855 n 2,5604 0,974 303 K 3,9355 0,291 3,152 0,994 313 K 0,287 4,783 0,9825 0,254 In summary, in Figure 2 above it can be seen that model ������������������������=40,161mg/g, and the RL value is 0.131 in with an increase in time and concentration, the sorption all studied concentrations, which indicates that the sorp- amount of Cu (II) metal ions to the ion exchange in- creases. This indicates the absorption of Cu (II) ions into tion process is favorable. According to Freundlich iso- the ion exchange obtained on the basis of vermiculite. therm model n=0.277 absorption was convenient. This The above table (Table 1) shows that the amount means that Cu2+ ions are absorbed into the new ion ex- of sorption of Cu(II) metal ions to ion exchange is R2(0.998-0.9998). According to the Langmuir isotherm change by chemisorption. This shows the sorption of Cu2+ ions to the new ion exchange. References: 1. Magdalena Tuchowska, Magdalena Wołowiec, Agnieszka Solinska, Anita Ko´scielniak and Tomasz Bajda Organo-Modified Vermiculite: Preparation, Characterization, and Sorption of Arsenic Compounds Minerals 2019, №9, рр 483 2. Tursunmuratov O.X., Qutlimuratov N.M. Vermikulit asosida olingan ionitning fizik-kimyoviy xossalari SamDU Scientific Bulletin Samarkand 2020, No. 5. pp 18-22. 3. Хакимхон Галибович Курбанов, Наргиса Нуриллаевна Ахмедова, Наиль Жадитович Сагдиев, Обид Хамзаевич Турсунмуратов, Даврон Жумазарович Бекчанов Модификация гиалуроновой кислоты/ Universum: химия и биология : электрон. научн. журн. 2020. 10-1 (76). Ст 32-36. 4. Турсунмуратов О.Х., Қутлимуратов Н.М. ,Бекчанов Д.Ж. , Мухамедиев М.Г. Вермикулит асосида олинган ионитнинг физик-кимёвий хоссалари Fardu Scientific News 2021 No. 3 pp. 213-216. 5. Qutlimuratov N.M., Tursunmuratov O.X., Bekchanov D.J. Polivinilxlorid plastikati asosidagi anionitning fizik- kimyoviy xossalari. SamDU Scientific Bulletin Samarkand 2020, No. 5. pp 22-26. 6. Мухамедиев М.Г., Хушвактов С.Ю., Жураев М.М. и, Ботиров С.Х., Бекчанов Д.Ж. Кинетика сорбции ионов меди (II) и никеля (II) полиамфолитом на основе поливинилхлорида. Universum 2021, №12 ст 25 7. Davron Bekchanov, Hidetaka Kawakita, Mukhtarjan Mukhamediev, Suyun Khushvaktov, Murod Juraev Sorption of cobalt (II) and chromium (III) ions to nitrogen‐and sulfur‐containing polyampholyte on the basis of polyvinylchlo- ride. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2021, №7 рр 2700-2709. 8. Н.М. Қутлимуратов поливинилхлорид пластикати ҳамда чиқиндилар асосида олинган анионитга Mn (VII) ионининг сорбция изотермаси Academic Research in Educational Sciences volume 2 | 2021 ISSN: 2181-1385 Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-12-1063-1071 9. Кутлимуратов Н.М., Бекчанов Д.Ж., Мухамедиев М.Г. Изотерма и кинетика сорбции ионов Сu (II) анионитами, на основе поливинилхлорида пластиката и отходов аминов используемых в газоочистке//Universum: химия и биология : электрон. научн. журн. 2021. 8(86). 10. Мухамедиев М.Г., Бекчанов Д.Ж. Новый анионит на основе поливинилхлорида и его применение в промышленной водоподготовке. Журнал прикладной химии. 2019. Т. 92. Вып. 11. Ст. 1401-1407. 11. Тураева Х.Т. Проведение задания реакции поликонденсации кластерным методом. Редакция журнала «Universum: психология и образование» сообщает Педагогические науки общая педагогика, история педагогики и образования № 7 (97) июль, 2022 г. 12. С.Ю. Хушвактов, М.М. Жураев, Н.Ж. Сагдиев, Д.Ж. Бекчанов, Сорбция ионов меди (II) и никеля (II) на азот- и серосодержащем полиамфолите. Universum: химия и биология, 2019. Т. Вып. 11-1 (65). Ст.66-70 13. С.Ю. Хушвақтов, М.М. Жўраев, Д.Ж. Бекчанов, М.Г. Мухамедиев Поливинилхлорид асосидаги азот ва олтингугурт тутган поликомплексонга оралиқ металл ионларининг сорбцияси. Journal of Chemistry of Uzbekistan, No. 4, 36-45. 48

