ມ.2_ວິທະຍາສາດ ທຳມະຊາດ_NatScience

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lk]t[ko ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ |kh rkdmu I G laf ................................................................................................ 1 [fq mu ! G 9]5 ’a lfa ......................................................................................... 1 [fq mu @ G dkol[n roa 0v’lfa ......................................................................... 6 [fq mu # G dkog8u[.sp0j v’lfa ..................................................................... 12 [fq mu $ G dko9fa c[’j 9er;d0v’lfa .......................................................... 16 [fq mu & G dko0tspkproa lfa ..................................................................... 20 [fq mu * G dkox[a x’5 roa lfa .......................................................................... 22 [qfmu ( G rtpkfmuj,adgdufda[laf c]t dkoxhv’dao ...................................... 28 [fq mu ) G dkovto]5 da lfa ............................................................................ 32 rkdmu IIG dkoxPjocx’0v’;af45 ............................................................. 37 [qfmu _ G dkoxPoj cx’mk’fhko2u-yd c]t fhkog7,u.................................... 37 [fq mu !W G dko]t]kp0v’;fa 45 ................................................................... 44 [fq mu !! G dko1nf{sfq 0v’;fa 4p5 vh o7;k,Ivh o ............................................. 51 rkdmu IIIG dkocpd;af45lq,xqo .................................................................. 57 [fq mu !@ G dkocpd;fa 4l5 ,q xoq m[uj +gxoa govN fP; .............................................. 57 [fq mu !# G dkocpd;fa 4l5 ,q xoq mguj xoa govN fP; ................................................ 64 rkdmu IVG 7;k,cI’ ................................................................................. 72 [fq mu !$ G ,t3ork[7;k,cI’{7;k,cI’xtgrf8kj ’M .............................. 72 [qfmu !& G dko;afcmd7;k,cI’ c]t vkj o7kj 7;k,cI’ ........................... 77 [fq mu !* G dkoltcf’7;k,cI’ ................................................................ 80 [qfmu !( G ,;olko c]t oE|ad.................................................................. 84 [fq mu !) G 7;k,cI’Id5 46............................................................................ 91 [fq mu !_ G dkol’a ];,7;k,cI’ ................................................................ 95 [fq mu @W G 7;k,cI’fo5 fPj ’ ..................................................................... 100 rkdmu VG 7;k,fao ................................................................................. 103 [qfmu @! G ,t3ork[7;k,fao.................................................................... 103 [qfmu @@G 7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^; .............................................................. 107 [qfmu @# G 7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;mujdtmq[.l0j hk’ c]t rNo0v’vkj ’............. 111 [qfmu @$ G vkj ’];j ’dao c]t dkooe.-h ...................................................... 115 [qfmu @&G dkolq’j 7;k,fao0v’dkl c]t 7;k,fao[aopkdkf .................. 118 [qfmu @* G g7vnj ’;fa cmd7;k,foa [oa pkdkf ............................................... 121 [qfmu @( G 7;k,cI’ph6dtmq[.l;j af4595,j .o0v’cs^;{dqfgdovkd-uc,af ........ 123

rkdmu VI G ]t[q[oyg;f ............................................................................ 127 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ [fq mu @) G 7;k,Irh6 No4kodPj ;d[a ]t[[q oyg;f .............................................. 127 [qfmu @_ G [qf[kf0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yf.o]t[q[oyg;f .......................................... 131 [fq mu #W G dkor;q roa 0v’l’yj mu,j u-u;yfmu1j Ij6 ;j ,doa ......................................... 136 [fq mu #! G xfa w9oyg;f,uzoq ltmvh o8+Ikj ’dkpmu,j u-u;yf................................... 140 [qfmu #@ G dkorq;rao]ts;kj ’ly’j muj,u-u;yf da[ ly’j c;f]hv,muj[+,u-u;yf ........... 143 [fq mu ## G xt-kdvo.o]t[[q oyg;f............................................................. 149 [fq mu #$ G xkj w,h c]t oE .......................................................................... 154 [fq mu #& G 0UgspNvd[a 7o5 otrk[-u;yf ........................................................... 158 [fq mu #* G dkooegvkq 0gU spvN ,k.-7h on .\\j ................................................... 163 rkdmu VII G dkoxjPocx’0v’|hk3]d .................................................... 168 [fq mu #( G 37’lkh ’0v’gxvn d3]d ............................................................... 168 [qfmu #) G s^ad4ko c]t 0=h,6omk’m=]tou;ymtpk.......................................... 175 [qfmu #_ G vkp5mk’m=]tou;ymtpk c]t -kdfbdfe[ao ................................. 182 [fq mu $W G dko9fa ]ef[a -oA suo ................................................................... 187 rkdmu VIII G -a[rtpkdvo.ofyo ............................................................. 192 [fq mu $! G sou ............................................................................................ 192 [fq mu $@ G suo-toyf8kj ’M .......................................................................... 195 [fq mu $# G cImj kf8kj ’M ............................................................................ 202 rkdmu IX G ]adltot0v’oE ................................................................... 208 [qfmu $$ G ]adltotm;qj wx0v’oE ................................................................ 208 [qfmu $& G oEvvj o{oEdtfhk’ c]t ;ymucdhw0oEdtfhk’ ............................... 213 rkdmu XG ]adltot0v’vkdkf .............................................................. 217 [qfmu $* G ]adltotm;qj wx0v’vkdkf ......................................................... 217 [fq mu $( G 7;k,fao0v’vkdkf ................................................................. 225 [qfmu $) G v5ostr6, c]t 7;k,-5j,0v’vkdkf ......................................... 229 rkdmu XI G cl’lts;jk’ ........................................................................ 235 [qfmu $_ G [+cl’F ]aflt\\ucl’ c]t g]qkcl’............................................. 235 [fq mu &W G dkog7vjn om0ju v’cl’.................................................................. 238 [fq mu &! G dkoltmvh ocl’1|6j kh c;oj rP’ .................................................. 242 [fq mu &@ G I[6 0v’;fa 4m5 luj tmvh o1|6j kh c;oj rP’............................................ 246 rkdmu XIIG lP’ ........................................................................................ 251 [fq mu &# G [l+ P’ ........................................................................................ 251 [fq mu &$ G ]da ltot0v’lP’....................................................................... 254 [fq mu && G dkol’jq lP’zkj oc;f]vh ,8kj ’M ................................................. 259 [fq mu &* G dkoltmvh olP’{lP’dvh ’ c]t ,oq ]tryfmk’lP’ ..................... 262

rkdmu I laf [qfmu ! 95]a’laf Ikj ’dkp0v’lfa ];h oc8xj tdv[lkh ’,k9kds;q |;j p37’lkh ’voa ovh pM g-’yj gIkq gvoU ;kj G 95]a’D Ikj ’dkpmuxj tdv[fh;p95]a’fP; gvUo;kj G Ikj ’dkpgvdt95]a’F l;j oIkj ’dkpmuxj tdv[ f;h ps^kp9]5 ’a gvUo;kj G Ikj ’dkprts95 ]5 ’a D 9]5 ’a 0v’lfa ,uI[6 Ikj ’F 0t|kf c]t |kh mcuj 8d8kj ’ doa D !D 37’xtdv[lhk’95]a’0v’laf { 95]a’lafxtdv[fh;prkdl;j o.fcfLj mkfcdoj cdoj ovh p cdoj 9]5 ’a ;kd36 vo ]3u -3-, ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mkf9]5 ’a i3u [3-, 8kokj ’mkf.o g9ph s,5h 9]5 ’a ]t[[q 3do-u ,3u 8d’q fiu -’a 8i3u vo I6[ !D! 37’xtdv[lhk’95]a’0v’laf 37’xtdv[lhk’95]a’0v’lafxtdv[fh;p # rkdl;j o7nG g9hps5h,95]a’F mkf95]a’ c]t cdoj 9]5 ’a D ! ? g9hpsh5,95]a’ XCell membrane?G g9hps5h,95]a’ \\kpg4y’g9hps5h,muj16fj hkoovdl5f0v’95]a’ g-y’j gIaf|hkmusj +sh5,l;j o8kj ’M mu1j 6rj kp.o0v’95]a’F cpd0v[g0f0v’95]a’9kdlyCj c;f]hv, c]t 7;[75,dko]e]P’0v’ mkf8kj ’Mmuzj kj og0Qk c]t vvd9kd95]a’D 1

