دروس مادة اللغة الانجليزية للفصل الاول اداب و فلسفة سنة ثالثة ثانوي

CONTENTS OF THE FIRST DISPATCHAncient Civilizations:Sequence I : CivilisationReading comprehensionPronunciationVocabulary BuildingMastery of LanguageWritingSequence II : MesopotamiaReading comprehension:PronunciationWord buildingMastery of LanguageWritingSequence III: Ancient TimesReading comprehension

PronunciationVocabulary BuildingMastery of LanguageWritingCultural Corner: How mummies were madeSequence IV : The Arab contribution to CivilisationReading comprehensionPronunciationVocabulary BuildingMastery of LanguageWritingCultural Corner: More recent historyProjectEducation in the World:Sequence I: The Right to EducationReading comprehensionPronunciation

Word BuildingMastery of LanguageComparison / ContrastWritingSequence II: Education in the USAReading comprehensionPronunciationWord BuildingMastery of LanguageWritingSequence III: Education in MalaysiaReading comprehensionSpellingWord BuildingMastery of LanguageWritingSequence IV: Education in South Africa

Reading comprehensionPronunciationWord BuildingMastery of LanguageWritingProjectLeisure TimeKey AnswersCultural CornerProject 2Leisure TimeTest 1Irregular verbs

Sequence I : CivilisationANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS:Sequence I : CivilisationReading comprehensionPronunciationVocabulary BuildingMastery of LanguageWriting

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONSLearning about ancient civilizations is also trying to understand the history ofmankind’

Cities are a major hallmark of human civilization.Civilization comes from the Latin word civis. To be \"civilized\" essentiallymeant being a townsman, governed by the constitution and laws of acommunity.

A. Reading comprehensionRead the following text, then answer the questions CIVILIZATIONLiteral definition A civilization is a highly organized society that has developed forms ofgovernment, religion, written language, art, sciences and learning. \"Civilization\"can also describe the culture of a complex society. Every society has a specificset of ideas, customs and arts that make it unique. An Egyptian farmer using a plough drawn by domesticated animals, two developments in agriculture that led to the first civilizations.Civilizations as complex systems : Civilizations are complex systems defined by the economic, political,military, diplomatic, and cultural interactions between them. Economic systemswere, until the nineteenth century, much more important than cultural or political

spheres. Trade routes were well established 2000 years ago, when civilizationsscarcely shared any political, diplomatic, military, or cultural relations. All civilizations start small, creating state systems for maintaining the elite.Successful civilizations then flourish and grow. They hold a degree of stabilityfor a length of time. The evolution of most civilizations has been summarized as follows: 1. A group regarded as the `elite `dominates others. 2. Dominance appears into the structure of *multi-ethnic groups. 3. Over the long term civilizations either *collapse or get replaced by a more dynamic civilization.The Fall of Civilizations Five major reasons for the collapse of civilization are put forward: ƒ Environmental damage, such as *deforestation and soil erosion ƒ Climate change ƒ Dependence for needed resources ƒ Increasing levels of internal and external violence, such as war or invasion ƒ Moral and religious decline Nowadays, the entire world has already become integrated into a single \"world system,” a process known as globalization. Different civilizations and societies all over the globe are economically, politically and even culturally interdependent in many ways. This integration might have begun with the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations around 1500 BC All civilizations have started with writing in an ideographic form: alphabetic writing, printing, electronic recording and broadcasting, and computer communication. Computer-based communication will shape the future of global society.

Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, 3 September 2006New words: different*Multi-ethnic groups: groups of people from countries, races, religions etc*To collapse: to fall down suddenly.*Deforestation: massive cutting down of trees in forests.Activity I : Choose the correct answer a) b) c) or d) to complete each sentence below:1. Among the characteristics of civilizations are: a) - a written language, laws and religion. b) - soil erosion and deforestation. c) - multi-ethnic groups. d) - social changes.2. People from different civilizations started exchanges a) - on the cultural level. b) - on the political level. c) - on the trade level. d) - on the military level.3. Historians explain the decline and fall of civilizations by : a) - the emergences of wars. b) - environmental changes. c) - economic dependence. d) - various causes.

