CONSOLIDATED QUESTION BANK New

X. 5MARK 1. Explain About Observation System 2. Explain About The Design Of Self-Illuminated Retinoscopy 3. Explain About The Duo Chrome Test 4. Explain With Diagram The Optical Function Of Maddox Rod 5. Explain The Difference Between Subjective & Objective Refraction 6.ExplainAbout The Technique Of Jack Cross Cylinder 7.HowWill You Find Cylinder Axis Using Break, Width, And Intensity Of Reflex, Skew And Straddling 8.Describe Jackson Cross Cylinder And Explain Axis Check And Power Check Techniques 9.ExplainHow A Retinoscope Can Be Used To Assess The Power For An Astigmatic Patient 10..MeasuringRefractive Error Using Retinoscope 11. JCC Explain 12. Astigmatic FanBrifly 13. StenopicSlit Explain 14. What are different stages in retinoscopy ? 15.ExplainThe Determination Of Cylinder Axis And Power Using Streak Retinoscope. 16.ExplainThe Following In Retinoscopy (I). Characteristics Of Moving Retinal Reflex (Ii). Working Lens (Iii). Correcting Lens (Iv). Working Distance (V). Neutralization 17.OnObjective Retinoscopy,The Patient Is Having Cylindrical Power. A. How Do You Confirm The Axisof Astigmatism? UsingstenopicSlit,Placido’sdisc,Astigmaticfan,JCC. B. What Are Thepossible Ways To Correct Astigmatism? Cylindrical, Spherocylindricallens Contactlens Surgicalmethods. 201

18. A)WhatIs Binocular Balancing B)WhatAre The Two Methods Of Examining Binocular Balancing C)WhyShould We Do JCC Test? XI.ENGLISH TO TAMIL: 1. Projection ேிட்ைம் 2. Objective புற நிளல 3. Neutralization நடுநிளலயாக்குேல் 4. Emmetropia கண்ணின் ஒளிக்கேிர் விலகல் சீராக இருக்கும் நிளல 5. Stradling விரிந்ேிருக்கும் நிளல 6. Accessories பாகங்கங்கள் துளண கருவிகள் 7. Asthenopia கண் தசார்வு 8. Intensity ேவீ ிரம் 9. Peephole கேவு துவாரம் XII.JUMPING WORDS: D-OCH--M T-ST B--OC--AR B-LA-CE 1. DUOCHROME TEST S-BJ--TI-E R--RA-T-ON 2. BINOCULAR BALANCE S-EN-PI- SL-- 3. SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION ST--D-L--G 4. STENOPIC SLIT N--T-AL-SAT--N 5. STRADLING B-ILL-A-CE 6. NEUTRALIZATION P--JE-T--N 7. BRILLIANCE I--U---ATI-- 8. PROJECTION ST--K 9. ILLUMINATION 10. STREAK Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

11. OBSERVATION O-S--V-TI-N XIII.UNSCRAMBLE WORD - RETINOSCOPY - REFLECTING 1 EITOSCOYPSR - PROJECTION 2 RFLCEEGINT - OBSERVATION 3 JCEINOTRPO - PEEPHOLE 4 SREOAOIVTNB - OPTICS 5 HEEPELOP - AGAINST 6 SICPOT - MOVEMENT 7 GIANTSA - ILLUMINATION 8 MVOMEENT - BRILLIANCE 9 MINOTANIULLI - SPEED 10 BILLIRCAEN - NEUTRALIZATION 11 SDEEP - SPHERE 12 INOTAISLRTAEUN - CYLINDER 13 PEERSH 14 NILYDREC WORK SHEET 1.Write about the step by step procedure of retinoscopy Neutralization? 2.Diffrence between DRY retinoscopy WET retinoscopy? 3. Explain Maddox wing test? 203

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CHAPTER - 8 OCULAR MOTALITY CHAPTER - 8 OCULAR MOTALITY Extra ocular muscles and extra ocular movements *Nerve supply *Actions Procedure and record the follow up Ocular movements 205

Binocular vision Fusion range Convergence and accommodation Cover test Measurement of angle of squint Deficiency of convergence and accommodation I.ABBREVIATION - Binocular single vision - Prism Bar 1 BSV - Cover Test 2 PB - Loose Prism Box 3 CT - Royal Air Force Ruler 4 LPB - Near Point Ruler 5 RAF - Ocular Movement 6 NPR - Near Point Of Accommodation 7 OM - Near Point Of Convergence 8 NPA - Corneal Reflex 9 NPC - Base In 10 CR - Base Out 11 BI - Exotropia 12 BO - Esotropia 13 XT - Hypertropia 14 ET - Hirschberg Test 15 HT - Prism Cover Test 16 HT 17 PCT Accommodative 18 AC/A - Convergence/Accommodation 19 LPS - Leavator Palbebral Superiors 20 IXT - Intermitten T Exotropia Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

21 EOM - Extra Ocular Movement 22 LR - Lateral Rectus 23 MR - Medial Rectus 24 SO - Superior Oblique 25 IO - Inferior Oblique 26 SR - Superior Rectus 27 IR - Inferior Rectus 28 CM - Centimeters 29 PD - Prism Diopter 30 WFDT - Worth Four Dot Test 31 TNO - The Neatherland Of Ophthalmology 32 CI - Convergence Insufficiency 33 DI - Divergence Insufficiency 34 BVA - Binocular Vision Assesment 35 BU - Base Up 36 BD - Base Down II. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER 1.[A]........ is misalignment of the eye A] Squint B] amblyopia C] ptosis 2.....[B].... squint is visible 207

A] Latent B] manifest C] facultative 3. ..[A]....... squint is controlled and not visible A] Latent B] manifest C] facultative 4. The manifest squint is other wise termed as ....[B]... A] Hetrophoria B] heterotropia C] hypertrophic 5. There are ...[A].... extra ocular muscles in both eyes together A] 14 B] 12 C] 10 6. How many rectus muscles are there in each eye ? [B] A] 6 B] 4 C] 2 7. How many oblique muscles are there in each eye ? [C] A] 6 B] 4 C] 2 8. Lid elevator muscle is ....[A]..... A] Levator palpebrae superioris B] orbicularis C] sinus 9. 6th nerve supplies the...[A]..... Rectus A] Lateral B] medical C] superior 10. The extra ocular muscles are supplied by the...[A]..... Nerve A] Cranial B] orbital C] facial 11. The 4th nerve supplies by the...[A].... A] Superior oblique B] inferior oblique C] lateral rectus 12..[A]........ nerve supplies by the medical rectus, superior rectus, levator muscle and inferior oblique muscles Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

