CONSOLIDATED QUESTION BANK New

35 LGSIONESHSGNT - LONGSIGHTNESS 36 ROIPAMEAT - AMETROPIA VII. MATCH THE FOLLOWING 1 Vision deprivation - Amblyopia Aniseikonia Binocular optical - Small degree anisometropia 2 defect Two retinal images Normal fundus 3 Binocular vision - Amblyopia Astigmatism 4 Anisometropia - Ptosis Refractive error 5 Amblyopia - Normal eye Cover good eye 6 Lazy eye- - Anisometropia Ptosis 7 Meridional - Normal eye Unequal image 8 Stimulus deprivation - High degree ansiometropia 9 Ameteropia - 10 Emmetropia - 11 Occlusion - 12 FRIEND test - 13 Stimulusdeprivation - 14 Emmetropic - 15 Aniseikonia - 16 Optical aniseikonia - 151

17 Retinal aniseikonia - Visual elements Size perceived 18 Symmetrical - Aniseikonia measurement Shape perceived 19 Rule of thumb - 20 Asymmetrical - VIII. ANSWER VERY BRIEFLY 1.Aniseikonia The size and shape of images of the two eyes are unequal 2.Anisometropia Difference in refractive error between the two eyes causes 2% difference between the two retinal images 4.Define amblyopia reduced vision in a normal anatomical eye . Patching helps in amblyopia management. 5.What is Anisometropia? Anisometropia is one of the binocular optical defects difference in refractive error between two eyes. 6. What is alternate vision? One eye is emmetropic or moderately hypermetropic and the other eye is myopic is called alternative vision. 7. What is the vision status in Anisometropia? Vision status in Anisometropia 1. Binocular vision 2.Alternative vision, 3.Uniocular vision. 8. What is the best choice of Anisometropia? Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

Contact lens is the best choice for Anisometropia 9. What is aniseikonia? Aniseikonia is a conditioin in which the size and shape of images of the two eyes are unequal. 10. What is optical aniseikonia? Optical aniseikonia this occurs due to uncorrected axial anisometropia or uncorrected refractive anisometropia 11. What are the clinical types of aniseikonia? Clinical types of aniseikonia, 1. Symmetrical, 2. Asymmetrical aniseikonia 12. How aniseikonia is tested? Space eikonometer, Rule of thumb are the tests of aniseikonia. IX. 2MARK 1. Define anisometropia 2. Define the Aetiology of anisometropia 3. What are the clinical types of anisometropia? 4. Define simple anisometropia 5. Definecompoundanisometropia? 6. Define mixed anisometropia? 7. Definesimple astigmatic anisometropia? 8. Define compound astigmatic anisometropia? 9. Define mixed astigmatic anisometropia? 10. Define FRIEND test? 11. Write about the treatment of anisometropia? 153

12. What is aniseikonia? 13. What is the aetiology of aniseikonia? 14. What is clinicaltypes of aniseikonia? 15. What are the symptoms of aniseikonia? 16. What test is used for aniseikonia 17. What is the treatment of aniseikonia? 18. Define amblyopia 19. What are the characteristics of amblyopia? 20. What is the mechanism of amblyopic eye? 21. What are the reason for amblyopia? 22. What are the types of amblyopia 23. What is strabismic amblyopia? 24. What is anisometropic amblyopia? 25. What is ametropic amblyopia? 26. What is the stimulus deprivation amblyopia? 27. Define meridional amblyopia 28. What is treatment of amblyopia? 29. Define occlusion 30. Define atropine therapy 31.What are the symptoms of aniseikonia? 32.What is the surgerical treatment of anisometropia? 33.What are the types of anisometropia? 34.What is the treatment of aniseikonia? Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

35.Aniseikonia formula? 36.What is amblyopia? 37.What are the characteristic of amblyopia? 38.Types of amblyopia? 39.What is occlusion therapy? 40. What is the atropine therapy? 41.What are the types of occlusion X.5MARK 1. Explain –Anisometropia 2. Explain-Aniseikonia 3.Explain -Amblyopia Identify the disorders in the following cases and explain why ( pg 37 ) (i) Right eye 6/6 nil glass Left eye 6/60 with +3.0 DSph 6/24 nig nip (ii) Right eye 6/12 with -1.0x180⁰ 6/6 Left eye 6/60 with -4.0 x 180⁰ 6/18 nip 4. What is amblyopia? Discuss the different types of amblyopia. Identify the disorders in the following cases and explain why (i) Right eye 6/6 nil glass Left eye 6/60 with +3.0 DSph 6/24 nig nip (ii) Right eye 6/12 with -1.0x180⁰ 6/6 155

Left eye 6/60 with -4.0 x 180⁰ 6/18 nip XI.ENGLISH TO TAMIL 1.Aphakia கண்ணில் சலன்ஸ் இல்லாளை 2. Occlusion ைளறத்ேல் 3.Strabismus ைாறுகண் 4. Amblyopia தசாம்தபறி கண் 5. Deprivation இழப்பு 6. Penalisation அபராேம் 7. Asymmetrical சைசீரற்ற XII.JUMPING WORDS A-ISO--T-OP-A CO-GEN--A- 1. ANISOMETROPIA A-IS--KO-I- 2. CONGENITAL A-B--OP-A 3. ANISEIKONIA E-KO-OM--ER 4. AMBLYOPIA AS-M-ETR--AL 5. EIKONOMETER A-E--OP-A 6. ASYMMETRICAL D-PR-V-TION 7. AMETROPIA ST-B-SM-- 8. DEPRIVATION O-CLUS--N 9. STRABISMUS A-ROP--E 10. OCCLUSION P--ALIS--IO- 11. ATROPINE S-U-NT 12. PENALISATION P-OS-S 13. SQUINT 14. PTOSIS Work Sheet Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

1.Vertigo is a symptom of ………….(aniseikonia) 2.Explain meridional Aniseikonia? 3.Explain thumb rule of Aniseikonia? CHAPTER - 6 157

ACCOMMODATION CHAPTER - 6 ACCOMMODATION ANOMALIES Mechanism of accommodation Types of accommodation Characteristic features Changes in the eye during accommodation Accommodation in refraction Hypermetropia Pseudo myopia Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

Myopia Changes in accommodation with age Controlling accommodation Cycloplegia Fogging method Anomalies of accommodation Excessive accommodation Insufficiency of accommodation Spasm of accommodation Ill sustained accommodation Symptoms Treatment I. ABBREVIATION 1 NPR - Near point ruler 2 NPC - Near point convergence 3 NPA - Near point accommodation 4 PRA - Positive portion of relative accommodation 5 NRA - Negative portion of relative accommodation 6 FM - Fogging method 7 RA - Range of accommodation 8 AA - Amplitude of accommodation 9 EA - Excessive of accommodation 10 SA - Spasm of accommodation 11 IA - Insufficiency of accommodation 12 PA - Paralysis of accommodation 159

13 AW - Accommodation weakness 14 AF - Accommodative flipper 15 CA - Controlling of accommodation 16 DP - Dioptric Power II. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER 1.The ability of the lens to alter its shape is called ……[A] a] Physical accommodation b] physiological accommodation c] both 2. The clear image at closest distance from the eyeis called ….[A]....…point of accommodation a] Nearpoint b] Farpoint c] infinity 3.Which patient have asthenopic symptoms while doing near work.........[A]............... a] Positive portion of Relative Accommodation greater than Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation b] Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation greater than Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation c] Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation & Positive portion of Relative Accommodation greater 4. How many types of accommodation.......[A].............. a] 2 types b] 4 types c] 6 types 5.Maximum ability to relax accommodation while maintaining clear single binocular vision is called..........[A]................ a] Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation b] Positive portion of Relative Accommodation c] physical accommodation 6. Maximum ability to stimulate accommodation while maintaining clear single binocular vision is called........[B]............. Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

a] Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation b] Positive portion of Relative Accommodation c] physical accommodation 7. Positive portion of Relative Accommodation is tested using…[B]...…lens & Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation istested using …..Lens a] plus&minus b] minus&plus c] prism&plus 8. The normal reading distance…[A]......... a] 33cm-40cm b] 20cm-33cm c] 40cm-45cm 9. The method used to control the accommodation during Manifest Hypermetropia .......[C].............. a] Myopicglass b]Hypermetropic glass c] fogging method 10.Excessive accommodation will result in ……[C]........ a] Insufficiency of accommodation b] ill sustainedaccommodation c] pseudo myopia 11.Spasms of accommodation ….....[b].......... a]Pathological myopia b]Pseudo myopia c] night myopia 12.…[A]…….patient has clear near vision, no need for accommodation a] Myopic b]hypermetropic c]astigmatism 13. In myopic patient the range of accommodation …...[A]........... a] Less b] greater c] normal 14.Homotropine effect lasts for…....[A]............. a] 2days b] 3days c] 1week 15. Atropine action lasts for…..[B]............... a] 1week b] 2week c] 3week 16. Pseudomyopia due to ….... [B]......... a] Accommodative failure b]Accommodative spasm c] Accommodative paralysis 17. The power of the ciliary muscle to contract is called ........[c].......... a]Physical accommodation b]Range of accommodation c]physiological accommodation 161