@ ? mkf95]a’ (Cytoplasm) { mkf95]a’xtdv[,u vto5vq’xtdv[ mujle7ao.fcfLj mkf95]a’ c,oj rkdl;j o mu1j 6rj kp.oma’\\qf 4af9kdg9hpsh5,g0Qkwx pqdg;Aol;j omugj xao cdjo95]a’D mkf95]a’ ,u]adltotgxaomkfcs^;muj[ao95vto5vq’xtdv[ohvpMs^kp-toyf g-ajoG ,u38dq’fiuF ]t[q[3do-u F iu3[3-,F ;kd63voF 8kokj ’ mkf.oF ]u3-3-,F -a’8iu3vo c]t vnoj MD vto5vq’xtdv[f’aj dkj ;,u]adltot c]t gIaf|hkmluj e7aos^kp1kj ’D dD ,u38dq’fiuG ,u]adltotgxaomvj opk;F I6[ !D@D ,u38dq’fiu 1nfsqfwfhD ,ao,u|hkmuj.odkozt]yf rt]a’’ko .shcd9j 5]a’ c]t Ikj ’dkpD 0D ]t[q[3do-uG ,u]adltotgxao4q’cxM ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ -hvodaogxao-Aog-yj’,uxt,ko &{) -AoS I6[ !D# ]t[q[3do-u rkp.o4q’ ,u0v’cs^;[ao9516j c]t gxao [vj oltlq,mkfmuj pvj p]t]kpc]h;grnvj oewxlkh ’gxoa mkf[e]’5 ]Ph ’.sch d9j ]5 ’a D 7D iu3[3-,G ,u]adltotg,afdq,ohvpM gxao I6[ !D$ 8kokj ’mkf.o [vj ol’a g7kt3xi8oy D c]t g,afiu3[3-, ’D 8kojk’mkf.oG ,u]adltotgxaos^vf ohvpM mq[wxmq[,kS [k’-toyf,ug,af i3u [3-,9[a 8fy 1D6j 8kokj ’mkf.o ,|u kh muj de9afmkfryf c]t f6f-b,mkfvksko xtgrfw0,oa D 2

9D ;kd63voG ;kd63vo,u]adltotgxao4q’ g-jy’0hk’.o,u0v’cs^;[ao951j6F .o95]a’laf ;kd63vo ,u|hkm.uj odkopvj pvksko c]t 0a[4kj pl’yj glfgs^nvvvd9kd95]a’D lD ]u3-3-,G ,u]adltotgxao4q’ohvpF ,u|hkmujzt]yfoEpjvp Xva’-y,? mujlk,kfpjvp ]t]kpmkfvq’7tmkf c]t g-Nvrtpkf8kj ’MwfhD ]u3-3-,,u.o95]a’lafgmqjkoAoD -D -a’8iu3voG ,u]adltot7hkpI6[m+dq, @ vao8A’lkddaoF ,u|hkmju.odkoc[j’ 9]5 ’a D #? cdjo95]a’G cdoj ohvp mkfcdoj cdoj 9]5 ’a ,Iu [6 Ikj ’|;j p,oq F g-’yj xtdv[lkh ’ fh;p # rkdl;j o7nG g9hps5h,cdoj F mkfcdoj c]t g9hpsh5,cdjo cdjoohvpD rkp.ocdjo95]a’,umkfmuj7;[75, ]da ltotmk’de,troa c]t dyf9tde8kj ’M0v’ I6[ !D& cdoj 95]a’ 9]5 ’a D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ @D 95]a’-toyf8jk’M0v’laf .oIkj ’dkp0v’laf8q;|b’j ,u95]a’s^kp-toyf g-ajoG 95]a’dhk,-UoF 95]a’g,afg]nvfF 95]a’ xtlkfF 95]a’dtf6d c]t vnoj MD 9’qj lbdlkI6[]5,j oU;kj ,uI6[Ikj ’co;.fL cdoj 95]a’ 95]a’dhk,dhP’ 95]a’dhk,]kp 3

95]a’g,afg]nvfcf’ 95]a’xtlkf I6[ !D* 95]a’-toyf8kj ’M0v’laf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 95]a’-toyf8jk’M0v’laf ,uI6[Ijk’ c]t 0t|kfc8d8jk’dao 3fp0Boda[muj8A’ c]t |kh m0ju v’,oa D 95]a’dhk,dhP’ Xdhk,-Uo-toyf|jb’?G ,uI6[Ikj ’IP;pk;F xkp95]a’ma’lv’lQo,u]adltot lh;p7hkp7n dtl;pD 95]a’dhk,]kpG ,u]adltot gxaom+F ,u]kpF ,ucdoj 95]a’16.j dhda[g9hpsh5,D 95]a’g,afg]nvfcf’G ,uI6[Ikj ’,qoF ,u0v[|kF mk’dk’s^5[7hkp7nda[9koD 95]a’xtlkfG ,uI6[Ikj ’pk; c]t ,uc|’s^kpvaoD 95]a’lj;o.spj ,u0t|kfohvps^kp 9qo[+lk,kfg[jy’gsaowfhfh;p8kgxjqkF gIqklk,kf g[’jy gsoa wf3h fpzkj odvh ’9]5 tmfa D #D 7;k,c8d8jk’]ts;jk’95]a’rnf c]t 95]a’laf 9’qj la’gdfI6[ 8+wxoU c]h;ry9k]tok;kj 95]a’rnf c]t 95]a’lafc8d8kj ’daoco;.fL cdoj 95]a’ g9hpsh5,95]a’ mkf95]a’ 7^=3ix]kl gxnvdsh5,95]a’ dD 95]a’laf 0D 95]a’rnf I6[ !D( l;j oxtdv[le7ao0v’95]a’laf c]t 95]a’rnf 4