A] 3rd B] 4th C] 6th 13. Movement of the globe is brought about by relaxation &contraction of the ……[A]........ A] Extra ocular muscle B] cranial nerve C] orbital 14. Lateral rectus main action.....[A].. A] Abduction B] adduction C] elevation 15. Medial rectus main action...[B].. A] Abduction B] adduction C] elevation 16. Inferior rectus main action.....[A] A] Depression & adduction B] adductionC] depression & adduction 17. Superior rectus main action....[A]. A] Elevation & adduction B] adduction C] depression & abduction 18. Superior oblique primary action..[A]... A] Depression & abduction B]adduction C] depression & adduction 19. Inferior oblique main action....[B]. A] Depression & abduction B] elevation & abductionC] depression, adduction 20. .[A]...... is the movement of one eye A] Duction B] version C] vergence 21. Abduction is ....[A]... Movement A] Outward B] inward C] upward 22. Adduction is ....[B].... Movement 209

A] Outward B] inward C] upward 23. Supraduction is ....[C]... movement A] Outward B] inward C] upward 24. Medial rectus muscle acts at[a] A]Adduction B] Supra adduction C] Abduction 25. Infra duction is ...[B]...... movement A] Outward B] downward C] upward 26...[B]...... is a conjugate and parallel eye movement A] Duct ion B] version C] vergence 27. .....[B].... both eyes move to the right A] Laevo version B] dextro version C] version 28.....[A].... both eye move to the left A] Laevo version B] dextro version C] version 29. …...[C]...... is a disconjugate non parallel eye movement A] Duct ion B] version C] vergence 30......[C]... Brought about by contraction of both medial rectus A] Duct ion B] version C] convergence 31. . ....[C].... Brought about by contraction of both lateral rectus A] Duct ion B] version C] divergence 32. In version the eyes move in the …[A]… Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

A] same direction B] oppositedirection C] one eye movement 33. In vergence is the eyes move in the….[B] A] same direction B] oppositedirection C] one eye movement 34. Ocular movement test done in [A]…….movement first A] Horizontal B] vertical C] oblique 35.While doing Ocular movement test, the target should be held at ......[B]. cm A] 33 B] 40 C] 38 36. The image of the fixation object falls on the.....[A]. A] Fovea B] macula C] pseudo 37...[A]...... gives a combined single image A] Fusion B] stereopsis C] convergence 38..[A].... Is ability to join two images A] Fusion B] stereopsis C] convergence 39. Simultaneous perception is the ability to see the images projected from each eye at the[A] A] same time B] after 1minute C] few seconds 40---[B]--squint may have simultaneous perception but lack the ability to fuse A] Latent B] manifest C] intermittent 41.…[A]…is the measure ofthe amount ofvergence movement which can be maintained A] Fusionrange B] stereoscopic vision C] accommodative range 42. Thepositive fusion amplitude represent …[A]…. 211

A] Convergence B] divergence C] squint 43. Convergence is made up of –[A]---parts A] 4parts B] 3parts C] 5parts 44....[B]..... Is a ability to appreciate that the focused image is three dimensional A] Fusion B] stereopsis C] convergence 45. Accommodative convergence is response to....[A]...... A] Accommodation B] fusion C] accommodative convergence 46..[A]....... Amplitude represents convergence A] Positive fusion B] negative fusion C] a & b 47...[B]..... Amplitude represents divergence A] Positive fusion B] negative fusion C] a & b 48. True stereopsis is obtained only when..[A]... Is present A] BSV B] convergence C] divergence 49. The prism used in correcting exotropia will be (A) A) Base-in prism B) Base-out prism C) Base tilted towards the patient D) Base tilted away from the patient 50. Convergence is well developed by...[A]..Of age A] 2-3 month B] 3-4 month C] 1-2 month 51...[C]........ Convergence is absent when deeply asleep or unconscious, the eyes are normally divergent A] Fusion B] proximal C] tonic Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

52..[C]..... Convergence bring the eyes from the position of rest to a straight position A] Fusion B] proximal C] tonic 53...[B].... Is the response to the individual’s knowledge of the nearness of the object? A] Fusional B] proximal C] tonic 54....[A]..... Is induced by the desire for binocular single vision A] Fusional convergence B] proximal C] tonic 55.Fusional convergence in responsible for maintaining BSV when...[A]….. is present A] Heterophoria B] heterotropia C] hypertropia 56...[A]..... Occur in response to accommodation A] Accommodative convergence B] fusion convergence c] a & b 57.NPC is measured in.......[B] A] Millimeter B] centimeter C] meter 58. Accommodation develops in early childhood&is reasonably accurate at----[A]- A] 2-3months B] 3-4months C] 2-5months 59. Tropia is–[A]---- squint A] Manifestsquint B] latent squint C] pseudo strabismus 60. ---[A]--is the torsional squint A] Cyclotropia B] hypertropia C]hypotropic 61. …...[B]......squint is phoria A] Manifestsquint B] latent squint C] pseudo strabismus 213

62.Phoria is ………[a]….. squint A]Latent B]manifest C]Divergent 63. In cover test ,the eyes takes fixation from an outside position towards the nose this is.......[A]......... A] Exotropia B] Esotropia C] Hypertropia 64. If the eye moves from an inward position towards the ear to take up fixation it is …....[B]....... A] Exotropia B] Esotropia C] Hypertropia 65. Hirschberg test is estimating the........[C]....... A] Esotropia B] Exotropia C] angle of squint 66. The normal near point of convergence......[a]....... A] 8cm B] 10cm C] 9 cm 67. If the reflex is at the edge of the pupil , the angle of squint is .....[a]...... A] 15degree B] 30 degree C]45 degrees 68. …...[a].....test is used for meaning the amount of squint A] Prism cover B] corneal reflex C] cover test 69. Loose prism &prism bar is used for......[c]..... A] Covertest B] alternate cover test C] prism cover test 70. Cover test is used todetect …..[a]..... A] Type of squint B] amount of squint C] angle of squint 71. ….[a]..... Of the prism is placed in the direction of the squint Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

A] Apex B] base C] prism bar 72. The Maddox wing consists of horizontal &vertical scale this is marked in.....[c]..... A] Centimeters B] degree C] prism diopter 73. The Maddox rod is a...[a]...method of measuring phoria or tropia A] Subjective B] objective C] approximate 74. The Maddox rod is generally used at ...[a]....distance A] 6m B] 40cm C] a, b 75. …...[a]..... in esophoria it will be on the same side as the rod, in exophoria it will be on the opposite side as the rod A] Maddox rod B] Maddox wing C] prism bar 76. Reducedsnellen‘s lettersused to measure accommodation ,this instrument is called ....[c]..... A] Maddoxrod B] Maddoxwing C] RAF-ruler 77. …..[a].....is both uniocular and binocular A] Accommodation B] convergence C] fusion 78.Binocular single vision is present when convergence is sufficiently---[a]- A] Good B] better C] worse 79. –[C]---- depends on the age A] Convergence B] fusion C] accommodation 80.The size of the retinal image of any object subtending a visual angle of 1 minute is ( C ) A ) . 0.001 mm B). 0.003 mm C). 0.004 mm D). None of the above 215

81. WFDT is one of the investigations of …[c]…… A] Alternate vision B] Single vision C] Binocular vision 82. Red&green glass used for ……[b]… A] Randot B] TNO book C] Titmus fly 83. The Polaroid glass used for …[b]........ A] Binocular single vision B] Titmusfly C] TNO book 84. If 5 lights are seen in WFDT ,it represents …[b]… A] BSVpresent B] Diplopia C] Alternate suppression 85.Exophoria is common in (A) A) myopia B) hypermetropia C) aphkia D) presbyopia 86. The cover test usual finding in convergence deficiency is slight …[b]…. For near A] Esophoria B] Exophoria C] Cyclophoria 87.Dot card consist a strip of stiff cardboard about ...[c]...cm long with a line drawn down the center of the card A] 50cm B] 35cm C] 30 cm 88. Dot card is useful for patient with …..[a]..... insufficiency. A] Convergence B] divergence C] vergence 89. The patient hold the card resting on the middle of his.....[b]..... A] Forehead B] nose C] eyebrows Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

90. What are the clear instructions which must know about dot card exercise, if patient is doing excercise home.....[A]..... A] length of time B] no of times he practice day c] a, b 91.Accommodative weakness causes ......[A]..... vision for all close work or after reading for sometime A] Blurred B] distance C] clear vision 92. What is the purpose squint surgery in adult…..[A]...… A] Cosmetic B] amblyopia C] vision 93. In Worth four dot test, if the patient sees, 3 red lights, it indicates...[c]. A] Diplopia B]alternate suppression C] left eye suppression 94. When both eyes move up and to the right it is known as [a] A] Dextroelevation B]leavo elevation C]supra elevation 95.In dextroelevation, both eyes move [c] A] to the right B]to the left C]up and to the right 96.Lateral rectus main action is [A] A]Abduction B] Adduction C] In torsion 97.Vertical squint in which the squinting eye is lower is called....[c] A] exotropia B]cyclotropia C] hypotropia 98. Depression and adduction are the main actions of …..[A].... A] Inferior rectus B] lateral rectus C] Superior rectus 217

99. The parent of a 3-year-old child notices that the child’s eyes are crossing during near activities. Cover test reveals 3∆ esophoria at distance, 12∆ esotropia at near. Manifest refraction yields RE +3.00 SPH 6/6p, LE +4.50 SPH 6/12.Cycloplegic refraction is RE +4.00 SPH, LE +5.50 SPH. Which of the following options is the appropriate treatment for this patient?.....[c]...... A] No treatment at this time.Recheck in one year. B] Rx RE +3.00 SPH, LE +4.50 SPH. Patch RE 2 hours per day. C] Rx RE +4.00 SPH, LE +5.50 SPH. Patch RE 2 hours per day. 100. When both eyes move up and to the right it is known as....[a]..... A] Dextro elevation B] Laevo version C]Laevo elevation 101.Hypermetropia causes ( B ) A) Divergent squint B) convergent squint C) Both of the above D) none of the above 102.Prisms are used in ophthalmology to measure and to treat ( c) A) hetrophoria B) hetrotropia C) Both D) none of the above 103.The sensory nerve supply of the eye is by the ( C ) A) Optic nerve b) third cranial nerve C )Fifth nerve cranial nerve D) sixth cranial nerve 104.Superior oblique muscle is supplied by the ( C) A) Optic nerve B) third cranial nerve C) Fourth cranial nerve D) seventh cranial nerve 105.Oculomotor nerve palsy features include all except (A ) A) Facial weakness B) divergent squint C )Dilated fixed pupil D) absent accommodation Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

106.Concomitant squint is distinguished from paralytic squint by all of the following except ( D) A) there is no limitations of ocular movement B ) head tilting is rare C) diplopia is rare D) the angle of deviation depends upon which eye is fixing 107.In paralytic squint deviation of the eye is variable ( D ) A) upwards b) inwards C)outwards d) in different directions of gaze 108.Alternating divergent squint is a form of ( A ) A) concomitant B) paralytic squint C)apparent squint D) latent squint 109.Concomitant squint has a better prognosis if the onset is ( D ) A) very early in life B) childhood C )at birth D) late in life 110.Treatment of esophoria includes - (A) A) correction of error of refraction B) convergence exercises C) general improvement of health D) all of the above 111.The type of miner’s nystagmus is ( A ) A) rotatory B) lateral C)vertical D) none of the above 112.The vertical recti form an angle with the optical axis ( B ) A) 45° B) 23° C) 51° D) 67° 113.Synergist muscles are the extraocular muscles in the same eye which act...........( A ) 219

A) Together B) suffer inhibition C) both D) none 114.Binocular single vision requires all factors for its development except (D) A)clear vision in both eyes B)ability of the brain to cause fusion of two images C)accurate conjugate movement of the eyeball D) defective efferent pathway 115.Hess screen records (A ) A) primary and secondary deviation B ) heterophoria C ) fusion D) retinal correspondence 116.In concomitant squint (B) A) the centre and afferent pathways are intact B) the efferent pathway is intact C) the efferent pathway is defective D ) none of the above 117. Ptosis is typically caused in the paralysis of (A) A) 3rd nerve B) 4th nerve C) 6th nerve D) 7th nerve 118.Different grades of binocular vision include all except (C) A) stereopsis B) SMP C) divergence D) fusion Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

III. FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Under action means a…..movement [limitation] 2. Over action means a ……movement [excessive] 3. How to document the limitation of movement........[plus] 4. How to document the over action of movement..........[minus] 5. The negative fusion amplitude represents............[divergence] 6. …..........is the appreciation of depth [stereopsis] 7. ….........is obtained only when BSV is present [True stereopsis] 8. What is purpose of convergence...............[bi foveal fixation] 9. When accommodation is diminished due to old age.........still occurs in response to the stimulus of blurred vision [accommodative convergence] 10. ….....is the ability of the lens to adjust its convexity according to the distance of the fixation [Accommodation] 11. Near point of accommodation is the point , closest to the eyes at which................can be obtained [clear vision] 12. ….......can be used for near point of accommodation measurement [RAF ruler] 13. The RAF ruler other name is............[near point ruler] 14..…is consists of a square metal rod with 60 cm long [near point ruler] 15. BSV informationis important when planning treatment for.......... [Squint] 16 …….. Can be tested with other instrument like synoptophore&bagolini striated glass [BSV] 221

17. ….......is the total amount of accommodation which can be exerted, expressed in diopters [amplitude of accommodation] 18. ….....is the convergent squint [Esotropia] 19. ….......is the divergent squint [Exotropia] 20. …........is the vertical squint in which the squinting eye is higher [Hypertropia] 21. …......is the vertical squint in which the squinting eye is lower [Hypotropia] 22. The eye moves from up to down is............& down to up movement is............[Hypertropia &Hypotropia] 23. ..............is the main method of detecting manifest &latent squint [cover test / Uncover test ] 24. …......is used in two ways the cover/uncover test &the alternate cover test [cover test] 25. Thereflection on the squinting eye will be displaced, nasally in.............&temporally in...........[Exotropia& Esotropia] 26. …...........is used to measure heterophoria at33cm [Maddox wing] 27. Accommodative problem should always be suspected if the main symptoms are blurred vision for near in person under ….........age [presbyopia ] 28. Heterophoria should be detected by ….......test and measured [cover] 29. ….......amplitude will be decreased in convergence deficiency [positive] 30. Convergence deficiency is usually treated successfully by .......[exercise] 31... Accommodative weakness give rise to..........[head ache, eye strain, blurred vision] 32.Phoria is called ...........[latent squint] 33. …........ is used for detecting manifest and latent squint [cover test] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

34.The cover test is used in two ways....... , ….....[cover /uncover test, alternative cover test] 35. The corneal reflection on the squinting will be displaced, nasally in …...... , …....and temporally in [exotropia, esotropia] 36. …........test cover is changed from one eye to the other back & forth several times [Alternate cover test] 37. ….........is a method of estimating the angle of manifest squint [Hirschberg test] 38. …. of the prism is placed in the direction of the squint [apex] 39. Prism is placed in base in for..........base out for …......[Exodeviation, Esodeviation] 40. Dot card is use to improve...........vergence [convergence] 41. …........ weakness gives rise to symptoms, especially if patient does lots of close work [accommodative] 42. Poor convergence is sometimes associated with poor …......... [accommodation] 43. In accommodation weakness ….........should be reassessed after the glasses worn for few weeks [near point] 44. Temporary …........lens is prescribed even if there is no refractive error in accommodation insufficiency [convex] 45.When both eyes move up &to the right it is known as …..[dextro elevation] 46. ….......... muscle is supplied by third nerve[medial rectus] 47. …...........is the measure of the amount of vergence movement which can be maintained [fusion amplitude] 48. Maddox rod is used to detect the presence of ….........[Tropia] 49. …......... Ratio is adopted in full time occlusion.[ 3:1] 50. Amblyopia patient have a better prognosis when treated before ………of age. [5 years] 223

51. Stereopsis is the appreciation of …..........[depth] 52. A child with squint in one of the eyes develops ……[amblyopia ] 53. When a patient sees only two red lights in Worth four dot test , it indicates ……eye suppression [left] 54. The cover test is the main method of detection of ........ [Heterotropia] 55. Cyclopentolate is an example of ……… eye drop [cycloplegic] 56. When the two eyes are pointing in different directions, it is known as ………… [squint] 57. In the prism cover test, the patient must look through the ………of each prism [center] 58.Patients with accommodation infacility can be given …………exercises [ Flipper ] 59. Appreciation of the depth of an image is known as ……vision [ stereoscopic] 60. Worth four dot test is used to assess …………vision [binocular ] 61.Action of the Superior Oblique muscle are depression and abduction 62. Vergence of parallel rays is …………[zero] 63.Latent squint is called as……….. [ Heterophoria ] 64.Third nerve is also called.........[Oculomotor nerve] 65. …..............test is used for measurement of binocular vision [worth four dot test] 66.Base in prisms are used to shift the image towards the......[ nasal side] 67.In …..........the angle of manifest squint is estimated from the position of the corneal reflection in the squinting eye[Hirschberg test] 68. For one prism ….............the displacement at a distance of 1m is 1cm[Dioptre] 69.Vertical squint in which the squinting eye is higher is called ….......[hypertropia] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

70. In Hirschberg test, each mm of displacement from the center of the cornea equals approximately …………diopters of squint [ 15 ] 71.Paralysis of superior oblique muscle leads to....... [4th nerve] palsy. 72.Langs stereo is used to check stereo acuity in children below...........years [5 ] 73.Elevation, adduction and depression of the eye is the action of …...............[ oculomotor] nerve 74.The action of extra ocular muscle in Inferior Oblique is............ [Elevation and abduction.] 75.The normal value of Divergence is ........... [12-14 ∆] 76.Maddoxrod is used to find out distance............[Phorias / Tropias] 77.Outward deviation of the eye is called …… [ Exotropia] 78.Inward deviation of the eye is called ……… [ Esotropia] 79.Manifest squint is called …….. [ Tropia] 80.Latent squint is called……… [ Phoria] 81.Secondary action of superior rectus is ……[ Adduction & Intortion] 82.Primary action of superior oblique is ……..[Intorsion] 83.Adduction is ……… [inward movement] 84.Convergence brought about by……[contraction of both medial rectus] 85.The fusion amplitude is measure for…….. [ amount of vergence movement.] 86.Stereopsis is the appreciation of……… [ depth] 87.Convergence well developed by ……… [ 2-3months of age.] 88.Types of heterotropia is………[Exotropia,Esotropia,Hypertropia,Hypotropia.Cyclotropia] 225