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. THE EFFECT OF EFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENTS ON EFFICIENCY Dilmurod Ergashev PhD, Docent, Department of chemical technology, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Navruzbek Mirzayev Assistant, Department of chemical technology, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Oybek Ergashev Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor, Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] ВЛИЯНИЕ КОНСТРУКТИВНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАННОГО УСТРОЙСТВА НА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ Эргашев Дилмурод Адилжанович PhD, доц. кафедры «Химическая технология» ФерПИ, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Мирзаев Наврузбек Абдуллаевич ассистент кафедры «Химическая технология», ФерПИ, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Эргашев Ойбек Каримович д-р хим. наук, профессор, Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT The article presents the results of experiments carried out on simple and advanced devices for cleaning atmospheric air from catalyst dust. During the study, the most optimal ratios of the mode-design parameters of the device were determined. During the study, the flow of dusty air in the device was changed from 15 m/s to 25 m/s, and the optimal fractional efficiency of the devices (for particles from 5 μm to 60 μm) was determined, the bending angles of the circulating pipe 15. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье представлены результаты эксперимента, проведенного на простых и усовершенствованных устрой- ствах для очистки атмосферного воздуха от катализаторной пыли. Во время исследований были определены приемлемые (оптимальные) соотношения режимно-конструктивных показателей устройства. В ходе исследований поток запыленного воздуха в устройстве был изменен в диапазоне от 15 м/с до 25 м/с, а также была определена оптимальная фракционная (для частиц от 5 мкм до 60 мкм) эффек- тивность устройств, углы наклона циркуляционной трубы были изменены с 15  до 75 , тем самым определяя гидравлические сопротивления и коэффициенты гидравлических сопротивлений. Keywords: cyclone, hydraulic resistance, hydraulic resistance coefficient, fractional composition, circulation, dust, flow rate, efficiency. Ключевые слова: циклон, гидравлическое сопротивление, коэффициент гидравлического сопротивления, фракционный состав, циркуляция, пыль, расход, эффективность. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Ergashev D., Mirzayev N., Ergashev O. THE EFFECT OF EFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENTS ON EFFICIENCY // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14782

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Introduction The hydraulic resistance of the device was measured on a U-shaped micromanometer and calculated using the At present, to increase the octane content of the following formula [7,8,9,10]: gasoline fraction in the process of catalytic reforming in oil refineriesCatalyst RG-482, type 582-1,2 is used. Р = ξρω2 , (1) The catalytic reforming process is the main process for 2 the development of aromatic hydrocarbons and gasoline fractions. The process is carried out at 470-510 ℃, here,������- coefficient of hydraulic resistance; ρ - ambient in the range of 1.4-5.05 MPa [1,2,3]. Catalysts contain density, kg/m3; ω - air flow rate, m/s. 0.3% platinum and 0.3% rhenium. These metals are precious. When placing the catalysts in the device and Hydraulic resistance coefficient [7,8]: replacing them with new ones, a large amount of dust mass is released. Because the size of the dust understudy  = Р . (2) was greater than 10–6 m, it was considered a coarse ρω2 dispersed system [4, 5, 6]. 2 During experiments on a two-stage cyclone device, the dust airflow was varied from 15 m/s to 25 m/s. Several experiments were performed to determine the efficiency and hydraulic resistance of the two-stage device. Experiments to calculate efficiency were initially conducted on a single-stage cyclone device. Table 1. shows the results of the experiments. Table 1. The results of an experiment conducted on a single-stage device to clean the air from dust (by powder fractions) № Dusty Dust particle size, mkm Hydraulic resistance air speed, m/s <5 <10 <20 <30 <40 <50 <60 of the device, Pa 1. 15 51.3 51.8 51.9 52.5 53.7 54.5 55.2 220 2. 16 52.5 52.9 53.1 53.7 53.4 54.7 55.6 260 3. 17 53.6 53.8 54.2 54.8 54.9 55.2 56.5 285 4. 18 54.7 54.6 54.9 55.2 55.6 56.8 57.7 305 5. 19 55.2 55.6 56.2 56.7 56.8 57.7 58.3 325 6. 20 55.9 55.8 56.7 56.9 57.1 57.8 58.6 340 7. 21 56.1 56.6 57.2 57.7 57.9 58.8 59.4 365 8. 22 56.4 56.7 57.9 58.4 58.8 59.01 60.5 380 9. 23 56.8 56.9 58.3 58.9 59.2 60.5 61.2 405 10. 24 57.2 57.8 58.7 59.3 59.8 61.6 62, 5 420 11. 25 57.3 57.9 58.9 59.9 60.8 61.7 62.9 445 Experimental results in a cyclone device without a from 5 μm to 60 μm when the dust air flow rate was 25 m/s, the maximum efficiency was 62.9%. The optimum dust circulating tube (Table 1) show that the maximum flow rate was 22 m/s, with an efficiency of 60.5%. efficiency for particles 5 5 ÷ 60 μm at a dust air velocity Table 2 below shows the results of experiments of 15 m/s is up to 55.2% when the airflow velocity is performed on a two-stage device. 17 m/s 5 The maximum efficiency for particles with ÷ 60 μm was up to 56.6%, and for fine-dispersed particles Table 2. The results of an experiment conducted on a two-stage device to clean the air from dust (by powder fractions) Dusty Dust particle size, mkm The total hydraulic air speed, m/s № <5 <10 <20 <30 <40 <50 <60 resistance of the device, Pa 1. 15 71.4 77.2 81.7 82.1 82.7 83.27 84.23 654 2. 16 72.6 78.7 82.1 82.7 83.2 84.77 85.67 781 3. 17 74.5 80.3 82.7 83.3 83.7 85.12 86.5 812 4. 18 77.7 82.2 83.0 84.2 84.2 85.8 87.17 845 5. 19 78.1 82.7 83.7 84.7 85.8 86.7 87.77 876 6. 20 81.0 83.1 84.1 85.3 86.1 87.25 87.14 911 7. 21 82.2 83.6 84.3 85.7 86.7 88.8 87.8 945 8. 22 83.4 85.7 86.6 88.8 89.0 92.01 94,15 981 9. 23 84.1 86.1 87.9 88.7 90.02 93.5 94.86 1020 10. 24 84.6 86.8 88.2 89.3 90.4 93.76 94.95 1065 11. 25 84.8 86.9 88.6 89.9 90.8 93.81 94.98 1120 50

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Table 2 shows that the efficiency of the device is was observed when the dust air velocity increased to 25 71.4% for solid fine-dispersed particles up to 5 μm when m/s, ie the efficiency was 84.8% for particles up to 5 μm the dust air flow is 15 m/s, and the efficiency of the and 94.98% for particles up to 60 μm. Here, the most device is 84.23 when the airflow rate is 15 m/s for 60 optimal ratio is when the dusty airflow is 22 m/s, μm particles. %, while the hydraulic resistance was 554 Pa. When the dust air velocity increased to 21 m/s, the During the experiments, the dependence of the dust efficiency was 82.2% for particles up to 5 μm, 87.8% for airflow rate inside the device on the hydraulic resistance particles up to 60 μm, and the hydraulic resistance was coefficient was also studied. The figure shows the 745 Pa. A gradual increase in the efficiency of the device results of the experiment. 2,2 Hydraulic resistance coefficient, 2 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Dusty pile speed m/s Чангли ҳаво тезлиги, м/с Figure 1. Dependence of the dust air flow rate on the device on the hydraulic resistance coefficient As can be seen from the figure, the hydraulic During the experiments on cleaning the atmospheric resistance coefficient was 1.21 at a dusty air velocity of air from catalyst dust, we conducted experiments to 15 m/s, the hydraulic resistance coefficient was 1.44 at determine the efficiency, optimal bending angle, and a dusty air velocity of 16 m/s, and the dusty airflow at hydraulic agitation of the circulation pipe installed in the 25 m/s. the hydraulic resistance coefficient was 2.07. cyclone device. The results of the experiments are given This indicates that an increase in the hydraulic resistance in the table below. coefficient is due to an increase in the velocity of the dusty air inside the device. Table 3. Circulation index of dust particles up to 5 μm in the circulation pipe (dusty air flow rate, 22 m/s) Efficiency,% 63 78 95.1 86 53 Bending angle of the circulating pipe,  15 30 45 60 75 Hydraulic resistance, Pa 28 45 60 72 81 As can be seen from Table 3, the bending angle of circulation pipe bending angle -In the course of the circulation pipeAt 15, the efficiency of circulation experiments, it was found that the efficiency is 95.1 %, of dust particles up to 5 microns in size is 63 %, and the and the hydraulic resistance of the pipe is 60 Pa. hydraulic resistance is 28 Pa. Pipe bending angleIn the 60-75 range, the efficiency decreased from 86 % However, several experiments were also performed to 53 %, but the hydraulic resistance of the pipe also to determine the optimal distance between the increased from 72 Pa to 81 Pa. Optimal ratio of the circulating pipe and the purified air outlet pipe inside the device. The experimental results are presented in Table 4. 51