9]5 ’a lfa c8d8kj ’wx9kd9]5 ’a rfn mk’fkh oI[6 Ikj ’ c]t v’q xtdv[9eo;o|’jb 7Gn 9]5 ’a rfn ,ugxnvdsh5,95]a’ c]t 7^=3ix]klF l;j o95]a’laf [+,uD dyf9tdeG lbdlkdjP;da[95]a’laf !? dP,czjoltw] @ czjo c]h;1vfoEgdnvdyomju,u7;k,g0A, WF)& : |jb’1vf]q’ .lcj zoj ltw] mu ! c]t vud|bj’1vf muj,u7;k,g0A, & : ]q’.lcj zoj ltw]mu @D @? .-hxkpw,h9U,c0h;mujzjkodko0hkg-Nvc]h; 06fg[qkMgvqk16j[=]yg;ozy;fhko.o0v’ z’Q cd,h D #? oegvqkglfcr95]a’0v’zy;fhko.ozQ’cdh,mju8yfxkpw,h9U,c0h; wxg0jp.lj oEgdnv muj1vfw;h gmy’czoj ltw]D $? 1vfmkf]t]kp g,8uc]o[^6 ! 1vf c]h;xyffh;pczoj xqdltw] &? oegvqkltw]wxlvj ’fh;pdhv’95]tmafF la’gdf c]t c8h,I6[ l;j oxtdv[mugj saoD *? vtmy[kp]adltot0v’95]a’ c]t l;j oxtdv[le7ao0v’95]a’zQ’cdh,D 7e4k,G !D oadIPowfhlbdlkdjP;da[95]a’rnf c]t laf,kc]h; .shoadIPo\\kp X9? .lj .o8k8t]k’.s4h nd8vh ’D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ v’q xtdv[ 9]5 ’a lfa 9]5 ’a rnf g9ph s,5h 9]5 ’a ]3u -3-, cdoj 9]5 ’a g,fa lu0P; X7^=3i2uo? ;kd36 vo gxvn ds,h5 9]5 ’a @D fh;pgsf.flaf9’bj [+lk,kflhk’vkskogv’wfhL #D fh;pgsf.flaf9’bj lk,kfg7nvj omuwj x,kwfhL 5

[qfmu @ dkoln[rao0v’laf dkoln[roa \\kpg4y’dkogIfa .slh ’yj m,uj u-u;yfgr,uj 9eo;os^kp0BoD l’yj m,uj u-u;yfc8]j t-toyf ,udkoln[raoc8d8kj ’daoD dkoln[rao0v’laf,u16j @ c[[G dkoln[raoc[[[+vkwlgrf c]t dkol[n roa c[[vkwlgrf ! D dkoln[raoc[[[+vkwlgrf (Asexual reproduction) dkol[n roa c[[[v+ kwlgrf gxoa dkolkh ’9]5 ’a .\\9j kd9]5 ’a gf,u mgju Ifa .s]h d6 sk^ o7dn oa d[a zh6 .sdh egofu 3fp[8+ vh ’,du ko];,doa 0v’9]5 ’a l[n g-vN grfzh6 c]t grfc,Dj dkol[n roa c[[o,U su k^ p ;ymu g-oaj G dkoc[’j gxaolv’l;j oF dkoc8d|+ c]t dko’vd.\\gj xao8QoD 8q;1kj ’G laf0Ao8ej g-aoj G wIfikF 2v’oEF r]kokgipF xkik,u-uF fk;mtg] c]t vnoj M g-’yj gxaol’yj m,uj u-u;yf m]uj t[q[8kj ’M.oIkj ’dkp pa’[+la[lqoxko.fD !? dkoc[j’gxaolv’lj;o0v’ xkik,u-u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dD I6[Ikj ’0v’xkik,u-u 0D ;ymudkoc[’j 8q;gxaolv’l;j o0v’xkik,u-u I6[ @D! dkoc[’j 8q;0v’xkik,u-u xkik,-u u gxoa lfa mvju kwl1.j6 ooEF ,du kol[n roa c[[[v+ kwlgrfD g,vjn .spgj 8,a w;c];h d9= t,u dkoc[j’cdjo95]a’vvdgxaolv’lj;o 9kdoAo]e8q;dyj;g0Qkg7jy’dk’9qo0kfvvd9kddao dkpgxoa xkik,-u .u \\lj v’8;q D 6

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ@? dkoc8d|+0v’wIfikD dD I6[Ikj ’0v’wIfik 0D ;ymudkoc8d|+0v’wIfik I6[ @D@ dkoc8d|+0v’wIfik dkoc8d|+ gxao;ymudkomujlaflhk’cr95]a’1j60hk’]e8q;.sh’vdvvd,k c]h;0tspkp gxao8q;vvj o g-y’j ,uvtw;pt;t8kj ’M7nda[8q;c,Fj c8Ij kj ’dkppa’8yf16jda[8q;c,wj ]pt|b’j dvj o 9bj’s^5fvvd,kD g,nvj 8q;vvj o g8u[.spgj 8a,w; d=lk,kfc8d|+8+wxwfhvudD wIfIk ,uI6[Ikj ’7hkp7nda[8Qow,hohvpM g7nvj omuj 3fpdko]vpwx8k,oE s^n g7nvj owxgmnvj ]tohvpD vkwl16j8k,|v’oEF ltoEmuj.l c]t ,urnfgduf16jD wIfik ,u-jv’pk;8k,]e8q;F gIaf|hkmuj.odkoc]dxjPodklF pjvpvkskoF f6f-b,vksko c]t 0a[4jkplyj’glfgs^nv vvd9kdIkj ’dkpD wIfik gxoa lfa 0t|kfovh p lk,kfg[’jy gsoa wffh ;h p8kgxkjq F ,0u t|kfgmkqj d[a xkp g0,a ,f5 F ,u7;k,pk;xt,ko WD& { ! -a’8uc,afD @ D dkoln[raoc[[vkwlgrf (Sexual reproduction) dkoln[raoc[[vkwlgrf gxaodkoln[raomu8j hv’vkwl95]a’ln[g-Nvgrfz6h c]t 95]a’ln[ g-vN grfc,Dj s’^a 9kd9]5 ’a l[n g-vN m’a @ -tofy ,du koxt8ly oq mdy oa Xdko];,8;q 0v’9]5 ’a l[n roa grfzh6 d[a 9]5 ’a ln[roa grfc,?j d=9t,udkog8u[.spdj kpgxoa 8;q vvj of’ja czo;kf8+wxoUG 7

vtl59y T w0j 95]a’xtlq,grf 8q;vvj o (sperm) (egg) (zygote) (embryo) !? 95]a’ln[raogrfz6h Xvtl59y? 9q’j la’gdfI6[Ikj ’ c]t ]adltotvtl59y0v’7qo c]t laf8kj ’M]5,j oUG lj;osq; 8q;vtl59y0v’|6 lj;osk’ lj;o]e8q; 8q;vtl59y0v’7qo 8q;vtl59y0v’dq[ 8;q vtl95 0y v’lfa xduສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ @D# vtl59y0v’laf-toyf8kj ’M 3fpm;jq wxvtl95 ,y Iu [6 Ikj ’pk; c]t xtdv[f;h p # rkdl;j o7dn oa g-oja G l;j os;q F l;j o]e 8q; c]t l;j osk’D sq;vtl59y0v’lafc8]j t-toyf ,uI6[Ikj ’c8d8kj ’daoD vtl59y gxao95]a’ln[ g-vN mlju k,kf]vpwfDh ,oa lkh ’9kdIkj ’dkp0v’lfa grfzDh6 ,0u t|kfovh psk^ p 9oq [+lk,kfg[’jy gsoa wffh ;h p8kgxkjq D @? 95]a’ln[raogrfc,j Xw0j? { l’a gdfw00j v’lfa 8kj ’M8+wxoUG 8