89.[Cover test ]……… is main method of detecting Manifest & latent squint. 90.Types of constant exotropia are……....[Primary, secondary, Consecutive.] 91.[Fully accommodative esotropia ] ……… is correctedfully by correcting Hypermetropia ] 92.The normal AC/A ratio is …….. [4:1 ] 93. Cyclotropia is a ……. [ torsional squint.] 94. Normal stereopsis …….. [ 60° of arc ] 95.The range of disparity is approximately ……….. [ 3000 seconds – 40 seconds ] at the testing distance. 96.The dot card is used to improve …… [ convergence] 97.Three grades of BSV is ……..[Simultaneous perception, Fusion ,Stereopsis ] 98. Fusion has two parts ……. [ Sensory & motor] 99. Normal positive fusion with near is ……. [ 35 -40ΔD ] 100.Normal negative fusion with near is ……. [ 15ΔD ] 101.Normal positive fusion with distance is ……. [ 15ΔD ] 102.Normal negative fusion with distance is…….. [ 5-7ΔD ] 103.[Corneal reflection or Hirschberg test ]...........reveals manifest squint. 104.30° = ………….. [ 60Δ ] 105.Prism reflection test also called……… [Krimsky test] 106.Maddox wing is used to measure ………. [Heterophoria] 107.BSV is checked by ……… [ worth four dot test] 108.Medial rectus muscle is supplied by …….[III rd nerve] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

109.Testing accommodation is purely…… [subjective] 110.Dextro elevation using the muscle …….. [Right superior rectus, Left inferior oblique] 111.Leavo version using the muscle ……. [Left lateral rectus, Right medial rectus] 112.Primary position using the muscle …….[all muscles] 113.Secondary action of lateral rectus is……… [ nil ] 114.Treatment of alternate esotropia is …… [ Surgery] 115.Fully accommodative esotropia treatment …….. [ glass] 116.Intermittent exotropia types…….. [Convergence weakness, divergence excess] 117.AC/A ratio measured by…….. [ Gradient method.] 118.The normal stereo acuity is approximately..................[ 50- 400 arc sec ] 119.Lateral rectus……… [6th nerve] supply. 120.Superior oblique ……….. [4th nerve]supply. 121.III rd nerve palsy patient which nerve affected ………. [Superior rectus, Inferior rectus,Medial rectus and Levator palpebrae superioris] 122.Exotropia patient says ……….. [Crossed Diplopia] 123.Esotropia patient says………. [Uncrossed Diplopia] 124.Patient says Right lateral rectus palsy. So which side face turns is there..........[ Right side] 125.Abduction is…………[Outward movement] 126.How many rectus muscles are there in each eye ……. [ 4] 127.How many oblique muscles are there in each eye ……. [ 2 ] 227

128.Name of the shortest ....... [ EOM - Inferior oblique ] 129.Name of the EOM ……… [Superior rectus] 130.Name of the strongest EOM ……….. [Medial rectus] 131.The four recti muscles originate in …… [Common Tendinous ring] 132.Which muscle is supplied by VI nerve ……. [Lateral rectus ] 133.Name Fourth nerve…….. [Trochlear nerve] 134.which muscles does third nerve supply………… [Inferior oblique , Medial rectus, Superior rectus , inferior rectus] 135.Name of third nerve ……… [Oculo motor nerve] 136.Which muscles supplied in IV nerve …… [Superior oblique] 137.Main action of lateral rectus………. [Abduction] 138.Scondary action of superior rectus………. [Adduction] 139.Primary action inferior oblique………. [ Extorsion ] 140.Tertiary action superior oblique …… [ Abduction ] 141.Primary action inferior rectus ………. [ Depression ] 142.Primary action of medial rectus……… [ Adduction ] 143.How many cardinal positions………. [ 9 gaze ] 144.Secondary action of LR …… [ None ] 145.Primary action of SO ……… [ Intorsion ] 146.Primary action of SR ………. [ Elevation] 147.Which muscles supplied by VI nerve ….. [ Lateral rectus ] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

148.How to measure the angle of deviation ………. [ Prism cover test , Krimsky method ] 149.BSV test ………[Worth four dot test . Bagolini Striated glass, TNO book] 150.Stereopsis tests ……….[ Titmus , stero book ,TNO book , Randot stereo test ] 151.How to detect phoria …… [Cover test , Uncover test] 152.Loose prism used in ………. [Squint evaluation] 153.Vertical fusion normal value………. [ 2-3^] 154.Hess chart is done at ………..[ 50cm -distance ] 155.Convergence is measured in terms of.................. [ Prism diopter ] 156.Compensatory head postures in EOM paralysis ? ………. [ Head tilt , Face turn , Chin lift ] 157.Pseudo squint ………. [ Epicanthus , telecanthus ] 158. …......test is reliable test in infants [ Fixation behavior] 159.1 degree angle ……….. [ 2prism] 160.Fusion weakness exercise ……… [ 2pen , cat card , Synoptophore] 161.Covergence weaknesss exercise..……[1pen, Dot card ,Diploscope] 162.With PG near and distant - 4 prism Eso, without PG -35 prism Eso,this case..............type of Esotropia.[ Partially accommodative ] 163.Near - 10 prism Exo, disst -40 prism ext, this case...........[exo with Divergence excess]Exotropia. 164.Pt can see RE 3light & LE 2 light on WFDT ………. [ Diplopia ] 165.Bifocal glass advised Acc.Esotropia................[Executive] 229

166.A ,V pattern means ………………..[The difference between upgaze and down gaze is at least 10^-15^] 167.4^ test is used to diagnose ………. [ Microtropia ] 168.Which pt say the Crossed&uncrrosed diplopia,…...........[ Crossed –MR palsy ; Uncrossed –LR palsy ] 169.Bsv 3 grades……… [Simulatanous perception , fusion , stereopsis ] 170.Types of Exotropia ………..[Constant exotropia , Intermittent exotropia] 171.Constant exotropia types ………. [Primary , secondry ,consecutive exotropia] 172.Primary exotropia is developed by………[ 6 month of age ] 173.Consecutive exotropia means ………[Surgical overcorrection for esotropia] 174.Convergence weakness means ……………. [Exotropia at near fixation with full optical correction in place due to weak covergence ] 175.Synoptophore other name ………. [Amblyoscope ] 176.Eso deviation......................diplopia[uncrosssed] 177.................. [ Frenel prism] can be given for diplopia correction 178.Exo deviation......................diplopia[crossed] 179.Microtropia other name …….. [ Mono fixation syndrome , Retinal slip , fusion disparity, squint ,Retinal fliker] 180.Ocular alignment test …………. [Cover test , Uncover test , Alternative cover test] 181.Reason for doing the Krimsky test one ……..Vn is very low (ex poor fixation ) 182.Double maddox rod test used for ……….[SO parasis] 183.Which instrument used for diplopia chart……… [ slit torch , goggles ] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