18.During accommodation........[a]............. a] ciliary muscles constrict b] ciliary muscles relax c]pupil relax 19.Accommodation is maximum in [a] a] Childhood b] adulthood c] Middle age d] old age 20.That amount of hypermetropia that may be overcome by an effort of accommodation in a ]Latent HM b]Facultative HM c.] Manifest HM d.] None of the above III FILL IN THE BLANKS 1.Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes ------ by altering the shape of lens [refractive error] 2.The essential feature of accommodation is an increase in the ......of the lens which affects mainly the..... Surface [curvature, anterior] 3.Ability of the lens to alter its shape is called …............ [physical accommodation] 4.Physical accommodation is measured in ------- [diopters] 5.The power of------ to contract is called physiological accommodation [ciliary muscle] 6.Distance between the far point of accommodation and near point of accommodation is known as ---- [range of accommodation] 7.Dioptric Difference between the far point of accommodation and near point of accommodation is known as ……… [Amplitude of accommodation] 8.The clear image at maximum distance from the eye is called ---- point of accommodation [far] 9.Emmetropia has far point of accommodation is at -------[infinity] 10.The clear image at the closest distance from the eye is called ---- [ near point of accommodation] 11.---------is a measure of maximum ability to stimulate accommodation while maintaining clear single binocular vision [PRA] 12.PRA tested using --- lens & NRA lens is tested using ---- lens [minus, plus] 13.Inner changes during accommodation----------- [ciliary muscle constriction, increase in curvature of anterior surface of lens] 14. The pupil constriction reduces -----------aberration [spherical] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

15.Accommodation is helped by --- [lens, ciliary muscles] 16.Lens decreases in ---- [equatorial] diameter center of lens--------- (protrudesforward) during accommodation 17.Relative flattening takes place at the ----- of the lens [periphery] 18.During act of accommodation lens increases its ------ [thickness] 19.As age advances the amplitude of accommodation ---- [decreases] 20.at the age of 40 a normal person cannot read when the reading material is about --- cm away from the eye is called -----[33, presbyopia] 21.------ Patient will accommodate continuously to see a clear image [hypermetropia] 22.Excessive accommodation will result in ----- [pseudo myopia] 23.The----- causes blurry distance vision after prolonged near work [accommodative spasm] 24.----- Patient has clear near vision and no need for accommodation [myopic] 25.In hypermetropia range of accommodation is ---- [normal] 26.In hypermetropia amplitude of accommodation is ---- [greater] 27.In myopia range of accommodation is ----[less] 28.In myopia amplitude of accommodation is ---- [shorter] 29.The two ways to control accommodation is ------&-------- [cycloplegia , fogging method] 30.Cycloplegic drops have temporary ----- effect on ciliary muscle [paralyzing] 31.Cycloplegic refraction is necessary in ----- children especially for ------ [young, hypermetropia] 32.------ is a good cycloplegic [cyclopentolate] 33.----- drops acts up to two days [homotropine] 34.------- Acts up to 2 weeks or even more than 21 days and also used as therapeutically [atropine] 35.Fogging method is used to control accommodation during ----- refraction [manifest] 36.Fogging is done by increasing ---- lens [convex spherical] 37.---- is associated with excessive convergence & is found most frequently in younger people [excessive] 163

38.The accommodative amplitude is consistently lower than what is normal for his/her age is called ----- [premature presbyopia] 39.What are the drugs that paralysis accommodation ---- &---- [atropine, homatropine] 40.Paralysis of accommodation is due to -----------&-------- [paralysis of oculomeotor nerve, paralysis of ciliary muscle] 41.-------, ------, ------- are orthoptic exercise given as treatment [prism glass Base Out , convex glass, accommodative flippers] 42.------ is a Symptom caused by accommodative fatigue [blurred near vision] 43.The ability of accommodation and convergence can be measured by ………………. ……[Royal Air Force Ruler] 44.Part of the hypermetropia which Cannot be corrected by accommodation is known as----- [absolute hypermetropia] 45.……..drops used to paralyze the ciliary muscle [cycloplegic] 46.The ……. Of accommodation decrease with age [amplitude] 47.Paralysis of oculometer nerve results in paralysis of----------- [ accommodation] 48.Cyclopentalate is a good ……… drug [Cycloplegic] 49.During accommodation anterior surface of the lens ……Its curvature 50.Ciliary muscles help in ……… [accommodation] 51.Far point of an eye is that point in space that is conjugate with fovea when................ [accommodation] is relax. 52.…….. [ Pseudo] myopia is false appearance of myopia. 53.Range of accommodation decreases with----- [age] 54.The ability of accommodation and convergence can be measured by --------- [RAF ruler] 55.Fogging is used to control ……………… [accommodation] 56.Insufficiency of accommodation leads to........…presbyopia [premature ] 57.The distance between the near point and far point iscalled …..............[range of accommodation] 58.The different between the near point and far point is called …..............[amplitude of accommodation] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

59.The depth of field and depth of focus ard markedly influenced by the ….............[diameter of the pupil] 60.Accommodation is the result of charge in the form of the lens brought about by contraction of the ………….. [ ciliary muscle ] 61. The relaxation theory was first proporsed by………. [thomas young] and elaborated by ……………… [ Helmholtz in 1885 ] 62.Refractive index of the lens ……….. [ 1.39 ] 63.The physiological anterior lenticonus thus formed has a ………….. [ short radius of curvature and high refraction ] 64.Average reaction time for far- to – near accommodationis 0.64seconds Near ......... [ far 0.56 seconds ] 65.The choroid stretched forward by the..... [ ciliary muscle contraction ] 66.Accommodation changes is …………[ age related ] 67.[ RAF ]………. used in accommodation and convergence 68.NPA abbreaviation …………….. [ near point of accommodation ] 69.Presbyopia is physiological………… [ insufficiency of accommodation ] 70.Insuuficiency of accommodation causes ……………. [ 1. premature sclerosis lens 2. Weaknes of ciliary muscles ] 71.Weakness of ciliary muscles local causes is …….. [ primary open angle glaucoma ] 72.NRA abbreaviation…[ Negative portion of relative accommodation ] 73.PRA abbreaviation…[ postive portion of relative accommodation ] 74.Accommodation treatement ………. [ 1. orthoptic excercise, 2. + lens, 3. prism glass base out ] 75.Lens remains in unaccommodative forms is ………. [ 1. elastic force of the lens, 2. elastic elements of ciliary body, 3. Thoughness of zonuuls and capasuls ] 76.Accommodation is helped by ………… [ 1. elasticity of lens, 2. contraction of ciliary muscles, 3. pasticity of the capsuls and zonuals ] 77.Physical accommodation expression of the actual physical deformation of the lens and it is measured in……… [ dioptors ] 78.Amplitude of accommodation in hypermetropia……….. [ greater] 165