w07j oq w0wj dj w0xj k w0oj qddt9vdgm[ I6[ @D$ w00j v’laf-toyf8kj ’M vu’.lIj [6 0kh ’gmy’ oda IPo9’qj 0Po8,nj .l[j vj o;kj ’.o8k8t]k’.sgh \\ktl,q D -toyf0v’w0j 0t|kf xdq s,h5 f;h p ]da ltotryglf w07j oq ovh p |’a [+lk,kfgsoa wffh ;h p8kgxkjq w0xj k w0wj dj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ w0oj dq dt9vdgm[ w0j gxoa 9]5 ’a l[n roa grfc,j ,]u da ltotI[6 Ikj ’|;j p,oq F g7vnj ows;[+wfFh ,0u t|kf.spdj ;kj vtl59yD w00j v’lafc8]j t-toyf,u0t|kfc8d8kj ’daoD #? dkoxt8ylqomy dkoxt8ylqomy c,jo 95]a’ln[g-Nv @ grfxtlq,g0QkdaoD dkoxt8ylqomy,u @ c[[ 7nG dkoxt8ylqomyrkp.o c]t dkoxt8ylqomyrkpovdD 9

dD dkoxt8ylqomyrkp.o ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkoxt8ylqomyrkp.o7n dkomuvj tl59y g0Qkxtlq,da[w0j .o0totmuwj 0pj a’1r6j kp.oIkj ’dkp 0v’38c,Dj lafmu,j udkoxt8ylqomyc[[oUwfhcdGj lafxudF lafg]nv7koF c,’w,h c]t laf]hP’]6d fh;poEoq,D I6[ @D& laf-toyf8kj ’M muxj tlq,raorkp.ovvd]6dgxaow0j lafmuj,udkoxt8ylqomy16jrkp.o[k’-toyfvvdw0jdjvo c]h;9bj’g[kt s^n 2advvd,k gxao8q;vvj o 9kdoAo 9’bj 9tg8u[.spjwxgxao38g8a,w; sn^ 38cdDj c,’w,h ,udkoln[raoc[[vkwlgrfm,uj udkoxt8ylqomy1r6j kp.oIkj ’dkpD g,nvj w04j ndxt 8ylqomyc]h; c,’w,h38c,j 9tvvdw07j A’]ts^kp|;j p16j8k,gmy’.[w,hF dy’j w,h c]t dhvosuoD 9kdoAo w09j t2advvd,kgxao38D ovd9kdoAo d=pa’,ulafg]nv7ko g-yj’zy;|a’,ugdaf g-ajoG g8qkj F ’6 c]t c0h mujvvdw01j 6jgmy’[qd c]h;9bj’4nd2advvd,kgxao8q;vvj oD laf]hP’]6dfh;poEoq, rkps^a’muj,udkoxt8ylqomyrkp.oc]h; |+]6d9t0tspkp 1.6j oIkj ’dkp0v’8q;c,j 9qolq,[6o c]t 7q[4h;oc]h;9’bj gdufvvd,kgxao38D 0D dkoxt8ylqomyrkpovd dkoxt8ly oq mry kpovd 7n dkomvju tl95 y g0kQ xtl,q d[a w0j m1uj rj6 kpovdIkj ’dkp0v’lfa grf c,Dj laf9er;dmju,uvtw;pt;tln[rao[+0tspkp8q;fu 9t,udkoxt8ylqomy16jrkpovdIjk’ dkp0v’38c,j 3fpvkwlc;f]hv,mugj xaooED 8q;1kj ’G xkF dq[F 0Pf c]t vnoj M fa’j I6[8+wxoUD 10

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ @D* dkovvdw00j v’xk xk gxaolafvkwl16joE g-jy’]e8q;sh5,s+fh;p|a’ sn^ gdafmujxPd-5j,F skp.9fh;p2ao2n,D vvdw0.j ooEF w0,j ugxnvds5h, c]t 16oj vdgxnvd,u;5hos5h, grvnj -;j p.odkog]nvj o]vpwx8k,oED xk ,udkoxt8ylqomy1j6rkpovd0v’Ijk’dkp3fp38z6h9txjvpvtl59yvvd,kgrjnvwx xtlq,da[w0jmju38c,jw0jxtw;h.ooED w0jmuj4ndxt8ylqomyc]h; 9tg[ktvvdgxao38vjvo c]t g8[u .sp8j +wxD dq[ gxaolafg7yj’[qd{g7yj’oE ,u|a’xPd-5j,8ts^vfg;]kF skp.9fh;pxvf c]t |a’S vvdw0j.ooEF w0j,u;5hos5h,g-ajofP;da[xkD 8q;vjvomju4nd2advvd,k9kdw0j gvUo;jkG I;dD g,nvj I;dg8u[.spgj 8a,w;sk’9td5fg0QkF ,u0k @ 76j c]t lk,kfg7njvomu0j Bo,kvkwl1g6j my’[qdwfhD I6[ @D( dko;k’w00j v’lafg7y’j [qd{g7y’j oE 7e4k,G !D dkoxt8ylqomyc,oj spa’L ,u9adc[[L c[[.fcfLj @D wdj c]t xk ,udkoln[raoc8d8kj ’daoco;.fL #D 9’qj [vd-toyf0v’lfa g]nv7ko m,uj da fe]’q -u;yfl;j os^kp1.6j ooE c8,j kvvdw01j gj6 my’ [qdL $D laf-toyf.f ,udkoln[rao7hkp7nda[rnf[k’-toyfL 11

[qfmu # ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkog8u[.spj0v’laf !D dkog8u[.spj c]t 0tspkp8q;0v’laf m5dly’j mju,u-u;yf g,nvj gduf0Bo,kc]h;pjv,,udkog8u[.spj c]t 0tspkp8q;gxao0AoMwxD laf8q;|’bj degouf,k9kdw0xj tlq,grf Xw0xj tlq,grf c,oj w0mj ,uj k9kd dkoxt8ylqomy0v’lv’ 95]a’ln[g-Nv7n 95]a’ln[g-Nvgrfz6h c]t 95]a’ln[g-Nvgrfc,?j D g,vjn w0xj tl,q grfwf,h du ko0tspkp8;q c]t xPj ocx’ltrk[wxg]vN pM 9oq dkpgxoa |]+ d6 D .o0Ao8+wx|+]6d0tspkp8q; c]t g8u[.spfj h;pdkoxPj ocx’s^kp0Ao8vo 9qodkpgxao8q;laf lq,[6o c]h;gdufvvd,kgxao8q;vvj o c]h;0tspkp8q;g8a,w; c]t lk,kf0tspkprao8+wxwfhD D xk xk8uo g8qkj wdj I6[ #D! dkog8u[.sp0j v’|+]6d0v’laf-toyf8kj ’M 12

@D rafmtokdkow]pt8jk’M0v’c,’w,h dyf9tde !G lbdlk;q’9vo 0v’c,’w,h oE c]t c,’;aoD 9q’j lbdlkI6[ #D@ d c]t 0 c]h;.sh7;k,gsao8+da[;q’9vo-u;yf0v’c,’w,hoE c]t c,’;oa D dD c,’w,hoE 0D c,’;ao I6[ #D@ ;q’9vo-u;yf0v’c,’w,h[k’-toyf ! ? c,’w,hoEG 8q;vvj o ,udkoxPj ocx’I6[Ikj ’rP’g]adohvpgmqkj oAoDສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ @ ? c,’;aoG ,udkoxPj ocx’I[6 Ikj ’c[[[+l,q [o6 7n cr9]5 ’a 0v’8;q vvj o 9t4ndme]kp c]t ,udkolhk’0Bo,k.\\dj vj omugj 8u[.spwj xgxao8q;g8a,w; sn^ 8q;cdDj dyf9tde @G lbdlk;q’9vo-u;yfp5’ la’gdfI6[ d c]h;9af]P’8q;g]d]q’.oshv’gxqkj I6[lu]j Pj ,.oI6[ 0 wx8k,]efa[D !@ #$& * dD I6[ #D# ;q’9vo-u;yf0v’p5’ 13