184.Normal stereopsis.............................[60 sec of arc] 185.30 degree = …...........prism [ 60 ] 186.How many degrees does inner and outer square of Hess chart represent [ Inner -15 degree , Outer – 30 degree ] 187.Which muscles used for leavo depression………. [RE SO,LE IR ] 188.R/R means………… [ Resection, Recession ] 189. ........ [ Fresenl prism ] is used for medical treatment of diplopia 190.Orthoptic instrument………. [Loose prism,,synotophore , bagolini glass , occluder,target] 191.Squint other name ……….. [ Strabismus] 192.Squint means ………… [ Mis alingment of muscles ] 193.Synotophore use………… [ Fusion exercise, squint evaluation ] 194.Synoptophore eye pice power …… [ +6.00ds] 195.Squint types…………. [Phoria , tropia] 196.Phoria means ……….. [Latent squint] 197.Tropia types …… [Exotropia , Esotropia, hypertropia, hypotropia] 198.What is infantile esotropia………. [Congential esotropia] 199.Which squint is fully corrected by glasses ……[Accommodative esotropia] 200.Every time check the diplopia chart and hess chart variable in ..................case [myasthenia] 201.Incommitant squint means ………….[ Restrictive squint ] 231

202.Which reason is common for sensory exotropia ........ [ mature cataract] 203.Treatment of squint……….. [Corrective with Glasses , orthoptic exercise , Surgery] 204.Squint is most common in …………. [Children] 205.Hering's law means…………. [ Equal and Simultaneous innervations of yoke muscles ] 206.Sherrington's law means……….[Increased innervations of one muscle is accompanied by decreased innervations to its antagonist ] 207. ….......is brought about by contraction of both medial rectus [ Convergence ] 208. ….....is brought about by contraction of both lateral rectus [ Divergence ] 209.Types of esotropia …………[Refractive esotropia ] 210.AC/A normal ……….. [ 4 : 1 or 5 : 1 ] 211.Which age accommodative eostropia developed…...[Onset -2-3Yrs] 212.Which type of glass is adviced in accommodative esotropia ………. [Bifocals – Executive ] 213.Which lens is corrective for accommodative esotropia………. [Convex lens] 214.Concommitant squint means ……….. [Non Paralyatic squint ] 215. Hess chart is used for ……….. [ Nerve palsy ] 216.Which muscles used for dextro elevation………. [RE SR, LE IO ] 217.Accommodation weakness...................[+ correction] 218.Cover test for near is done at …............ [33cm ] 219. Cover test for distance is done at …........... [6m] 220.Ocular movements should be checked in …................positions [nine cardinal] Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

221.V th nerve name................ [ Trigeminal nerve ] 222.IVth nerve name....................[ Trochlear nerve ] 223 .IIIrd nerve name................. [ Oculomotor nerve ] 224.VI th nerve muscle name....................[ Abducent nerve ]. IV. TRUE OR FALSE 1.Version Is Conjugate or Parallel Eye Movement (True) 2.Esotropia Is a Vertical Deviation of Eye (False) 3.Normal Positive Fusional Range Is 25-40 Prisms (True) 4.Lateral Rectus Muscle Is Supplied By 3rd Nerve (False) 5.Latent squint may have simultaneous perception but lack the ability to fuse (False) 6.Hetrophoria Occurs If the Patient Is Unable To Control the Tropia Easily (False) 7.Near point of convergence is the point closest to eyes at which divergence can be maintained (False) 8.Near point of convergence measured in diopter (False) 9.Corneal reflex test is assessed by 33cm at the temporal position (False) 10.The normal near point is 8D (False) 11.The prism should be kept tilted position (False) 12.The patient must look through the center of each prism (True) 13.TNO Test Uses Red And Green Glasses, the Test Is Done At 3m (False) 14.Worth Four Dot Test ,normal 1 White , 3 Green , 1 Red ( False ) 233

15.Normal positive Fusion Amplitude For Near and Distance in Prism Diopter 35/40 And Distance 15 (True) 16.Exotropia is the latent squint (False) 17.The Convergence Is a Conjugate Movement (False) 18.Convergence Is Well Developed By 3-4 Months of Age (False) 19.Stereoscopic Vision Is Ability to Appreciate That the Fused Image Is Three Dimensional (True) 20.The Maddox Wing Is Used To Measure Heterophorias at 33cm (True) 21.Duction is Movement of One Eye (True) 22.The Extra Ocular Muscles Are Supplied By the Cranial Nerve (True) 23.A Vergence Is a Disconjugate movement (True) 24.Lateral Rectus Main Action Adduction (False) 25.Superior Rectus Main Action Elevation and Adduction (True) 26.Cover test can be done near only (True) 27.The near point ruler provides a convenient method of measuring convergence only (False) 28.Squint is the misalignment of the eye , where the two eyes are pointed in same direction (False) 29.Fusion is the ability to see the images projected from each eye at the same time (False) 30.Stereoscopic vision is the ability to appreciate that the fused image is three dimensional (True) 31.Convergence is brought about by contraction of both medial rectus muscle (True) 32.Divergence is brought about by contraction of both medial rectus muscle (False) Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

33.Over action means a limitation of movement (False) 34.Under action means a limitation of movement (True) 35.Leavodepression both eyes move down to the left (True) 36.The fusion amplitude is the measure of the amount of vergence movement (True) 37.Convergence is a disconjugate movement (True) 38.Convergence is well developed by 2-3years of age (False). 39.Tonic convergence brings the eye from the eye position of rest to a straight position (True) Fusional convergence responsible for maintaining BSV (True) 40.Maddox rod is a subjective method of measuring latent and manifest squint (True) 41.Proximalconvergence in response to accommodation (False) 42. The Bsv Is the Simultaneous Use of the One Eye to Give a Single Mental Impression In Ordinary Seeing Condition (False) 43.2 only Red light on WFDT indicating left suppression (True) 44.5 lights on WFDT indicating normal (False) 45.The Normal positive fusion amplitude for near in prism diopters 14/16D (false) 46.TNO test is done at 40cm (True) 47.TNO test normal range of disparity 30 sec of arc (True) 48.Esotropia patient have crossed diplopia (False) 49.Exotropia patient have uncrossed diplopia (False) 50.Fusional convergence is responsible for maintaining BSV (True) 51.The Cover Test Is the Main Method of Detecting Manifest and Latents Squint (True) 235