79.Range of accommodation in hypermetropia ………. [ same ] 80.myopic patient amplitude of accommodation is ………. [ shorter] 81.Myopic patient range of accommodation is ………… [ less ] 82.The distance object can see clearly is called………. [ far point of accommodation] 83.The ……….. [ near object ] can be seen clearly is called near pont of accommodation 84.Drugs causing paralysing accommodation ........……….. [ atropine, homatropine ] 85.[ Excessive accommodation] ………. is usually associated with excessive convergence 86.Spasm of accommodation is………. [ Pseudo myopia ] 87.Types of accommodation………. [ physical accommodation, physiological accommodation] 88. Main causes of presbyopia is insufficiency of -----------------(Insufficiency Of Accommodation) 89.A measure of maximum ability to stimulate accommodation is called ……. [ PRA] 90.A measure of maximum ability to relax accommodation is called …….. [ NRA ] 91.Changes in the eye during accommodation………. [ Inner changes, ocular chages ] 92.Inner changes are …………… [ 1. ciliary muscles constrict 2.anterior surface of the lens increase its curvature whch increase the dioptric power of the crystaline lens ] 93.Other changes:…………… [ 1. The pupil constrict,2.Both eyes will convergence] 94.Cyclopent effect for ………. [ 2 to 3 days ] 95.Atropine effect is……….... [ up to two weeks] 96.Homotropine effect is…........[ up to two days ] 97.How many types in anomalies of accommodation….. [ 4 ] 98.Anomalies of accommodation types, ………. [ 1. Excessive ,2. Insufficiency 3. Spasm of accommodation 4. Insustained accommodation ] 99.The power of the ciliary muscles to contract is called………. [ physiological accommodation] 100.The ability of the lens to alter its shape is called ……. [physical accommodation] 101. Physical accommodation is measurement in……… [ dioptre ] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

102. Physiological accommodation is measured in ……… [unit] 103.Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes refractive error by …..[altering the shape of its crystalline lens] 104. Two types of accommodation are……… [ Physical accommodation, Physiological accommodation.] 105.Characteristic features of accommodation are ………. [Amplitude of accommodation, Range of accommodation.] 106.Definition of Range of accommodation is ……… [ Distance between the far point of accommodation and near point of accommodation.] 107.Definition of Amplitude of accommodation is………[ The diopteric difference between the far point of accommodation and near point of accommodation] 108.The clear image at maximum distance from the eye is called……….. [ Far point of accommodation.] 109.The clear image at closest distance from the eye is called ………. [ Near point of accommodation. ] 110.Definition of PRA is a ……….. [ measure of maximum ability to stimulate accommodation while maintaining clear binocular vision.] 111. Definition of NRA is ……….. [ a measure of maximum ability to relax accommodation while maintaining clear single binocular vision.] 112.PRA is tested by……….. [ Minus lens (or) concave lens ] 113. NRA is tested by ……… [ Plus lens (or) Convex lens ] 114.Inner changes in accommodation are ………… [ Ciliary muscle constriction, Increase the anterior surface of the lens curvature, Increase the diopteric power of the lens.] 115. Otther changes in accommodation are ……. [ Pupils constrict, Both eyes converged.] 116.Accommodation is helped by ………… [ Elasticity of lens, Contraction of ciliary muscles, Plasticity of the capsules & zonules.] 117.In hypermetropia range of accommodation is normal, Amplitude of accommodation is …………….. [ greater.] 118.In myopia range of accommodation is ……. [ less], Amplitude of accommodation is…… ………… [ shorter.] 119.Two ways of controlling accommodation are …….. [ Cycloplegia, Fogging method.] 120. Pseudo myopia is due to………… [ Excessive accommodation.] 167

121.Cycloplegics used to…………...... [ paralyse the ciliary muscle and dilate the pupil.] 122. Range of accommodation -------------in hypermetropia[Normal] 123. Near point of accommodation is also called ---------[Range Of Accommodation] 124. Far point of accommodation is called as------------[Amplitude Of Accommodation 125.[ Fogging method] ……….is used to control accommodation during manifest refraction. 126.[Premature presbyopia]…………. due to Insufficiency of accommodation. 127.Paralysis of accommodation due to……………. [ Paralysis of oculomotor nerve, Paralysis of ciliary muscle.] 128.Insufficiency of accommodation causes are ……….. [ lenticular origin, ciliary origin.] 129.The difficulty in changing focus from distance to near and near to distance is called ……….. ……….. [ Inertia of accommodation.]. 130.Treatment of accommodation:……. [ Prism glasses (Base out), Convex lens, Accommodation flipper.] 131.The nearest point at which small objects can be seen clearly is called …. [ near point (or) Punctum proximum.] 132.The distance point at which small objects can be seen clearly is called….,.. [ Far point (or) Punctum Remotum.] 133.In hypermetropic eye far point is ……. [ behind the eye.] 134.In myopic eye far point is …….......... [ in front of the eye.] 135. Range of accommodation is -----------in myopia[Less] 136.Snakes and Frogs have a mechanism to ……….. [ move the lens forward for near vision.] 137.Causes of premature of presbyopia: ………….. [ Uncorrected hypermetropia, chronic simple glaucoma, presenile weakness of ciliary muscle, premature sclerosis of the lens.] 138. Presbyopia is treated by………… [ convex lens.] 139.In sufficiency of accommodation is caused by …………. [ premature sclerosis of lens, weakness of ciliary muscle ] 140. If the paralysis of accommodation is permanent we give……… [convex lens for near vision.] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

141. AC/A ratio formula is…………….. [ ∆g-∆d/D,(∆g = Prism without glass, ∆d = Prism with glass, D = Diopter of the lens ] 142. Excessive of accommodation is caused by ……….. [ young hypermetropes,Young myopes, Astigmatic error, Presbyopes.] 143. Causes of spasm of accommodation ………… [ Drug induced spasm, Spontaneous spasm, Iridocyclitis, Spasm of near reflex.] 144. Macropsia may occur due to………… [ optical illusion.] 145. Dark glasses are effective in reducing the ……… [ glare.] 146. AC/A ratio normal value ………. [ 4-6∆D] 147. The physical accommodation is measured in ----------------[Diopter] 148.The ability of the lens to alter its shape is called ---------------[Physical accommodation] 149.------------is the distance between the far point of accommodation and near point of accommodation [Range Of Accommodation] 150...........is measured in diopters[Physical accommodation] 151.The accommodation due to the contraction of the ciliary’s muscle is called ---------------- [Physiological accommodation] 152 .Average reaction time for far to near accommodation is -------------- 153. Average reaction time for near to far accommodation is----------------is physiological insufficiency of accommodation 154. After using of strong miotics ---------------- 155. Atropine drug effect is presents up to ---------------[2 Weeks] 156. Near point of accommodation is measured with -------------[RAF Ruler] 157. -------drug is used to paralysis the accommodation [cycloplegic] 158. Accommodation weakness is treated by ---------------------- (PrismGlasses,AccommodativeFlipper) 159. Near point of accommodation is measured in ----------[mm] IV. TRUE OR FALSE 1.Near point ruler use for convergence -True 169

2.Lens alteration in shape inverse the divergent power of the eye, the focus can be altered as &when required-False 3.Physiological accommodation is one type of anomalies of accommodation-False 4.RAF ruler consists of square metal rod long 3cm-False 5.Near point convergence normal range 6-8cm-True 6.Convergence and divergence and vertical can be measured with prism – True 7.Convergence measured with base in prism – False 8.Divergence is measured with base out prism -False 9.Vertical vergence is measured using vertical prism bar-True 10.When one eye diverges, if WTDT is present -False 11.The normal positive fusion amplitude for near 15PD-False 12.The normal negative fusion amplitude for distance 15PD-True 13.Divergence is measured with base out prism -False 14.Vertical vergence is measured using vertical prism bar-True 15.Divergence normal fusion amplitude for near 12-14D -True 16.Divergence normal fusion amplitude for distance 5-7 D– True 17.Vertical vergence amplitude near and distance 12D-False 18.WFDT is designed to use at distance only- False 19.WFDT right eye wearing red &green goggles for left eye –True 20.There are three types of accommodation declines with age [True] 21.Cycloplegic drops have a temporary paralyzing effect on ciliary muscle [ True.] 22.Asthanopia is not a symptom of accommodation insufficiency [ False]. 23.WFDT is designed use at distance 33cm – False 24.WFDTright eye wearing red &green goggles for left eye -True 25.Distance stereo acuity book name RANDOT -True 26.Normal range of TNO book is 30 sec of arc -True Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

27.BSV is abnormal so stereopsis is abnormal -True 28.BSV is normal & stereopsis is abnormal -False 29.RAF ruler is push up method -True 30.Giddiness is a symptom of convergence -False 31.Treatment for Convergence insufficiency is orthoptic exercises -True 32.Dot card is used to improve convergence -True 33.If Corneal reflex falls nasal to pupil is esotropia -False 34.Accommodation is the mechanism by which eye changes its size (False) 35.There are three types of accommodation (False) 36.The amplitude of accommodation declines with age (True) 37.Cycloplegic drops have a temporary paralyzing effect on ciliary muscle (True) 38.Asthenopia is not a symptom of accommodationinsufficiency (True) 39.The power of the lens to contract is called physical accommodation [ False ] 40.The power of the lens to change its shape is called physical accommodation [false] 41.Headache in the frontal area is due to convergence deficiency [True] 42.Cycloplegic drops have a temporary paralysing effect on ciliary muscle. (True) 43.The amplitude of accommodation does not change with age.(False) 44.Accommodation is the mechanism by which the lens changes its shape.-True 45.Accommodation is the mechanism by which the eye changes its size [False.] V.UNSCRAMBLE WORDS - Goggles 1 GOLEGSG - Convergence 2 ERVCENGEONC - Accommodation 3 DAITONCCAOMMO - Square 4 ERAUQS 171