4. The development of civilizations started with a) - agriculture . b) - pottery and metal work. c) - a writing system. d) - diplomatic exchanges.5. The future civilizations will be based on a) - cultural exchanges. b) - modern technology communication. c) - diplomatic relations. d) - political relations

B. Pronunciation1. Read the phonetic transcriptions and write the corresponding words in the space provided: Phonetic transcriptions: Words/ ‘sivilai’zeiƒən //,sivilaiz / civilization civilize/eks’plein / /eksplə’neiƒən’/ 1. .............. .................../ in’vent / /in’venƒən / 2… ………. …................./di’vel: əp / / /develəpment / 3 …………… …............../in’v ‫כ‬: lv/ /in’v ‫כ‬: lvment/ 4. ................. ..................../in’veid/ /.in’veiƒən/ 5….………… .................... 6. ................. …………....../kə’mju:nikeit/ 7. ................. ..................../kə,mju:ni’keiƒən//in’ritƒ/ /in’ritƒmənt// ə’t ƒi:v / / ət ƒi:vmənt / 8. ................... …………../,k‫כ‬:ntri’bju(:)t/ 9. ………...... ..................../,k ‫כ‬:ntri’bju:ƒen / 10. ............... .................../ ək’n f‫כ‬:lidz / /ək’n f‫כ‬:lidzment /

C. Vocabulary Building:a)- Adjectives + prepositions: The phrases and prepositions below usually go together. ƒ to be good at … / to be bad at … ƒ to be interested in … e.g.: - Babylonian astrologers were good at observing constellations. - Mesopotamians were good at mathematics but were bad at surgery. - They were interested in dreams. - They were interested in interpreting dreams.Activity 1: Now, supply the correct phrase in the blanks:e.g.: - Mesopotamians were good at making perfumes. - They were interested in the study of planets.1. Mesopotamians ……………… in art and astrology2. They ……………… at fishing and farming.

3. They were also ……………… at making refined perfumes.4. They ……………… in architectural ideas.5. They were ……………………… at making sophisticated jewels.\Gold earring with inlays of turquoise. 5th-4th century BC b)- Suffixes: We can form nouns by adding suffixes –ment or –ion to verbs e.g.: - We are studying the ancient civilization of Greece. -The development of a writing system was the starting point of the growth of Mesopotamia.

Activity 1: - Now, use the verbs given in the box to form nouns that you cansupply in the blanks so as to make coherent sentences: civilize - develop - involve - explain - invade - invent enrich - educate - communicate - contribute – achieve1. Historians have given different ............................... for decline and fall of ancient civilizations.2. Citizens’ ............................... in the town activities is recommended3. The various ................ weakened the country.4. ...................... and exchanges between peoples are always positive.5. Prosperity in most civilizations is due to the cultural .....................… brought by people from various origins.6. The ................................ of a goal is possible through skill and hard work.7. Ancient civilizations made important ............................... to our modern world.8. There have been new ………………….. in computer technology.9. ................................. is the process of learning.

Activity 2: - Find the odd word:eg.: - decline fall sink grow1. prosperous healthy opulent wealthy progress2. development growth experience customary attain3. usual cultural habitual4. achieve perform fail

D. Mastery of LanguageThe past form of be:•Study the following sentences:- Trade networks were well established 2000 years ago- Mesopotamia was the earliest known civilization.- Cultural and political relations were not predominant until the nineteenth century.- Environmental damage was not the only cause of the fall of civilizations. Wh- questions What was the Oud? It was a small musical instrument. What were the Babylonian astronomers interested in? They were interested in studying the stars and sky.

Activity 1: Now complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb be:1.The Taj Mahal .......... a tomb built for the wife of an Indian prince. 2. The Great Wall of China, which ......... built to protect the Chinese kingdoms,…… completed in the late 1400’s Parts of the wall ................ built around 200 BC.