52.Tropia is a constant squint (True) 53.The dot card is used to improve convergence (True) 54.Polaroid glassused for WFDT examination (False) 55.BSV tested without refractive correction (False) 56.Dot card cannot be easily made in clinics (false) 57.As convergence improves in dot card patient should be able to change fixation quickly from near dot to a far dot (true) 58.Prism Diopter Divergence near 15 and Distance 6/7 (True) 59.Head ache and eye strain is not associated with close work (false) 60.Measurement of NPC is done uniocularly (false) 61.NPC test is not necessary for accommodation insufficiency patient (false) 62.In accommodative weakness small power convex glasses can relive symptoms (true) 63.Patching is done to improve vision in amblyopia(True) 64.Esophoria corresponds to movement from out to in ( False ) 65.When both eyes rotate outward it is known as convergence(false) 66.Exophoria is an indication of fusion weakness (True ) 67.Torsional diplopia is caused by oblique muscle (True) 68.Convergence test is done only under monocular condition (False) 69.Convergence is stimulated by base out prism (True) 70.Dilated pupils are necessary for squint evaluation. (false) 71.Lateralrectusissuppliedbysixth nerve.(True) Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

72.Convergencedeficiencywillleadtoheadache.(True) 73.Stereopsis can be measured using random dot stereograms (T ) 74.Stereopsis is reduced in homonymous hemianopia (F) 75.Stereopsis is absent in microtropia (F) 76.Stereopsis is absent in paralytic squints (F) V. UNSCREABLE - MUSCLES - LEVATOR 1 SECLSMU - ELEVATOR 2 EROATLV - RECTUS 3 EARTOVLE - SUPERIOR 4 RESTUC - ORBICULARIS 5 UIREORPS - MEDICAL 6 OIRBUAISRLC - SINUS 7 CEDIMLA - CRANIAL 8 IUSNS - ORBITAL 9 AILRCAN - FACIAL 10 OELAVFBI - OBLIQUE 11 ALIFAC - INFERIOR 12 BIOUELQ - LATARAL 13 NEIRFOIR - SUPPLY 14 ARELATL - MEDICAL 15 PSLUYP - DEVIATION 16 ILEMAD - ABDUCTION 17 EITDIOVNA - ADDUCTION 18 DCUABONIT - DEPRSSION 19 DUACINODT - DUCTION 20 PSEIEDRSNO 21 UTICDNO 237

22 RIVOENS - VERSION 23 REVGCENE - VERGENCE 24 UWTORDA - OUTWARD 25 ADRNWI - INWARD 26 UARSPTNIOUCTD - SUPRADUCTION 27 INDUCTDANRFI - INFRADUCTION 28 EOVENTMM - MOVEMENT 29 OERTDX - DEXTRO 30 AVOEL - LEAVO 31 AONCTCRINOT - CONTRACTION 32 CLAUMA - MACULA 33 NIUSFO - FUSION 34 VAEOF - FOVEA 35 OEIPSVIT - POSITIVE 36 IEVTEANG - NEGATIVE 37 RIMLAPXO - PROXIMAL 38 TENRPIAON - NEAR POINT 39 ECNMETIER - CENTIMETER 40 TNATSNOC - CONSTANT 41 PRANSEATTRN - TRANPARENT VI. ENGLISH TO TAMIL - சைச்சீர் - சைச்சீற்ற 1 Symmatrical - பரிைாணங்கள் 2 Assymmatrical - ேளலவலி 3 Dimensions - அறுளவ சிகிச்ளச 4 Headache 5 Surgical Treatment Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

6 Manifest - பகிங்கரைாை 7 Misalignment - ேவறாை வடிவளைப்பு 8 Ocular muscle - கண் ேளச 9 Cranial nerve - ைண்ளை நரம்பு 10 Convergence - குவிேல் 11 Eyelid - கண் முடி 12 Abnormal - அசாோரணைாைது 13 Excessive - அேிகப்படியாை 14 Diagnosis - தநாயறிேல் 15 Documentation - ஆவணங்கள் 16 Image - பைம் 17 Depth - ஆழம் 18 Inward - உள் தநாக்கி 19 Developed - உருவாக்கப்பட்ைது 20 Individual - ேைிப்பட்ை 21 Corneal surface - கார்ைியல் தைற்பரப்பு 22 Measured - அளவிைப்படுகிறது 23 Detect - கண்ைறிேல் 24 Target - இலக்கு 25 Compare - ஒப்பிடுேல் 26 Deviation - விலகல் 27 Immediate - உைைடியாக 28 Squnit - ைாறுகண் 239

29 Muscle - ேளச VII . MATCH THE FOLLOWING main and secondary action of the extra ocular muscles Muscle Main action Secondary action - LR abduction - Adduction in intorsion MR Adduction Adduction in extorsion Abduction in intorsion SR Elevation in abduction Abduction in Extorsion IR Depression in abduction SO Depression in adduction IO Elevation in adduction VIII. EXPLAIN BRIEFLY 1.What are the uses of eye muscle? 2.How many extra ocular muscles? 3.Abbreviation : SR, IR Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

4.Which muscle is using direct elevation? 5.Which muscle is using both eye adductions? 6.Which muscles used for dextro depression? 7.What is the main action of LR? 8.What is the main action of SR? 9.Which muscle supply IV nerve?” 10.Which muscle supply VIth nerve? 11.Which muscle supply III nerve? 12.Which muscles using primary position? 13.How many cardinal positions? 14.What is main action of superior oblique muscle? 15.What is a main action of inferior oblique muscle? 16.How many types of squint? 17.What is the other name of hetrophoria? 18.How many types of phoria? 19.What is the type of phoria? 20.How many types in exophoria? 21.What is exophoria? 22.What is esophoria? 23.What is hyperphoria? 241