,u-u;yf16jwfh #W ;ao 0 I6[ #D$ ;q’9vo-u;yf0v’p5’ p’5 9fa 1.j6 o9er;dc,’w,mh fuj e]’q -u;yfl;j o.sp1j gj6 my’|kh fyoD c8;j ’q 9vo-u;yf0v’p’5 de gouf0Bo1c6j ;f]hv,ma’16.j ooE c]t gmy’fyoD p5’38c,mj u4j ndxtlq,raoc]h;9t;k’w0.j oc;f]hv, g-aoj G Ivj ’oEF |v’oEF [;doE s^n rk-tot8jk’Mmuj,uoEdad0a’16jD 9kdoAow0j9tg[ktvvdgxao8q;vjvogvUo;jkG |vooED -j;’muj gxao|vooE,uxt,ko !W{!$ ;ao c]h;|vooEd=9txjPocx’wxgxao8q;ok’vjvog-jy’.-h-u;yf l;j os^kp16[j =]yg;o.dhda[|hkoES s^a’9kdoAo @{# ;ao d=dkpgxaop5’38g8a,w; c]t rhv,mu9j t ln[rao8+wxD p5’ ,u-u;yf16wj fh8ts^vf;af4t9ad X;q’9vo? -u;yfma’\\qfxt,ko #W ;aoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ #D ;y;afmtokdko0v’laf,udtf6dlaos^a’ wdjc,j38g8a,w; dyf9tde #G lbdlk;q’9vo-u;yf0v’wdj !? 9qj’lbdlkI6[8+wxoU c]h;.sh7;k,gsao dPj ;da[-u;yf0v’wdDj xt,ko # gfnvo I6[ #D& ;q’9vo-u;yf0v’wdj w0j wdoj vh p # vkmyf 14

@? 9q’j la’gdf;q’9vodkog8u[.sp0j v’dq[ c]h;8,nj 0=h7;k,.lj 8k8t]k’]5,j oUG I6[ #D*D ;q’9vo-u;yf0v’dq[ w]pt0v’dkoxPj ocx’ dkoxPj ocx’mlju ’a gdfgsoa ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ d dq[38g8a,w; xtlq,raodao 0 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 7 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ’ DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 7e4k,G !D w0xj tlq,grf,u7;k,\\kp;kj co;.fL @D dkog8u[.sp0j v’lafc8]j t-toyf,uvaoc8d8kj ’dao sn^ [+L 9qj’pqd8q;1kj ’D #D pqd8q;1kj ’;q’9vo -u;yf0v’c,’w,h s^n laf-toyfvnjoM,k @{# 8q;1kj ’ 15

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8k8t]k’G ]adltotle7ao0v’laf[+,udtf6dlaos^a’-toyf8kj ’M 9er;dlaf [+,udtf6d ]adltotle7ao 8q;1kj ’laf loa s’a^ laf2v’oE ]e8q;vvj oo5h, c]t ,u|;f c,’p5h,;tF wIfik c,mj hv’8q;cx ]e8q;cx c]t vvj oo5h, rtpkf8q;cx gxoa 0=Mh 8+govnj ’ 0dU tgfnvoxvh ’ ]e8q;pk; ,uxhv’7hkp;q’ 0UdtgfnvoF xu’oE9nf svp cs;o8d+ oa c,’w,h ]e8q;vvj ooh5, ,umkfg,nvd svpF dUF xk,bd s+s5h, ]e8;q ,ugxnvdc0’s,5h F d5h’F x6F 8adc8oF c,’,6, ,u0kgxao0=h ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ @D laf,udtf6dlaos^a’ laf,udtf6dlaos^a’ \\kpg4y’lafmu,j udtf6d16dj k’]e8q; lj;os^kpgxaolaf0Aol6’Ikj ’dkp 0v’r;d,ao ,uvtw;pt;t c]t ]t[q[vtw;pt;t8jk’Mlq,[6oc[[D laf,udtf6dlaos^a’c[j’ vvdgxao & d5,j .sp7j nG laf,udtf6dlaos^a’ lafoE lfa g7’jy [dq {g7’jy oE lfa xdu lfa g]vn 7ko lfa ]Ph ’]d6 f;h poEo,q xk dq[ oqd ’6 ’q; 17

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[qfmu & ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dko0tspkpraolaf dko0tspkpraolaf c,oj dkogIaf.shlafm,uj u16j ,u9eo;ogr,uj s^kp0Bo .og,vjn dvj o xt-k-oq p’a ,7u ;k,Imh6 k’fkh ode,troa [l+ ’6 xko.f c8dj l= k,kfxd6 /’a c]t ]hP’lafwfh g-y’j co;raogs^qkj oAowfh,k9kdme,t-kf3fp9tg]nvdgvqkco;raomufj u ,u75ootrk[ .szh oq zt]fy 8k,7;k,8vh ’dko c]t \\oA .9;kj rfn c]t lfa f’ja dkj ;9tlk,kf4kj pmvfco;roa mfuj uwxlj ]j6 d6 s^ko8+wxD dko]hP’laf16j lDxDxD]k; ,u16j @ 95fxtlq’7nG !? ]hP’lafle]a[7v[7q;G gxaodko]hP’laf0v’xt-k-qogrnjv8v[lt|v’mk’fhko lt[P’vkskoF grvnj mqfcmocI’’ko c]t grvnj c]dxPj olyo7kh .og;]k9egxaoD @? dko]hP’lafgrnjvm5]tdyfG gxaodko]hP’lafgrnjvgxQk\\kpmk’fhkodtlyde c]t roN 4koglf4tdfy D !D dkog]nvdraolaf xaf95[ao,to5fgIqk,u7;k,I6hdjP;da[de,traos^kp0Bo gIaf.shgIqklk,kf7kfdtzqomuj 9twfhIa[9kddkoxtlq,raooAowfhD le]a[dko7afg]nvdco;rao9kdme,t-kf c]t 9kddko xtlq,raoma’.ovtfuf c]t xaf95[ao]h;oc]h;c8,j u95fxtlq’vaofP;dao7nG !? grnjvxa[x5’raolaf g-ajoG dkooelaf,kxtlq,rao.shwfhco;raomuj8hkoda[rtpkfF wf]h d6 ,0u t|kfI[6 Ikj ’.spFj .-gh ;]k.odko]Ph ’loA c]t czrj oa wf.h oxt],y kosk^ pD @? grvnj x[a x’5 .swh flh kproa .\\Dj @D 7;k,\\kp0v’raolaf raolaf |kpg4y’ 75o]adltotltgrkt0v’laf-toyf|b’j muwj fhIa[dko4kj pmvf]adltot 8kj ’M9kd[oa rt[]6 f5 sn^ rc+ ,gj f,u g-oja G llu oa F 0t|kfF 7;k,moq mko c]t zoq zt]fy D ovd9kdoU r;d,oa p’a lk,kfIda lkzoq zt]fy mgju xoa gvdt]da gskjq^ oU grvjn l[n mvfgxoa gxkQ \\kp mk’fkh oloy 7kh c]t glf4tdyf .shcdI5oj ]6ds^ko.o0Ao8+wxvudfh;pD 20