3. Harappa ….. acity that flourishedin the Indus RiverValley civilization inthe 33rd century BC.4. ……… there manytemples in cities?5. I don’t know. I guessthere ………… quitea lot of them. 6. The Pyramids .......... burial places for the Egyptian kings. After a king’s death, his body ................. preserved and placed inside the pyramid.7. Machu Pichu, the ancient Inca city in Peru ……… buried in the jungle and ................. ........... discovered until 1911.

9. The HangingBabylonian Gardens ……….. a gift of the king for his wife. Unfortunately, they …… ….. preserved.10. Hammurabi`s Code ….. the first form of a legal system.Activity2: Complete the conversation with the appropriate questions:

- How long were you there? - How did you like it?- And how was the weather? Was - How was the food?it good? - How was your vacation in -Were you in the city the whole Egypt? time?A: ..........................................................................................?B: It was great. I really enjoyed it.A: ..........................................................................................?B: We were there for three weeks.A: ..........................................................................................?B: No, we weren’t. We visited different places of interest.A: …………………………………………………………………?B: It was good but a little too spicy.A: ..........................................................................................?B: It was hot and sunny all the time.A: …………………………………………………………………?B: I loved it. It was wonderful!

KEEP IN MIND :- The past tense of BE: Positive Negative QuestionI I I?She She WAS She?He WAS Was not He? He = wasn’tIt It It?We We We?You WERE You Were not WERE You?They They = weren’t They?

¾ How to distinguish between the strong and the weak form of was / were 9 If the verb is the last word in the sentence, it is stressed. 9 If the verb is the first word in the sentence, it is stressed. 9 Otherwise it is only stressed when you want to insist on a particular information.e.g.: - Where were you? I called you but there was no answer. - I was in Egypt. - Were you? Was it interesting? - Yes, it was.

E. WritingBuild sentences from the words in brackets ( ). All the sentences are in thepast.e.g: (Mesopotamia land / fertile / due / the location / the two rivers Tigris and Euphrates. /) Mesopotamia land was fertile due to the location of the two rivers Tigris and Euphrates. 1. (The development / irrigation / very important / / inhabitants / Mesopotamia ./ ) ………………………………………………………………. 2. ( There / other Mesopotamian innovations / included / control / water by dams / the use of aqueducts /) …………………………………………………………………. 3. ( Mesopotamian people / aware / dangers / contagion. ) ………………………………………………………………….. 4. ( family / basic unit / Babylonian society.)…………………………………………………………………… 5. ( There / high circular wall / protected / city /)……………………………………………………………………

Séquence II : MESOPOTAMIASequence II : MesopotamiaReading comprehension:PronunciationWord buildingMastery of LanguageWriting

Mesopotamia MESOPOTAMIAMesopotamia is now known as the country of Iraq.The world’s first civilization arose in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and “‫”ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺮﻳﻦ‬.Euphrates rivers around 4000-3500 BC. The Arabic term isMesopotamia has been home to some of the world's major ancient civilizations. The Mesopotamian culture left a deep impact on the entire ancient world.Even present-day civilization is indebted culturally to Babylonian civilization.Here are a few examples of what our modern world owes to what is known asthe cradle of civilizations.

A. Reading comprehension Read the text carefully, then do the follow-up activities The Mesopotamian Legacy Writing system Writing is a key element in the growth of a civilization. Sumerian cuneiformemerged as the world's first writing system. The term cuneiform means \"wedge-shaped.\" It was made up of hundreds of word signs that were \"wedge-shaped\"due to the shape of the pen, or stylus, that was used. The Sumerians wrote onclay tablets that would either be dried in the sun or baked to make the writingpermanent. The Sumerians writing system led to today's writing..