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Table 4. Results of determining the optimal distance between the circulation pipe and the purified air outlet pipe (dust flow air velocity, 22 m/s, dust concentration in the air 2800 mg/m3) № Distance between purified air outlet Hydraulic resistance of the device, Circulation efficiency, pipe and recirculation pipes, mm Pa % 1. 16 384 65.8 2. 14 384 71.5 3. 12 384 76.7 4. 10 383 80.3 5. 8 383 86.4 6. 6 382 90.2 7. 4 382 94.0 8. 2 380 95.1 9. 0 380 70.2 As can be seen from Table 4, during the experiments relative distance was found to be 2 mm, with an efficiency to find the distance between the circulation pipe and the of 95.1%. purified air outlet pipe inside the device, the distance between the starting pipes was 16 mm, with a particle When three parts of the circulation pipe were placed circulation efficiency of up to 5 μm 65.8%. resistance in line with the outer wall of the purified air outlet pipe, was 384 Pa, the efficiency of the device increased from a sudden drop in efficiency was observed, which was 71.5% to 94% when the distance between the circulation 70.2%. Experiments were conducted to determine the pipe and the cleaned air outlet pipe was reduced from overall specific efficiencies of simple and improved 14 mm to 4 mm, while the hydraulic resistance was cyclone equipment, the results of which are presented in reduced from 384 Pa to 382 Pa, the most optimal. the Table 5. Table 5. General specific efficiencies of simple and improved cyclone equipment (dust concentration in the air 2900 mg/m3) № Dusty Efficiency,% Difference,% air speed, m/s Normal cyclone Improved cyclone 45.1 45.4 1. 15 44.1 89.2 45.9 45.9 2. 16 44.9 90.3 46.2 46.3 3. 17 45.6 91.5 46.6 45.4 4. 18 46.8 92.7 45.3 44.9 5. 19 47.7 93.9 44.3 6. 20 48.3 94.6 7. 21 48.8 94.9 8. 22 49.7 95.1 9. 23 50.4 95.7 10. 24 51.0 95.9 11. 25 51.6 95.9 As shown in Table 5, the efficiency of a simple The results of a study of simple and modernized cyclone was 44.1% at a dusty air velocity of 15 m/s, devices for cleaning atmospheric air from finely dispersed and 89.2% at an improved cyclone, and the efficiency dust of catalysts show that the efficiency of a simple of a simple cyclone was 44.9% at an airspeed of 16 m/s., cyclone was 60.5% when the dusty airflow in the and the efficiency of the modernized cyclone equipment equipment was 22 m/s, and 94.15% in an improved was 90%. device. When the dusty airflow was 22 m/s, the efficiency The hydraulic resistance coefficient of the improved of a simple cyclone was 49.7%, and the efficiency of an device was 1.8, the hydraulic resistance was 60 Pa when improved cyclone device was 95.1%. When dusty the bending angle of the circulation pipe was 45, and the airspeeds were increased to 25 m/s, the cleaning efficiency efficiency of circulating particles up to 5 μm was 95.1%. of a simple cyclone was 51.6%, and that of an improved This indicates that for colloidal particles, their circulation cyclone was 95.9%. The comparison results revealed inside the device has been found to have a positive that the cleaning efficiency of the modernized cyclone was effect. on average 46% higher than that of a simple cyclone. 52

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. References: 1. Yuldashev K., Mansurov Y.N., Jurayev A.I., Mirzayev N.A. Modern catalyst based on cerium oxide //ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science. – 2021. – Т. 11. – № 103. – С. 940. 2. А.Н. Плановский, В.М. Рамм, С.З. Каган. Процессы и аппараты химической техлогии. 5-изд. – М.: Госхим- издат, – 1962. – 848 с. 3. Арипов Э.А., Орел М.А., Аминов С.Н. Гидрофобные взаимодействия в бинарных растворах поверхностно- активных веществ. – Тошкент: Фан, – 1980 й. – 136 с. 4. Ахмедов К.С., Рахимов Х.Р. «Коллоид химия». – Тошкент: Ўқитувчи. – 1984. – 256 б. 5. В.Е. Агабеков, В.К. Косяков. Нефть и газ. Технологии и продукты переработки. – Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 2014. – 458 с. 6. Лич Б. Катализ в промышленности // Том 1. – Москва: Мир. – 1986. – 312 с. 7. Мирзаев А.Н., Рахмонов Д., Буриева З.Р. Влияния Режимных Параметров На Степень Очистки В Двухсту- пенчатом Аппарате //Central Asian journal of theoretical & applied sciences. – 2022. – Т. 3. – №. 5. – С. 10-14. 8. П.А. Коузов. Основы анализа дисперсного состава промышленных пылей. – 3-е изд.перераб. – Л.: «Химия», – 1987. – С. 183-195. 9. С.А. Ахметов Лекции по технологии глубокой переработки нефти в моторные топлива: Учебное пособие. – СПб.: Недра, – 2007. – 312 с. 10. Щукин Е.Д., Перцов А.В., Амелина Е.А. Коллоидная химия. – 2018. М. МГУ, – 1982 - 352 с. 53