5 VERIDENGCE - Divergence 6 TIERVACL - Vertical 7 SIRSMP - Prisms 8 MLPAIUTED - Amplitude 9 OLIAPIDP - Diplopia 10 OHPICTROTRECXEICSE - Orthoptic exercise 11 UPSSIONPERS - Suppression 12 NAERTLAIVET - Alternative 13 SINRUTENSMT - Instrument 14 ROOTSEIPA - Esotropia 15 OOXTREIPA - Exotropia 16 ODARNT - Randot 17 EEROPSSIST - Stereopsis VI.MATCH THE FOLLOWING - Plus lens 1 NRA - Minus lens 2 PRA - Controlling accommodation 3 Fogging method - Excessive accommodation 4 Pseudo myopia - 8cm-6cm 5 NPC normal range - 15PD 6 Distance fusion (B.O) - 30PD 7 Near fusion (B.I) - Push up method 8 RAF rule Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

9 TNO test - 40cm 10 Convergence insufficiency - Orthoptic Exercise 11 Dot card - Convergence 12 WFDT present - 4 Dots present 13 Left eye suppression - 2 RED Light 14 Right eye suppression - 3 GREEN Lights 15 Near stereo acuity - TNOBOOK 16 Distance stereo acuity - RANDOT BOOK 17 40years - Presbyopia 18 Amplitude - Dioptre 19 Controlling accommodation - Cycloplegic VII.ENGLISH TO TAMIL - தநர்ைளற இளணவு 1 Positive fusion - வசீ ்சு 2 Amplitude - எேிர்ைளற இளணவு 3 Negative fusion - இலக்கு 4 Target - இரட்ளைபார்ளவ 5 Diplopia - ளைதயாப்ைர்கள் 6 Diopters - கண்ணாடி 7 Goggles - ேற்தபாது 8 Present - அைக்குமுளற 9 Suppression - ைாற்று அைக்குமுளற 10 Alternate suppression 173

11 Crossed diplopia - குறுக்கு இரட்ளைபார்ளவ 12 Instrument - கருவி 13 Push up method - புஷ் அப் முளற 14 Eye strain - கண் சிரைம் 15 Intermittent diploia - இளைப்பட்ை இரட்ளைபார்ளவ 16 History - வரலாறு 17 Nasal - நாசி 18 Decreased - குளறந்ேது 19 Hypermetropia - தூரப் பார்ளவ 20 Esotropia ஒரு கண்தணா (அ) இரு கண்களுதைா - மூக்கு தநாக்கித் ேிரும்பி இருக்கும் 21 Exotropia 22 Cover நிளல 23 Uncover - கண்கள் சவளிப்புறைா இருக்கும் 24 Fixation - கவர் 25 Convergence - சவளிப்படுத்ே 26 Accommodation - நிர்ணயம் 27 Square - குவிேல் 28 Divergence - ேங்குைிைம் 29 Vertical - சதுரம் 30 Horizontal - தவறுபாடு 31 Prism - சசங்குத்து - கிளைைட்ை - முப்பட்ைக கண்ணாடி Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

VIII.GIVE THE REASON 1. For emmetropia, far point is at infinity 2.Excessive accommodation is mostly needed for young people .Why? 3.Cycloplegic refraction is important in children why? IX. ANSWER VERY BRIEFLY 1.What is atropine therapy? topical atropine is used to dilate pupil and paralayze accommodation 2.During accommodation, the pupil constricts. Why? to eliminate peripheral rays and to reduce spherical aberration 3.Define accommodation- ability of the lens to change to adjust its shape to form both near and far objects X.TWO MARKS 1.Define -Accommodation 2.Write about the Mechanism of accommodation 3.Define -Physical accommodation 4.Define -Physiological accommodation 5.Write about the Range of accommodation 6.Write about the Amplitude of accommodation 7.What is Far Point of accommodation? 8.What is Near Point of accommodation? 9.What is Positive portion of relative accommodation (PRA?) 10.What is Negative portion of relative accommodation (NRA?) 11.Write about the changes in eye during accommodation 175

12.What is the diopter of Amplitude of accommodation with age? 13.How to Control accommodation 14.Define –cycloplegic 15.Define-Fogging 16.Types of anomalies of accommodation 17.Define -Excessive accommodation 18.Define-Spasm of accommodation 19.Define -Insufficiency of accommodation 20.Define -Ill sustained accommodation 21.Define -Inertia of accommodation 22.What are the symptoms of Anomalies of accommodation? 23.Write about the Paralysis of accommodation 24.What is the treatment of Anomalies of accommodation? 25.What is the accommodation? 26.What is amplitude of accommodation? 27.What is stimulus deprivation give one example? 28.What is reason of amblyopia? XI. 5MARK 1.Explain about the anomalies of accommodation 2.Explain about the Accommodation 3.Explain about the changes in accommodation with age? 4.How to control accommodation ? differentiate between the cycloplegic drops what is fogging method? 5.Define accommodation and discuss its mechanism. Explain the anomalies of accommodation? Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

XII. MISSING WORDS - Convergence 1 -O-V-RGE-CE - Accommodation 2 A---MM-DA-I- - - Divergence 3 D-VER- -N-E - Amplitude 4 --L-T-DE - Vertical 5 V--T--AL - Diplopia 6 -I-LO—A - Present 7 P-ES—T - Synoptophore 8 S--OPT-P---E - Randot 9 R--D-T - Orthoptic 10 O-T-OP--C - Essential 11 E--EN--AL - Inverses 12 I--ER--S - Physical 13 --YS-C-L - Contract 14 C--T—CT - Accommodation 15 A—O—ODA—ON - Infinity 16 .-N-I—T- - Elasticity 17 E—S-IC-T- - Periphery 18 -EI—E-Y - Individual 19 -N-IV—U-A- - - Refraction 20 ---R-C-I-N - Pseudo Myopia 21 -S—D---O-I- - Cycloplegia 22 C—L-P-E—A 177

23 -O—I-G—T-OD - Fogging Method 24 --P—M-T-O—A - Hypermetropia 25 -E-P—A-Y - Temporary 26 P—A—S-S - Paralysis 27 N—E—A-Y - Necessary 28 -O-O-R—I-E - Homotropine 29 O—E-T—E - Objective 30 S—E-I-AL - Spherical 31 D—N-SH - Diminish 32 P—M-T-R - - Premature Worksheet 1.How Does Accommodation Change with Age ?Explain 2.Explain the changes during accommodation? 3.Blurred vision , Micropsia, Diplopia are symptoms of ………………? 4.Write the etiology of Accommodative spasm? Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

CHAPTER - 7 CLINICAL REFRACTION CHAPTER - 7 CLINICAL REFRACTION Evaluation of retinoscopy 179

Types of retinoscope - FAR POINT Design of self illumination retinoscope - PIN HOLE Principle - MADDOX ROD Characteristics of moving retinal reflex JACKSON CROSS Working lens - CYLINDER Correcting lens - BINOCULAR BALANCING Working distance Neutralization Finding power and axis Subjective refraction Pre requisite for subjective testing Optical function of trial set accessories Step of subjective refraction Starting point Control of accommodation Astigmatic correction Monocular spherical end point Binocular balance. I.ABBREVATION: 1 FP 2 PH 3 MR 4 JCC 5 B.B II. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