oadIPo7yf;kj laf]hP’,u9adxtgrfL lafxtgrf.f mxuj t-qo.omhv’4oyj m;qj wxoypq,dao]hP’L raolafmuoj ypq,dao]hP’.oxaf95[ao,u16j # xtgrf g-oaj G ! ? raolafrNog,nv’G lafraorNog,nv’ gxaoraolaff’aj gfu, m[uj +wfhIa[dko7afg]nvdxtlq,rao s^n xa[x5’ c81j kj ’.f c]t zqozt]yfd=gxaowx8k,me,t-kf g-ajo laf-toyf8kj ’Mmuj xt-k-qo .omhv’4yo m;qj wxoypq,dao]hP’D @ ? raoxa[x5’G lafraoxa[x5’ gxaoraolafmuwj fhIa[dko7afg]nvd c]t xtlq,rao9qowfhlaf mu,j u75otrk[ c]t ]adltot8kj ’M8k,7;k,8hv’dko c]t laffa’j dkj ;d=lk,kf 4kj pmvf]da ltotg-Nvco;.sch d]j d6 s^ko0oA 8+MwxD # ? rao]6dxtlq,G lafrao]6dxtlq, gxaolafmugj duf9kddkoxtlq,rao]ts;kj ’raoxa[x5’ d[a roa lfa xtgrfvonj M s^n d[a roa rNog,nv’ g-y’j ;kj Io5j ]d6 9t[+,u]da ltotg\\nvod[a r+c,j gfu,m’a lv’D dkolkh ’lfa roa oU IPdIvh ’8vh ’dkog8da 3o3]-ug0kQ ,k-;j p c]t dko ]Ph ’gdvn dc= ,oj vkskoleg]fa I[6 gxoa l;j o.spDj ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ’q;rao]u,6-uo ’q;raogIiy2vf I6[ ’q;rao]6dxtlq, 7e4k,G !D wd]j kf c]t gxaf]kf mugj ryoj ]hP’daom5d,NoU c,oj 9af16.j oraolafxtgrf.fL @D .o2k,]Ph ’lfa 0t|kf.spgj royj ]Ph ’roa lfa xtgrf.fcfLj #D gxoa sp’a xt-k-oq m;jq wx9’jb [+oyp,q ]Ph ’lfa roa xtl,q L 21

[qfmu * ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dkoxa[x5’raolaf dko9tg]uodhk;|hk 0v’-u;tlkf1.6j ome,t-kf c,oj 0t[;odkoxPj ocx’0v’-toyf 9kd-tofy owU xsk-tofy vojn D dko]Ph ’lfa ,7u ;k,9egxoa 9t8vh ’wf,h du kox[a x’5 roa lfa wxrvh ,Mdoa da[7jkoypq,0v’8ts^kf grnjv8v[lt|v’da[7;k,IPdIhv’8hv’dko0v’la’7q, c]t m’a gIfa .sdh yf9tdedko]P’h lfa ,uxtlyf8yzoq l’6 0BoD !D 7;k,\\kp0v’dkoxa[x5’raolaf dkoxa[x5’raolaf \\kpg4y’ dkooegvqkraolafmwuj fhIa[dko7afg]nvdc]h; wxxtlq,raodao 9qowfhlafmu,j u75ootrk[ c]t ]adltot8kj ’M g-aoj G lulaoF 0t|kf c]t zqozt]yfmucj mfg\\kt da[7;k,8hv’dko rhv,ma’lk,kf4kj pmvfg-nhvco;.o0aho8vo8+wxwfhD laf]hP’[k’-toyf mujwfhIa[dkoxa[x5’raowxc]h; g,njvoegvqk,kxtlq,raodao ,aod=9t 4kj pmvf]da ltotltgrkt0v’r;d,oa gv’3fp[+,udkoxPj ocx’D @D 95fxtlq’0v’dkoxa[x5’raolaf { grjnv.shcmfg\\ktda[xafw9lyj’c;f]hv,0v’r6,]egoqk s^n mhv’4yjo c]t ltf;d .odko]Ph ’D { grnjv.shlvf7vj ’da[7kj oypq,0v’8ts^kf mk’fhko7;k,8hv’dkoF xt]y,ko c]t 7o5 otrk[F { grnjv.sh,uzqozt]yfl6’F ,udko0tspkp8q; c]t 7q’8q;0v’dyf9tdkoD #D ;ymudkoxa[x5’raolaf 3fpvu’.l7j ;k,dhk;|hkmk’fhkog8ad3o-u;trk[ xaf95[aogryoj wfhxa[x5’co;raornf d= 7cn o;roa lfa f;h pg8da ody mcju 8d8kj ’doa 8k,7;k,g\\ktl,q 0v’c8]j t-tofy lfa g-oja G dkoxtl,q rao0hk, c]t dkoxtlq,raomP,D !? dkoxtlq,rao0hk, dkoxtlq,rao0hk, c,jodkoxtlq,rao ]ts;jk’lkprao8jk’dao g-jy’xt8y[af3fp 7fa g]nvdlfa r+roa c]t c,rj oa m,uj u7o5 l,q [fa 8k,7;k,8vh ’dko g-oaj G ,u7;k,moq mko8+rtpkfF mqo8+ltrk[vkdkfF ,u3xi8yol6’F w0,ao8jeF .sh-Uo,u]qf-kffuF .sh]6d.oxt]y,kos^kp g-y’j ]6dxtlq,muwj fh9t,u]adltot8k,7;k,8hv’dko c]t c8d8kj ’wx9kd r+rao c]t c,rj aoD 22

8q;1jk’ dkooe,hk,kxtlq,raoda[]k wfhlaf]6dxtlq,mjugvUo;jk]= s^n dkooegvqk7;kprao w[-ao muj,u7;k,mqo8+rtpkf c]t ltrk[vkdkf ,kxtlq,raoda[’q;rao-Uomuj.sh-Uo,u]qf -kffuD ]6dxtlq,mujwfh gxaoraomuj,u]adltot.sh-Uos^kpF mqo8+rtpkf c]t ltrk[vkdkf gxoa 1kj ’fDu 7;kprao w[-ao ’q;rao-Uo ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ]6dxtlq,muwj fh I6[ *D! zqo0v’dkoxtlq,0hk,rao]ts;kj ’ 7;kprao w[-ao da[ ’q;rao-Uo @? dkoxtlq,raomP, dkoxtlq,raomP,\\kpg4y’dkoxtlq,raomujoe.-hs^addko0v’dkoxtlq,rao]ts;jk’ 95]a’ln[g-Nvz6h c]t 95]a’ln[g-Nvc,j 3fp[+8hv’dkoxtlq,rao8k,me,t-kf c]t d=[+gxao wx8k,]tf6dkoD dkoxtlq,raomP, xt8y[af3fp;ymudkoIufgvqkoEg-Nv9kdlaf38zh6 c]h;luf g0Qkwx.ovtw;pt;tln[rao0v’38c,.j ow]ptw0lj 5dD dkoxtlq,raomP,oU[+rP’c8gj xaodko lufoEg-Nvg0Qkwx.oIjk’dkp38c,jgmqjkoAoF c8j,u95fxtlq’grnjvxa[x5’raolaf .shwfh]6dmuj,u 23