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. ENERGY INDUSTRY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14732 POWER LOSS DUE TO THE EFFECT OF HIGH HARMONICS IN ASYNCHRONOUS ENGINES Abduvokhid Abdullaev Senior lecturer Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Feruza Nasretdinova Senior lecturer Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana Mukhayyo Yoldoshova Master Fargona Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana ПОТЕРИ МОЩНОСТИ ИЗ-ЗА ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ВЫСОКИХ ГАРМОНИК В АСИНХРОННЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЯХ Абдуллаев Абдувохид Абдугаппар угли ст. преподаватель, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Насретдинова Феруза Набиевна ст. преподаватель, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Юлдашева Мухайё Олимжон кизи магистрант, Фарғона политехника институти, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT This article describes the quality indicators of electricity, its control requirements, the limit of normal allowable values of voltage, sources of nonsinusoidal currents, formulas for determining the nonsinusoidal voltage, as well as losses due to high harmonics in asynchronous motors, an algorithm for determining the losses generated in them has been developed. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье описаны качественные показатели электроэнергии, требования к ее контролю, пределы нормальных допустимых значений напряжения, источники несинусоидальных токов, формулы определения несинусоидальности напряжения, а также потерь на высших гармониках в асинхронных двигателях, алгоритм определения образовавшиеся в них потери были развиты. Keywords: power losses, electricity quality indicators, distribution networks, electricity loss reduction measures, additional losses, waste curve, waste calculation algorithm Ключевые слова: потери электроэнергии, показатели качества электроэнергии, распределительные сети, мероприятия по снижению потерь электроэнергии, дополнительные потери, кривая потерь, алгоритм расчета потерь. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Abdullaev A., Nasretdinova F., Yoldoshova M. POWER LOSS DUE TO THE EFFECT OF HIGH HARMONICS IN ASYNCHRONOUS ENGINES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 12(105). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14732

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. As a result of accelerating production processes, Non sinusoidal voltage is characterized by the improving and introducing new technologies, valve following two parameters: converters, single-phase and three-phase electric welding equipment, high-power electric arc furnaces, 1. The distortion coefficient of the voltage curve is ������������; and non-linear consumers with volt-ampere 2. The n-th harmonic component of the voltage is characteristics are increasingly used. Power the coefficient ������������(������). transformers, magnetic amplifiers, and gas discharge The distortion coefficient of the voltage curve is lamps have such features. The feature of these devices determined by the ratio of the fundamental value of the is that they consume nonsinusoidal currents in the harmonic composition of the nosinusoidal voltage to the network when a sinusoidal voltage is applied to their fundamental frequency voltage, and we can determine it terminals. Nonsinusoidal current curves can be thought as follows: of as complex harmonic oscillations consisting of a set of simple harmonic oscillations of different frequencies. ������������ = √∑∞������=2 ���������2��� ∙ 100% ≈ √∑���∞���=2 ���������2��� ∙ 100% (1) The high harmonics passing through the network ������1 ������������������������ elements lead to a voltage drop across the resistance of the elements, which, in addition to the main sinusoidal Where ������������������������ − n is the voltage value of the harmonic; voltage, leads to a distortion of the voltage curve, a n is the number of the last recorded harmonics. It is violation of the quality of electricity in the supply allowed to exclude harmonics with a value of not less network. The problem of electromagnetic compatibility than 0.1% in the calculation of ������������ . arises with the minute. The normal allowable and maximum allowable values of the voltage sinusoidal distortion coefficient in different voltage power grids [2] are given in Table 1 as a percentage. Table 1. Disruption coefficient of voltage sinusoidality ������������ Normal allowable values, Allowable threshold values, ������������������������, kV da ������������������������, kV da 0,38 6...20 35 110...220 0,38 6...20 35 110...330 8,0 5,0 4,0 2,0 12,0 8,0 6,0 3,0 The permissible values of the coefficient n - harmonic points to the power grids of different nominal voltage component of the voltage at the common connection ������������������������ are given in Table 2 (in percent) [1]. Table 2. Coefficient of n harmonic constituents of voltage ������������(������) ������������������������ Single harmonics not ������������������������ 3ga Single harmonics ������������������������ couple harmonics, kV exceeding 3, kV exceeding, kV N 0,38 6...20 35 110...330 N 0,38 6...20 35 110...330 n 0,38 6...20 35 110...330 5 6,0 4,0 3,0 1,5 3 5,0 3,0 3,0 1,5 2 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 7 5,0 3,0 2,5 1,0 9 1,5 1,0 1,0 0,4 4 1,0 0,7 0,5 0,3 11 3,5 2,0 2,0 1,0 15 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 6 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,2 13 3,0 2,0 1,5 0,7 21 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 8 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,2 17 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 10 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,2 19 1,5 1,0 1,0 0,4 12 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 23 1,5 1,0 1,0 0,4 25 1,5 1,0 1,0 0,4 The normal values given for n = 3 and 9 belong to the service life of the insulation of electric motor single-phase networks. In three-phase networks, it is devices is reduced; taken as half of the values given in Table 3.2. the performance of automated telemechanics and The allowable limit values of the n-th harmonic communication devices deteriorates. component are 1.5 times higher than those shown in Table 3.2. Temporary high current harmonics lead to additional losses in electric car exhausts. The extra waste in machine High harmonics lead to additional losses in electric steel is usually overlooked. motors, transformers and networks; The specific losses for a single harmonic are different Capacitor batteries make it difficult to compensate for the area of the harmonic's forward rotation or reverse for reactive power; rotation. Figure 1 shows the relative losses for the 55

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. average losses from the direct and inverse sequences harmonics, first, second, and third. The losses from the of the phases of the high harmonic voltage vector. 13th order harmonics are insignificant and can be ignored [1]. Analyzing the relative waste curve, it is easy to see that the ratio ∆������������/∆������������������������ has the greatest value for small-order Figure 1. Curve of losses due to high harmonics in asynchronous motors The total losses due to all harmonics of voltage are For high-voltage asynchronous motors, 'can be determined as follows: calculated as: ������������������ ≅ ���������′��������������������� ∆������∑ ������ = ∑������=2 ∆������������ (������������)2 (2) The calculation formula for determining the total ������1 losses from high harmonics can be given as follows: The additional losses in an n-harmonic induction ������∑ ������ = ∆������������.������������������ ������������2 ∑ (������������ 2 (√������ + √������ ± 1 = motor are determined as follows: ������1 ) ∆������������.������������������ ∑ ������������������, (5) ∆������������ = 3���������2��� (������������������������ + ���������′���������������������) (3) where ������������ −is the multiplication of the starting current; ∆������������.������������������-- nominal copper losses of the stator; ������������������- is the Where ������������������������ and ���������′���������������������-'are the active resistance of coefficient that takes into account the increase in losses the stator and the reduced active resistance of the rotor at n-harmonic frequency. in the stator copper due to the n-th temporal harmonic. The graph of the dependence ������������������ = ������(������) is shown in At high frequencies in the stator and rotor coils, the Figure 1. The ordinate axis shows the average values surface effect is sharp and the resistance increases, so: of ������������������ for the cases that form the systems of the nth harmonics in the forward and reverse order. When ������������������������ = ������������������√������; ���������′��������������������� = ���������′���������������√������ (4) constructing a curve, the average value of the multiplication of the starting current is ������������ = 5.5. Figure 2. Algorithm for calculating losses due to high harmonics in asynchronous motors 56