1. Retnioscopy Is A...Methodof Measuring TheOptical Power Ofthe Eye [B] A] Subjective B] Objective C] Reflection 2...... Types Of Retinoscope[A] A] 2 B] 5 C] 3 3....... Types Of Retinoscope System [A] A] 2 B] 5 C] 3 4. Emetropia Far Point Is ....... [B] A] Beyond Infinity B] Infinity C] Between Infinity 5. In Low Degrees Of Refractive Error The Movement Of Reflex….....[A] A] Fast B] Slow C] Oblique 6. HypermetropiaAndEmetropiaPatient The Retinoscope Reflex Seen In ……. Direction [A] A] Same B] Opposite C] Dull 7. A Retinoscope Is Used To IlluminateThe .......Of The Eye [A] A] Inside B] Out Side C] Up 8. Retinoscope Reduces...... And.......By Quickly Determine TheAppropriate Correcting Lens [C] A] Refraction Time B] Refractive Error C] A&B 9. Retinoscopy Proves...... When Patients Cannot Co Operate [A] A] Invaluable B] Valuable C] Infants 10. In........,........ Designed TheStreak RetinoscopeWith Rotating Bulbto Turn The Streak To All Ocular Meridian [A] A] 1920, Jack C. Copeland B] 1859, Sir William C] 1873, Cuignet 11.Other NameOf Mirror Retinoscope Is ........ Retinoscope[A] A] Reflecting B] Streak C] Spot 12. Mirror RetinoscopeIs ........And The Most Commonly [B] A] Expensive B] Inexpensive C] Popular 13. Central Aperture Of The Mirror Retinoscope Is ...[A].... In Diameter 181

A] 3 – 4 Mm B] 2 – 4 Mm C] 1 – 4 Mm 14. ......RetinoscopeIs Costly And Easy To Handling [A] A] Self Illuminated B] Reflecting C] A &B 15. .....[A].... Reinoscope Projects Light As ASmall Circular Beam On The Retina A] Spot B] Streak C] Mirror 16. Retinoscope Projects Streak Reflex On The Retina …….[B] A] Spot B] Streak C] Mirror 17. Current Source Is Provided By A Battery Handle ...... In Retinoscope [B]. A] 1.5v To 2.5v B] 2.5v To 3.5v C] A &B 18. Principle InRetinoscopeIs ………… Stages [ C ] A] 1 B] 2 C] 3 19. This Turning Sleeve And Rotating The Light Streak Is Called ...[A].... A] Meridian Control B] Minimum Control C] Maximum Control 20. The Far Point Of Emmetropia Is .........[A] A] Infinity B] Beyond Infinity C] Between Infinity 21. The Hypermetropia Far Point ....[B].... A] Infinity B] Beyond Infinity C] Between Infinity 22. The Myopia Far Point ....[C] A] Infinity B] Beyond Infinity C] Between Infinity 23. Focusing Sleeve Is Also Called..... Control [A] A] Vergence B] Divergence C] A &B 24. High Degree Of Refractive Error , reflex movement will be B]....... A] Fast B] Slow C] Oblique 25. How many types of retinal reflex present …….. [A] A] 3 B] 4 C] 2 26. Wide, Narrow indicates what characteristic of retinal reflex …… [B] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

A] Speed B] Width C] Brilliance 27. Bright , Dull indicates what characteristic of retinal reflex [C] A] Speed B] Width C] Brilliance 28. Plus Lens..... FpTowards The Eye [A] A] Pull B] Push C] None 29. Minus Lens........Fp Away From The Eye [B] A] Pull B] Push C] None 30. Normal Working Distance 67cm. If we Reduce Working Distance By 20cm , The Dioptric Power Will Be ……… [ A ] A] 0.50d B] 0.75 D C] 1.D 31. When Both Principle Meridians Require TheSame Correcting Power [A] A] Sphere B] Cylinder C] A, B Identify The Optical Cross For The Following Prescription Prescription : +1.0cyl 90º [B] B. +1.5 + 1.5 +0.5 +2.5 C. + 1.5 D. + 1.5 + 1.0 32. Neutralization With MovementAdd Plus Lens And Subtract …………… Lens [A] A] Minus B] Plus C] A,B 34. Neutralization Against The Movement Is Seen Add...... LensSubtract The …… Lens [A] A] Minus,PlusB] Plus, MinusC] A,B 35. How Many Types Of Pinhole.....[A] 183

A] 6 B] 3 C] 4 36. Ideal Pinhole Invented Year..........[A] A] Lebenshon, 1950 B] Lebo Son 1985 C] Michaels, 1985 37. Ideal Pinhole Size....... [C] A] 1.20 B] 1.30 C] 1.32 38. Multiple Pinhole Invented Year [C] A] Lebenson, 1950 B] Lebonson1985 C] Michaels, 1985 39. Subjective Refraction Introduced By [A] A] Polasky1991 B] Lebonson1985 C] Michaels, 1985 40. Small Pinhole Size .......Mm[B] A] 0.75mm B] 1mm C] 1.30mm 41. Large Pinhole Size Greaterthen...... Mm[B] A] 0.75mm B]2Mm C] 1.30mm 42. Optical Function Of Stenopic Slit...... [C] A] Power Verified B] Astigmatic Shadow C] A,B 43. StenopicSlit Is Used To Measure The ……….. Distance [C] A] Length B] Width C] Vertex Distance 44. The Steno Pic Slit Consists Of A Aperture [B] A] Triangular B] Rectangular C] Oval 45. Stenopic Slit Width ,Length....... ,........ [B] A] 0.5mm , 15mm B] 0.5mm , 0.1mm – 15 Mm C] A,B 46. Red And Green Lenses Are Preliminary Used Assessments At ........ [A] A] Binocularity B] UniocularityC] Duction 47. How Many Test Is Uses Red And Green Lenses [A] A] 3 B] 4 C] 5 48. The Glasses Of Maddox Rod Is....... Red[B] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

A] Cylindrical B] Tinted C] Photochromatic 49. The Maddox Rod Is Series Of Powerful........ Cylindrical Lenses [A] A] Convex B] Concave C] Aspheric 50. How Many Steps Of Subjective Refraction ...... [C] A] 7 B] 6 C] 5 51. When a patient is wearing a minus sphere finds that he can improve vision by moving lens forward, ….[B] A]Less minus lens B]More minus lens C]Compensation for anisometropia D]None of the above 52. The pinhole…..[A] A] Optimum diameter is 1.2 mm B]Overcomes all refractive errors C]Can help differentiate between macular & optic disorders D]Multiple pinholes have more effect than single apertiver 53. Cycloplegic Refraction Means relaxation Of [B]... A] Ciliary, Iris B] Ciliary C] Iris 54. Jcc Power Invented Year ...[B] A] 1907 B] 1887 C] 1890 55. Jcc Axis Invented Year ...[A] A] 1907 B] 1890 C] 1887 56. The Duo Chrome Test Is Used Ti Find The .....End Point Refraction[A] A] Monocular B] Binocular C] A,B 57. Duochrome Test Introduced By ......[A] A] Brown 1927 B] Jackson 1987 C] Freeman 1955 58. Binocular Balancing For........ [C] A] Convergence B] Divergence C] Accommodation 59........ This Line Marked For Maddox Rod Test Which Type Of Squint [A] 185

A] Vertical AmeteropiaB]Vertical Orthophoria C]Orthophoria 60. For EmetropiaThe Far Point Is [C] A] Beyond Infinity B] Between Infinity C] At Infinity 61. In Low Degree Of Refractive Error The Reflex Is----[C] A] Bright&SlowB] Bright&Narrow C] Bright&Wide 62. In JackSon Cross Cylinder The Power Of The Cylindrical lens C] ------The Power Of The Sphere A] Equal B] Half C] Twice 63. How Many Stages Are There In Retinoscope? [C] A] 2 Stages B] 4Stages C] 3 Stages 64.HowMany Types Of Retinoscope -------- [A] A] 2 B] 4 C] 3 65.Retinoscope Is Used To Determine The __________. [A ] A]. Refractive Error B].K Reading C].Corneal Thickness 66.RetinoscopyIs A _________ Method Of Refraction. [B] A]. Subjective B].Objective C].Adjective 67. _________ Projects Light As A Small Circular Beam On The Retina. [B] A]. Streak RetinoscopeB]. Spot Retinoscope C]. Reflecting Mirror Retinoscope 68. __________ Projects Light As A Streak On The Retina. [A] A]. Streak RetinoscopeB]. Spot RetinoscopeC]. Reflecting Mirror Retinoscope 69. _____ Allows The Reflex To Be Seen In The Retinoscope. [C] A]. Slide Knob B].Sleeve C]. Peephole 70. _________ Allows The Retinoscope To Project Rays That can Either Diverge Or Converge. [C] A]. Condensing Lens B]. Light Source C]Focusing Sleeve 71. When TheRetinoscope’s Sleeve Is Moved Up, It Produces__________. [ A ] A]Concave Mirror Effect B]Plane Effect C]Convex Mirror Effect 72. When The Retinoscope’s Sleeve Is Moved Down, It Produces__________.[ B] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