The Sumerians also used stone cylinder seals as identification. Forexample, in order to identify himself, a Sumerian would roll his cylinder sealacross a wet clay tablet. This would make an imprint on the tablet that wouldbecome permanent by sun-baking. Cylinder seals were used as signatures areused today. The cylinder seal is the block on the left. It has a handle shaped likea sheep. When the seal is turned over on its side and rolled across wet clay,it creates the scene you can see on the picture above.

Education Cuneiform was learned in Sumerian schools called edubbas, or tablethouses. Only a select group of boys were able to attend Sumerian schools. Theboys were usually sons of the very wealthy families. Students worked very hard at Sumerian schools, and the schoolday lasted from early morning until evening. Students were taughtreading, writing, and arithmetic. The teachers severely disciplined thestudents. Once a student successfully completed twelve years of schooling, hewas an official scribe, or writer. This was a prestigious position in Sumeriansociety. The Scribes` main task was to maintain and improve the record keepingthat the Sumerians valued so much.

Cities The ancient Sumerians created the world's first civilization wherepeople settled together in one area known as the city-state. For thisaccomplishment, ancient Mesopotamia is often referred to as the \"cradleof civilization.\" The number of inhabitants of a city ranged from 10,000 to 50,000.The average house consisted of several rooms around a court. The firsturban sanitary system dates back to that period of time.

Technology The technological contributions affecting the modern world from ourancient ancestors in Mesopotamia are numerous. They include glass, the water clock, the twelve-month calendar basedon lunar cycles, the wheel, the plow, the sailboat and many others. A Mesopotamian sailboat This seemingly never ending drive to find new ways to make our lives easierand more enjoyable continues to drive the development of new technology todayand into the future.The plough used in farming

Mathematics The Mesopotamians used an advanced number system. Theydivided the day into 24 hours, each hour into 60 minutes, and eachminute into 60 seconds. Their calendar also measured weeks of sevendays. This form of counting has survived for 4000 years. The Mesopotamian calendar

Legal system The king of Babylonia Hammurabi (792-1750 BC) created a codeprotecting all citizens including slaves. Hammurabi`s Code, which wasparticularly just for its time, is one of the earliest set of laws known to exist. During the reign of king Hammurabi, ( about 1750-1712 BC), Babyloniancivilization reached the zenith of its cultural development and political power. HAMMURARABI`S CODE -The Code of Hammurabi , was unearthed at Susa, Iraq, during the winter of1901. The restored block is now in the Louvre museum in Paris.

Medicine Given that in Mesopotamian culture being ill meant disfavour on the part ofthe gods, medicine had a strong religious dimension. When a member of thecommunity was ill, people used to recite prayers for his recovery and health.Treatments based on plants were prescribed for wounds and sores, and they arenow known to have antiseptic properties.Ancient Mesopotamian myth: The snake that stole the plant of eternal lifefrom King Gilgamesh and shed its skin, became the Symbol of Life adopted asa Symbol by Modern Pharmacists and Doctors.

Religion The Mesopotamian religion is the oldest religion recorded. People used toworship the gods in huge temples called ziggurats. They also used to bury thefamily dead in a mausoleum below the house. One of the world's best preserved ziggurats built in 13th century BC near Susa Iraq

Culture Music and songs were a large part of Mesopotamian culture. Some were written for the gods but many were written to describe important events. These songs provided means of passing on very important information about historical events. The Oud (Arabic:‫) اﻟﻌﻮد‬ which is a small, musical instrument is regarded as a precursor to the European lute. (The Arabic name, with the definite article, is the source of the word lute'.) Tokens were used for Trade.Tokens were the first form of money. Theycame in different shapes and sizes and representeddifferent objects. For example, a cone shaperepresented a bag of wheat. These tokens wereplaced inside clay balls that were sealed. If youwere sending five goats to someone, then youwould put five tokens in the clay ball. When thegoat arrived, the person would open the clay ball and count the tokens to makesure the correct number of goats had arrived.Activity1: Choose the correct sentence a) b) or c) which has the same meaning as the original one:1. Writing is a key element in the growth of civilizations :

a) Writing is one of the elements in the development of civilizations.b)Writing is a secondary element in the development of civilizations.c) Writing is essential in the development of civilizations.2. A pictographic writing system is a system based on: a) geometric patterns. b) drawings. c) numbers.3. The Sumerians used stone cylinder seals as identification :a) The Sumerians used stone cylinder seals for printing drawings. as beautifulb) Stone cylinder seals were used for signing.c) The Sumerians used stone cylinder seals decoration.4. Scribes` main task was to maintain and improve the record keeping that the Sumerians valued so much.a) Scribes were considered in the Sumerian societybecause they were hard working.b) Scribes were considered because the Sumeriansthought that their task of regularly writing downinformation was highly important .c) Writing down information was the scribes` main task.5.The ancient Sumerians created the world's first civilization where people settled together in one area known as the city-state.

a)The concept of `city` was first created by Sumerians. b) Sumerians forced people to live together in a place they called `city`. c) People lived together before the creation of cities.6. `This form of counting has survived for 4000 years`: a) We are still using this form of counting. b) People used this form of counting 4000 years ago. c) 4000 numbers were being used 4000 years ago.7. In Mesopotamian culture being ill meant disfavour on the part of the gods, medicine had a strong religious dimension. a) Mesopotamian people believed that an illness was a punishment from the gods. b) In Mesopotamian culture illnesses were due to religions. c) Even strong religious people fell ill.8. The Mesopotamian religion is the oldest religion recorded a) The Mesopotamian religion is the most ancient religion. b) The Mesopotamian religion is the earliest religion we have heard about. c) Old religions were recorded in Mesopotamia.9. These songs provided a means of passing on highly important information : a) These songs were a way to spread very important information. b) Mesopotamian people were being informed about passing events through songs. c) Historical events were provided so that songs could be written.10. Hammurabi`s Code is one of the earliest set of laws known to exist: a) Hammurabi`s Code was invented by lawyers.

b) Hammurabi`s Code is the oldest system of laws we have heard about. c) Hammurabi`s Code exists as a known system of laws.11. Tokens were used a) for buying and selling. b) for buying goats. c) for counting goats.

B. Pronunciation a)- Pronunciation rules: The final ed is pronounced: - /id/ after the sounds d or t. They recorded the Mesopotamian religion as the oldest one. - /t/ after the sounds p, k, s, ƒ, tƒ In ancient times people worshipped statues - /d/ after the sounds b, g, l, m, n, r, v, y, and the vowels. A long time ago people believed the earth was flat.Activity 1: - Classify these words according to the pronunciation of the final -ed- created - booked - appeared - based - measured existed – survived – developed - recited – divided –prescribed – watched - passed – regarded – considered -

/d/ /id/ /t/………………. ………………. ……………….………………. ………………. ……………….………………. ………………. ……………….………………. ………………. ……………….………………. ………………. ……………….b)- Spelling rules:- The consonant, at the end of a word that ends in avowel + a consonant ( V + C ), is doubled(-p/ -g/ -t etc. Î -pp/ -gg -tt etc)Vowel letters: a e i o uConsonant letters: b c d f g k l m n p r s t nStop V+C P Î pp Stopping StoppedRun n Î nn RunningGet STO t Î tt Getting BiggestSwim RU P m Îmm Swimming HottestBig GE N g Î gg BiggerHot SWI T t Î tt Hotter BI M HO G T

–y changes in –ied in :study studiedmarry married-y does not change to –i if the word ends in :–ay/-ey / oy/ –uy/ -w:enjoy / enjoyed - snow/ snowed - stay / stayed- Now, Write the past form of these verbs:1. destroy …… 2. plan ……. 3. play ………… 4. try ……5. copy ……… 6. help …….. 7. worship….. 8. sew ….

C. Word buildingThe prefix –dis is used to form opposites of verbs:e.g. to appear to disappearto approve to disapproveActivity 1: Which negative verb fits each of the following definitions?qualify - connect - agree - believe -like - credit - approve - appear -e.g: to disappear: to stop existing.a) ………………………. : to have a different opinion from someone else.b) ……………………… : to think that something is bad or wrong.c) ……………………… : to think that something isn’t true or doesn’t exist.d) ………………………. : to remove the supply of power to something such as a telephone line.e) ……………………… : to make people stop trusting or having respect for someone or something.f) ……………………….. : to stop someone from taking part in a competition, usually because s/he has done something wrong.

Activity 2: Now, use a negative verb from the box above in each sentence and put it in the correct tense: e.g: Many species of plants and animals disappear every year. 1. His phone was ………………………. because he didn’t pay his last bill. 2. The runner was ………………………. after a blood test. 3. He enrolled in the army but his parents ……………… his choice. 4. I am sure he is lying. I ………………………. his story. 5. The newspapers are trying ……………… the senator. 6. Something she really …………………… is doing the housework. 7. Jill doesn’t like anybody who ……………….. with her.

D. Mastery of language - Past tense: Wh-questions and answers.1. Regular verbs: ¾ To form the simple past of a regular verb, add – ed. ¾ To make a question, use the auxiliary did + infinitive. ¾ To form the negative form, use : did + not + infinitive. ¾ To get more precise information, use Wh-words. - Where did writing first appear? - It first appeared in Mesopotamia. - How did they manage to improve their way of life? - They did not stop searching new technologies. - What did songs describe? -They described important historical events.

2. Irregular verbs:- Some common verbs in English are irregular. For a full list see page - - and learn them by heart. - When did the first civilization arise in Mesopotamia? - The first civilization arose around 4000 BC. - What did `being ill ` mean in Mesopotamian culture? - Being ill` meant disfavour on the part of the gods3. Used to + stem :Used to refers to something that you regularly did in the past butdon’t do anymore.- Did Persian women use to run ceremonies in temples? ritual- No, ordinary women didn’t use to run used ceremonies in temples. Only Persian princesses to run them.( + ) Subject + used to + stem.( ? ) Did + Subject + use to + stem ?( - ) Subject + Did not + use to + stem.

Sumerian princesses dressed in colourful clothes. Their jewellery was madefrom gold, silver and precious stones.Activity 1: Now, supply the correct form of the verbs between brackets:Mesopotamian people (build) ……………..…………. cities,(create) ………………. writing systems, (learn) ….......………to make pottery and (domesticate) ………………… animals.They (develop) ……….……………… technologies such asmetalworking and glassmaking. They (be) ……………. alsoone of the first Bronze Age people in the world who (use)…………….………… copper, bronze, gold, and iron to make

tools and weapons. Another aspect of their skills (be)…………………. the construction of tables to aid calculation. The Abacus The number, which was theancestor of the computer, can be dated back to the Sumerians time at about 4000 BC.Babylonians invented the Abacus, at about 3000 BC.

Activity 2: Ask questions according to the underlined words:1. ……………………………………………….?1. Writing first appeared in Mesopotamia.2. ………………………………………………?2. The Code of Hammurabi was unearthed in 1901.3………………………………………………………….?3. There were about 50,000 inhabitants in a city.4………………………………………………………….?4. Songs were a large part of Mesopotamian culture because they were a means of passing on highly important information.Activity 3: Complete the sentences below with the correct form of ‘used to’ :1. In ancient Mesopotamia, Astrologers (consult) …........ ………………… stars for predicting the future.2. They (observe) ……………………. constellations for determining the planting and harvesting of crops.3. People (worship) ………………. the gods in huge temples.4. They (bury) ……………………… the family dead in a mausoleum below the house.5. What they (do) ……………………. when a member of the community was ill?

6. People (recite) ………………. prayers for his recovery.7. In ancient times, Egyptians (no bury) …………………. the dead. They (mummify) ……………………… the corpses so as to preserve them for an afterlife. Photo of an Egyptian mummy – Science museum, London