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. Nominal losses in the stator copper of large electric Using the above algorithm, the sequence of calculation motors account for an average of 20% of the total losses in the ∆������������������������ motor. With this in mind, Figure 1 shows of active power losses due to the effect of high harmonics the second ordinate showing the additional power dissipation from the higher harmonics relative to the in asynchronous motors is given. We'll need the sizes we total rated engine losses ∆������������/∆������������������������. The use of these need to enter first. They are ������������, ������1, ������������, n , ������������������������, where curves is very convenient for detecting losses in ������������--n is the harmonic voltage, ������1 is the voltage at the asynchronous motors due to their high harmonics. first harmonic, ������������ − is the frequency of the starting current of the motor, n is the number of last recorded Studies [2] have shown that overheating of harmonics, ������������������������ n is the harmonic. nominal value asynchronous electric motors in enterprises, even in The active power losses generated by entering them into high-harmonic networks, has not been observed at (������������ = (10 … 15%), both at rated load and at low load. the program are calculated by the following formula. The following is an algorithm for calculating active power losses due to high harmonics in asynchronous ∆������∑ ������=∆������������������������������ ∗ ������������2 ∑ (������������)2 (√������ + √������ + 1) (6) motors [5]. ������1 The results of the calculation are summarized in the form ∆������∑ ������. Figure 3. Software about calculating losses due to high harmonics in asynchronous motors Based on this algorithm, software was developed in force, the magnetic flux is opposite to the main current C++ builder 6. This software quickly and conveniently of the transformer. As a result of this combination of calculates the additional power dissipation caused by currents, the high harmonics of the magnetic flux are high harmonics in asynchronous motors based on the compensated. The F filter is the limit for the first harmonic. above algorithm and displays the results in a generalized The K amplifier is designed to amplify high harmonic way. To do this, we use the following parameters: the currents. nominal losses of the stator in the copper coil ∆������������������������������, the frequency of the starting current ������������,, the sum of the Figure 4. Rectifier transformer circuit coefficients of non sinusoidality ������������(������), the introduction to compensate for high harmonic magnetic flux of voltage harmonics sequence number n and The result is generated on the screen by pressing the calculation button. In this case, we can perform computational work in a short time and high, and any user can use this program. Methods of reducing the level of harmonics. Improving the curve shape of the mains current. One way to reduce nosinusoidality in power grids is to improve the curve of the mains current with valve converters. This can be achieved by compensating for high harmonics, adding currents of 3rd, 9th, 15th and higher order harmonics to the transformer windings, or by providing special laws governing the converters. In the first case, the magnetic moment of the high harmonics is generated in the third winding (T) of the transformer (Figure 1). Due to this magnetic driving When performing this circuit, the flow of canonical and abnormal harmonics and the mains currents of the 57

№ 12 (105) декабрь, 2022 г. converter can be suppressed. This circuit can be less The most common method is to improve the harmonic expensive in some cases (for instance for power lines) composition of the valve-converter network current when using converters and resonant filters. using complex multi-bridge converter circuits that provide 12, 18, 24, and more phase rectifiers. For The disadvantages of this scheme are its example, a 12-phase rectifier circuit can compensate for 5, complexity, the need to use three-phase transformers 7, 17, 19, and other high harmonics. It should be noted and low speed. The circuit may be suitable for high- that the effect of reducing the level of high harmonics in power converters operating in \"quiet\" mode. multi-phase circuits is reflected in the uniform loading of the converters and the symmetry of the phase control The positive effect of improving the harmonic systems of the valves. composition of the mains current can be achieved by controlling the switch valves in accordance with special Reducing harmonics through supply chain methods. laws [4]. Such adjustment systems should improve the This is achieved through the rational construction of the nosinusoidality coefficient by measuring the high power supply system, which ensures the allowable level harmonics of the current and influencing the turning of voltage harmonics in the consumer tires. angles of the thyristor, or ensuring that the individual harmonics are suppressed. Currently, the implementation The most common methods are the use of high of such adjustment laws is based on microprocessor voltage transformers; supply nonlinear loads from separate technology. transformers or connect them to separate windings of three-phase transformers; parallel connection to nonlinear Increase the number of phases of the converter. One of loads of synchronous and asynchronous motors. the most common measures to reduce the high harmonics produced by valve converters is to increase the number of these phases. Reference: 1. Литвак В.В., Маркман Г.З., Харлов Н.Н. Энергосбережение и качество электрической энергии в энергосистемах: Учебное пособие (издание 2-е). - Томск: Изд-во ТПУ, 2004. - 162 с. 2. ГОСТ 13109-97. Нормы качества электрической энергии в системах электроснабжения общего назначения. - М.: Изд-во стандартов, 1998. - 31 с. 3. Лукутин Б.В. Энергоэффективность преобразования и транспортировки электроэнергии. - Томск: Изд. «Курсив», 2000. - 130 с. 4. Жежеленко И.В. Высшие гармоники в системах электроснабжения пром предприятий. - 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. - М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1984. - 160 с. 5. I.Kholiddinov, A.Abdullaev, M.Abdurakhmonova Algorithm for determining the nosinusoidality coefficient of electrical quality index for welding equipment. // Universum: технические науки 5(98) Май 2022, Часть 12. 6. Abdullayev A.A. et al. Asinxron dvigatellarda yuqori garmonikalar tasiridan kelib chiqqan isroflar //Involta Scientific Journal. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 6. – С. 278-285. 7. Xolidinov I.X., Qodirov A.A., Kamoliddinov S. Kuchlanish o ‘zgarishini reaktiv quvvatni avtomatik kompensatsiyalash qurilmasida rostlash //Academic research in educational sciences. – 2022. – Т. 3. – №. 3. – С. 973-981. 8. Zuhriddin H. et al. Reactive power compensation in power grids //Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 11-6 (92). – С. 87-90. 9. Эргашев К.Р. У., Абдуллаев А.А. У. Импульсный источник питания для светодиодных осветителей // Universum: технические науки. – 2020. – №. 12-5 (81). – С. 14-16. 10. Kh E.A. et al. Increasing efficiency of turbo generators in heat electric centers // European science. – 2019. – №. 6. – С. 48. 11. Эралиев Х.А. У. и др. Восстановление разреженного состояния в сравнении с обобщенной оценкой максимального правдоподобия энергосистемы // Проблемы современной науки и образования. 2019. – №. 12-2 (145).– С. 80-84. 12. Bozorovich N.M. et al. Obtaining and researching of thermoelectric semiconductor materials for high-efficienting thermoelectric generators with an increased efficiency coefficienT //Проблемы современной науки и образования. – 2019. – №. 12-2 (145). – С. 69-73. 13. Эргашев К.Р. У., Абдуллаев А.А. У. Переходные процессы на источниках питания светодиодов и методы их устранения //Universum: технические науки. – 2020. – №. 12-5 (81). – С. 44-47. 14. Хамидов А.М., Абдуллаев А.А., Эргашев К. Р Разработка цифровой модели энергосистемы для проведения испытаний устройств автоматика ликвидации асинхронного режима (АЛАР). – 2021. – №. 11-5 (92). – С. 81-85. 58

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Научный журнал UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ № 12(105) Декабрь 2022 Часть 7 Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ: ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 54434 от 17.06.2013 Издательство «МЦНО» 123098, г. Москва, улица Маршала Василевского, дом 5, корпус 1, к. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленного оригинал-макета в типографии «Allprint» 630004, г. Новосибирск, Вокзальная магистраль, 3 16+