A]Concave Mirror Effect B] Plane Effect C] Convex Mirror Effect 73. __________System In Retinoscope Allows The Observer To See Retinal Reflex Of The Patient.[A] A]Observation B]Projection C]Reflection 74. In _________ Stage, Light Is Thrown From The Retinoscope To Illuminate The Retina. [B] A]Reflex B]Illumination C]Projection 75. In_________ Stage Of Retinoscope, An Image Of The Illuminated Retina Is Formed At The Patient’s Far Point. [A] A]Reflex B]Illumination C]Projection 76. When The Retinoscope Reflex Moves In The Same Direction As The Retinoscope Streak, It Is Called____________. [C] A]Against Movement B]Far Movement C]With Movement 77. When The Retinoscope Reflex Moves In The Opposite Direction To The Motion Of The Retinoscope Streak, It Is Called____________. [A] A]Against Movement B]Far Movement C]With Movement 78. In _________ Retinoscope, The Intensity And The Type Of Beam Can Be Easily Controlled. [ C ] A]Streak B]Reflecting Mirror C]Spot 79. In retinoscopy using a plane mirror, when the mirror is tilted to the right the shadow in the pupil moves to the left in ----[C] A] hypermetropia B] myopia more than –1D C] emmetropia D] myopia less than –1D 80. Retinoscopy at 67 cms gives you a +3.0 at 120 axis and + 5.0 at 30 axis . The sphero cylinder that you would use for the patient is ----[C] A] +3.0 DS with +5.0 DC X 30 D B] +5.0 DS with +3.0 DC X 30 D C] +1.5 DS with +2.0 DC X 120 D D]+5.0 DS with +2.0 DC X 120 D 81. Duochrome Test depends on the optical principle that…..[B] 187

A] Light of different colours move at different speeds B]Different light wavelength are refracted to a different extent C]Red & green are most easily seen by the human eye D]Green light may has greater wavelength than red III. FILL IN THE BLANKS; 1.…….Is Very Important To Prescribe Add Power In Patientand Age (Working Distance) 2.Determination Of Cylindrical Axis &Power Is Easier With……. Retinoscope (Streak) 3.While Finding Cylindrical Axis, Width Appears Narrowest When The Streak Aligns With The ( True Axis ) 4.InJcc, The Power Of The Cylinder Is Twice The Power Of The ---- [Sphere] 5.Pinhole Of Diameter Less Than 1mm Produces A Blurred------- [Retinal Image] 6.In A retinoscope -----------------,Bends The Path Of Light At Right Angles To The Axis Of The Handle [ Mirror ] 7.Other Name Of Retinoscopy Is ----------- [ Skiascope , Shadowscope , Pupilloscope ] 8.The …Is Measuring The Optical Power Of The Eye [Retinoscope] 9.‘In The Hypermetropia Far Point Is …………..[Beyond Infinity] 10.ARetinoscope Is Used To ……The Inside Of The Eye. ( Illuminate ) 11.Retinoscope Is An Objective Method Of Measuring The … Of The Eye. (Optical Power ) 12.The Maximum Distance From The Eye At Which A Clear Image Is Formed, Is Called………… (Far Point ) 13.Age Increase , The Amplitude Of Accommodation Decreases Because The ……… Becomes Harder (Lens ) 14.Abbreviation Rr --------------------- [ Retinoscopy Refraction ] 15.For---------There Are Two Focal Lines[Cylindrical Lens] 16.Retinoscope Is A Subjective Method Measuring The------- [Optical] Power Of The Eye 17.The Ray Passing Through The-------- Of A Spherical Lens Does Not Deviate.[Centre] 18.A Self-Illuminated Retinoscope Consists Of A ----------- [Projection] System And ---------- [Observation ]System Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

19. To Make Preliminary Assessment Of Vision For Patients A -------Semi Dark Room Is Necessary [Refraction] 20.The -------- Of Measuring The Optical Power Of The Eye Is Known As Retinoscope[Objective Method] 21.In --------- Observing The Alignment Between The Reflexes In The Pupil And The Band Outside It Is Called Break [Retinoscope] 22.Vertex Distance Is The Distance Between The ----- Of The Cornea And The ------ Of The Lens[Front ,Back] 23.In Jackson Cross Cylinder, The Power Of The Cylinder Is ……… The Power Of The Sphere. ( Twice ) 24…………Cm Is A Convenient Working Distance Because An Error Of 5 Cm In Either Direction Causes An Error Of Only 0.12 D. ( 66 ) 25.Retinoscope Reflected Rays Alter As They Pass Through The -----[Optical Media] 26.Retinoscope Is Used To Determine ------[Refractive Power Of The Eye] 27.ReflectingRetinoscope Other Name--- [Mirror Retinoscope] 28.-----Retinoscope Is Projects Light As A Small Circular Beam On The Retina[Spot Retinoscope] 29.How Many Types Of Projection System----[5types] 30.The Distance Between The Bulb And Lens To Allow The Retinoscope To Project Rays- -----And -----[Diverge &Converge] 31.[Plane Mirror Effect]…….The Retinoscope Project Rays To Diverge This Action Is 32.[Concave Mirror Effect] ………The Retinoscope Project Rays To Converge This Action Is 33.The Focusing Sleeve Is Called ------[Vergence Control] 34.------Is Provided By A Corded Handle[Current Source] 35.‘Understanding The Far Point Concept Of Refractive Error And Its Correction Are Necessary ; This Is---- [Principle Of Retinoscope] 36.The Rays Falling On Retina Come From Infinity It Is Known As----[Emmetropia] 37.Light Is Directed Into The Patients Eye This Is-----[Illumination Stage] 38.Light Is Directed Into The Patient Eye To Illuminate The -----Part [Retina] 39.An Image Of The Illuminated Retina Is Formed At The Patient-------- [Far Point] 189

40.The Point Of Reversal Or Neutral Point Of Retinoscope Is Reached -------[Far Point] 41.How Many Types Of Moving In Retinal Reflex-----[3types] 42.Normal Working Distance In Handling Retinoscope----[67cm] 43.How Measured The Working Distance-----[Centi Meters] 44.----Both Principle Meridians Require The Same Correcting Power[Sphere] 45.If ‘With Movement’ Is Seen , You Neutralization With------[Plus Lens] 46.If ‘Against Movement’ Is Seen , You Neutralization With----- [Minus Lens] 47.TheRetinoscope Streak Is Turned 45 Degree From The Axis In Both Direction Is Called- ---- [Straddling] 48.Break If Streak Is Not Parallel To --- Of The Meridian [One] 49.---Of The Streak Various As It Is Rotated Around The Correct Axis [Width] 50.Width Appear Narrowest When The Streak Aligns With The---- [True Axis] 51.Skew Reflex And Streak Move In – [Same Direction] 52.How Many Factors Of Subjective Refraction--- [5 Types] 53.If The Patient Vision Does Not Improve With Pinhole May Have ---[Pathological Or Neurological Defect] 54.Stenopic Slit Used For-----[Vertex Distance] 55.----Is Not Only Balancing Visual Acuity but balancing accommodation [Binocular Balancing] 56.----Is Used For Power And Axis Verification[Jcc] 57.What Is The Other Name Of Jcc----[Cross Cylinder] 58.InJcc The Axis Of Two Cylinders Is Marked In ------Colour[White &Red] 59.Jcc Consists Of -----Lens [Sphero Cylinder] 60.What Is The Use Of Jcc Handle-----[Axis Verification] 61.What Is Use Of Jcc Dot-----[Power Verification] 62.Duchrome Test The Longer Wave Length Is----[Red Colour] 63.Duchrome Test The Shorter Wave Length Is ----[Green Colour] 64.Binocular Balancing Test Is Do To Above------Visual Acuity[6/18] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