75ootrk[fu c]t d=8hv’\\Ao.9;jkoEg-Nvmuj.-h.odkoxtlq,rao8hv’,k9kdr+mjuryl6f;jk ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ gxaor+raomufj u c]t lk,kfm9uj t4kj pmvf]adltotmufj u.shcd]j 6d8+wxwfhD 0=hfu0v’dkoxtlq,raomP,,ufaj’oUG { -;j p.odkoxa[x5’rao 3fpltgrktdkorafmtokmk’de,trao { ,7u ;k,le7oa .odko7;[7,5 3]d8fy 8m+ k’de,troa g-oja G rtpkfxkdgxvnj p{]’q g][a gxoa 8oQ D { lk,kfgd[a oEg-Nvr+roa w;wh foh ko 3fpdkoc-cj 0’ sa^ddkorNo4ko.odkoxtlq,raomP,,ufaj’ouhG T le][a lfa m,ju du koxt8ly oq m1y rj6 kp.o grojy fegoou dkolfu Ivd3,odt8oh5 .swh 00j v’8;q c,9j tg]uog8u[.spwj ;S 9kdoahogryoj 9y’j IufgvqkIvd3,o9kd8q;z6hc]h;gvqkwxlufg0qhk vtw;pt;tln[rao0v’8q;c,j grvnj lhk’g’vnj ow0.shvtl59y wfhxtlq,raoda[w0j c]t gduf dkoxt8ylqomyD 9kdoaho laf8q;c,dj =9t8ah’mhv’ s^n 4nrkD T lafmu,j udkoxt8ylqomy16rj kpovd 3fpltgrkt c,oj xkF dq[ c]t 0PfD le]a[xkF djvomujgryjo9t]q’,nxtlq,raomP,xkF gryjo8hv’g9ktgvqk8jv,.8hlt\\v’0v’xk 8q;z6h,klhk’gxaoIvd3,o c]h;gvqkwxlufg0qhks^n[|a’0v’xk8q;c,j grnvj dt85ho.shw0j 8’nj w;D 9kdooha grojy dI= fu gvkq w0vj vd,k.l-j k, sn^ rk-tot[oa 95 c];h Ifu gvkq oEg-vhn 9kd xk8q;z6h]q’.lj g-y’j xt8y[af8k,s^addko c]t 0aho8vo]tvPffaj’I6[],5j oUG !D lufIvd3,o @D gvqkoEg-Nv 24

#D Iufgvqkw0j $D xtlq,oEg-nhvda[w0j ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ &D 7qow0dj a[oEg-Nvg0Qkdao *D oeg-nhvwxgrkt16vj kj ’oE I6[ *D@D 0Ao8vo.odkoxtlq,raomP,0v’xk $ D dko4jkp/kd8q;vjvo (Embryo Transfer) ovd9kddkoxtlq,raomP,c]h; gryoj pa’,ug8ad3o3]-uc[[.\\Mj .odko0tspkpraolaf .shwfhxt]y,kos^kp0bho g-yj’gvuho;kj dko0tspkpraolaf3fp;ymu 4kj p/kd8q;vvj oD ;ymuouhgryoj ,ad oe.-dh [a lfa m.ju s]h d6 x]u t7’ha c]t 7’ha ]t ! 8;q D 8k,xdq dt8wy 00j v’lfa r;do9hu t8dq 7’ha ]t ! |;j pF grnvj 8hv’dko.shw0lj 5d c]t 8qds^kpM|;j p8+7ah’ gryoj 9b’j luf Ivd3,odt85ho.shw0oj aho8qds^kpM |j;p8+7ah’D 9kdoahogryjo9bj’lufoEg-nhv8q;z6hg0qhkwx.ovtw;pt;tln[rao0v’8q;c,jD g,njvvtl59y wfxh tl,q roa d[a w0cj ];h dg= dfu dkoxt8ly oq mSy 8+9kdooha grojy 9’bj .-sh v^ fff6 rgy lf ff6 gvkq w0mj xju tl,q grfc]h;oahovvd,k grnjvlufg0qhkwx.o,qf]6d0v’lafc,8j q;vnoj MD |+]6d9t0tspkp8q;9kdw0j xtlq,grf.olaf8q;c,j c]t g8u[.sp9j qoIvf,NgdufD 25

!? s^addko.odko4jkp/kd8q;vjvo,ufaj’ouhG 8q;Ia[ X8q;c,j @? 8q;.sh X8q;c,j !? 8vh ’7fa g]vn dgvkq c,rj oa fu lufIvd3,odt85homk’grf lfu Ivd3,odt8oh5 mk’grf .og;]kfP;da[8q;.sh lufIvd3,odt8oh5 .swh 0lj d5 s^kp|;j p oeg-vnh vtl95 y9kdr+roa fu,klufg0khq ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ xvj p.sh8q;vvj o9tg]uog8u[38xt,ko ( ;ao ff6 gvkq 8;q vvj ovvd9kd,fq ]d6 d;f7o5 otrk[0v’8;q vvj o oewxluf/kdw;h.o,qf]6d0v’8q;Ia[ s^a’9kd4kj p/kd *W ;ao 9b’j d;fmhv’8q;Ia[ xvj p.s8h ;q I[a 4rn k9oq g4’y g;]kgdfu wf]h d6 roa lfa mfuj u @? xt3spf0v’dko4jkp/kd8q;vjvo { lk,kf7afg]nvd c]t xa[x5’co;raolaf.shwfhfu0Bo9kdgfu, { lk,kf0tspkpraowfhw;0Bo { -;j pvto5]adlafmu,j u75o7kj c]t lafmu.j dh9tl6orao { lk,kfoewx.-hda[g8ad3o3]-umudj hk;|hk g-aoj G dkolhk’]6dc/fF dko;yg7kt c]t g]vn dgrfgxoa 8oQ D 26

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ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດrkdmu II dkoxjPocx’0v’;af45 [qfmu _ dkoxjPocx’mk’fhko2u-yd c]t fhkog7,u ;af45c8j]t-toyf,u]adltotltgrkt8q;0v’,ao c]t c8d8jk’9kd;af45vnjo c8j,aod= xjPocx’wfhg-ajoG .[w,hxjPolu9kdlu0P;gxaogs^nv’c]h;gxaoluoE8kocsh,S vksko[6fgoqjkS oE,aornfmuj.-hc]h;,udyjoS g,njv.sh7;k,IhvocdjoEdhvoF oEdhvogxnjvp c]t 4hk.sh7;k, Ihvo8+wx9t2qf c]h;dkpgxaovkpS g,nvj .sh7;k,Ihvocd;j af45mguj xao3]stF 3]stIhvocf’ c]h; vvj o7fq wf’h kj p c]t 8cu xI[6 gxoa I[6 .\\wj f’h kj p 4kh l[n 8.+ s7h ;k,Ivh oF 3]stooA 9tgxvjn pgxoa 0v’ cs^;DDD xkdqfdko8kj ’M mduj hk;,koUgvUo;kj G dkoxPj ocx’0v’;af45D .o-u;yfxt9e;aod=7n.ome,t-kfF dkoxjPocx’0v’;af45ltcf’vvd.shgsaos^kpI6[ s^kpc[[9qooa[[+4h;oD 9kddko7Qo7;hk0v’oad;ymtpklkf grjyo9afc[j’dkoxjPocx’ f’ja dkj ;vvdgxoa @ xtgrf.sp7j Gn dkoxPj ocx’mk’fkh o2-u dy c]t dkoxPj ocx’mk’fkh og7,Du !D dkoxjPocx’mk’fhko2u-yd oda IPo7yf;kj dkoxPj ocx’mk’fkh o2u-yd0v’;fa 4c5 ,oj xPj ocx’co;.fL dyf9tde !G lbdlk]adltotmk’fhko2u-yd0v’;af45 I6[ _D! 37