24.What is hypophoria? 25.What is the name of the vertical phoias? 26.What is the name of the horizontal phoria? 27.How many types in exotropia? 28.How many types in constant exotropia? 29.What is the name of the divergence excess types? 30.How many types in intermittent exotropia? 31.How to you find out divergence excess, true or pseudo? 32.How many time of patch time? 33.What is the common finding in congenital exotropia? 34.Write the secondary reasons for secondary exotropia? 35.What is consecutive exotropia? 36.What is the treatment for constant exotropia? 37.What is the treatment for intermittent exotropia? 38.How to you correct fusion weakness? 39.How to you correct convergence weakness? 40.What is esotropia? 41.Give example for fully accommodative esotropia? 42.Example for partial accommodative esotropia? 43.Example for non accommodative esotropia? Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

44.Example partial accommodative ET with convergence excess? 45.Which types of SX advised in Exotropia? 46.which type of SXadvised in esotropia? 47.Which instruments are used for BSV test? 48.Normal stereopsis? 49.Normal fusion range? 50.How to you seen near streopsis? IX. 2MARKS 1.What is squint? 2.What are the movements of extra ocular muscles? 3.How many extra ocular muscle in the eyes? 4.Write about the nerve supply of the eye? 5.Write about the main action of the extra ocular muscle? 6.Write about the secondary action of extra ocular muscle? 7.Define-Duct ion& its types? 8.Define –Version its types? 9.Write about the vergences? 10.What is Binocular vision? 11.Write about components of Binocular vision? 243

12.Write about the fusion amplitude? 13.Write about the convergence? 14.How many types of convergence? 15.Define –Near point of convergence? 16.Define –Accommodation? 17.Define-Near point of Accommodation? 18.Define-Amplitude of Accommodation? 19.Classification of squint 20.Define –cover test and types? 21.Write about the method of cover test? 22.What is alternate cover test? 23.What is the purpose of alternative cover test? 24.Write about the manifest squint? 25.Write about the latent squint? 26.Differentiate between the manifest and latent squint? 27.Write about the Hirschberg test? 28.Write about the prism cover test? 29.Define-Maddox Rod 30.Define –Maddox Wing 31.Define- Near point Rule Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

32.Write about the convergence 33.What is the symptom of convergence insufficiency? 34.Write about the treatment of convergence insufficiency? 35.Write about the dot card 36.Write about the symptoms of accommodative insufficiency 37.What is the treatment of accommodative insufficiency? 38.Define- Heterophoria 39.Whatis the treatment of heterophoria? 40.Classification of squint? X. 5MARKS 1.Differentiate between the positive and Negative amplitude? 2.Differentiate between the Main and Secondary action of EOM ? 3.Explain about the convergence? 4.Explain about the accommodation? 5.Write about the procedure of cover test? 6.Write about the types of accommodation &how do measure it? 7. Explain how the prism cover test can be used for measuring the angle of squint using neutralization of movement. 8.Define binocular single vision( BSV ) . List the instruments needed to check BSV. Explain the procedure to measure BSV (pg.63) 245

9.Explain about the how to measure the squint XI.GIVE THE REASONS: 1. Tropia is the manifest squint . why ? 2. If BSV is absent , there is no possibility of presence of fusion and stereopsis . Why ? 3. Exophoria is an indication of fusion weakness. Why ? 4. Check the accommodation uniocularly ? why ? 5. Accommodation tested in purely subjective method. Why ? 6. While checking ocular movements both eye must be visible to the examiner . Why ? 7. Esotropia is seen when the spectacles are removed . why ? 8. Accommodation change in age related why ? 9. Hetrotrophoria ocular if the patient is unable to control the phoria easily. why? 10. The dot card is used to improve the convergence . why ? XII.JUMPING WORDS - M-SCL-- - HO-IZ--T-- 1 MUSCLES - E-LEV-TO- 2 HORIZONTAL - A-DU-TI-- 3 ELEVATOR - D-PR-S-I-N 4 ABDUCTION - VE-S--NS 5 DEPREISION - V--G-NC- 6 VERSIONS - B-N-UL-- 7 VERGENCE - F-S--N 8 BINOCULAR - A-PL-T-DE 9 FUSION 10 AMPLITUDE Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

11 STREOSCOPIC - ST-R-OS-O—C 12 ACCOMMODATION - AC-OM-OD--ION 13 HETEROTROPIA - HE-ERO--OP-A 14 MANIFEST - MA-IF--T 15 DIPLOPIA - D-PL-PI- WORKSHEET 1.Which cranial nerve supplies lateral rectus muscles? 2…………….. are conjugate eye movement in both eye? 3.Inferior oblique secondary action? 4…………… is the ability to seen different images projected from each eye at the same time? 5.What is Tonic convergence? 6……………. Is the response to the individual perception of the nearness of the object? 7.What is the normal vertical fusion range? 8.Which types of phoria is measured with the vertical prism? 9.Torsional squint other name? 10.What is the appreciation 3 D Object known as? 11.True steropsis is obtained only when ………….. is present. 12.What is the method used to as squint with corneal reflection known as? 13.Titmus fly test range of disparity? 14.What is non cycloplegic refraction? 15.What subjective test in used to find monocular endpoint of refraction? 247

CHAPTER 9 VISUAL FIELD Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore

CHAPTER - 9 VISUAL FIELD Normal visual field Monocular visual field Binocular visual field Physiological blind spot Traquair’s concept Principle of visual pathway Abnormal visual fields Contraction Depression Scotoma Basic terminologies Field defects in various parts of the visual pathway Field examination Methods of estimating the visual fields: 249

Confrontation Tangent screen Amsler grid Perimeters Lister’s perimeter Goldman perimeter I.ABBREVIATION 1 VF - VISUAL FIELD 2 VP - VISUAL PATHWAY 3 CS - CENTRAL SCOTOMA 4 CCS - CENTRAL CECAL SCOTOMA 5 PCS - PARA CENTRAL SCOTOMA 6 TS - TANGENT SCREEN 7 BS - BLIND SPOT 8 LGB - LATERAL GENICULATE BODY 9 ON - OPTIC NERVE 10 HH - HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA 11 PBS - PHISIOLOGIC BLIND SPOT 12 BTH - BI TEMPORAL HEMIANOPIA 13 OR - OPTIC RADIATION 14 VC - VISUAL CORTEX 15 AS - ARCUATE SCOTOMA 16 ILV - ISLAND OF VISION 17 TF - TUBULAR FIELD 18 LED - LIGHT EMITING DIODES 19 AGT - AMSLER GRID TEST 20 KP - KINETIC PERIMETRY 21 SP - STATIC PERIMETRY Aravind Eye Care System -Coimbatore