65.In Steak Retinoscopy“WithMovements”Refersto------[Hypermetropia,Emetropia] 66.-------TestisusedTofindthemonocularendpointofrefraction. . [Duchrome] 67.The Objective Refracrion Means …… [ Retinoscopy ] 68. [Retinoscopy] ……. Is An Effective Menhtod Of Measring The Optical Power Of The Eye 69. The Father Of Retinoscopy ……. [ Gingnet ] 70. [Landlot, 1878] ……. Attempted to explain the Optical Concept Underlying Retinoscopy 71. The Streak Retinoscopy Is Populased In The Year Of….. [ 1927 ] 72. The Plane Mirror Centre Aperture Is….. [ 3 – 4mm ] 73 [ .Far Point ] ……….. An Ofeye Is Defined That Point In Space That Is Conjugate With A Fovea 74. Emmetropic Patient Far Point Is ……. [ Infinity ] 75.Hypermetropic Patient Far Point Is…… [ Beyond Infinity ] 76. The Far Point Of The Myopic Eye Is ……… [ Between ] The ExaminarAnd The Patient 77. The Emerging Rays Have Not Converged To Apoint The Retinal Reflex Will Move In…. [ With] 78.If Ray Have Come To Far Point And Diverge, The Reflex Will Move …… [ Against ] 79. [ Illumination, Reflex, And Projection ]…….. Is The Stage Of Retinoscopy 80. The Dull Reflex Seen In…… [ Immature Cataract, High Degree Refractive Error ] 81.White Reflex Seen In ……… [ Rp, Rd] , Vitreous Heamorraage 82. The Peripheral Reflex Seen In…………[Pscc, Ppc ] Patient 83. When Light Source Diverge The Rays……. [ NegativeVergences ] 84. When A Lens Converge Light Rays ……. [ PositiveVergence ] 85. Rays Of Light From Infinity Is So That …….[ ZeroVergence ] 86. Nodal Point Is Placed In,……….[ Cornea To 7.1mm ] 87. The Other Name Of Retinoscopy Is ……. [ Skiascope, Pupilloscope, Shadowtest, Kerotoscopy ] 191

88. The Self Illuninated Retinoscopy types are ……… [ Spot, Margat Dobson Retinoscopy, Turivile-Pascal Dynascope, Streak Retinoscopy, Pulson Streak Retinoscopy ] 89. Retinoscopy Reduces ……… [ Time And Error ] 90.The Normal Working Distance Is ---------------[ 67 Cm ] 91.The Purpose Of Using Retinoscopy Is --------------- [ Reduced Time And Determine The Refractive Error ] 92. In ……….. [ Streak ] Retinoscopy Is Very Useful To Determine Refractive Error 93. In Low Degree Of Refractive Error The Reflex Is ….. [ Wide ] 94. In High Degree Of Refractive Error The Reflex Is…… [ Narrow ] 95. Plus Lenses Push Far Point …….. [ Towards ] The Eye 96. Minus Lenses Push Far Point ……. [ Away ] from The Eye 97. [ Break And Width] …….retinal reflex , characteristic of Cylindrical power 98. [ Straddling ] …….. Techniqe Is Perfomed to identify correct cylindrical axis 99. In High Degree Of Refracitve Error Of The Reflex Is …. [ Dull ] 100.In Low Degree Of Refracitve Error The Reflex Is .... [ Bright ] 101.[ Retinoscopy ]…… Is An Objective Method Of Measuring The Optical Power Of The Eye. 102. Retinoscopy Invented By…….. [ Jack C Copeland In 1920.] 103.A Reflecting Retinoscope Hole Size Is ------------[ 3-4mm ] 104.--------------,---------------,-------------- Characteristics Of Moving Retinal Reflex [ Speed , Brilliance , Width ] 105.Two Types Of Self Illuminated Retinoscope Is…….. [ SpotRetinoscope, Streak Retinoscope.] 106. Design Of Self Illuminated RetinoscopeConsists Two Types. There Are….. [ Projection Systems, Observation System.] 107. Projection System Parts……… [ Light Source, Condensing Bulb, Mirror, Focusing Sleeve, Current Source.] 108.Observation System Parts ……. [ Peephole.] 109.TheEmmetropia Far Point Is At ------------- [ Infinity ] 110.Retinoscopy Invented Is ---------[ Jack .C.Copeland In 1920 ] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

111. In Hypermetropia Far Point Is At …… [ Beyond The Retina.] 112. In Myopia Far Point Is …….. [ In Front Of The Eye.] 113. In Retinoscopy Emerging Rays Have Not Converged To A Point The Retinal Reflex Will Move In The…[Same Direction ] As The Streak Is Moved. 114.Beyond the far point , the reflex diverges and retinal relex will move ………… [ Opposite To Movement of steark ] 115.--------------,--------------- Is Types Of Self Illuminated Retinoscope [ Streak , Spot ] 116. [ Illumination Stage ] …… Light Is Directed Into The Patient Eye To Illuminate The Retina. 117.[ Reflex Stage ] :…….. An Image Of The Illuminated Retina Is Formed At The Patient’s Far Point. 118. In Low Degrees Of Refractive Error The Reflex Is…… [ Narrow .] 119.Characteristic Of Moving Retinal Reflex……… [ Speed, Brilliance, Width.] 120. In Low Degrees Of Refractive Error The Movement Of The Reflex Is …… [ Fast.] 121. In High Degrees Of Refractive Error The Movement Of The Reflex Is …… [ Slow.] 122. In Low Degrees Of Refractive Error The Brilliance Of The Reflex Is…… [ Bright.] 123. In High Degrees Of Refractive Error The Brilliance Of The Reflex Is ……[ Dull.] 124. In High Degrees Of Refractive Error The Reflex Is…….[ Wide.] 125. In Against Movement Far Point Is In Between…….. [ The Examiner And The Patient.] 126.Both Principle Meridians Require The Same Correction The Power Is [ Sphere.] 127.Company Name Of The Retinoscopy ……. [ Heine Bata 200.] 128.Confirm The Neutralization Point By [ Adding ± 0.25ds ] To Observe The Change Of Movement. 129.SpotRetinoscope Projects Light As A…… [ Small Circular ] On The Retina. 130. Which Patient Shadow Seen Against Movement ……..[ Myopia .] 131. Which Patient Shadow Seen With Movement………. [ Hypermetropia, Emmetropia, Aphakia, Myopia Less Than 1.0d.] 132. When A Plano Mirror Is Used To Reflex The Light The Immediate Source Of Light Moves…[ Against The Movement Of The Mirror.] 133.A Concave Mirror Is Used To Reflex The Light The Immediate Source Of Light Moves 193

[With Movement Of The Mirror.] 134. No Movement Of Red Reflex Indicates Myopia Of …… [ 1.0d.] 135. In Lower Degrees Of Refractive Error The Reflex Is ……. [ Narrow.] 136. In Corrective Lens, Plus Lenses Pull Far Point ………[ Towards The Eye.] 137. Minus Lens Push Far Point …….. [ Away From The Eye.] 138. If We see with movement , neutralization done by …….. lens [ Add Plus Lens (Or) Subtract Minus Lens.] 139. If We see Against movement , neutralization done by ……… [ Add Minus And Subtract Plus Lens.] 140. The Normal Working Distance Is……. [ 67cm ] For Retinoscopy. 141. The Intensity Of The Line Is ……. [ Bright] The Streak Is in Correct Axis. 142. We can pin point exact axis by …… [ Reducing The Sleeve Width ] And Using The Trail Frames. 143. Always We Used 67cm Working Distance For Retinoscopy. Because ……… [ Bright Reflex, Easy Calculation, Easy Work.] 144. They Are The Special Techniques Used In Finding The Axis Of Cylinder. There Are……….[ Break, Width, Intensity Of Reflex, Skew, Pinpointing Axis, Straddling.] 145. We Asked The Patient To Fix The Distance Target to ….. [ Relax Accommodation.] 146. [ Skew] ….. May Be Used To Refine The Axis In Small Cylinder. 147. The Axis Of The Cylinder May Be Confirmed With A Technique Known As….. [ Straddling.] 148. When The Retinoscopy Is Performed Without Cycloplegic Is Termed As …… [ Dry Retinoscopy.] 149. Atropine Is Used As………. [ 1% Ointment For Below 7yrs Children.] 150. Homatropine Is Used As ……. [ 2% Drops.] 151.Atropine Effective Time….. [ 21 Days.] 152. Homatropine Effective Time……. [ 48 – 72 Hours.] 153. Cyclopentolate Effective Time …….. [ 3 Days] 154. Problems In Retinoscopy Red Reflex May Not Visible in condition like ………. [ Small Pupil, Hazy Media, Scissoring Shadow, Spherical Aberration, Conflicting Shadow.] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