!? gvkq -on dvh oovh p|’jb .l.j odtxvJ ’D 9kdooA l’a gdfg[’yj I[6 Ikj ’0v’dvh o-on c];h [oa mdb zoq dkol’a gdf @? gvkq dtxvJ ’m[uj oa 9d5 vh o-noooA wxgzkq rvh ,m’a l’a gdfg[y’j dvh o-noD [oa mdb zoq #? gvqkdtxJv’vvd9kdw2F xt.shg1ao c]h;la’gdf c]t [aombdzqo 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo { -nom1uj .6j odtxvJ ’gsoa gxoa co;.fL ]kpdko zoq dkomfq ]v’ dvj ogzkq de]’a gzkq s’a^ gzkq { -nomu[j +maogzqk c]t s^a’gzqkc]h;F 7ndao s^n 8kj ’daoco;.fL ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dyf9tde @G lbdlk]adltot0v’cdh; !? l’a gdf]da ltot0v’m+cd;h ovh pvoa |’jb g-oja G 7;k,c0’ c]t 7;k,zvj p c];h [oa mdb zoq D @? gvkq m+cd;h ovh pwxgzkq .ocx;w28tdP’gsk^Q _W Xg[’jy I[6 c8,h ?D .og;]kgzkq .s7h vj pM xojy mc+ d;h ooA 1kj ’lt\\k+ ltg\\u m’a f’b lv’loQ 0v’,oa vvd sn^ 3o,h lv’loQ 0v’,oa g0kQ D [oa mdb zoq .l8j k8t]k’D I6[ _D@ 38

#? gvkq m+cd;h vvd9kdcx;w2F xt.sgh 1oa c];h l’a gdf]da ltot0v’cd;h [vj om4uj ndgzkq oAoD [aombdzqoD 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo ]kpdko zoq dkol’a gdf cd;h [+wfgh zkq cd;h de]’a 4dn gzkq cd;h gzkq c];h xt.sgh 1oa { ]da ltotcd;h mduj e]’a 4ndgzkq Ivh o 8kj ’d[a cd;h mpuj ’a [+moa gzkq co;.fL { ]adltotcdh;mugj zqkc]h;xt.shg1ao 7nda[ cdh;mu[j +maogzqk s^n [+L dyf9tde #G lbdlk]adltot0v’gdnv !? l’a gdf]da ltot0v’gdvn g,fa g-oja G 7;k,g7,a c]t dko]t]kp.ooE c];h [oa mdb zoq D @? 8adgvqkgdnvxt,ko ! [;j ’dkg2 wx[qf.sh,5oj ]tvPf c]h;la’gdf]adltot0v’,ao g-aoj G 7;k,g7a, c]t dko]t]kp.ooE c]h;[aombdzqoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ _D# 39

8k8t]k’[aombd zoq dkomfq ]v’ ]kpdko 7;k,g7,a dko]t]kp.ooE gdvn g,fa gdvn [fq { gdnv[qf,u]qfg7a,7ngdnvg,af s^n [+L ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ { gdnv[qf]t]kp.ooE7nda[gdnvg,af s^n [+L zoq 0v’dyf9tdem’a lk,gsoa ;kj G { -no[+maowfhIa[7;k,IhvogxaodhvoF g,njvwfhIa[7;k,Ihvowxwfhw]pt|jb’-nogxnjvp gxao0v’cs^;D g,nvj gIqk15fgzqk -noda[dkpgxao-nodhvo|b’j muj,uI6[Ikj ’8kj ’da[dhvo -on [m+ oa gzkq D { cdh;mujde]a’4ndgzqkIhvo vjvo c]t |P; lk,kf7qf s^n fb’.shpk;vvdwfhS le]a[cdh; mguj zqkc]h;xt.shg1aoF ,aoc0’ zvj p7nda[cdh;m[uj +maowfhgzqkD { gdnv[qf,o5j pa’g7a, c]t ]t]kp.ooE7ndaoda[gdnvg,afD zqodyf9tde0hk’gmy’F .shIh6;kj ,udkoxPj ocx’0v’;af45gduf0BoF c8]j adltotrNo4ko 0v’;af45[+xPj ocx’ s^n g;Qkvud1kj ’|b’j ;kj ,udkoxPj ocx’gduf0BoF c8dj koxPj ocx’oAo[+wfh gIaf.shmkfmujxtdv[gxao;af45oAoxjPocx’ grjyogvUodkoxjPocx’0v’;af45c[[oU;jk dko xPj ocx’mk’fhko2u-yd0v’ ;af45 @D dkoxjPocx’mk’fhkog7,uD dkoxPj ocx’0v’;fa 4c5 o;.f gxoa dkoxPj ocx’mk’fkh og7,uL dyf9tde $G lbdlk]adltot0v’g9hp !? gvkq g9ph .[|’jb l’a gdfg[’yj ]da ltot0v’g9ph ooA c];h [oa mdb zoq D @? 9f6 g9ph .[ooA .swh \\\\h fq ]tvPffu.o9vdcd;h |;j p|’bj D l’a gdf c];h [oa mdb zoq D 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo ]kpdko zoq dkomfq ]v’ g9ph dvj ogzkq g9ph s’^a gzkq 40

g9hpdvj ogzqk c]t sa^’gzqk ,u7;k,c8d8kj ’co;.fL dyf9tde &G lbdlk]adltot0v’w,h0ufw2 !? la’gdflu c]t dyoj 0v’sq;w,h0ufw2mu[j +mao0ufD [aombdzqoD @? 0ufsq;w,h0ufw2.shsq;0v’,aow\\h\\qfc]h;,vfD la’gdflu c]t dyoj 0v’w,h0ufw2muwj \\h c];h [oa mdb zoq D 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo I6[ _D$ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ]kpdko zoq dkomfq ]v’ sq;w,h0ufw2[+maow\\h lu dyoj sq;w,h0ufw2mwuj \\hc]h; { lusq;w,h0ufw2mu0j ufc]h;8kj ’da[luw,h0ufw2mu[j +mao0ufco;.fL { doyj sq;w,h0ufw2m0uj ufc]h;8kj ’da[doyj w,h0ufw2m[uj +mao0ufco;.fL dyf9tde *G lbdlk]adltot0v’\\kdoaf g9Qkg7upwfhdyo\\kdoaf[+L lu c]t ]qf-kf 0v’,aogxaoco;.fL !? la’gdflu c]t -u,]qf-kf0v’goNv\\kdoaffy[ c]h;[aombdzqoD @? la’gdflu c]t -u,]qf-kf0v’goNv\\kdoafl5d c]h;[aombdzqoD 41

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