155. Triangular Shadow May Be Observed In Patients With …….. [ Conical Cornea.] IV. TRUE OR FALSE: 1.RetinoscopyIs An Objective Method Of Identify The Fundus Of The Eye(False) 2. While Prescribing Spectacles Overcorrection Is Always Better (False) 3.RetinoscopyIs A Subjective Method Of Measuring The Optical Power Of The Eye (False) 4.InRetinoscope, An Image Of The Illuminated Retina Is Formed At The Patient’s Far Point [True] 5. 66 Cms Is The Standard Working Distance For A Retinoscope [True] 6.IfWorkinglens Is Used It Is Not Necessary To Subtract Working Distance From The Power Obtained From Neutralization.-True 7..Duchrome Test Is Used To Find The Binocular End Point Of Refraction (False) 8. While Doing Retinoscope, The Reflex Is Bright When The Refractive Error Is High (False) 9 .A Cylinder Has MaximumpowerIn A Direction Parallel To Its Axis (False) 10.. ScissoringReflex In Retinoscope Is Seen In Keratoconus. (True] 11.InLow Degree Of Refractive Error Reflex Is Dull (False ) 12.StreakRetinoscopy Is Designed By Jack . C. Copland InTh Year Of 1920 (True) 13.RetinoscopyIs Acombination Of Plane And Convex Mirror(False) 14.HypermetropiaFarpoint Is Between Infinity(False) 15.TheStreak Reflex May Be Used To Refine The Axis Is Small Cylinders Of Break(False) 16.TheWidth Of The Streak Varies As It Rotated Around Correct Axis(True) 17.IfThe Rays Have Come To Far Point &Divergence In With Movement (False) 18.SubjectiverefractionIs Invented By Michaels(False) 19.MaddoxRod Is Used For Phoria&Tropia Measurement (True) 20.StenoPic Slit Consists Of A Rectangular Aperture (True) 21.PlusLenses Far Point In Pull Towards The Eye(True) 22.MinusLenses Far Point In Pull Away From The Eye (True ) 195

23.CycloplegicRefraction Is Not Relaxed Accommodation(False) 24.MaddoxRod Consist Of A Series Of Powerful Concave Cylindrical Lenses(False) 25.JCCIs Used To Verify The Power Of Sphere (False) 26.JCCWas First Described In 1835 For Power &1907for Axis (False) V. MATCH THE FOLLOWING - Presbyopia 1 Convex Lens - 33cm 2 NearPoint - Objective Method 3 Retinoscopy - Retinoscopy 4 Jack.C. Copland - Astigmatic Reflex 5 H.Helmlaohz - Optical Concept ,1878 6 Landolt - 3-4mm In Diameter 7 Plane&Concave Mirror - Single Or Plane Mirror 8 Reflectingretinoscopy - Costly But Handle 9 SelfIlluminated Retinoscopy - Small Circular Beam 10 SpotRetionscopy - Cylindrical Power &Axis 11 StreakRetinoscopy. - Light Source,Condensing Bulb 12 ProjectionSystem - Peephole 13 ObservationSystem - Far Point Concept 14 OpticsOf Retinoscopy - Movement Of Streak 15 Peephole - Emmetropia 16 FPInfinity - Hypermetropia 17 FPBeyond Infinity - Myopia 18 FPBetween Infinity - Same Side 19 WithMovement - Opposite Side Movement 20 AgainstMovement Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

21 Pull FP - Plus Lenses 22 Push FP - Minus Lenses 23 WorkingDistance - 67cm 24 SubjectiveRefraction - Polasky,1991 25 MaddoxRod - +Cylindrical Lens 26 MonouclarSpherical End Point - Duchrome Test 27 ArbitraryModification - Drug Correction 28 Width Streak Aligns With The True 29 Skew - Axis 30 PinPoint Axis - Axis In Small Cylinder 31 ChromaticAberration - Axis With Trial Frame 32 NoncycloplegicRefraction - Duchrome Test 33 Fogging - Fogging 34 SpheroCylinder - ControllingAccommodation - CompoundAstigmatism VI. GIVE THE REASON 1. Working Distance Plays An Important Role In Refraction- The Correction Required And The Accuracy Of Measurement Depends Upon The Working Distance 2. Duo Chrome Test Based On Chromatic Aberration, Last Stage In Subjective Refraction 3.InRetinoscope Plus Lenses Are Used For Neutralization In The Case Of With Movement Why?. If Emerging Rays Have Not Converged To A Point The Retinal Reflex Will Move In The Same Direction . Plus Lens Converge So We Used Neutralized The Plus Lens. 4.InRetinoscope, When Will The Streak Appear Narrowest? 197

When The Streak Aligns With The True Axis 5.67 Cm Is A Convenient Working Distance Bright Reflex And Easy Calculation 6.InRetinoscope, Minus Lenses Are Used For Neutralization In Case Of ‘ Against Movement’ . Why? Far Point Is Between Examiner And The Patient; Concave Lens Brings It To The Examiner’s Pupil If Rays Have Come ToFP And Diverge, The Reflex Will Move Opposite To Movement 7. How Is Fogging Done? By Increasing The Convex Power Or Reducing The Concave Power 8. Scissorsreflex Seen In Keratoconus Patient .Why ? Keratoconus Patient Cornea Is Conical Shape. 9. Subjective Refraction Should Be Patient’s Preference .Why ? The Technique Of Comparing One Lens Against Another According To The Patient’s Preference 10.WhatIs Chromatic Aberration? The Longer Wavelength Is Refracted Less 11. Myopia Patient Sees Green Better In Overcorrected State Why? 12.WhyMyopic Patients Put The Lens Very Close To Eye? The Effective Power Increases In Minus Lens While Wearing Close To The Eyes VII.THE ACTION OF AN INSTRUMENT / TEST IS GIVEN. IDENTIFY THE INSTRUMENT / TEST 1.MeasuringThe Power Of A Lens By Neutralization - Retinoscope 2.DuochromeTest- Different Wavlengths Of Light Are Bent Differently 3.The Power Of Cylindrical Lenses- Nil Power In A Direction Parallel To The Axis And Maximum Power Perpendicular To The Axis Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

4.Neutralization- Cancelling Negative Power With Positive And Vice Versa Resulting In No Movement 5.SubjectiveRefraction- Comparing One Lens Against Another According To The Patient’s Choice 6.Straddling- The Retinoscope Streak Is Turned 45 ⁰ From The Axis In Both Directions And The Width Of The Reflex Is Noted 7.TheInstrument Used To Estimate The Refractive Errors Of Non-Cooperative Patients - Retinoscope VIII. 2MARKS 1. Whatis The Use Of Retinoscopy? 2. How Many Types Of Retinoscopy? 3. Write About The Mirror Retinoscopy? 4. Write About The Self-Illuminated Retinoscopy 5. Write About The Peephole 6. Write About Optics Of Retinoscopy 7. What Is` With Movement`? 8. What Is `Against Movement`? 9. Define Principle Of Retinoscopy 10. What Is The Things Needed For Retinoscopy Measurement? 11. Write About The Procedure Of Performing Retinoscopy 12. How To Find Out The Spherical Power &Cylindrical Power? 13. What Is Break? 14. What Is Skew? 15. What Is Straddling? 16. Why Is 67cm Working Distance Used? 17. What Are The Special Techniques Used In Finding Axis Of Cylinder? 18. What Are The Stages Involved In Retinoscopy? 199

19. WhatisThe Purpose Of Subjective Refraction? 20. Define Subjective Refraction 21. List Out The Factors That Influence Patient Response In Subjective Refraction? 22. Why Control Of Accommodation is Important? 23. What Ocular Medication Is Used In Refraction? 24. How Many Types Of Pinholes? 25. How Many Types Of Retinoscopy? 26. What Is The Two System Self IlluminatdedRetinsocopy? 27. How Many Parts Of Projection System? 28. Define: With Movement 29. Define: Against Movement 30. Define: Retinoscope 31.What Is The How Prerequisite For Retinsocopy? 32. Which Patient Have A With Movement? 33. Which Patient Has A Scissor’s Reflex? 34. What Is The Advantage And Disadvantage Of Cycloplegic Retinoscopy? 35. What Is Cross Retinoscopy? 36. What Is Net Retinoscopy 37. What Is Reversable Retinoscopy? 38.HowMany Types Of Subjective Refraction ? 39. Define The Characteristics Of Retinal Reflex ? 40.DefineAbout The Pin Point Axis ? IX. DRAWING 1. Illumination stage 2. Reflex stage 3. Projection stage Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore