Social-Studies-Grade-12-Nepal

;8s, gbL cflbsf] !) jif{ cufl8 / clxn]sf] gS;f agfpgk' 5{ . To;nfO{ hf8] / bO' { gS;fdf cnu cnu bv] fgk' 5{ . efu} fl] ns ;r\" gf k0| ffnLsf] l;kn] ljBfno ;w' f/ ofh] gf tof/ ug{, ljBfnosf] k|efj Ifq] klxrfg ug{ / ljb\\ofno cfpg nfUg] ;do lgsfNg, lhNnfsf] gS;fdf ljb\\ofnosf] cjl:ylt bv] fpg ;lsG5 . ef}ufl] ns j:ts' f] oyfy{ klxrfg ug,{ j:t'sf] oyfy{ cjl:ylt b]vfpg, ;dofg;' f/ ep\" kofu] , ;x/Ls/0f, jgn] cf]u6s] f] If]q cflbsf] kl/jltt{ :j¿k bv] fpg, tYofª\\sx¿sf] ljt/0f k0| ffnL / 9frF f b]vfpg o; k0| ffnLsf] pkof]u ul/g] xg' fn] o;sf] dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . To:t} ljleGg j:t'x¿sf] t'ngfTds cj:yf ljZn]if0f ug,{ cfkm\" a;]sf] kb| ]z, lhNnfsf] k|zf;lgs l;dfgf 5'6o\\ fpg, ;|f] t gS;f tof/ ug{ klg of] k|ljlwsf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 . ;dx\" v b/\" ;+j]bg b/\" ;j+ b] g eGgfn] 6f9fsf 36gfx¿sf] ultljlwx¿nfO{ cjnfs] g ug,{] clenv] ug{] / a‰' g] sfon{ fO{ hgfpF5 . b\"/ ;j+ ]bgdf ;G] ;/ ul/g] 36gfx¿ kT| oIf xfdf| ] ;Dks{df x'Fbg} g\\ . o:tf 36gfx¿nfO{ ljBt' \\ r'DasLo ljls/0fsf] ;xfotn] ;]lG;ª ul/G5 . ;f}lo{s ls/0f tfksf] kd| v' ;|f]t xf,] h;n] jfo'd08ndf tfknfO{ ljls/0faf6 k7fp5F . ljls/0fsf t/ªx¿ sg' } j:td' f k/k] l5 ;G] ;/n] /]s8{ ug{ yfN5 . ;]G;/n] /]s8{ u/Psf j:t'x¿sf] k|;f/0f, u|x0f / k|;s/0fn] b[Zo kl| tlglwTj kmf]6f] tof/ xb'F h} fG5 . o;nfO{ 5lj elgG5 . t;y,{ k[YjLsf] jf:tljs :j¿ksf] hfgsf/L 5ljsf] ljZni] f0faf6 ul/G5 . kf| /Dedf kmf6] f] lvRg d];]Gh/ k/]jf, ktªu\\ , /s]6, / dfgj/lxt a]ng' x¿ k|ofu] ul/GYof] . ;aeGbf klxnf] ljZj o'4df ;}Go lgu/fgLsf nflu xjfO{ lrq0fsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] . @) cf} F ztfAbLsf] pQ/fw{df pkux| x¿sf] ljsf;;Fu} /8f/nfO{ ;G} o p2]Zon] k|ofu] ug{ yflnof] . :k]; kf| A] ;sf] afx\\o cGtl/If ofgn] a'w ux| sf] lj:tt[ efu} f]lns gS;f k|bfg u/s] f] lyof] . ;g\\ !(^) / !(&) sf] bzsdf pkux| nfO{ kmf]6f] ;+:s/0fsf] ¿kdf ljsf; eof] . o;nfO{ Od]h/Lsf] 5lj ;:+ s/0f klg elgof] . e\"pku|x / ljdfgdf h8fg ul/Psf l/df]6 ;l] G;ªn] es' Dksf Ifltsf] ljj/0f tof/ kfg{sf ;fy} hxfhx¿df /x]sf] k|0ffnLaf6 ;d'›sf] ulx/fOsf] tl:a/ xg] { b\"/ ;+jb] gsf] ko| f]u ul/G5 . pkux| df hl8t Sofd/] fn] dxf;fu/sf] tfkj|mddf x'g] kl/jt{gsf] klg tl:a/ lng klg o;sf] pkof]u /xg] xFb' f o; k|ljlwsf] dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . ;x/L ljsf;, e\"pkof]u, hª\\un cflbsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ clen] lvs/0f ug{ klg of] kl| jlw dxŒjk0\" f{ dflgG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 151

;d\"x u Unf]an kf]lh;lgªu\\ l;:6d Unfa] n kfl] h;lgª l;:6dnfO{ j}lZjs:yfg lgwf/{ 0f k0| ffnL elgG5 . of] k|0ffnL pkux| , u|fpG8 :6];g, l/l;e/ / ko| fu] stf{x¿ ldn]/ ags] f] xG' 5 . of] k0| ffnLdf pku|xn] gIfqsf tf/fx¿n] h:t} sfd u5{ . o;df df]afOn kmfg] h:t} Ps l/l;e/ xG' 5, h;n] pku|xaf6 cfPsf ;ªs\\ t] x¿nfO{ clen]v u5{ . ;ª\\s]tx¿ Pscsf{af6 slt 6f9f /x]sf 5g\\ To;sf] b'/L slt 5 eg]/ u0fgf u5{ . ToxL u0fgfsf cfwf/df s'g} klg 7fpFsf] cjl:ylt kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . ;o+ S' t /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /Iff ljefun] ;ae} Gbf klxn] lhlkP;sf] k|of]u u/s] f] lyof] . t;y{, lhlkP; eGgfn] cdl] /sL g]leu;] g k|0ffnLnfO{ hgfpF5 . lhlkP;nfO{ ljZjJofkL g]leu];g pkux| k0| ffnL jf l/l;e/sf] ;fy lhlkP;sf] gfdn] klg lrlgG5 . lhlkP; Ps Unf]an g]leu];g pku|x k0| ffnL xf] . of] pkux| k0| ffnLn] sDtLdf @$ pku|x, Ps l/l;e/ / PNufl] /bdsf] ko| fu] u5{ . o;n] :yfg, ju] / ;donfO{ Pp6} nodf 9fN5 . lhlkP; !(*# kl5 dfq lhlkP;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] lyof] . !(() sf] ;'?df lhlkP; ;] jfx¿ d\"n ¿kdf dfgs l:ylt ;j] fdf ljeflht ul/Psf] lyof], hg' dV' o ¿kdf hgtfsf nflu l8hfOg ul/Psf] lyof] . ToxL ;dodf ;g] fn] ;6Ls l:ylt ;]jfsf] ko| fu] df NofPsf] lyof] . lhlkP;sf] dxTj/ k|of]u lhlkP;n] h:tf;] s' } ;do / df;} ddf sfd u5{ . of] pks/0f hn, :yn / xjfO{ ofqfsf nflu pkofu] L x'G5 .lhlkP;sf w]/} k|ofu] x¿ 5g\\ . o;sf kfFr k|sf/sf k|of]ux¿nfO{ k|d'v dflgG5gM\\ -s_ :yfgMcjl:ylt klxrfg ug{ -v_ g]leu];gMPs :yfgaf6 csf]{df hfg jf kU' g -u_ cgu' dgM j:t' jf JolStnfO{ cg'udg ug{ -3_ gS;fªs\\ gMljZjsf] gS;f tof/ ug{ -ª_ ;doM jf:tljs ;do dfkg ug{ clxn] gk] fndf lhlkP;sf] Jofks k|of]u eO/xs] f] 5 . 7'nf 7'nf ;x/x¿df ;jf/L ;fwgdf o; kl| jlwnfO{ pkof]u u/L ;jf/L ;fwgn] ofqx' ¿nfO{ ;]jf lbO/xs] f xG' 5g\\ . lghL ;]jf kb| fos lgsfon] sf7df8f}F nufotsf 7n' f ;x/df o:tf ;]jf lbO/x]sf 5g\\ . 152 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

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PsfO ^ gk] fnsf] Oltxf; ! g]kfnsf] k|frLg Oltxf; kf7 M gk] fnsf] Oltxf;sf] sfn ljefhg kf| rLg sfn lj=;=+ (#^ eGbf cl3 gk] fn ;j+ t\\ ;?' x'g'cl3 dWo sfn lj=;=+ (#^ bl] v !*@% g]kfn ;j+ t\\ ;?' ePbl] v gk] fn PsLs/0fsf j|mddf ;Dd k[YjLgf/fo0fzfxaf6 sflGtk'/ ljho geP;Dd cfwl' gs sfn lj=;+= !*@% b]lv k[YjLgf/fo0fzfxaf6 sf7df8fF} ljho ePb]lv xfn;Dd xfn;Dd g]kfn uf/} jzfnL Oltxf; af]s]sf] bz] xf] . gk] fnsf] Oltxf; lgs} kf| rLg dflgG5 . gk] fnnfO{ ;Too'udf ;TojtL, q]tfo'udf tkf]jg / åfk/o'udf dl' St;f]kfg elgGYof] . kf/} fl0fs sfnsf ljleGg uG| ydf gk] fn gfd pNn]v ePaf6 g]kfnsf] Oltxf; lgs} kf| rLg ePsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . klZrd g]kfnsf] a6' jnIfq] df kfOPsf] /fdflky]s; dfgjsf] cjzi] fn] Ps s/f8] jife{ Gbf cufl8bl] v g} gk] fndf dfgjsf] a;f]af; ;'? eO;s]sf] tYo k'li6 x'G5 .gk] fn ljleGg Clifdl' gx¿sf] tkfe] l\" dsf¿kdf /xs] f] lyof] . sfl} zs, afNdLlsnufotsf ;ofF} Clifdl' gn] oxfF cfO{ tk:of uy{] . oxfF an] favtdf ljkZjL a'4, lzvL a4' , ljZje\" a4' , d~h>' L af]lw;Tj, j|msR' 5Gb a'4h:tf tk:jLx¿ cfpg] uy]{ . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ dV' o u/L kf| rLg sfn, dWo sfn / cfwl' gs sfn u/L tLg v08df ljefhg u//] cWoog ul/G5 . sfn eGgfn] ;do cjlw a'lemG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 PsLs/0f x'g' cl3;Dd gk] fn eGgfn] sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf ljsf; ePsf] /fHonfO{ al' emGYof] . ;f] /fHo ;do ;dodf lj:tf/ xg' ] / 6l' jm| g] ul//xGYof] uf/] vfsf /fhf kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] lj=;+= !*@% df sf7df8f}F ljho u/] . To;kl5 pgn] sf7df8fFn} fO{ /fhwfgL agfP/cfw'lgs g]kfn /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] . oxL uf}/jzfnL bz] g} cfhsf] gk] fn xf] . != g]kfn /fHosf] pTklQ g]kfnsf] /fHosf] pTklQ s;/L eof] eGg] ;DaGwdf Oltxf;sf/x¿n] ljleGg kd| f0fx¿sf] vfh] L u//] tYo aflx/ NofPsf 5g\\ . o;sf cfwf/df gk] fnsf] pTklQ / gfds/0f s;/L eof] xfn] f egL cgd' fg nufpg ;lsG5 . g]kfn /fHosf] pTklQ / gfds/0fsf ljifodf ljleGg tYo tyf wf/0ffx¿ k|sfzdf cfPsf 5g\\ . 154 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

-s_ ef}ufl] ns tYo sl/a !# s/f]8 jif{ klxnf g]kfn /x]sf] 7fpdF f 6l] y; ;fu/ gfds Ps ;db' | lyof] . blIf0ftkms{ f] hldg pQ/tkm{ ;b{} hfg] j|mddf 6]ly; ;fu/sf] lkFw RoflkbF } uof] / lkFwsf] hldgdfly p7b\\ } uof] . jl/kl/sf gbLx¿n] NofPsf kbfy{x¿ klg y'lkF|b} uof] . o;/L lxdfno kj{t / df8] bf/ kjt{ x¿sf] pTklQ eof] . ToxL df8] bf/ kjt{ sf] lardf xfnsf] g]kfn /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] clwsf+z 7fpFdf rg' 9'ª\\ufnufotsf kq] r66\\ fgx¿ kfOg'n] klg o; tYonfO{ kl' i6 u5{ . ;d'b|df s/f]8fF} jif{;Dd ;db' |L hLjsf] x88\\ L hDdf eP/ r'g 9ª' \\uf lgdf{0f x'G5 . g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf klg ;d'b|L hLjfjzi] f kfOG5 . zflnuf| d To:t} ;db' L| hLjsf] hLJffjz]if xf] . sfnL u08sL gbLn] lxdfnL Ifq] af6 zflnu|fd aufP/ Nofp5F . kxf8x¿ aGg] jm| ddf xfn sf7df8fF} pkTosf /xs] f] :yfgdf Ps ljzfn tfn ags] f] lyof] . nfvf}F jif{;Dd o; jl/kl/sf vf]nfx¿ afudtL, lji0f'dtL, xgd' Gt,] dgx/f, uf]bfj/L, sf8] s\\ ', gSv' cflbn] aufP/ NofPsf j:t' yl' k|P/ ;f] tfnsf] lkwF dfly p7\\b} cfof] . rfe] /sf] 8fF8f r'g9ª' u\\ fn] ags] f] kxf8 xf] . r'g9ª' \\uf kfgL;Fu k|ltljm| ofug{] x'gfn] ToxfF r'g9'ªu\\ f lvObF } uP/ uN5L aGof] / tfnsf] kfgL ;'Sg uof] . To;kl5 oxfF jl/kl/sf 8f8F faf6 dflg;x¿ cfO{ ufOj:t' r/fpg yfn] . oxLF vt] LkftL u//] a:g yfn] . To;kl5 ToxfF gk] fn gfdsf] /fHo :yfkgf eof] . -v_ kf/} fl0fs tYo dxfef/t, kzk' lt k'/f0f, af4} u|Gynufotsf ljleGg wflds{ u|Gyx¿df gk] fn /fHo / oxfFsf / fhfx¿sf] pNnv] kfOG5 . gk] fn gfdsf] klxnf] pNnv] %)) bl] v ^)) O=k=\" df /rgf ul/Psf] cyj{ kl/lzi6df ul/Psf] kfOG5 .oL tYoaf6 kf/} fl0fs sfnbl] v g} gk] fnsf] cl:tTj lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . To;an] f dWoIfq] df g]kfn, kj\" {df ldlynf /fHo, klZrddf zfSo j+zLo /fHo /xs] f] kfOG5 . -u_ Pl] txfl;s tYo ef/tLo uK' t ;df| 6\\ ;d'bu| K' tn] cfˆgf] Onfxfjfb clenv] df gk] fnsf] pNn]v …l5d]s /fHoÚ sf] ¿kdf u/]sf 5g\\ . To;kl5sf k|foM ;a} ;f| t] x¿n] g]kfnsf] pNn]v :jtGq /fHosf] ¿kdf g} u/] sf 5g\\ . gk] fnsf lznfn]vx¿df eg] lj=;=+ %^( sf] l6:6ª' clen]vdf klxnf]k6s g]kfn zAbsf] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o;/L of] d'n's k|frLg ;dob]lv g} gk] fn gfdaf6 kl/lrt /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . @= gk] fnsf] gfds/0f gk] fn gfd s;/L /xg ufof] eGg] ;DaGwdf km/s km/s ts{ kfOG5 . Oltxf;sf/n] ljleGg tYosf cfwf/df g]kfn gfd /xg uPsf] xf] eGg] ts{ k|:tt' u/s] f 5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 155

-s_ efiffsf] cfwf/df …gk] fnÚ kf/} fl0fs ls/ftL zAb …g]kfÚ sf] ;f:+ sl[ ts ¿k xf] . ls/ftL / g]jf/L efiffdf …g]Ú sf] cy{ …dWoÚ / …kfÚ sf] cy{ …bz] Ú cyf{t\\ …dWobz] Ú x'G5 . dWokxf8L v08df /xs] f] …gk] fÚ df …nÚ k|Too nfu]/ g]kfn gfd /xs] f] bl] vG5 . ltAatL efiffdf …g]Ú sf] cy{ 3/ / …kfnÚ sf] cy{ pg x'G5 . To;a]nf o; Ifq] df e8] fkfng a9L ePsfn] g]knaf6 pg / pgL sk8f ljb]zdf lgoft{ xG' Yof] . To;n} ] pgsf] 3/ cyf{tp\\ g xg' ] 7fpsF f] ¿kdf of] Ifq] sf] gfds/0f g]kfn /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . lnDa' efiffdf gk] fnsf] cy{ ;dtn e\"ld eGg] xG' 5 . kxf8L v08df 7'nf] db} fgL pkTosf ePsfn] o;sf] gfd gk] fn /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . k/' fgf] nK] rf efiffdf …gÚ] sf] cy{ kljq / …kfnÚ sf] cy{ u'kmf x'G5 . o;/L …gk] fnÚ n] k0' oe\"ld jf wflds{ :yn ae' mfpF5 . ctM n]Krf efiffg;' f/ o; 7fpsF f] gfd gk] fn /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . gk] fnsf tfdfªx¿n] klg tLy{nfO{ …gÚ] eG5g\\ . nfdf wd{uG| ydf …g]Ú sf] cy{ kljq :yfg xf] . g] kfndf k|z:t wflds{ :yn ePsfn]tfdfª efiffcg;' f/ k0' o e\"ldsf¿kdf g]kfn gfd /xg uPsf] x'g ;S5 . ;+:s[t efiffdf gLkM egs] f] kxf8sf] km]bL xG' 5 ;f] zAbdf pk;u{ cfn -:yfg_ hf8] ]/ g]kfn ePsf] cg'dfg5 . cfnsf] cy{ 3/x'G5 .kxf8L sfvdf /xs] f] pkTosf ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ g] kfn eGg yflnof] . -v_ kf}/fl0fs cfwf/df gk] fn dxfTDocg;' f/ g]kfn pkTosfd…gÚ] gfd u/]sf Clif a:y] . pgn] o; /fHosf] :yfkgf ugs'{ f ;fy} oxfFsf hgtfsf] nfnkfng u/]sf lyP . To;}n] g] dl' gåf/f kflnt ePsfn] o; b] zsf] gfd g]kfn /xg uPsf] dflgG5 . -u_ P]ltxfl;s cfwf/ gk] fnsf kf| rLg zf;s ufk] fnjz+ Lx¿nfO{ ælgkÆ elgGYof] . cfnosf] cy{ 3/ xf] . To;n} l] gkx¿sf] zf;g rn]sf] /fHo ePsf] x'gfn] o; bz] nfO{ gk] fn elgof] . #= kf| rLg g]kfn gk] fnL ;Eotfsfk] f| rLg Oltxf; w/] } xb;Dd lsj+ bGtLdf cfwfl/t eP tfklg sx] L dn\" et\" s/' fx¿ kd| fl0ft ePsf 5g\\ . ls/ftsfnkj\" s{ f 7f]; P]ltxfl;s ;fduL| kf| Kt x'g ;s]sf 5g} g\\ . vf; u/L To; ;dosf] Oltxf;sf dV' o ;f| t] x¿ uf]kfn jz+ fjnL, efiff j+zfjnL, ss{k]l6«ssf] j+zfjnL / 156 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

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sf] ePsf] dflgG5 . log}sf] kfnfdf ls/ft]Zj/ dxfbj] sf] pTklQ ePsf] / dxfef/t o4' sf Ps dxf/yL ch{'g;Fu ls/ft]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] n8fOF ePsf] pNnv] 5 . ;ftfF} ls/ftL /fhf lhtb] f:tLsf kfnfdf uft} d a4' sf r]nf leIf' cfgGb gk] fn cfPsf lyP . rfw} fF} ls/ftL /fhf :yª' \\sfs] f] kfnfdf ef/tsf dfo} { ;d|f6\\ czf]s 5f/] L rf?dtLnfO{ ;fydf lnP/ gk] fn cfPsf lyP . pgn] nl' DagLdf uft} da4' sf] hGd:yn kQf nufP/ /fvs] f] :tDe cem} h:tfsf] To:t} 5 . nlntk/' df klg ;d|f6c\\ zfs] n] ;x/sf] rf/ s'gfdf rf/cf6] f rf/ :t\"kx¿agfpg nufPsf lyP . tL :t\"kx¿ nlntk/' sf] nugv]n, k'Nrfs] / Odf8fn] df cem} bV] g kfOG5 . pgsL 5f]/L rf?dtLn] rfalxndfljxf/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] s/' f pNnv] 5 . af4} leR5x' ¿ a:g / cWoog ugs{ f nflu agfOPsf] ljxf/nfO{ alxn klg elgG5 . rf?dtLs} gfdaf6 ;f] ljxf/sf] gfd rfalxn /xs] f] dflgG5 .rf?dtLsf] ljjfx sflGtk/' sf b]jkfn;Fu ePsf] lyof] . pgs} gfdaf6 ToxfF Ps a:tLsf] lgdf0{ f eof] h;nfO{ bj] kQg -b]pkf6g_ eg]/ lrlgG5 . ls/ftsfndf gfds/0f ePsf s]xL a:tLx¿ clxn] klg /x]sf 5g\\ . eStk/' nfO{ g]jf/L efiffdf vfk] elgG5 . o;nfO{ ls/ftsfndf vfl] kª| elgGYof] . To;} u/L ls/ftsfnLg gfd tª] v\\ a' f6 6] s,' ;ªu\\ af6 ;fuF f, rª\\u'af6 rfFu', vk' f{;Laf6 vf]kf;L h:tf a:tLsf gfdx¿/x]sf lyP hf] cem} k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\\ . ls/ft zf;gsf] cGTolt/ nlntk'/sf] Rof;n eGg] 7fpdF f cf7;o ls/ ftLsf] xTof ul/Psf] lyof] . Rof;sf] cy{ cf7;o xG' 5 . To;}n] To; 7fpFsf] gfd Rof;n /xg uPsf] xf] . ls/ftsfnsf] P]ltxfl;s / k/' ftflŒjs kd| f0fx¿ ge]l6P klg kzk' ltdf /x]sf] rf}8f 5ftL ePsf] lj¿kfIfsf] d\"lt{ ls/ftsfns} ePsf] dflgG5 . clGtd ls/ftL /fhf uf:tL lyP . sg' } Oltxf;sf/x¿n] clGtd ls/ftL /fhf lvu' xg' \\ egL nv] ]sf 5g\\ . $= cflys{ ;fdflhs cj:yf k|frLg sfnsf] uf]kfn, dlxifkfn / ls/ftL zf;g Joj:yfsf] cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs cj:yf Tolt k|:6 5g} . tk} lg To;an] fsf] tYox¿sf cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 . ufk] fnjz+ L zf;gsfnsf] d'Vo cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk kzk' fng lyof] . sf7df8fF} pkTosf pAhfpzLn tno} f df6fn] ag]sf] x'gfn] oxfF kz| :t 3f;F lyof] . To;n} ] oxfsF f afl;Gbf ufO{ kfNg] uy{] . dlnnf] df6fn] ag]sf] e\"efu ePsf sf/0f oxfF sl[ if Joj;fo klg ul/GYof] . dlxifkfn j+zsf] kfnfdf eg] e};F L kfNg yflnof] . cGo s/' f ufk] fn j+zs} h:tf] lyof] . ls/ft sfndf dflg;x¿ s[lif / kzk' fngsf ;fydf l;sf/ ug{] sfo{ klg uy]{ . tLgcf]6} sfn v08df 3/]n' pBf]uaf6 cfkmn\" fO{ cfjZos j:t' tof/L ul/GYof] . ;dfh lxGb' wfld{s k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t lyof] . kz'kltgfysf] pTklQ / dlGb/ lgdf{0fsf] s'/fn] To; a]nf zj} wd{sf] ljsf; ePsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . kz'kltdf ls/ftZ] j/ dxfbj] / xgn' ] ls/ft sfndf klg zj} wd{ rns] f] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;dodf lxGb' k/Dk/fcg';f/sf ljleGg rf8kj{x¿ dgfOGYof] . 158 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

ljm| ofsnfk != tLgcf6] f ;d\"xdf ljeflht eO{ kT| os] ;dx\" n] uf]kfn, dlxifkfn / ls/ft jz+ dWo] Ps Pscf]6f zf;g cjlwsf] af/d] f k:' ts, cGo ;Gbe{ ;fduL| / OG6/g6] sf] k|of]u u/L yk tYox¿ ;ª\\sng ug'{xf;] \\ / sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf];\\ . @= ls/ft sfnsf af/]df lsg w/] } hfgsf/L kfpg g;lsPsf] xf]nf < xfdf| ] Oltxf; klg To:t} x'g] t xfO] g < xfdf| ] Oltxf;nfO{ hLjGt agfO/fVg xfdLn] cfhb} ]lv s] s] ug{'knf{ < ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L pkfox¿ ;d]6L ;j+ fb tfof/ kfg{'xf;] \\ . cEof; != tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ gk] fnsf] kf| rLg Oltx;sf dxŒjk0\" f{ kIfx¿ aF' bfut¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . -v_ gk] fn pkTosfsf] pTklQ / gfds/0fsf ;DaGwdf efiffut cffwf/ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . -u_ uf]kfn, dlxifkfn / ls/ftsfnsf] cfly{s ;dflhs cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug{'xf;] \\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ tkfO“{sf] hGdynf]sf] gfds/0f / ljutsf] cflys{ tyf ;dflhs cj:ysf] vfh] L u/L cfkmg\\ f] 7fp“sf] Oltxf; tof/ kf/L s'g} ;dflhs ;~hfndf k|sfzg ug{x' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 159

@ lnR5lj sfn kf7 M gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df lnR5lj jz+ sf] zf;gsfnnfO{ lgs} dxŒjk0\" f{ dflgG5 . j+zfjnL Pjd\\ k/' f0fx¿df ;o\" {jz+ L Iflqox¿n] ls/ftx¿nfO{ lht/] gofF zf;g Joj:yf sfod u/]sf] pNnv] kfOG5 . ufk] fn /fhj+zfjnLdf …;o\" {jz+ sf] ke| fjn] gk] fndf ls/ft /fhfnfO{ lht]/ lnR5lj /fhjz+ rNof]Ú egL n]lvPsf] 5 . /fO6 jz+ fjnLcg';f/ ls/ft /fhf …u:tLÚ nfO{ lht]/ lnR5lj /fhj+zn] gk] fndf zf;g ;?' u/]sf] bl] vG5 . lnR5lj /fhj+zsf] yfngL s'g ;dob]lv eof], o;af/] olsg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g} . lnR5lj zf;gsfncGtut{ kmn] f k/s] f] kd| fl0ft clenv] /fhf dfgbj] sf] ;g\\ $^$ sf] rfuF s' f] clenv] xf] . o;df dfgbj] eGbf cufl8sf tLg k:' tfsf] ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 . dfgbj] lnR5lj jz+ sf @( cf}F /fhf lyP . o;/L xb] f{ g]kfndf lnR5lj zf;g O=k=\" #)) lt/ ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfn cfpge' Gbf cl3 lnR5lj ef/tsf] ljxf/df kg]{ d'hˆkm/k/' gu/sf] j}zfnLdf :jtGq u0ftGqfTds zf;g k0| ffnLcg;' f/ zf;g rnfpg] uy]{ . To; efudf /fhtGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL ;'b9[ x'Fb} uPsf] / /fhf chftzq'af6 k/flht eO{ O;fsf] ky| d ztfAbLlt/ z/0ffyL{sf ¿kdf lnR5ljx¿ gk] fn k|j]z u/]sf lyP . g]kfndf tTsfnLg zf;s ju{kl| t hgtfsf] tLj| c;Gtf]ifJofKt ePsf] a]nfdf hgefjgfsf] cg's\"n lnR5ljn] hg;ª3\\ ifs{ f] g]tT[ ju/s] f lyP . ls/ftx¿ o4' df xf//] kj\" L{ eu] df lj:yflkt xg' afWo ePeg] sG] bd| f lnR5ljsf] /fHo;Qf sfod xg' kU' of] . lnR5lj zf;gsfndf hglxtnfO{ a9L :yfg lbg] kr| ng lyof] . ;ª\\ul7t hghLjg, pGgt cfly{s cj:yf, lzIffsf] :t/ /fd|f] x'g', cfs{ifs snfs[ltsf] lgdf{0f x'g' / lnlvt clenv] x¿ el] 6Psf sf/0f lnR5lj sfnnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df :j0f{o'u klg dflgPsf] 5 . of] o'u ;jfª{ u\\ L0f ljsf;sf] ou' sf] ¿kdf /xs] f] b]lvG5 . != lnR5lj zf;gsfnsf/] fhgLlts cj:yf k|yd lnR5lj /fhf sf] lyP eGg] af/]df Oltxf;sf/x¿ Psdt 5g} g\\ . lnR5lj gfds /fhfsf] a+z ePsf] x'gfn] o; j+znfO{ lnR5lj jz+ elgPsf] xf] . s]xL Oltxf;ljbx\\ ¿ eg] lnR5lj /fhfsf] ;f]x«fF} k:' tfdf ;'ki' k /fhf ePsf] / pgL g} g]kfnsfl] nR5lj jz+ sf ;+:yfks /fhf ePsf] dfG5g\\ . pgn] j0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug,{] Gook\"js{ k|hfsf] kfng ug{], /fHodf dofb{ f sfod ug{] h:tf sfo{ u/]sf lyP . sx] L Oltxf;sf/n] hob]j ky| dnfO{ k|yd lnR5lj /fhf dfgs] f 5g\\ . 160 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

lnR5lj jz+ sf zf;sx¿sf] ljj/0f /fhfsf] gfd dxŒjk0\" f{ sfo{ ;k' i' kbj] xl/bQ jdf{ kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/df ;'gsf] 5fgf / uh'/ xfNg nufPsf lyP . j[ifb]j sf7df8fF} pkTosfsf rf/ gf/fo0f ljzªv\\ ' gf/fo0f, Orªs\\ ' gf/fo0f, zi] f gf/ wdb{ j] fo0f / rfFu' gf/fo0fsf] :yfkgf u/s] f dfgb]j rfjlxn r}Tosf] lgdf{0f j;Gtb]j lzjbj] ky| d dfgbj] sf lktf, kz'kltdf 7'nf] j[ifWjh r9fPsf] cz+ j' df{ rfFu' gf/fo0fdf u?8 :tDe /fvL lznfn]v :yfkgf, lji0f' ljjm| fGtsf] ;'Gb/ d\"lt{ lgdf{0f, kj\" { / klZrdsf ;fdGtnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ljzfn gk] fn /fHo lji0f' u'Kt sfod u/s] f, dfg ljxf/sf] lgdf{0f, dfgfªs\\ gfds wft' db' |fsf] kr| ng, g/]Gb| b]j dfgu[x gfds /fhb/af/sf] lgdf{0f hobj] låtLo hgtfsf] enf] rfxg] /fhfsf¿kdf kl/lrt /fhf . pgn]bt\" s, ;jb{ 08gfos / dxfk|ltxf/ h:tf kz| f;sLo kbsf] l;hg{ f u/]sf lyP . logn] g} l6:6'ªsf] lznfn]vdf ;aeGbf klxn] gk] fn zAbsf] ko| fu] u/]sf lyP . logs} kfnfdf bj] / u'Ktsf] åw} zf;gsf] ;'?jft eof] . u|fd kf~rfnLx¿nfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGtcg;' f/ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfPsf] lzIffk|]dL, ;'wf/s, Jofs/0fsf /rlotf /fhf . ls;fgnfO{ dsf{ kg{af6 arfpg st' ;DaGwL Joj:yf / l;rF fOsf] Joj:yf . kz'kfngnfO{ kf| ]T;fxg,j} b]lzs Jofkf/df j[l4, 3/n] ' pBfu] nfO{ k|f]T:fxg, db' f| sf] kr| ng h:tf ;w' f/ sf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng . ltAatL /fhf ;|ªrª uDkf;] Fu e[s'6Lsf] ljjfx u/fP/ ltAat;uF sf] ;DaGw ;'wf/ .ef/tsf /fhf xif{j4{g;uF ;lGw u//] ef/t;uF sf] ;DaGw ;'wf/, k|hf s;/L ;v' L x'G5g\\ eGg] lrGtg . sn} f;s6' gfds ;G' b/ b/af/ lgdf{0f . klxnf] k6s o'j/fh 3f]if0ff ug]{ k/Dk/f :yfkgf a9' fgLns07sf] d\"lt{ / gf/fo0f lx6Lsf] gf/o0fsf] dl\" t{ :yfkgf . lnR5lj / fhf ledfh'{gb]j;Fu}sf å}wzf;g Joj:yfsf csf{ zf;ssf ¿kdf zf;gdf ;+nUgtf rLg / ltAat;Fusf] ;DaGw lj:tf/, gfktfn} df Ps¿ktf sfod, eb|flwjf; gfds b/af/ lgdf{0f, å}wzf;gsf] cGTo, ue{jtL >LdtLsf] d[To' ePdf >LdfgnfO{ b08 lbg] Joj:yf ;hfodf cflys{ hl/jfgfsf] Joj:yf, Gofo Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 kf/]sf,] slj, ljåfg\\, lnR5ljsfnsf clGtd zlStzfnL zf;s, uf| d kf~rfnLnfO{ Goflos clwsf/ k|bfg ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 161

@= lnR5lj zf;gsfnsf kz| f;lgs, ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yf -s_ kz| f;lgs cj:yf ufi] 7Lsf] gfd uf]i7Lsf] sfo{ kfgLo uf]i7L kfgL vj' fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg kj| x0f ufi] 7L aUuL, uf8f h:tf oftfoftsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg dNno4' ufi] 7L s:' tL h:tf dgf/] ~hgsf] Joj:yf ug{ crf{ uf]i7L dl\" t{ agfpg] dfu] fg]{ dfh{g ufi] 7L ;db' fodf wf/f, af6f,] kfv] /L ;kmf /fVg] jflbTj ufi] 7L rf8kj,{ hfqf / dlGb/x¿df afhf ahfpg] k|bLk ufi] 7L aQLsf] Joj:yf ug]{ wk\" uf]i7L dlGb/df wk\" sf] Joj:Yff ug{] Wjh ufi] 7L Wjhfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ;gf ufi] 7L d[To' ;:+ sf/ ug]{ lnR5ljsfnLg zf;gsf] dV' o cfwf/ lxGb' wdu{ |Gyx¿ lyP . ;xfos k|zf;x¿ k|e'TjzfnL eP/ å}wzf;g rn]sf] lyof] . lnR5lj /fhf sdhf/] ePsf an] f uK' tx¿n] cfkm}nF fO{ dxf/fhf lw/fh ;d] t nv] s] f] bl] vG5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosf / cf;kf;sf If]qdf l;w} /fhb/af/af6 zf;g ;~rfng xG' Yof] eg] afFsL efudf ;fdGtx¿åf/f zf;g ;~rfng ul/GYof] . dGqL u0f jf ;Nnfxsf/nfO{ cdfTo elgGYof] . /fhsf] cWoIftfdf a:g] /fh;efnfO{ cGt/fzg jf k/dfzg elGYof] . o;n] /fHo Joj:yfsf] gLlt lgwf/{ 0f ug]{, /fHosf dxŒjk\"0f{ lg0f{o ug{] / kg' /fj]bg ;'g/] clGtd Gofo lbg] sfo{ uYof]{ . lnR5lj sfndf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿nfO{ clws/0f / s/0f elgGYof] . dflyNnf] :t/sf 7n' f c88\\ fnfO{ clws/0f / ;fgf c88\\ fnfO{ s/0f elgGYof] wflds{ ;:+ yfsf] x/] larf/ / ljjfb ;N' emfpg klZrdflws/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . /fh:j p7fpg] sfdsf nflu sy' /] clws/0f, k~rk/fw ;DalGw l5gfk] mfgf] ug{ zf]Nn jf z'NnL clws/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . k~rk/fw cGtut{ rf/] L ug'{, csfs{ f] Hog dfg,'{ csf{sf] :jf:gL x/0f ug,'{ /fhb|f]x ug'{ / o:tf sfo{df ;xofu] ug{' h:tf kfFr ck/fwx¿ ky{] . ljjfx / ;DaGw ljR5b] ;DaGwL d'2f xg] { dfkrf}s clws/0fsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . j0f{ Joj:yfnfO{ ;'rf? ug{ / To; ;DaGwL ljjfb ldnfpg a|fx0\\ fsf] g] t[Tjdf e66\\ flws/0f /x]sf] lyof] . /fhfsf glhssf sd{rf/LnfO{ kl| txf/ jf dxfk|ltxf/ elgGYof] . dxfk|ltxf/ k|dv' k|zf;s lyP . ;/' Iff Joj:yf sfod ug{ ;j{b08gfos / b08gfos kb /x]sf lyP . kw| fg ;g] fkltnfO{ dxfanfWoIf elgGYof] / ;]gfsf pRr clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ anfWoIf elgGYof] . lsNnf jf Aof/]snfO{ 162 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

sf]6\\6 / To;sf k|d'vnfO{ sf]66\\ gfos elgGYof] . ;l} gssf] ;fgf] PsfOnfO{ uN' d elgGYof] .tNnf] kz| f;lgs PsfONffO{ u|fd elgGYof] eg] Jofkfl/s b[li6n] dxŒjk0\" f{ PsfOnfO{ bª| elgGYof] hf] xfnsf] ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf h:t} lyP . tLeGbf dflyNnf] PsfOnfO{ tn elgGYof] hf] xfnsf] k|b]z h:t} xf] . u|fddf u|fd kf~rfnL x'Gy] hxfF d'Vo kfFrhgf ;b:o / Ps dl' vof xG' y] . dl' vofsf] 5gf]6 hgtfn] uy]{ . -v_ ;fdflhs cj:yf ;dfhdf lxGb' j0ff>{ d Joj:yf sfod lyof] / hftcg;' f/sf] sfd xG' Yof] . ;o+ S' t kl/jf/sf] kr| ng lyof] . lxGb' / af4} wd{df cfwfl/t hGd, ljjfx, dT[ o' ;:+ sf/x¿ ;~rfng xG' y] . /fhb/af/ / cf;kf;sf JolStsf nflu lzIffsf] ka| Gw lyof] eg] ;j{ ;fwf/0fsf nflu ;fjh{ lgs lzIffsf] Joj:yf gePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn lxGb' / af4} bzg{ sf] lzIffsf] sG] b| eg] /x]sf] bl] vG5 . snf sf} zn, gfr ufg / hfqfx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . lnR5lj o'usf] Ps dxŒjk\"0f{ ;fdflhs Joj:yf ufi] 7L xf] hf] cfh klg gj] f/L ;dfhdf u7' Lsf gfdn] k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 . ufi] 7Lx¿ hg:t/af6 ;fdflhs / wfld{s sfox{ ¿ ugs{ f nflu :yflkt ;:+ yf lyP h;nfO{ ;/sf/L ;+/If0f klg k|fKt xG' Yof] . lnR5lj clenv] x¿df !# ks| f/sf uf]i7Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . -u_ cfly{s cj:yf lnR5lj sfnLg cfly{s cj:yf s[lifdf cfwfl/t lyof] . hUufsf] gfkf] ae' mfpg el\" d zAb / cGgsf] gfkf] ae' mfpg dflgsf zAbsf] ko| fu] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . Ps el\" d a/fa/ bO' { Ps8 hldg / Ps dflgsf a/fa/ Psd'/L hlt cGg xg' cfpF5 . s[lifsf nflu /fhsn' f]sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' Yof] . s[lifdf nufOg] s/nfO{ efu elgGYof] . lnR5lj sfndf kzk' fng Joj;fo klg sl[ if;uF } ul/GYof] . sfe]| lhNnfsf] vfk] f;Ldf lnR5lj sfndf sk8f pTkfbg ul/GYof] . sk8fnfO{ ;:+ st[ df vk' f{;L elgGYof] . To;n} ] sk8f pTkfbg x'g] 7fpsF f] gfd klg v'kf;{ L u|fd /xg uof] . lnR5ljsfndf pBf]u / Jofkf/df lgs} pGglt ePsf] lyof] . gk] fndf sfi7 pBf]u, df6f / wft'sf pBf]u, 9ª' \\uf;DaGwL pBfu] , /ª;DaGwL pBf]u, pgL sk8f pBfu] , xftxfltof/sf pBf]u / t]n pBf]ux¿ km:6fPsf lyP . ef/tdf g]kfnL tfdfsf] cTolws dfu lyof] . g]kfnn] kmnfd, s:t\"/L, tfdf / rd/ lgoft{ ug{] u/]sf] s/' f clenv] df pNnv] u/s] f] kfOG5 . ef/tsf dfo} { jz+ sf ;d|f6\\ rGb| uK' tsf u'? sfl} 6No lyP . pgsf] cy{zf:qdf cf7 kf6] sfnf] e[ªu\\ L;L -/f8L_ / jiff{sf] kfgL 5S] g] ck;f/s g]kfndf aG5, To:tf] sDansf] kf6nLk'qsf] ahf/df lgs} dfu 5 egL nv] s] f 5g\\ . ltAattkm{ vfBfGg, pgL sk8f, v';fg{ L, wft'sf snfTds j:t' lgoft{ xG' Yof] . lnR5lj sfndf s/ Joj:yf klg lgs} ;b' 9[ lyof] . s[lifdf nufOg] s/nfO{ efu, kzk' fngdf nufOg] s/nfO{ ef]u elgGYof] / jfl0fHo tyf Jofkf/df nufOg] s/nfO{ s/ elgGYof] . efu, ef] u / s/nfO{ ;o+ S' t¿kdf lqs/ elgGYof] .sk8f pTkfbgdf nufOg] s/nfO{ r}n s/ elgGYof] . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 163

s/ tyf /fh:jc;n' L ug]{ c8\\8fnfO{ s'y]/ elgGYof] . k~r ck/fw;DaGwL b08 hl/jfgfaf6 / fh:j c;n' L ug{] c8\\8fnfO{ ;fN] n elgGYof] . sn' f] k}gL w/f;] DaGwL lgod pNnª3\\ g ug]{ ljifodf lnªU\\ jn c88\\ fn] b08 hl/jfgf uYof]{ . Jofkfl/s s]Gb|nfO{ b|ª elgGYof] . Jofkf/LnfO{ ;fy{ / Jofkfl/s 6fn] Lsf] gfOs]nfO{ ;fyj{ fx elgGYof] . Jofkf/Lsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu 7fp7F fpdF f ;/' IffsdL{x¿sf] 8km\\kmfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'GYof] h;nfO{ u'Nd elgGYof] . xfnsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Ps ;/' Iff ;+oGqnfO{ klg uN' d elgG5 . of] zAb lnR5lj sfnaf6 g} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ;dx\" df 5nkmn u//] lnR5ljsfnLg æn8fO¿F kL o1sf] cf8 lnP/ IfqLo wda{ dfl] hd lzIff cfly{s,;fdflhs / k|zf;lgs lnP/ d al;/x]5,' k/fjm| dn] zqx' ¿sf] gfz ug{ k\"j{ cj:yf / xfnsf] cj:yfsf] lbzflt/ hfG5' hf] /fhfx¿ d/] f sfad' f a:g] 5g\\ t'ngfTds tflnsf tof/ kf/L ltgnfO{ yfDg] 5' ====ltgLx¿sf >Lkr] sf dfnfx¿ sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f];\\ . eO' Fdf tyf x'sd' df tfd]n xg' ] ltgLx¿nfO{ ydf}tL u/L hu/ lkmhF fPsf] l;+xemF} /fhf lg8/ eO{ klZrdlt/ @= dfgb]jsf] k|:tt' clenv] cWoog nfUge' of] . ====Tof] afn] fpbF f cfpbF g} eg] d/] f] k/fjm| dn] u/L o;df eGg vf]lhPsf] s'/f txdf cfpnf .Æ k|:6 kfgx'{ f];\\ . tkfOF{ sf] 5/l5d] -dfgbj] sf] rfuF g' f/fo0fsf] clenv] sf] cgl\" bt cz+ x¿_ sdf ePsf s'g} lznfn]vdf n] lvPsf s'/fx¿ h:tfsf] To:t} ptf//] To;sf] cy;{ lxt sIffdf k:| tt' ug'{xf];\\ . #= k|:t't egfO Oltxf;sf] s'g sfnv08sf] xf] / o;n] gk] fnsf] s:tf] cj:yf hgfpF5 < cEof; != tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ lnR5ljsfnnfO{ lsg :j0f{ ou' dflgG5< -v_ lnR5ljsfnLg cflys{ cj:yfsf] rrf{ ub{} xfnsf k:' tfn] To;af6 s] s] s/' f l;Sg' kb{5 < pNn]v ugx{' f;] \\ . -u_ lnR5ljsfnLg Oltxf;af6 xfnsf k:' tfn] s] s] s/' f l;Sg ;S5g<\\ ;r\" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . -3_ lnR5ljsfnLg /fhfx¿ / ltgsf sfo{x¿ emNsg] tflnsf tof/ kf/L sIffdf kb| z{g ugx{' f];\\ . 164 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

# dWosfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yf kf7 M g]kfnsf] dWosfnLg Oltxf;sf] ;?' jft lj=;+= (#^ af6 ePsf] dflgG5 . lj=;=+ (#^ bl] v oIfdNnsf] ;do lj=;=+ !%#& ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ kj\" { dWosfn elgG5 . lj=;=+ !%#& b]lv lj=;=+ !*@% ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ pQ/ dWosfn elgG5 . != gk] fn ;j+ t\\sf] ;?' jft gk] fn ;+jt\\ ;'?jftsf ;DaGwdf efiff j+zfjnLdf Ps syf pNnv] 5 .lnR5lj /fhf /f3jb] jnfO{ Hof]ltlifn…] ef]an ljxfg a|xdd'x\"td{ f efrfv;' L / lji0f'dtLsf] bfe] fgdf /xs] f] nvFt' Lya{ f6 NofPsf] afnj' f ;g' x'g5] ÚeGg] ;Nnfx lbP ./fhfn] Ps el/ofnfO{ afnj' f Nofpg c/fP . ef]lnkN6 laxfg} ;f] el/of nvF'tLys{ f] au/df afn'jf p7fFb} lyP . gbLdf :gfg ug{ uPsf wgL Jofkf/L ;fvfjnn] olt rfF8} afn'jf sxfF n}hfg nfu]sf] egL ;f]w] . el/ofn] b/af/df n}hfg] eg]kl5 ;fVjfn] o;df sx] L /x:o xg' ;Sg] 7fg] .pgn] Ps vk] afn'jf d]/f] 3/df 5fl8b]pm clg csf]{ v]k b/af/ n}hfpnf egL a9L k};f lbP . el/ofn] klg To;} u/] . ;fvjfnsf] 3/df vGofOPsf] afn'jf efl] nkn6 ;g' ePsf] /x5] . ptf b/af/df vGofOPsf] afnj' f ;g' ePg5 . 5fgljg ubf{ klxnf] v]ksf] afnj' f Jofkf/Lsf] 3/df k'u]sf] yfxf eof] . oyfy{nfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] lji0f'dtL gbLsf] afn'jfdf clxn] klg ;g' kfOG5 .To;n} ] syfdf elgPsf] To:tf] rdTsf/ ePsf] geO{ zªw\\ / ;fVjf b}lgs¿¿kdf lji0fd' tL lsgf/df :gfg ug{ hfFbf nf]6fdf afnj' fxfn/] NofpFy] . afnj' fdf ePsf] ;'g 5fg/] kz| fw] g u/L /fVg] uy{] .w/] } jif{sf] pgsf] of] ldlxg]tn] w/] } ;'g hDdf eof] . zª\\vw/nfO{ olQsf w/] } ;'g /fv]/ s] ug{' a¿ of] ;g' n] ;a} hgtfsf] C0f ltl/lbg kfP C0fdS' t xg' ] lyPF eGg] nfUof] . pgn] /fhf;uF ;Nnfx u//] ;a} hgtfsf] C0f ltl/lbP . To;s} f;] Demgfdf lj=;=+ (#^ b]lvgk] fn ;j+ t\\rns] f] xf] .x/]s jif{ uf]jw{g kh\" fsf] lbgnfO{ gk] fn ;+jt\\cg';f/ gofFjifs{ f ¿kdf dgfpg] ul/G5 . zªv\\ w/ ;fVjfn] xftdf zª\\v lnPsf] cfkmg\\ f] zflns kz'kltdf /fVg nfufP . To;n} ] pgnfO{ zªv\\ w/ -xftdf zªv\\ lnPsf_ elgPsf] xf] . o:tf] pksf/L sfo{ u/L dfl} ns g]kfnL ;j+ t\\ rnfPsf] x'gfn] g} zª\\vw/ ;fVjfnfO{ /fli6«o ljel\" t 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fn ;j+ t\\ ! bl] v g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df dWosfnsf] ;'?jft ePsf] dflgG5 . @= kj\" { dWosfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yf lj=;+= (#^ b]lv oIfdNnsf] zf;gsfn lj=;+= !%#& ;DdnfO{ k\"j{ dWosfn elgG5 . lj=;=+ (#^ df dWosfn ;?' eP klg k\"j{ dWosfnsf] lj=;+= !@%* ;Dd lnR5lj j+zs} zf;g lyof] . ;f] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 165

cjlwdf /f3jb]j, u0' fsfdb]j, lzjbj] , OGbb| ]j, dfgb]j rty' ,{ g/]Gb| bj] , cgGb bj] , ?b| b]j, cdt[ bj] , nIfdL sfdb]jnufotsf lnR5lj /fhfx¿n] zf;g u/]sf lyP . o; cjlwdf u0' fsfdbj] sf] zf;g cjlwnfO{ lgs} pNnv] gLo dflgG5 . ljho sfdbj] kl5 dNn jz+ sf] zf;g ;?' ePsf] bl] vG5 . dNn j+zsf] ;'?jft s;/L eof] eGg] ;DaGwdf Oltxf;sf/x¿ lardf km/s km/s dt /x]sf] kfOG5 . w/] }h;f] Oltxf;sf/x¿sf cg;' f/ ef/tsf] sz' Lgu/ / To;sf] 5p] 5fp d\"n a;f]af; ePsf dNnx¿ z/0ffyLs{ f ¿kdf gk] fnsf] u08sL Ifq] df cfPsf lyP . /fhNnbj] / s7o dNnn] nlntk/' sf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt rDkflul/ -rfkfufpF _ a:tL a;fPsfn] dNnx¿n] sf7df8f}Fdf cfˆgf] /fhgLlts ke| fj a9fpg] k|of; u/s] f] b]lvG5 . sG] b|df lnR5lj zf;g sdhf/] xg' yfn]kl5 dNnx¿sf] s]Gb|df zf;g ug]{ cfsfªI\\ ff a9\\of] . o;df cl/b]j -cl/ dNn_ ;kmn eP . lj=;=!@!) df hGd]sf cl/b]j lj=;=+ !@%* df /fhf eO{ sl/a !% jif{ /fHo u//] lj=;+= !@&$ df b]x Tofu u/] . cl/ bj] dNn alnof lyP . pgL dNn o4' -s:' tL_ df lgs} l;kfn' ePsfsf/0f cl/b]jn] cfkm\\gf] gfddf b]j x6fO{ cl/ dNn nV] g yfn]sf xg' \\ eGg] egfO /xs] f] 5 . cl/ dNnkl5 ceo dNn lj=;=+ !@&$ df /fhf eP . pgn] #* jif;{ Dd zf;g rnfP .dNnsfndf PsLs[t gk] fn pkTosfsf] /fhwfgL eStk'/ lyof] / /fhfx¿ …o'ylgDxdÚ / …lqk'/Ú b/af/df /xL zf;g rnfpyF ] . cGo d'ns' sf] cfj|md0faf6 aRg ;lsg] u/L rf/kf6] lsNnfsf ¿kdf b/ af/ agfOPsf] x'GYof] h;nfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf rf}SjfF7 elgG5 . kjd{ Wo sfnsf Ps ke| fjzfnL /fhf hol:ylt dNn x'g\\ . pgL ljjfxkl5 >LdtLsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] zf;gdf kj| z] kfPsf lyP . l;d/f}gu9sf /fhf xl/l;+xbj] sf] dT[ o'kl5 pgsL /fgL bj] nbj] L / /fhs'df/nfO{ g]kfnsf /fhf ?b|dNnn] /fhgLlts z/0f lbPsf lyP . ?b|dNnsf 5f]/f lyPgg\\ . pgsf] d[Tok' l5 pgsL 5f]/L gfosbj] L u2Lsf] xsbf/ eOg\\ . z/0f lnP/ a;s] L b]jnbj] Ln] gfos bj] Lsf] ;/+ Ifssf ¿kdf sfd ug{ yflng\\ . kl5 /fhs'df/L gfos bj] Lsf] ljjfx b]jnbj] Lsf 5f]/f hutl\\ ;x+ ;Fu eof] . pgLx¿af6 /fhNnbj] L gfdsL 5f]/L hlGdOg\\ . /fhNnbj] LnfO{ hGd lbPsf] bz lbgdf g} gfos bj] Lsf] d[To' ePsfn] /fhNnbj] Lsf] ;/+ Ifsf] ¿kdf xh'/cfdf b]jnbj] Ln] zf;g ug{ yflng\\ . /fhNnbj] L 7n' L ePkl5 b]jnb]jLn] hol:yltdNnsf] 8fn] f lemsfO{ -3/HjfO_F /fhNn b]jLsf] ljjfx hol:ylt dNn;Fu ul/lbOg\\ . s0ff6{ jz+ L hol:ylt dNnn] ;'?df ;fdGtsf]¿kdf zf;gdf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf lyP . kl5 pgn] ckm\"nfO{ /fhf 3f]lift u/]sf] b]lvG5 . hol:ylt dNnnfO{ gk] fnsf ;'wf/s /fhfsf¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . pgn] Gofo lg;fkmsf] /fd|f] Joj:Yff u/s] f lyP . vfg] kfgLsf] /fdf| ] Joj:Yff u/s] f lyP .s'DeZ] j/ dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f u/fP . 3/x¿sf] juL{s/0f u/fP . hUuf lsgar] sf] Joj:Yff u/] . sn' f]x¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf hL0ff]{4f/ u/fP . hol:yltdNnsf] d[Tok' l5 pgsf 5f/] fx¿ wd{ dNn, Hofl] td{Nn / sLlt{ dNnsf] ;o+ 'St zf;g rns] f] lyof] . To;kl5 Hof]ltdN{ nsf 5f/] f oIf dNn /fhf eP . oIf dNnn] gk] fn /fHosf] 166 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

lj:tf/ u/s] f lyP . g]kfn /fHonfO{ g]kfn d08n klg elgGYof] . oIfdNnsf] zf;gkl5 gk] fn /fHo 6'ljm| Psf] lyof] . #= pQ/ dWosfn sflGtk'/sf /fhf eStk/' sf /fhf nlntk/' sf /fhf != /Tg dNn != /fo dNn != /0f dNn @= ;o\" { dNn @= ;'j0f{ dNn @= lji0f' dNn #= cd/ dNn #= kf| 0f dNn #= g/l;+x dNn, $= dxG] b| dNn $= ljZj dNn $= xl/x/l;+x dNn %= lzjl;+x dNn %= huHofl] t{ dNn %= l;l4g/l;+x dNn ^= nIdLg/l;x+ dNn ^= g/G] b| dNn ^=>Llgjf; dNn &= kt| fk dNn &= hutk|sfz dNn &= of]ug/G] b| dNn *= g[k]Gb| dNn *= lhtfldq dNn *= nfs] k|sfz dNn (= kfly{j]Gb| dNn (= ek\" tLGb| dNn (= OGb| dNn !)= ek\" fn]Gb| dNn !)= /0flht dNn !)= dxLGb| dNn !!= efis/ dNn !!= jL/g/l;x+ dNn !@= hoHho dNn !@= Cl4g/l;+x dNn !#= hoks| fz dNn !#= efis/ dNn !$= ofu] k|sfz dNn !%= lji0f' dNn !^= /fHoks| fz dNn !&= ljZjlht dNn !*= hoks| fz dNn !(= /0flht dNn @)= bndb{g zfx @!= t]hg/l;x+ dNn lj=;=+ !%#& df g]kfn /fHo 6'lj|mPb]lv lj=;+= !*@% df uf]/vf /fHodf ldn]sf] cjlwnfO{ pQ/ dWosfn elgG5 . gk] fn pkTosfsf;] ªu\\ l7t dNn /fHosf clGtd dNn /fhf oIf dNn xg' \\ . pgn] cfkmg\\ f] clGtd ;dodf cfkm\\gf rf/ efO 5f/] fx¿nfO{ jm| dzM h7] f] 5f]/f /fo dNnnfO{ eStk/' , dflxnf] 5f/] f /0fdNnnfO{ agk] f, sfG5f 5f]/f /TgdNnnfO{ sflGtk'/ / 5f/] L k6l\\ 6sf gfltnfO{ nlntk/' efu nufOlbP eGg] egfO{ sx] L ljåfg\\x¿sf] 5 . sltko kd| f0fx¿n] eg] oIfdNnsf] bx] fj;fgkl5 pgsf 5f/] fx¿sf] ad] ]nsf sf/0f /fHo 6'lj|mPsf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . sl] Gb|o /fHo sdhf]/ ePsf a]nf pkTosf jl/kl/sf ;fdGtx¿ / kz| f;sx¿n] klg cfkm\"nfO{ :jtGq /fHo 3fl] ift ub{} uPsf] / g]kfn 6'lj|mbF } uPsf] b]lvG5 .o;/L gk] fndf ;;fgf /fHox¿sf] pbo ePsf] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 167

lyof] . o; sfnsf s]xL ztfAbL;Dd gk] fn klxnfsf] lnR5lj /fHohq} ljzfn /xs] f] t/ kl5 jm| dzM 7fp7F fpFdf ;fgf :jtGq /fHox¿ ag]sf b]lvG5g\\ . larlardf PsLs/0fsf] k'gM k|of; / lj:tf/ klg ePsf] lyof] . t;y{ dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] efu} fl] ns l:ylt slxn] PsLst[ , slxn] ljvl08t, slxn] lj:tfl/t / slxn] ;ªs\\ l' rt ePsf] kfOG5 . pkTosfleqsf tLg /fHocGtu{t kf6g ;ae} Gbf sdhf]/ lyof] . kf6gdf 5 kw| fgx¿n] /fhfnfO{ s7k'tnL emF} rnfpyF ] . pgLx¿n] eg]sf] gdfGg] /fhfnfO{ pgLx¿ x6fpyF ] / cGoqaf6 NofP/ /fhf agfpFy] . o;} jm| ddf eStk'/sf /fhf /0fhLt dNn, sf7df8f}sF f /fhf hok|sfz dNn / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfsf efO bndb{g zfxnfO{ /fhf agfPsf lyP . kf6g /fHocGtut{ sLlt{k/' df kY[ jLg/fo0f zfxn] t];f| ] k6s cfjm| d0f ubf{ kf6gdf pgs} efO /fhf lyP . To;}n] klg k[YjLgf/ fo0f zfxnfO{ sLlt{k/' lhTg ;xh ePsf] lyof] . sx] L dxŒjk\"0f{ dNn zf;s / ltgsf sfo{ /fhf d'Vo s[lt÷sfo{ hol:ylt dNn k];fut xslxtsf] ;/+ If0f, hUufnfO{ cAan, bfo] d, l;d / rfxf/ u/L oIf dNn rf/ efudf ljefhgÙ 3/, hldg a]rlavg ug{ / aGws /fVg klg kfOg] Joj:yfÙ dfgf, kfyL, 9s t/fhd' f ;w' f/Ù rf/j0f{ rf;} 67\\ L hftsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf, hftLo k];f / klx/gsf] Joj:yfÙ uf]kfn /fhjz+ fjnLsf] /rgf eQmk/' tf}d8L 6f]nsf] dlGb/, bQfqo dlGb/, oIfZj/ dlGb/, nlntk/' sf] eLdgfy dlGb/ :yfkgf, /Tg dNn tfdfsf] db' |f k|rngÙ tnh] ' dlGb/ lgdf0{ fÙ kz'kltdf blIf0fsfnL, ;Ktlif{ / ci6dfts[ fsf dl\" t{ :yfkgf dxLGb| dNn pkTosfdf rfbF Lsf] df]xf]/ -dxG] b| dNnL_ rnfPsf, tnh] 'glhs dxG] b]| Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ lgdf0{ f, ;a}hgtfn] vfPkl5 dfq vfg] /fhf, hgtfsf] dT[ o'df klg 5fs 5f8] g\\ ] /fhf nIdLg/l;x+ dNn tnh] ' ejfgLsf] dlGb/cufl8 vDaf uf8/] ;g' sf] dfn] Daf nufOPsf] wfts' f] l;+x :yfkgf -!^((_, xgd' fg 9f]sf b/af/sf] lj:tf/, df]xgrf]s, ;'Gb/L rf]s, gf;nrf]s, e08f/vfn au}Frfsf] lgdf{0f, xg'dfg9f]sf, b/af/If] qdf ljZj¿ksf] ;g' f}nf] dl\" t{ :yfkgf, xgd' fg9fs] f aflx/ cf6] f xg'dfgsf dl\" t{ :yfkgf, gf;nrfs] df gl[ ;+xsf] dl\" t{ :yfkgf, u'x]Zj/L, blIf0fsfnLsf] :yfkgf, kzk' ltdf sfl] 6lnª\\u :yfkgf 168 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

k|tfk dNn /fgLkf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f, ufO{hfqfsf] k|rng rnfPsf, ;flxTosf/ ;ªu\\ Lt k|]dL, Gofok|]dL, ah|of]lugLnufot w]/} dlGb/x¿sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf, w]/} hoks| fz dNn efiffsf 1ftf l;l4g/l;x+ dNn huHof]lt dNn sd' f/Lrfs] :yfkgf, sd' f/Lsf] /yofqf cf/De, afnfh'sf] @@ dWo] @! wf/f lgdf0{ f kf6gsf] si[ 0f dlGb/ lgdf0{ f, e08f/vfnsf] wf/f kfv] /L lgdf{0f eStk'/df lj:s6] hfqf ;'? u/s] f e\"ktLGb| dNn eStk'/ b/af/ If]qsf snfsl[ t, %% emo\\ fn] b/af/, dfntL rfs] lgdf{0f lj|mofsnfk != g]kfn ;+jt\\sf] ;?' jft ePsf] 36gf, oIfdNnsf] kfnfdf g]kfn /fHosf] 6'lj|mPsf] 36gf h:tf dWosfnLg 36gfdf cfwfl/t ;j+ fb tof/ kf/L k|:t't ugx'{ f;] \\ . @= k:' tsfno cGo ;f| t] a6 ;Gbe{ ;fduL| tyf Oltxf;sf k:' ts cWoog u/L gk] fnsf] dWosfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yfsf] af/]df Ps n]v tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf]pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ of] jif{ g]kfn ;j+ t\\ slt xf]< -v_ dWosfnLg Oltxf;af6 xfdLn] s] s] l;Sg ;S5fF} < -u_ dWosfnLg /fhfx¿sf] gfd / sfdsf] ;r\" L tof/ kfg{'xf];\\ . -3_ kj\" { dWosfnLg sfndf pkTosfsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf s:tf] lyof] < -ª_ hol:ylt dNn / /fhf dx]Gb| dNnaf6 jt{dfgsf /fHo ;~rfnsx¿ s] s] /fdf| s/' f l;Sg ;S5g\\ < kl/of]hgf sfo{ olb tkfO“{ sf7df8f}“ pkTosf jf cf;kf;df x'gx' G' 5 eg] dNnsfnLg b/af/ jf :df/s If]qsf] ed| 0f ug'{xf;] \\ . olb 6f9f xg' 'xG' 5 eg] OG6/g6] jf k':tsfnodf ePsf k:' ts cWoog u/]/ dNnsfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yfsf] af/d] f vf]hL ug'{xf;] \\ . ;fs] f cfwf/df Ps n]v tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 169

$ dWosfnLg cfly{s, ;fdlhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kf7 M cj:yf != cflys{ cj:yf dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] dV' o cflys{ ultljlw j[mlif lyof] . hUufnfO{ cAan, bfo] d, l;d / rfxf/ u/L rf/ ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pAhgL xg' ] dWosfnLg hUufsf] gfkf] hUufnfO{ cAan elgGYof] eg] ;a}eGbf sd;n hUufnfO{ @$ jf @^ cªu\\ 'n Ö ! x:t rfxf/ elgGYof] . hUufdf latf{ k|yf rn]sf] lyof] . @ x:t Ö ! uh s;n} ] /fHo jf /fhfsf] ;j] f u/]jfkt\\ k'/:sf/:j¿k kfpg] hUufsf] :jfldTjnfO{ latf{ elgGYof] . latf{ hUufdf s/ 56' $x $ uh Ö ! sN' nL jf ! xG' Yof] . ls;fgn] vt] L uYof]{ ljtf{jfnn] lglZrt kl| tzt sif{ jf ! hjf jf ! d/' L pTkfbg st' kfpYF of] . ;fy} pgLx¿n] ls;fg;uF cfkmv\" ;' L ! sN' nL Ö ! /fk] gL s/ klg p7fpyF ] . d7 dlGb/sf] k\"hfcfhf, b]jtfsf] hfqf ;~rfng ug{ / sg' } ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ ;~rfng ugs{ f nflu /fHon] 56' \\ofPsf] hUufnfO{ u'7L hUuf elgGYof] . ;f] hUuf ;DalGwt u'7Lsf] cwLgdf x'GYof] . ls;fgn] pAhfPsf] sx] L kl| tzt pTkfbg u'7Ldf a'emfpg'kYof{] . hflu/sf¿kdf hUuf lbg] rng klg lyof] t/ To:tf] hUuf hflu/df /x'Ghn] dfq pkefu] ug{ kfOGYof] . klZrd gk] fn / kj\" s{ f lnDa' a:tLdf ;/sf/n] lsk6 hUufsf] Joj:Yff u/s] f] lyof] . lsk6 hUufdf lglZrt hfltsf] dfq :jfldTj x'GYof] . l;FrfOsf nflu /fhsn' fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' Yof] . l;FrfO ugg{' kg]{ ;dodf /fhs'nfsf] kfgL ;x/sf 7'nf 7n' f kf]v/Ldf hDdf u/]/ /flvGYof] . h'g kfgL jl/kl/sf 9ª' u\\ ]wf/fsf ;|ft] xG' y] . s[lifsf] ;fydf kzk' fng Joj;fo klg ul/GYof] . k|z:t dfqfdf sk8f pBf]ux¿ lyP . pkTosfdf nu' f aG' g] tfg slxNo} vfnL g/fVg,' ag]sf sk8f pkTosf aflx/sf /Hox¿df lgoft{ k6f;L, 3/a'gf, vf8L, sf]/f Pp6} xG' Yof] . pQ/L eu] sf gj' fsf]6 / bfn] vfdf e]8f, lsl;daf6 gag' ] cgy{ x'g5] .=====sk8f Rofª\\u|sf] pgaf6 ag]sf] /f8L -cf5] o\\ fpg] sfk6{] a'Gb} nu]kl5 sfuh h:t} ldxLg / ;km] h:t}_, kfvL -cf]9\\g] sDan h:t_} / nufpg] pgLsf b x'g5] . To;f] ePkl5 c¿ ufpFsf / sk8fx¿sf] pTkfbg x'g] u/s] f] lyof] . dlw;] /fhfnfO{ lajm| L u/L wgL x'g5] fF} . pkTosfdf wft' pBfu] klg lgs} km:6fPsf] dxLGb| dNn lyof] . oxLsf] tfdfvfgLaf6 wfp lgsfn]/ k;| f]wg u/L tfdf, lkQn, sfF;af6 ags] f 170 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

ef8F fsF8' f, d\"lt{x¿ agfpg] ul/GYof] . ;g' / rfFbLsf ef8f tyf u/uxgfx¿ klg pTkfbg ul/GYof] . o:tf ef8fs8'F f / u/uxgf lgof{t klg ul/GYof] . wft'af6 dlGb/sf 5fgf, 3G6, tf]/0f tyf emo\\ fn9fs] f klg tof/ kfl/GYof] . oxLsF f] kmnfd vfgLaf6 wfp lgsfn/] kz| f] wg u/L v8F' f, vs' /' L, t/jf/, tyf ljleGg ks| f/sf sl[ if cfh} f/x¿ agfOGYof] . wft'sf sfd ugd]{ Wo] tfdfsf] sfd ug{]nfO{ tfd|sf/, ;'gsf] sfd ugn{] fO{ ;j' 0fs{ f/, kmnfdsf sd ug{n] fO{ nfx} sf/ elgGYof] . oL y/ clxn] klg g]jf/L ;d'bfodf 5bF }5g\\ . bf]nvfdf u'0f:t/Lo g] kfnL sfuh pTkfbg x'GYof] eg] u0' f:t/Lo O6F f / 6fonsf] pTkfbg ug]{ pBfu] x¿ klg lyP . g]kfnn] ef/ttkm{ s:t/' L, rd/, pg, 5fnf, h8La'6L, wft'sf ;fdu|L lgof{t uyf]{ eg] uxgfx¿, r/' f, kf]t,] /;] d, 9fsfsf sk8f, hQ' fx¿ cfoft uy{]of] . ltAattkm{ eg] g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ cem} ;b' 9[ lyof] . bf]nvfsf /fhf OGb|l;+x bj] sf] kfnfbl] v rfbF Lsf db' |f agfO{ ltAat k7fpg] / g]kfnL db' f| g} ltAatdf rngrNtLdf cfPsf] lyof] . /fhf dxLGb| dNnn] g]kfndf dxLGb| dNnL elgg] rfbF Lsf df]x/ k|rngdf NofPsf lyP . g]kfnaf6 ltAat hfg] dV' o b'O{ Jofkfl/s dfu{ /;j' f u9L xFb' } s]?ª hfg] / bfn] vfaf6 s'tL x'Fb} lb3rf{ hfg] af6f] lyP . cfoft lgoft{ ug]{ 7fpFdf eG;f/ sfof{no / ;fdfgsf kf]sfdf nfxf5fk nufpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'GYof] . /fh:jsf] d'Vo ;|f]t eG;f/ s/ g} lyof] . ;fdGt zf;sx¿n] sG] b| ;/sf/nfO{ ae' mfpg] s/nfO{ ;'lSts/ jf ;l[ i6 s/ elgGYof] . @= ;fdflhs cj:yf dWosfndf g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs cj:yf lxGb' / af}4 wd{ k/Dk/df cfwfl/t lyof] . lxGb' k/Dk/fsf] j0ff{>d wdd{ f cfwfl/t ePsf] x'gfn] ;dfhdf rf/ j0f{ / 5lQ; hfltx¿ lyP / pgLx¿sf] hftsf cfwf/df k;] f tf]lsPsf] x'GYof] . k6s k6ssf] d;' ndfgx¿sf] cfjm| d0f / n8fOFaf6 gk] fnL ;dfh tx;gx; ePsf] lyof] . o;c} j:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu /fhf hol:ylt dNnn] ef/tsf kl08tx¿sf] ;xof]udf hft Joj:yfnfO{ k'g;{/+ rgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] ;dfhnfO{ rf/ j0f{ / rf};67\\ L hftdf ljefhg u/s] f lyP . ;f] hft k/Dk/f cem} klg g]jf/L ;db' fodf /x]sf] kfOG5 . pgsf] o;} sbdaf6 g]kfndf hfltut eb] efj / 5'jf5t' n] h/f uf8\\g] dfs} f kfPsf] bl] vG5 . ;ae} Gbf dfly a|fx\\d0f tyf k/' f]lxt ju{ ky{] . af4} wd{sf zfSo / ah|frfo{nfO{ k'/f]lxt jud{ f /flvPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 j|mdzM If]qL, jZ} o / z\"b| ky{] . kl5Nnf] ;dodf dNnsfnLg k|zf;lgs kbx¿ klg hfltsf cfwf/df lgwf/{ 0f x'g uPsf] kfOG5 . dGqL jf ef/bf/nfO{ cdfTo, e08f/ xg] ]{ e08f/L, cfi} fwL pkrf/ ug]{nfO{ jB} , Hof]ltlifnfO{ hf]zL, lzIfsnfO{ cfrfo{ elgGYof] . kl5 tL klg hftdf kl/0ft eP . o;/L ;dfh cg]sf}F j0f{, hft, pkhft, y/df ljeSt eof] . To; an] fsf ;+:sf/df hftsd{, cGgkf| ;g, r\"8fsd{, jt| aGw, OxL, af/ tPu' jf af/ r]g]u,' ljjfx, lbIff, led/yf/f]x0f, cGol] i6 h:tf ;+:sf/x¿ sfod lyP . d[To' ;+:sf/df afhf ahfpg] rng lyof] hg' g]jf/L ;d'bfodf oBlk 5Fb}5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 171

;dfhdf ;+o'St kl/jf/ k|rngdf lyof] . ;uf]qL ljjfxnfO{ b08gLo ul/Psf] lyof] . axl' jjfx, afnljjfx, cgd]n ljjfx / ;tLky| f h:tf s'/Lltx¿sf sf/0f gf/Lx¿ pTkLl8t lyP . ljwjf ljjfx / 8fn] fhL ky| f sfod lyof] . pRr 3/fgf / /fh kl/jf/sf gf/Lx¿ eg] lzIff, /fhgLlt tyf wfld{s Pjd\\ ;fdflhs ljm| ofsnfkdf ;lj|mo x'Gy] . dlxnfx¿ ljleGg ks| f/sf kf];fs, uxgf / z[ªu\\ f/df ;lhGy] . rf8kj{x¿df kf;fr/] -3f8] ]hfqf_, nlntk'/df /ftf] dT5G] b|gfy / sf7df8f}Fdf ;]tf] dT5G] bg| fysf] /y ofqf, l;7L gv, u7]du' , SjflF tk'GxL -hg}k\"l0f{df_ s[i0ffi6dL, OGb|hfqf, ufOh{ fqf, la:s]6 hfqf, b;F}, ltxf/, Dxk\"hf, afnfrtb' z{ L cflb kr| ngdf lyP . oLdWo] clwsfz+ rf8kj{x¿ cfhklg kr| ngdf /xs] f kfOG5g\\ . kgft} L, 7r] f] / ufb] fj/Lsf] ax|jif{] dn] fsf] ;'?jft klg dWosfndf g} ePsf] dflgG5 . nlntk'/df slQs gfrsf] kr| ng o;} ;dodf ePsf] lyof] . To; ;dodf ;fOt s;' fOt, ;s'g, ck;s'g, cflbsf] Jofks kr| ng lyof] . Hof]ltlifNffO{ x]/fP/ dfq sfd ug{] rng lyof] . e\"t, k]t| , lkzfr, afS] ;L, wfdL, emfjF m| Ldf ljZjf; uy{] . dWosfndf wfld{s lzIff, zf:qLo lzIff / Jofj;flos lzIff u/L tLg ks| f/sf lzIff kr| ngdf lyof] . lzIff lngsf nflu lzIfssf :yfoL jf;:yfg -u?' sn' _, 3d' Gt] lzIfssf c:yfoL jf;:yfg, d7, dlGb/, cf>d / ljxf/x¿, cu|xf/ ufpxF ¿ / z}lIfs sfo;{ uF ;DalGwt ufi] 7Lx¿df hfg] ul/GYof] . To; a]nf g]kfnsf sltko ljxf/x¿ af4} wds{ f s]Gbs| f¿kdf k|l;4 lyP . ef/t, ltAat / lrgaf6 cfPsf ljåfgx\\ ¿ g]kfnsf ljxf/df af}4 wds{ f] cWoog ug{ cfpyF ] . kmlkª{ / nlntk/' df af}4 wd{sf sG] b| /x]sf lyP . nlntk'/sf] u'Otljxf/, :joDe' / yjF lxn klg gk] fnsf k|l;4 af}4 lzIffsf s]Gb| lyP . el' hdf]n, k~rdfn] , uf]ndf]n, /~hgf / b]jgfu/L h:tf lnlkx¿sf] ljsf; ePaf6 To;a]nfsf] lzIff pRr :t/sf] ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . -s_ snf dWosfndf ;ªu\\ Ltsnf, dl\" ts{ nf, lrqsnf / jf:ts' nfsf] /fdf| ] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . oL snfdf gk] fnL dfl} nssnfbl] v blIf0f tyf pQ/sf] ke| fjePsf] kfOG5 . pSt snfsf pTs[i6 gdg' f xgd' fg9fs] f, dª\\ unahf/ / eStk/' sf b/af/ Ifq] df dWosfnLg jf:ts' nf, sfi7snf, dl\" ts{ nf, wfts' nf, k|:t/snfsf pTs[i6 gd'gf cfh klg bV] g ;lsG5 . 8anL / rfs] x¿df afhf ahfpg], uLt ufpg], g[To / gf6s k|bz{g ug]{ ul/GYof] . tL g[To, wg' , uLt / gf6sx¿ lxGb' wfld{s uG| yx¿ /fdfo0f, dxfef/t, si[ 0f rl/q cflbsf syfdf cfwfl/t xG' Yo] . kf6gsf] si[ 0f dlGb/ cufl8 gflrg] sflQs gfr, hgk} \"l0fdf bl] v s[i0fhGdfi6dL;Dd gflrg] nfv] gfr, xl/l;l4, e}/j, sfnL, ci6dft[sf cflb gfrx¿ gflrGYof] . 172 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

dWosfnLg d\"lts{ nf lgs} pTsi[ 6 dflgG5 . k|:t/dl\" t{, sfi7 d\"lt,{ d[lQsf dl\" t{, wft' dl\" t{ o; ;dosf d'Vo d\"lts{ nfx¿ x'g\\ . o; ;dosf dl\" tx{ ¿df ljleGg ks| f/sf cnªs\\ f/x¿ / uxgf k:| tt' ul/Psf] x'GYof] . dl\" t{df w]/} xft, lz/ / hLjGt 36gfx¿sf] kl| tlglwTj ePsf] bl] vG5 . k|:t/ dl\" tx{ ¿lnR5lj sfnsfeGbf s]xL kmf;] |f] / sdnf] 9'ªu\\ fdf agfpg] kr| ng a9L bl] vG5 . dlGb/ / b/af/x¿df sf7sf a'6\\6f / d\"lt{ s'FlbPsf emo\\ fn, 9fs] f, 6F8' fn, g;, tf/] 0f cflb /fVg] rng lyof] . To;an] fsf] sfi7snfsf] pTs[i6 gdg' f cfFvLemo\\ fn xf] . df6fsf] dl\" t{ agfpg,] d's6' / dv' 'G8f]x¿ agfpg] k|rng klg lyof] . 6'F8fnx¿df ljleGg xftdf z:qc:q lnPsf b]jL b]jtf, ci6lr/~hLjL, af3, l;+x, kzk' G5L, hgfj/ / ls/fx¿ cflbsf cfsf/df d\"lt{x¿ s'FlbPsf x'Gy] . df6faf6 snfTds O6F f / efF8fx¿ agfpg] rng klg lyof] . kf6gsf] dxfaf4} sf] dlGb/ df kT| os] O6fdf s'lF bPsf a4' sf dl\" tx{ ¿ o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\\ . dWosfndf wfts' f dl\" t{ agfpg] kl| jlwsf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg b]jLbj] tf, a'4 / a'4 wd;{ Fu ;DalGwt dl\" tx{ ¿ / JolStsf zflnsx¿ wfta' f6 agfOGYof] . ;du| d\"lt{x¿ lxGb' / af}4 zf:qLo db' f| / cf;gdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL dl\" ts{ nfdf gk] fnL df}lnstf /x]sf] bl] vG5 . b]jLbj] tfsf] d\"ltd{ f lz/df d's6' / To;sf ;fydf lz/ efuaf6 jl/kl/ pHofnf] Hof]lt kml} nPsf] kt| Lssf¿kdfkH| jfnfjnL / HjfnfjnLo'St ke| fd08n /xs] f] xG' 5 . xft v'66\\ f / z/Lsf] larlardf xfjf hfg] 5]8 ePsf dl\" t{ x'g' To; a]nfsf dl\" ts{ f yk ljz]iftf x'g\\ . o; ;dodf uG| y lrq, leQl] rq / kfe} f lrq agfpg] rng lyof] . b/af/, dlGb/, ljxf/ / uD' afsf leQfdf b]jLb]jtf / wflds{ 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt leQ] lrqsf pTs[i6 gdg' fx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . ljleGg wfld{s u|Gydf wflds{ syfdf cfwfl/t uG| y lrqx¿ ag]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . dWosfnLg g]kfndf ag]sf ;a}eGbf k/' fgf] kfe} f lrq cldtfe a4' sf] lrq / lxGb' bj] Lb]jtf ePsf] dWosfnLg ;a}eGbf ky| d kf}ef lrq bu' f{ dlxif dlbg{ Lsf] lrq n; PGhN;sf] sfpG6L Dol' hoddf /x]sf] kf}ef lrq xf] . To; ;dosf w]/} h;f] lrqx¿ ljbz] L ;ª\\ux| fno / lghL ;ª\\ux| fnodf el] 6G5g\\ . dWosfnLg jf:t'snfcGtut{ dlGb/, ljxf/, rT} o, :tk' , bj] n, /fhb/jf/, cfjf;Lo ejgx¿, kf6L, kfj} f, 9'ªu\\ ]wf/fcflb k5g{ \\ . logLx¿df gk] fnL dfl} ns snfsf] pTsi[ 6 gd'gf bV] g kfOG5 . o;cGtut{ Kofuf8] f zn} Ldf ags] f tn] dlGb/x¿sf] afx'No kfOG5 . eStk/' sf] Goftkfn] , kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/, kf6gsf] eLd;g] dlGb/, kf6g b/af/, xgd' fg 9fs] f b/af/, tnh] ' ejfgLsf] dlGb/, kgft} Lsf] OGbZ|] j/ dlGb/, krkGg emo\\ fn] b/af/, pkTosfdf /xs] f o:t} cGo dlGb/x¿ dWosfnLg jf:t'snfsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\\ . sfi7snfn] el/k\"0f{ lemFu6L jf wfts' f] 5fgf, snfTds ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 173

6'F8fn / tf/] 0f Pjd\\ emo\\ fn 9f]sf ePsf / uh/' ePsf oL dlGb/x¿ lgs} ;'Gb/ bl] vG5g\\ . lzv/ zn} Ldf ag]sf] kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/ / ;uF } /xs] f] 9ª' u\\ fsf] bj] n klg jf:ts' nfsf] pTsi[ 6 gdg' f xg' \\ . 9'ª\\uf dfq k|ofu] ePsf oL dlGb/df /fdfo0f / dxfef/tsf syfsf 36gfnfO{ ;d]t slF' bPsf] 5 . b/af/ agfpbF f v08v08 kf/]/ rf/kf6] rfs] tyf cfuF gx¿ agfpg,] rfs] sf] jl/kl/ eO' tF nfdf bnfg / bnfgsf] dfly afb{nL Pjd\\ cfvF Lemo\\ fnx¿ /flvPsf xG' y] . sg' } rf]ssf] lardf 9'ªu\\ ] wf/f /fVg] kr| ng klg b]lvG5 . a6j' fsf nflu ;:' tfpg / af; a:gsf nflu snfTds kf6L, kf} jf, kfgL vfg 9'ªw\\] f/fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' Yof] . kf6g / sf7df8fFs} f] ;'gwf/f klg dWosfnLg snfsf pTs[i6 gd'gf xg' \\ . lj|mofsnfk != dWosfnLg snfsf gd'gfx¿ jf To;sf tl:a/ jf lrqx¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/L Ps kf:] 6/ tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= dNnsfnLg cfly{s cj:yfsf] rrf{ ub}{ jtd{ fgdf g]kfnn] cfkm\\gf] cfly{s cj:yf ;w' f/ ug{ s] s] ugk{' nf{ <;dx\" df 5nkmnu/L wf/0ff k:| t't ug{'xf];\\ . #= dWosfnLg sg' } Ps kj{ jf hfqfsf] af/d] f vf]hL u/L k|ltjb] g tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ . 174 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

cEof; != tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ kf7df plNnlvt dxG] b|dNnsf] egfOaf6 cfhsf pBf]uL Joj;foLn] s] l;Sg ;S5g\\ < -v_ g]kfnsf] dWosfnLg cflys{ cj:yf lgs} ;b' 9[ bl] vG5 . g]kfnsf] xfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf;Fu t'ngf ub}{ o;nfO{ cem ;'b[9 agfpgs] ug{k' nf{< n]Vg'xf;] \\ . -u_ dWosfnLg gk] fnL jf:ts' nf pTsi[ 6 lyof]eGg] kd| f0f k:| t't ug{x' f];\\ . -3_ dWosfnLg snf tyf ;:+ s[ltx¿ cfh klg kr| ngdf /xs] f 5g\\ . tL s]s] x'g,\\ pNn]v ug{'xf;] \\ . -ª_ dNnsfnLg cfly{s cj:yf / xfnsf] cfly{s cj:yfsf] tn' gf ugx'{ f];\\ . -r_ dWosfnLg ;fdflhs cj:yf emNsg] ;+jfb tof/ kfg'x{ f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 175

% kf7 M dWosfndf ;;fgf /fHosf] pbo / cj;fg k|frLgsfnb]lv ljleGg ;dodf PsLs/0f x'Fb} 6'lj|mFb} u/]sf] ljzfn :jtGq /fi6« g]kfn k\"j{ dWosfndf cfOk'Ubf d'Vo tLg /fHodf ljeflht lyof] . tL /fHodf klZrdsf] v; dNn /fHo, dWoefusf] g]kfnd08ncGtu{tsf dNn /fHo / blIf0f kj\" {sf] lt/x't jf s0ff6{ s /fHo k5g{ \\ . tL /fHox¿ dWosfnsf] kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;fgf;fgf /fHodf ljefhg ePsf] kfOG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] PsLs/0f ug]{ ;dodf cfOkU' bf gk] fn bN' n'sf] :tDe sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf tLg 6j' m| f eO;xs] f] lyof.] o;afxs] u08sL If]qdf @$ /fHo, s0ff{nL If]qdf @@ /fHo / dWo / kj\" {tkm{ tLgcf6] f /fHo lyP . of] ;ªV\\ of 36a9 eO/xGYof] .oL /fHox¿cGtut{ ;ofF} ;;fgf ufpFn] /hf6} fx¿ klg lyP . tL /fHox¿ Pscfk;df n8fOF ul//xGy] . hgtfsf] cgfxsdf wghgsf] Iflt x'GYof] . o;/L w]/} /fHox¿df ljefhgsf] sf/0fn] logsf] ktg klg eof] . != s0ff{nL k|bz] s0ff{nL kb| ]zdf vf/L k|b]z -ltAat_ af6 cfPsf zlStznL /fhf gfu/fhn] h'Dnfsf] l;Fhf pkTosfnfO{ /fhwfgL agfO{ v; /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf] bl] vG5 . of]uL g/xl/gfyn] vfh] L u/s] f b'Nns' f] ;g\\ !$!$ sf] :tDedf æclg vf/L kb| ]zdf a:g] h'g >L gfu/fh hfj]Zj/ xg' e' of] . pxfnF ] ;]Ghf gu/df l:ylt a;fNge' of] .Æ eGg] jfSofz+ k/s] fn] l;Fhf /fHosf ;:+ yfks gfu/fhg} ePsf] k|:6 x'G5 . pgn] cfkmg\\ f] /fHonfO{ s0f{nL gbL Ifq] bl] v s'dfpF u9jfn;Dd lj:tf/ u/s] f lyP . ;f] /fHodf gfu/fhkl5 rfk, rflkNn, j|mflzrNn, jm| flwrNn, j|mfrNn, czf] srNn, lhtf/L dNn, l/kd' Nn, cflbTo dNn, k0' o dNn, k[YjL dNn / ceo dNnn] zf;g u/] sf] bl] vG5 . ;g\\ !#(! ;Dd ceo dNnsf] zf;g ePsf] s/' f uN' dLdf kmn] f k/s] f] Ps tfd|kqn] hgfp5F . ceodNnkl5 eg] v; dNn /fHo 6'ljm| g yfn]sf] cg'dfg 5 . o;/L s0ffn{ L kb| z] df dWosfndf g} ljzfn v; /fHo :yfkgf eP/ sl/a @%) jif{ zf;g u/]sf] bl] vG5 . ltg} /fHox¿ 6l' jm| Fb} uP/ afO;L /Hosf] lgdf0{ f ePsf] b]lvG5 . 176 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

s0ff{nL kb| z] sf afO;L /fHo lj=;+= !$%) df pQd/fhsf lj=;+= !*$& df /fhf ;o\" d{ fg zfxsf] != h'Dnf 5f]/f aln/fhfn] h'Dnf /fHosf] kfnfdf hD' nf ljzfn gk] fndf ljno :yfkgf u/] . eof] . @= hfh/sf6] lj=;+= !$^! df /fhf d]lbgL lj=;+= !*$# df uh]Gb| zfxsf] jdfn{ ] hfh/sf]6sf] :yfkgf u/] ;dodf gk] fndf ufleof] . sf lyP . #= lj=;+= !$)( df lg/okfnn] 8f6] L !*$^ df /fh bLk zfxLsf] 8f6] L /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] . zf;gsfndf8f]6L g]kfndf ldl;of] . $= ;Nofg lj=;+= !$$%df /fhf ;'d]?jdfn{ ] lj=;+= !*@% df ;Nofgsf /fhf s[i0f ;Nofg /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf zfxn] g]kfnsf] ;/+ IfsTj :jLsf/ u/] lyP . sf lyP . %= c5fd lj=;=+ !$*% OGbj| df{ / rGbj| dfn{ ] lj=;=+ !*$& df c5fdsf /fhf b] ^= ?s'd c5fd /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf jrGb| zfxsf] ;dodf c5fd gk] fndf lyP . ufleof] . lj=;=+ !$&% df /fhf gl/adn] lj=;+= !*$^ df ?s'd g]kfndf ?sd' /fHosf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP . ldnfOof] . &= afkF mL lj=;+= !$&% df hubLz jdn] lj=;+= !*$^ df afkF mLnfO{ gk] fndf afkF mL /fHosf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP . uflePsf] lyof] . *= b'Nn' lj=;=+ !$%# df /fhf dn}jdn] lj=;+= !*$^ df /fhf pltd zfxsf] bN' n' /fHosf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP . /fHosfndf b'Nn' g]kfnsf] cfl>t /fHo aGof] . ( kmnfjfª bfªaf6 cfPsf sfnf ;'Ntfgaf6 kmnfjfª ;Nofg /fHodf ufleof] . :yflkt !)= b}n]v lj=;=+ !$%# df /fhf dnj} Ddn] b} lj=;+= !*$^ df /fhf s0f{zfxLsf] nv] /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . zf;gsfndf bn} v] gk] fndf ldnfOof] . !!= l5NnLsf6] lj=;=+ !&)# df bfg axfb/' zfx lj=;+= !*$& df /fhf jL/eb| zfxsf] l5NnL sf]6sf /fhf lyP . /fHosfndf of] g]kfndf ufleof] . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 177

!@= dl' ;sf]6 lj=;+= !$&% df /fhf hotD' an] lj=;+= !*$^ df /fhf d'sG' b zfxLsf] dl' ;sf6] /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf /fHosfndf of] /fHo gk] fndf ufleof] . lyP . !#= bgf{ lj=;=+ !$($ df /fhf pbojdfn{ ] lj=;+= !*$& df ?b| zfxLsf bgf{ /fHosf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP . zf;gsfndf gk] fndf ufleof] . !$= wl' nsf6] lj=;+= !^@% df /fhf ke| ft / lj=;+= !*$^e\"kgf/fo0f zfxLsf] / !% uhn' fon] w'lnsf]6 -;'v]{t_ /fHosf] fHosfndf g]kfndf ufleof] . :yfkgf u/] . lj=;=+ !%%) df /fhf hofl;x+ n] g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] ;dodf g]kfn uh'n -/fN] kf_ /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] clw/fHodf ldnfOof] . sf lyP . !^= vd' L| lj=;=+ !^@# df OGbk| fn;g] n] vd' L| g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] ;dodf g]kfn /fHosf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP . clw/fHodf ldnfOof] . !&= afh/' f lj=;=+ !^%) df /fhf 8u' /l;+xn] lj=;=+ !*$& df cgGtkfnsf] ;dodf afh'/f /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf afh/' f /fHo gk] fndf ldl;of] . lyP . !*= dfng6] f lj=;=+ !&() df dbg/fh zfxn] lj=;=+ !*^# df ¿kgf/fo0f zfxsf] / !(= aemfª\\u dfng]6f /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf fHosfndf dfng6] f gk] fndf ufleof] . lyP . lj=;=+ !%)# df /fhf zlStl;x+ n] lj=;=+ !*$& df /fhf ;dG' b| l;+xn] aemfª /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf g]kfnsf] cufl8 cfTd;dk0f{ u/]sf lyP . lyP . @)= bfªM lj=;=+ !%%) df /fhf bnLl;+xn] lj=;=+ !*$# df /fhf gjnl;x+ sf] / bfª /fHosf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP . fHosfndf bfª g]kfndf ufleof] . lj=;+= !$&% df /fhf dfwjjdn] o;sf] /fhwfgL sf]6hxf/L / rf}/ @!= hxf/L hxf/L -xfnsf] ?sd' / ;Nofg_ hxf/Ldf lyof] . lj=;=+ !*$& df of] @@= ynf/f sf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP . /fHo gk] fndf ufleof] . !%)# df /fhf zlQml;x+ n] ynxf/f lj=;+= !*$^ df uh]Gb|l;+xsf] /fHosf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP . /fHosfndf ynxf/f -xfnsf] aemfª lhNnf_ g]kfndf ufleof] . 178 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

@= u08sLIfq] u08sLIfq] , s0fn{ L If]q / lt/xt' /fHodf h:tf] 56' 6\\ } ljzfn /fHo ePsf] k|ef0f e]l6bF }g . klZrdtkm{sf] s]xL e\"efu v; /fHon] g} ;d6] ]sf] lyof] eg] afFsL ee\" fu pkTosfs} lnR5lj / dNn sfndf lj:tf/ eP/ g]kfn /fHocGtut{ /x]sf] lyof] . pkTosfsf /fhfx¿ sdhf/] ePsf a]nf ToxfsF f ;fdGtx¿ / k|zf;sx¿n] cfkm\"n] sAhf u/]sf] el\" dnfO{ :jtGq /fHo 3f]if0ff ub{} uP/ rf}la;L /fHox¿sf] lgdf0{ f ePsf] kfOG5 . rf}la;L /fHox¿ 7o\\ fSs} rfl} a;cf]6f geP/ ;ª\\ Vof 36a9 eO/xGYof] . u08sL kb| z] sf rfl} a;L /fHo M sf7df8f“} pkTosf kj\" s{ f ;g] /fHo kNnf] gj' fsf6] c3f{ dl' ;sf6] a'6jn u/xF' sflGtk/' dsjfgk/' uf/] vf vfrF L l/l;ª 9f/] d':tfª nlntk/' rf}bG8L kjt{ uN' dL Ko'7fg le/sf6] k}o'F eStk'/ ljhok/' unsf6] , kfNkf l3l/ª ndh'ª sf:sL w'/sf6] O:df tgx'F ;tx'F u/xF' Alnxfª 9f]/ #= t/fO{sf] s0ff{6s jf lt/x't /fHo xfnsf] af/f lhNnfsf] l;d/f}g u9nfO{ /fhwfgL agfP/ lj=;+= !)%$ df l;d/fg} u9 jf lt/xt' jf 8f]o /fHosf] :yfkgf gfGob]jn] u/]sf lyP . o; /fHocGtut{ af/f, /f}tx6, ;nf{xL, dxf] Q/L, ;Kt/L / df]/ªsf s]xL Ifq] ky]{ . To;} u/L ef/t tkms{ f beª{ u\\ f, dh' km/k/' , rDkf/0f, dw'jgL / k\"l0fo{ f lhNnfsf sx] L ee\" fux¿ ;dt] o; /fHocGtu{t ky{] . o; /Hosf ;:yfks gfGobj] ef/tsf] gfGok'/L /fHosf o; Ifq] xg] {] k|zf;s lyP . kl5 pgn] cfkmFn} ] of] /fHosf] :yfkgf u/L cfkmn\" fO{ /fhf 3fi] f0ff u/s] f lyP . pgL s0ff{6j+zL ePsfn] o; /fHonfO{ s0ff6{ s /fHo klg elgGYof] . pgn] cfkm\\gf] /fHo lj:tf/ ug{] l;nl;nfdf g]kfn pkTosfnfO{ klg k6s k6s cfjm| d0f u/]sf] bl] vG5 . lj=;+= !!^* df pgn] cfj|md0f u/]sf] s/' f pkTosfsf] clen]vdf e]l6Psf] 5 . gfGobj] kl5 sfs] f] /fhf eP eGg] k|:6 gePklg uªu\\ fbj] , g/l;+xb]j, ek' fnl;Fu bj] / xl/l;+xbj] n] zf;g u/]sf] kfOG5 . xl/+;xbj] lgs} zlStzfnL, lzIff tyf snfsf kd|] L /fhf lyP . pgsf] /fHodf d';ndfg zf;sn] cfj|md0f u/k] l5 pgL efu/] pQ/L kxf8L Ifq] tkm{ nfu] sf lyP . o;j} m| ddf pgn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf cfj|md0f u/]/ ljtG8f dRrfPsf lyP . To;kl5 pgL oxfF klg l6Sg g;s]/ kxf8lt/ nfUbf bf]nvf k'u]kl5 xl/l;+xb]jsf] d[To' eof] . To;kl5 pgsL >LdtL b]jn b]jL / 5f]/f hut\\ l;x+ nfO{ pkTosfsf /fhf ?bd| Nnn] z/0f lbPsf lyP . xl/l;x+ sf 5f/] f hut\\l;+xsf] ljjfx g]kfnsL /fhs'df/L gfos b]jL;Fu eof] . pgLx¿af6 /fhNn b]jLsf] hGd eof] . pg} /fhNnbj] Lsf] hol:ylt dNn;uF ljjfx ePkl5 hol:ylt dNn gk] fnsf] /fhf eP . o;/L lt/x't /fHo klg ktg eof] . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 179

$= k\"j{sf ;]g /fHo kfNkfsf /fhf d's'Gb;g] n] kfNkf /fHonfO{ k\"j{tkm{ lj:tf/ u/L ljzfn kfNkf agfPsf lyP . pg} ds' G' b ;]gn] ;f] /fHonfO{ dsjfgk'/, a'6jn, tgx'F / dsjfgk'/ /fHodf ljefhg u/L cfkmg\\ f 5f/] fx¿nfO{ aflF 8lbPsf lyP . dsjfgk/' sf /fhf ze' ;]gn] dsjfgk'/ nfO{ dsjfgk'/ / ljhok'/ /fHodf ljefhg u/L cfkm\\gf b'O{ efO 5f/] fnfO{ af8F s] f lyP . dsjfgk'/sf /fhf xd] s0f{ ;g] n] hut ;g] nfO{ sf;] L gbL;Ddsf] dw]; / kxf8L If]q dfem ls/ftdf kz| f;g rnfpg k7fPsf lyP . ;g\\ !&#% lt/ dfem ls/ftsf v'Da' ef/bf/x¿n] hut\\;]gnfOg{ } /fhf agfO{ rf}bG8L /fHo :yfkgf u/] . o;/L dsjfgk/' ljeflht eP/ k\"js{ f ljhok'/ / rfb} G8L /fHo :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . %= ;;fgf /fHosf] pbo x'g] sf/0f != efu} fl] ns ljs6tf / b/' Lsf sf/0fn] ubf{ kz| f;lgs bl[ i6n] 6f9fsf Ifq] x¿ sG] bs| f] lgoGq0fdf /xg g;Sg' @= dWosfndf s]Gba| f6 lgo'St ;fdGtx¿ zlStzfnL xFb' } hfg' / :jtGq /fHo 3fl] ift ug{' #= /fh kl/jf/, ef/bf/x¿ / /fhflarsf] åGån] ubf{ b/jf/df cljZjf; / if8\\oGq xg' yfNof] h;n] ubf{ s]Gb|Lo k|zf;g sdhf]/ x'Fb} uof] . $= ;fgf /fHox¿sf] 7'nf] / zlStzfnL aGg] dxŒjfsfªI\\ ffsf sf/0f cfk;L le8Gtn] klg /fHo sdhf]/ ePsf lyP . %= ;fgf /fHosf cj;fgsf sf/0f != ;fgf /fHox¿Ps cfk;df kf| o o'4df ;n+ Ug /xGy] . o;n] ubf{ l5d]s;uF j/} efj xG' Yof] . @= ljleGg ;dodf ePsf PsLs/0f cleofgx¿ :yfoL xg' ;sg] . #= ;fgf /fHosf b/af/df if8o\\ Gq / dgd'6fjsf sf/0f Ps kIf zf;g uYof]{ eg] csf]{ kIf uf/] vfnfO{ PsLs/0fsf nflu cfdGq0f uy]{ . $= ef/tdf cªu\\ |]hsf] ;fd|fHojfbL gLltsf sf/0f gk] fnLx¿df ljzfn / :jtGq/fi6« agfpg] cfsfªI\\ ff a9o\\ f] . To;n] ubf{ PsLs/0f ;?' eof] / ;fgf /fHosf] cjzfg x'g k'Uof] . %= sf7df8fF} pkTosf -g]kfn d08n_ ljhokl5sf] pT;fxn] ubf{ kY[ jL gf/fo0f zfx / uf]/ vfnL ;g] fdf afO;Lrf}la;L / ;g] /fHo klg lhTg] pT;fx a9/] cfof] . 180 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

lj|mofsnfk != k':tsfno jf OG6/g]6sf] ko| f]u u/L afO;L, rf}la;L, g]kfn dG8n / k\"j{sf /fHox¿sf] af/] df /f]rs tYox¿ vfh] L u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \\ . @= afO;L /fHosf] pbo / cj;fgsf 36gfnfO{ 56' \\6f5'66\\ } ;do /]vfdf b]vfpg'xf];\\ . #= gk] fndf rfl} a;L /fHox¿ slxn] slxn] gk] fn /fHodf ufleP< Oltxf;sf k:' ts jf OG6/g6] df vfh] ]/ tflnsfdf k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; != tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ dWosfndf /fHo 6'lj|mg] sf/0fx¿ s] s] /x]5g\\ < -v_ g]kfndf 6j' |m] /fHox¿sf] cj;fg s;/L eof] < -u_ Oltxf;sf ljleGg sfnv08df krf;fF} 6'j|mfdf ljeflht gk] fnnfO{ PsLs/0f ug{ / To;nfO{ l;ª\\uf]¿kdf l6sfO/fVg xdf| k'vf{n] slt ldlxg]t ug{k' ¥of] xfn] f <cg'dfg u//] Ps sljtf jf ;+jfb jf kq tof/ kfg{x' f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 181

^ cfw'lgs sfn kf7 M != g]kfn PsLs/0f g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df zfxj+zLo /fHo ;Qfsf] :yfkgf ug]{ klxnf] /fhf k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx xg' \\ . pgL uf/] vfsf /fhf lyP . pgsf] hGd uf/] vfsf /fhf g/e\"kfn zfx / dftf sz} NofjtLsf h]i7 ;'k'qsf] ¿kdf lj=;=+ !&&( k'; @& ut] uf/] vfdf ePsf] lyof] . cfwl' gs gk] fnsf] lgdf{0f u/] sf sf/0f kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ /fi6« lgdft{ f klg elgG5 . To; an] f gk] fn slDtdf %# 6'j|mfdf ljeflht yof] . To;} dWo]sf] Ps /fHo uf]/vf lyof] . uf]/vfaf6 g} k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofg ;'? u/s] f lyP . pgL zlStzfnL /fhf aGg dfq rfxg] /fhf lyPgg\\ . pgL zf;g Joj:yfdf hgrfxgfsf] klg sb/ uy{] . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf¿kdf sfnk' f8F ]sf] lgo'lStnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . pgL lj/fh avt] LnfO{ dn\" sfhL agfpg rfxGy] t/ hgefjgf sfn' kf8F t] km{ ePsf] xg' fn] sfn'kfF8]nfO{ g} dn' sfhL agfPsf lyP . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] Plss/0f cleofg lj=;=+ 36gf ;n+ Ug ;g] f tyf ;]gfgfosx¿ !&(( r}q @^ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] /fHof/fx] 0f lj/fh yfkf, uf/} Z] j/ kGt, sfn' !*)! gj' fsf6] ljho kf8F ,] dxf]2d sLlt{ zfx, bndbg{ !*!$ sLltk{ /' dfly klxnf] cfs|d0f zfx, z/\" k|tfk zfx kz{/' fd yfkf, !*!( dsjfgk'/ ljho j+z/fh kf08,] s]x/l;x+ a:gt] , !*@! sLltk{ '/dfly bf;] |f] cfjm| d0f jz+ ' u'?ª, jL/eb| pkfWofo, t'nf/ !*@@ sLltk{ '/ ljho fd kfF8,] /0fz/' kf8F ], wfs] nl;+x !*@% sflGtk'/ ljho a:gt] , >Lxif{ kGt, /fds[i0f sj'F /, !*@% nlntk'/ ljho cd/l;x+ yfkf, cledfgl;+x a:gt] !*@^ eStk'/ ljho !*#! ljhok/' dfly ljho !*#! kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] d[To' ;|f]t M gk] fnsf] cfwl' gs Oltxf; Toltan] f blIf0ftkms{ f] ef/tdf O:6 OlG8of sDkgLn] zf;g u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] sDkgLn] a]nfotL pklgj]z :yfkgf ug]{ j|mddf ef/tsf 6j' m| ] /fHox¿nfO{ PsLs/0f ub}{ zf;g ul//xs] f] lyof] . 182 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

ha k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g'jfsf]6af6 g]kfn PsLs/0f ug{ ;?' u/] To;a]nf blIf0fsf] cª\\u]h| sf] cfFvf g]kfntkm{ kl/;s]sf] lyPg .k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx To;k|lt ;rt] lyP . pgn] gk] fnnfO{ bO' { 9'ªu\\ flarsf] t?n egL g]kfnnfO{ :jtGq /fHosf¿kdf hfu] fO/fVg sl7g 5 eGg] pgnfO{ yfxf lyof] . pgn] ljz] gurL{ / a9' L cfdfaf6 kfPsf] ctL{ / sfn'kf8F h] :tf s'zn ;g] fkltsf] ;Nnfxn] sf7df8fF} pkTosfnfO{ jl/kl/ 3]/faGbL u/]/ lj=;=+ !*@% c;fh] !# ut] cfjm| d0f u/L PsLs/0f u/]sf lyP . pgn] gj' fsf6] df b'O{ k6s / sLltk{ '/df tLg k6s cfjm| d0f u//] dfq g]kfn / fHodf ldnfpg ;kmn ePsf lyP . o;af6 pgL slxn] xf/ gvfg] / gofF gfofF of]hgf agfP/ cfkmg\\ f] sfo{ ;kmn kfg{] JolStTj eGg] al' emG5 . pkTosf ljhokl5 klZrdlt/sf sx] L /fHo ljho ul/of] . kY[ jLg/fo0f zfx sf7df8fF} kmsg{ ] lalQs} tL /fHon] ckm\" :jtGq ePsf] 3fi] f0ff ug{ yfn] . pgn] xf/ dfgg] g\\ / k\"jt{ km{ cl3 a9] . pgn] rfb} G8L / ljhok'/nfO{ ;lhn} lht/] g]kfnsf] l;dfgf k\"j{df l6:6f gbL;Dd k'¥ofP . lj=;+= !*#! Dff3] ;ª\\j|mflGtsf lbggj' fsf6] sf] b]jL3f6df pgsf] bx] fj;fg eof] . pgn] cfkm\" la/fdL k/k] l5 cfkm\\gf] clGtd ;dolt/ cfkm\\gf efOef/bf/ /fv]/ s]xL ctL{ pkb]zx¿ lbPsf lyP . h;nfO{ lbJofk] bz] elgG5 . lbJof]kb]zsf s]xL c+z oxf k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M != -of]_ d]/f] ;fgf] bM' ifn] cflhP{ sf] d'n's xf]Og . -o; d'ns' sf] cfhg{ df b]zsf ljleGg hft tyf hfltsf w]/} gful/sx¿sf] kl/>d kl//x]sf] 5 . o;}n] of] d'ns' _ ;a} hft tyf hfltx¿sf] -;femf_ kmn\" af/L xf] . ;a}nfO{ -o; s'/fsf]_ rt] gf eP -/fd|f] x'g] lyof_] . o; km\"naf/LnfO{ ;fgf7n' f rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hftfsf hgtf_ n] -;dfg¿kn] ;Def/ ug'k{ 5{ _. @= /fhfn] -bz] df_ Gofo tyf lg;fkm /fd/| L x]g{] ug\"{ . dn' 'sdf -sg' } klg lsl;dsf_ cGofo x'g glbg' . -bz] df_ Gofo -tyf_ lg;fkm laufg]{ eg]sf 3'; lbg] tyf 3;' vfg] -JolStx¿ g_} x'g\\ . oL bO' { y/L JolSt_ sf] t wg tyf lhp -g} hkmt u/L_ lnPdf klg kfk -nfUg_] 5g} . oL -bO' { y/L JolSt t_ /fhfsf dxfzq' g} xg' \\ . #= d/] f ;fgf b'ifn] cfHof{sf] dn' 's xfO] g= ;a} hftsf] kmn' afl/ xf]= ;an} fO{ r]tgf eof= of] k\"mnafl/sf] 5f]6f a8f rf/} hft 5lQ;} agÚ{ n] -o;nfO{ ;Def/ ug{'kb{5 ._ ;|ft] M lbJofk] b]z kY[ jL gf/fo0fzfxsf] dT[ ok' l5 klg gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofg /fl] sPg . pgsf] d[To'kl5 pgsf h7] f 5f]/f kt| fkl;x+ zfxn] g]kfn PsLs/0fnfO{ cl3 a9fP . pgsf] kfnfdf ljhok'/ lkmtf{ ug{ a'l4s0f{ /fOn{ ] u/]sf] ko| f;nfO{ c;kmn kfl/of] . lrtjgsf] sljnf;k'/ /;fd] ]Zj/ u9Ldf cfj|md0f u/L gk] fn /fHodf ldnfOof] . kt| fkl;+x zfxn] hDdf b'O{jif{ bz dlxgf dfq zf;g u/] . lj=;+= !*#$ df @^ jif{s} pd/] df kt| fkl;+x zfxsf] d[To' eof] . To;kl5 pgsf c9fO{ jif{sf gfafns 5f/] f /0faxfb'/ zfx /fhf eP . gfafnsn] zf;g ug{ g;s]kl5 /0faxfb/' zfxsf sfsf axfb/' zfx / cfdf /fhG] bn| IdLn] ;+o'St¿kdf /fHo u/] . sx] L dlxgfdf g} bj] / efph'sf ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 183

lardf v6k6 ePkl5 /fgL /fhG] b|nIdLn] 5f]/f /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] gfoj eO{ zf;g ug{ yflng\\ . lj=;=+ !*$@ df pgsf] dT[ o' eof] . ef/tdf lgjf{;gdf /x]sf axfb/' zfx efph' /fhG] b|nIdLsf] d[To'kl5 g]kfn cfP/ bz jifs{ f gfafns elthf /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] gfoj eO{ zf;g ug{ yfn] . pgsf] kfnfdf klg g]kfnsf] w]/} ee\" fusf] PsLs/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .axfb'/ zfxn] gk] fnsf] klZrdtkm{sf] 7'nf] e\"efu gk] fndf ldnfPsf lyP . pgn] kfNkfh:tf] zlStzfnL /fHo;uF n8\\ge' Gbf cfkm\\gf] kIfdf ldnfP/ ;xofu] lng] gLlt lnP . o;sf nflu pgn] kfNkfnL /fhs'df/L;uF ljjfx u/] . To; l5 klZrd g]kfn PsLs/0f ubf{ kfNkf r'k a:of] . g]kfnsf] cwLgtf :jLsf/ ul/;ss] f /fHo / g]kfndf ldnfOPsf /fHo tyf ToxfsF f hgtfsf] ;/' Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfP . o;n] ubf{ pgnfO{ hg;dy{g k|fKt eof] / ljbf| x] sf] ;Defjgfsf] cGTo eof] . afFsL /fHo PsLs/0f cleofgdf s]lGb|t x'g klg ;lhnf] eof] .axfb/' zfxn] cfkm\\gf] gfj} if{sf] gfojL sfndf g]kfnsf] l;dfgf sd' fpF u9jfn;Dd k¥' ofP . klZrdL ljho cleofgsf] g]t[Tj cd/l;+x yfkfn] ul//x]sf lyP . Tolt g} a]nf ltAat;uF o4' ;?' ePsfn] cd/l;+xnfO{ afn] fOof] pgL sf7df8f}F cfP/ ltAatL o4' df xf]ldP . ltAatnfO{ lrgsf] ;xofu] lyof] . ;f] o4' df gk] fnL ;g] fn] 7n' f] axfb/' L kb| zg{ u/] . cGtdf aq] fatL gbLdf ;lGw eof] . gk] fnsf] b/af/df /fhf /0faxfb'/ zfx hjfg eO;ss] f lyP . axfb/' zfxsf lj/f]wL ef/bf/x¿n] pgsf lj?4df /0faxfb/' zfxnfO{ s'/f nfufP/ kmf6f] u/fpg yfn] . axfb/' zfxnfO{ ltAt;uF sf] o4' sf] lx;fa a'emfpg g;s]sf] eGg] cf/f]k nufP/ h]n xfNg nufP .lj=;+= !*%$ df pgsf] hn] df g} d[To' eof] . To;kl5 /0faxfb/' zfx k\"0f{ ¿kdf zf;g rnfpg yfn] . /0faxfb/' zfxsf] kfnfdf klg PsLs/0fsf] sx] L cleofg ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . /0faxfb/' zfxsf] kfnfdf u9jfnnfO{ g]kfndf ldnfP/ g]kfnsf] l;dfgf klZrddf ;tnh gbL;Dd k'Uof] . ;tnh kf/L sfFu8fdf w]/k} 6s cfjm| d0f ul/of] t/ ljho xfl;n ug{ ;lsPg . otf kfNkf /fHo gk] fndf ldnfpg afsF L g} lyof] . eLd;g] yfkfsf] rnflvk0\" f{ ofh] gfcg;' f/ kfNkfsf /fhf kY[ jLkfn l;x+ nfO{ pgsf] alxgLsf] ljjfx /0faxfb/' zfx;uF ug{sf nflu s'/fsfgL ug{ egL sf7df8fF} af]nfO{ aGbL agfOof] . ptf eLd;g] yfkfsf lktf cd/l;x+ yfkfn] kfNkf ljho u/] . eLd;]g yfkfsf lktf cd/l;x+ yfkf / klZrd tkms{ f] ljho cleofg rnfpg] a8fsfhL cd/l;+x yfkf km/s JolSt x'g\\ . o;/L g]kfnsf] l;dfgf kj\" {df l6:6f gbLbl] v klZrddf ;tnh gbL;Dd k'u]kl5 g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg 6ª' \\luof] . gk] fn cª\\u]|h lardf lj=;=+ !*&! df o4' eof] . ;f] o'4df gk] fntkm{ w]/} Iflt ePsfn] o4' hf/L /fVg] ;Defjgf /xg] . To;n} ] gk] fn ;/sf/n] ;lGwsf] k|:tfj k7fof] . ;f] k|:tfjdf cªu\\ h]| n] k\"j{df d]rL b]lv k\"j{ / klZrddf dxfsfnLb]lv klZrdsf] ee\" fu tyf t/fOs{ f] 7n' f] If]q 5f8g\\ ] ;td{ f cªu\\ ]h| n] ;xdlt hgfof] . gk] fnsf] l;dfgf drL dxfsfnLdf ;Lldt eof] . ef/tdf lal| 6; zf;g lj?4 ePsf] l;kfxL ljb|fx] bafpg cªu\\ |h] n] g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;xfotf dfUof] . 184 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

hªu\\ axfb/' n] cfkmg\\ } gt] [Tjdf l;kfxL ljbf| ]x bafP/ cª\\uh|] nfO{ v';L kf/]sfn] lj=;=+ !(!& df cª\\ u]|haf6 t/fO{sf el\" dx¿ afFs,] alb{of, sn} fnL / s~rgk'/ lkmtf{ kfP . To;kl5 g]kfnsf] xfnsf] cfs[lt / l;dfgf sfod /xs] f] xf] . PsLs/0fsf] gt] T[ j ;fn gk] fndf ldnfOPsf] /fHo gt] T[ j ug]{ ;g] f gfosx¿ kt| fkl;x+ zfx !&&& sljnf;k/' / ;f]d]Zj/ u9L :j¿k l;x+ sfsL,{ cledfgl;x+ /fhG] b|nIdL a:g]t axfb'/ zfx !&*@ nDhª' / tgx'F /0faxfb/' zfx !&*$ kjt{ eb| zfx, bfdf]b/ kf8F ], cd/ !&*% sf:sL, l;+x yfkf, jz+ /fh kfF8], g? u/x,F' ;txF', l/l;ª, le/sf6] , zfx, !&*% k}o,F' rl/sf]6, 9f/] -ljgfo'4 gk] fnsf] cwLgtf :jLsf/_ uN' dL -ljgf o4' _, c3f,{ vfrF L !&*^ -ljgfo'4_, w'/sf]6, O:df, kj{t, d'l;sf]6, unsf]6, cd/l;x+ yfkf, kf/; zfx, hf] Ko7' fg, bfª, b'Nn', b}n]v, h'Dnf, x'Dnf, ugf/fo0f dNn, lzjgf/fo0f c5fd -g]kfnsf] cwLgtf vqL, ka| n /fgf, Zofd gf/ !&*( :jLsf/_, 8f]6L, w'/sf]6, fo0f Ifq] L, /0fjL/ l;x+ , /0fhLt gf/Lsf]6, kfG8], z'/jL/ yfkf, sKtfg sd' fpF, u9jfnsf] /fhwfgL sfn' kfF8], g? zfx >Lgu/ sAhf u/L g]kfnnfO{ !&(), lt/f] ltg{] u/L 5fl8of] !&(! u9jfn, b]x/fb'g, To; !*)$ If]qsf !@ /fHo / !* cd/l;x+ yfkf, a8fsfhL cd/ l;x+ yfkf, elSt yfkf, xl:tbn 7s'/fO sJhf kfNkf zfx, gogl;x+ yfkf hªu\\ axfb'/ /f0ff !*^) afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk/' , -O:6 OlG8of sDkgLaf6 pkx/:j¿k kf| Kt e\"ld_ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 185

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& PsLs/0fkl5sf] /fHo ;Qf kf7 M gk] fn PsLs/0fsf] sfd ;dfKt ePkl5 g]kfnsf] b/af/ if8\\oGqsf] ed\" /Ldf km:g uof] . ;Ldf ;'/Iff / ljsf;df sl] Gb|t x'gk' g{] b/af/ cfGtl/s snx / ;Qf xTofpg] bfpk]rdf km;k] l5 g] kfnsf] ;]gf tyf /fHo ;Qf sdhf/] xg' yfNof] . cfkmg\\ f] zlSt hf]ufpgsf nflu cª\\u]h| sf] ;xof] usf] ckI] ff ug{] ef/bf/x¿sf sf/0f c¿ cªu\\ h|] n] klg gk] fnsf] /fhgLltdf rf;f] /fVg yfn] . g]kfn PsLs/0fsf jm| ddf g]kfndf ldnfOPsf /fHosf /hf}6fx¿ /fhsd' f/x¿ / ef/bf/x¿n] g] kfn;uF abnf lng ;Sg] e/kbf]{ ldqsf¿kdf cªu\\ |]hnfO{ g} b]v]sf lyP . To;}n] pgLx¿ cª\\u]| hnfO{ prfn/] g]kfndfly cfj|md0f u/fO{ abnf lng rfxGy] . g]kfnsf] ckf/ ;|ft] tyf pko'St xfjfkfgLb]lv cª\\u]h| klg nfl] ePsf] lyof] . sg' } lgxF' lems]/ g]kfnnfO{ cfjm| d0f ug{ rfxGYof] . o;} lar a'6jn / :o/' fhsf] ljjfb lgl:sof] . a6' jnsf] hldg kfNkf / :o'/fhsf] hldg Ko'7fgn] cjwsf gjfj;uF jflif{s lt/f] ltg{] u/L ef8fdf lnPsf lyP .cjw /fHonfO{ cªu\\ ]h| n] lgoGq0fdf lnof] eg] kfNkf / Ko7' fg g]kfn /fHosf] lgoGq0f cfof] . ca cªu\\ |h] n] cjw cfkmn\" ] lhts] f] x'bF f a'6jn / :o'/fh klg cfkmg\\ } x'g] bfjL u¥of] eg] g]kfnn] cfkm\"n] lhts] f] e\"ld eg]/ 5f8g\\ dfgg] . kl/0ffd :j¿klj=;+= !*&! df g]kfn cª]\\h o4' eof] . o; o'4df cd/l;+x yfkf, elSt yfk, plh/l;x+ yfkf aneb| sj'F /nufotsf axfb'/x¿n] axfb/' Lsf ;fy n8] . g]kfnn] cª\\u]|h ;g] ftkm{ 7'nf] Iflt k¥' ofof] t/ lhTg ;sg] . cª\\uh]| n] 7n' f] ;}Go zlStsf ;fy gk] fndfly cfjm| d0f u/]sfn] gk] fnn] ;a} e\"ld ud' fpg'eGbf s]xL efu u'dfP/ ePklg g]kfn hf]ufpg' plrt 7fg]/ ;lGwsf] k|:tfj k7fof] . cª\\u|]hn] ljeGg ;t{ /fVof] . g]kfnn] tL ;t{ dfg]/ ;'uf}nL eGg] 7fpFdf ;lGw eof] h;nfO{ ;'ufn} L ;lGw elgG5 . ;f] ;lGwcg';f/ g]kfnn] PsltxfO e\"efu u'dfpg'k¥of] . cª\\uh|] kl| tlglw sf7df8f}F a:g kfpg] eP . g]kfnsf] l;dfgf dr] L / sfnL gbLsf] lardf ;Lldt /xg uof] . /f0ff zf;g ;?' x'g'kj\" { b/af/df hlt;s' } if8\\oGq eP klg PsLs/0f ul/Psf] gk] fn /fHosf] ;/' Iff / ;+/If0f /fHosf] kd| v' k|fyldstfsf] ljifo lyof] . blIf0fsf] cªu\\ |]hnfO{ 6f9} /fVg' / PsLs/0f ul/Psf hgtfaf6 x'g ;Sg] ljb|f]xsf] cj:Yff cfpg glbg' csf{] kf| yldstfsf] ljifo lyof] . != /f0ffsfncl3 kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] dT[ o'kZrft\\ g} g]kfnsf] /fhb/af/df if8o\\ Gqsf] ;?' jft eO;sfs] f] lyof] . vf; u/L ;fgf] pd]/df /fhf x'g,] /fhfsf] gfoa jf d'lVtof/ eP/ /fgLx¿ jf gftb] f/n] zf;g ugk{' g{] cj:yfsf] kmfObf p7fO{ ef/bf/x¿ zlStzfnL xg' ] cj:yf l;hg{ f ePsf] bl] vG5 . /0faxfb/' zfx c9fO jif{df, uLjf{0f o'4ljjm| d zfx bO' { jif{df / /fh]Gb|ljj|md klg ;fg}df /fhf ePsf ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 187

lyP . oL gfafns /fhfx¿sf] tkma{ f6 /fhdftfx¿, sfsf / ef/bf/x¿n] dl' Vtof/ eP/ zf;g rnfpFb} cfPsf lyP . logLx¿ lardf zlStsf nflu ;ª\\3if{ rln/xYof] . /0faxfb'/ zfx afns /fhf xFb' f axfb/' zfx / /fhG] b|nIdLn] dl' Vtof/ eO{ zf;g u/] . /0faxfb/' zfx /fhf ePkl5 klg pgn] lard} f gfafns 5f/] fnfO{ /fhf agfO{ ;GofzL ePsf lyP . To;n} ] uLjf{0fo4' ljj|md zfxsf] d'lVtof/ eP/ pgsf /fgL ;j' 0fk{ |ef, /fh/fh]Zj/L / :jod\\ /0faxfb'/ zfxn] gfoj eP/ sfd u/] . /0faxfb/' zfxsf] pgs} efO z]/axfb'/ zfxaf6 xTof ePkl5 uLjf0{ f o'4sf] gfoj eP/ /fhdftf nlntlqk/' f ;'Gb/Ln] zf;g ul/g\\ . o;} a]nf eLd;g] yfkf g]kfnsf] zf;gdf zlStzfnL ePsf lyP . uLjf{0fo4' ljjm| d zfx klg oj' fj:yfdf g} lgwg ePsf] xg' fn] pgsf gfjfns 5f]/f /fhG] b| ljjm| d zfx g} /fhf eP . gfjfns gfltsf] gfoj eP/ /fhdftf nlnt lqk/' f;G' b/Ln] zf;g ul/g\\ . /fh]Gb| ljjm| d pd/] ku' ]/ cflwsfl/s /fhf eO;sk] l5 klg pgL lgs} 8/kf]s / cof]Uo /fhf ePsfn] pgn] klxn] cfkm\\gL h7] L /fgL ;fdf| Ho nIdLbj] L / kl5 sfG5L /fgL /fHonIdLnfO{ zf;gsf] ;Dk0\" f{ clwsf/ lbP/ cfkm\" b/af/s} dfh] d:tLdf Jo:t ePsf lyP . kl/0ffd:j¿k b/ af/df u6' aGbL / if8o\\ Gqsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf eof] . if8\\oGqs} ;dodf klg eLd;]g yfkfn] #! jif{] zf;gdf clwsf+z ;do l:y/ zf;g rnfPsf lyP . pgn] cªu\\ h]| nfO{ Pl;ofaf6 g} gwkfP;Dd gk] fn ;/' lIft gx'g] ;DemL ef/tsf /Hofx¿ k~hfj, d/f7f cflb;uF 5nkmn rnfPsf lyP . ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5 g]kfndf cªu\\ |h] sf] k|ltlglw a:g kfpg] eP klg pgnfO{ gh/aGb h:t} u/L /fVg ;kmn ePsf lyP . @= /f0ff zf;g sfn /fhf /fhG] b| ljj|mdn] zf;gsf] kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfkmg\\ f] ;Dk\"0f{ clwsf/ /fgL /fHonIdLnfO{ ;'Dk] sf lyP . sfG5L /fgL h]7L /fgLsf 5f]/f ;/' G] bn| fO{ oj' /fh gagfO{ cfkm\\g} 5f/] f /0fG] b|nfO{ o'j/fh agfpg rfxlGyg\\ . o;}lar b/afl/of if8\\oGqsf] kmfObf p7fpbF } sft] kj{ / e08f/vfn kj{åf/f hªu\\ axfb/' /f0ff kw| fgdGqL tyf sdfG8/ OlGrkm h:tf] zlStzfnL kbdf k'Ug ;kmn eP . kl5 cnf}kjd{ fkm{t ;/' ]Gb|nfO{ /fhf agfO{ cem zlStzfnL eP . o;/L lj=;=+ !()# b]lv gk] fndf / f0ff zf;gsf] ;'?jft eof] . pgn] /fhfnfO{ gfddfqsf] /fhf agfO{ ;Dk0\" f{ clwsf/ cfk\\mg} xftdf lnPsf lyP . pgn] cfkm\"nfO{ >L # dxf/fh 3f]lift u/fPsf lyP . /f0ff zf;gdf gk] fnsf] /fHo Joj:yf :j]R5frf/L, lg/ª\\sz' / xs' d' L lyof] . /f0ffx¿ cfkm\" cToGt ljnf;L hLjg latfpyF ] eg] hgtfnfO{ ul/a, zfl] ift, kLl8t aGg afWo agfPsf lyP . pgn] k|wfgdGqL kb efOx¿tkm{ ;b{} hfg] k/Dk/f a;fn]sf lyP . zf;g ;Qfdf /f0ff kl/jf/ / pgsf gftb] f/ afxs] c¿ a:g kfpFb}gy] . /f0ffsf] x's'd g} sfgg' xG' Yof] . /f0ff kw| fgdGqLx¿ cfkmg\\ f] lj/f]w ug]{ / /f0ff zf;gsf lj/fw] LnfO{ hn] xfNg], lgdd{ xTof ug]{ / b]z lgsfnf ug]{ h:tf sfo{ uy{] .hgtfsf 5f]/f5f/] Ln] k9] eg] af7f xG' 5g\\ / pgLx¿n] /f0ff zf;gsf] lj/f]w u5{g\\ eGg] dfGotfn] ubf{ ljBfno vfN] g lbbF g} y] . /f0ff kl/jf/leq klg ;Qfsf nfluif8\\oGqx¿ 188 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

eO/xGy] . rGb|;d;]/n] /f0ffx¿nfO{ P, aL / ;L u/L tLg ju{df ljefhg u/] / P jun{ ] dfq kw| fgdGqL xg' kfpg] lgod agfOlbP . o;n] ubf{ aL / ;L jus{ f /f0ffx¿ /f0ff zf;gsf] lj/f] wdf nfu] . hgtfsf] tkm{af6 /f0ffzf;gsf] lj/f]w;'? eof] . lj=;=+ !(($ df kh| f kl/ifb\\ gfds bn vfl] nof] . o;sf] kfn] vn' k] l5 lj=;+= !((& df kh| fkl/ifbs\\ f g]tfx¿ uª\\ufnfn, bz/y rGb, wd{eSt / z'j|m/fh zf:qLnfO{ kmfF;Lsf] ;hfo eof] eg] sltkonfO{ g]n 7fl] sof] . t}klg hgtfsf] lj/fw] blaPg . lj=;=+ @))^ ;fndf ef/tdf lgjf{l;t hLjg latfO/xs] f gk] fnL o'jfx¿n] g] kfnL sfª\\u]|; bn vf]nL ;fs] f] g]t[Tjdf ;z:q ;ª3\\ if{ ug{ d'lSt ;g] f v8f u/L ;z:q jm| flGtsf] ;?' jft u/] . o; j|mflGtdf /fhf lqej' gsf] klg ;fy /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] jm| flGtsf sf/0f /f0ffx¿ l6Sg ;sg] g\\ . kl/0ffd:j¿k lj=;=+ @))& ;fndf lbNnL ;Demf}tf eof] / /f0ffzf;g ;bfsf nflu cGTo eof] . #= ;ªj\\ m| d0fsfnLg cjlw -lj=;=+ @))& bl] v @)!& ;Dd_ j|mflGt ;kmn ePkl5 lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfug' & ut] /fhf lqej' gaf6 gk] fndf !)$ jif{ nfdf] /f0ff zf;g cGTo eO{ kh| ftGq :yfkgf ePsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . To;kl5 lj=;=+ @))& ;fndf cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg hf/L eP/ bz] df klxnf]k6s ;j+ w} flgs zf;g Joj:yf nfu' eof] . hgtfn] vn' fkgsf] dx;'; u/] . hgtfsf 5f/] f5f]/L zf;gdf k|j]z ug{ kfP . /f0ff zf;g ;lsPkl5 klg /f0ff kw| fgdGqLs} lg/Gt/tf s]xL hgtfnfO{ dg k/]sf] lyPg . To;}n] 8f= s] cfO={ l;x+ n] ljbf| x] klg u/] t/ pgL ;kmn ePgg\\ . lj=;=+ @)!! ;fndf /fh lqe'jgsf] d[To'kZrft\\ /fhf dx]Gb|n] zf;g rnfpg yfn] . /fhf lqej' gsf] OR5fcg'¿k ljwfg ;efsf] rg' fj xg' ;s]g . To;}n] /fhf dxG] bn| ] lj=;+= @)!% df s]xL lj1x¿sf] ;xofu] df ;+ljwfg agfO{ hf/L u//] / ;f] xL;l+ jwfgcg;' f/ gk] fndf klxnf] k6s hgtfn] cfkm\\gf kl| tlglw 5fGg] cfd lgjfr{ g ;DkGg eof] . ;f] lgjf{rgdf bO' { ltxfO ax'dtsf ;fy g]kfnL sfªu\\ ;|] ljhoL eof] . ljZjZ] j/k|;fb sf] O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf ky| d hg lgjfl{ rt dlGqd08n u7g eof] . k|hftflGqs ;/sf/sf] b]z ljb] zdf k|efj a9]sf] dxŒjfsfª\\IfL /fhf dx]Gb|nfO{ ;}x\\o ePg . pgn] cg]sg\\ cf/f]k nufP/ lj=;+= @)!& k;' ! ut] dlGqd08n eªu\\ u/L ;a} /fhgLlt1x¿nfO{ h]n xfn] / ax'bnLo Joj:yf cGTo u/] . lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu' eof] . $= k~rfot sfn -lj=;=+ @)!& b]lv @)$& ;Dd_ /fhf dxG] b|n] b]zdf hgtfn] ;ª3\\ if{ u/]/ NofPsf] kh| ftGqsf] cGTo u/L k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu' u/k] l5 bz] df bnx¿dfly kl| taGw nufOof] . lj=;=+ @)!( df gofF ;l+ jwfg hf/L eof] . ;a} gk] fnL k~r / ;a} k~r g]kfnL eGg] gf/f lbOof] . ufpFkms{ cleofg nfu' ul/of] . k~rfotL Joj:yfleq g} hgkl| tlglw rG' g] Joj:yf klg ul/of] t/ To;/L lgjfr{ gdf efulng] pDdb] jf/ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;dys{ x'gk' Yof{] . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 189

lj/fw] ug{]nfO{ d[Tob' o8 lbg,] h]n xfNg] jf b]z lgsfnf ug{] sfo{ uy]{ . lj=;=+ @)@* ;fndf /fhf dxG] bs| f] dT[ o' eof] . jL/G] b| /fhf eP . jL/G] b| clns pbf/ /fhf lyP . lj=;=+ @)## ;fndf ljBfyL{ cfGbfn] g eof] . ef/tdf lgjf{;gdf /x] sf aL=kL= sf]O/fnf;lxt sfª\\u];| sf g]tfx¿ gk] fn kj| ]z u/] . oltan] f;Dd gk] fndf afdkGyLbnx¿sf] k|efj klg al9;ss] f] lyof] . o;n] ubf{ bz] el/ g} k~rfot Joj:yflj/fw] L nx/ l;hg{ f u¥of] . ;'?df k~rfotn] bafpg v] h] klg cfGbf]ng a9b\\ } uPkl5 lj=;+= @)#^ df /fhf jL/]Gbn| ] hgtfsf] dt k~rfot Joj:yfkl| t a9L 5 ls axb' nLo Joj:yfk|lt eGg] ae' mg\\ hgdt ;ªu\\ x| sf] 3fi] f0ff u/] . lj=;+= @)#&j}zfv @) df ePsf] ;f] hgdt ;ªu\\ |xdf ;'wf/l/Psf] k~rfotL Joj:yfkl| t hgdt a9L bl] vof] . j8f tx, ufpkF ~rfot÷gu/k~rfot, lhNnf k~rfot / /fli6o« k~rfot;Dd ljleGg txsf lgjfr{ g eP . /fli6«o k~rfotaf6 k|wfgdGqL lgjfl{ rt x'g] / x6fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf nfu' eof] . bndflysf] kl| taGw eg] sfod} lyof] . pDdb] jf/ x'gsf nflu juLo{ ;ªu\\ 7gsf] ;b:o x'g' clgjfo{ lyof] . lj=;=+ @)$@ ;fndf gk] fnL sfªu\\ ;]| n] k~rfotL Joj:yf lj?4df clx;+ fTds cfGbfn] g ;Tofux| sf] ;?' jft u¥of] . Tolta]nf g} u0ftGqjfbL gt] f /fd/fhfk|;fb l;x+ sf] g]tT[ jdf u0ftGqsf] dfu ub{} b]zsf] 7fpF 7fpFdf ad k8\\ss] fn] sfªu\\ ;]| n] ;Tofu|x :ylut u¥of] . To;a]nf gk] fnsf] ;Qfdf k~rfotL Joj:yf lyof] eg] k/:k/ lj/f]wL bnx¿ afdkGyL / g]kfnL sfª\\u;]| k~rfotsf] lj/fw] ul//xs] f lyP . afdkGyL bnx¿ ljleGg 6'j|mfdf ljeflht lyP . ca ;a} axb' njfbL bnx¿ Pscfk;df gldn;] Dd k~rfotL Joj:yf 9fNg g;lsg] lgisifd{ f k'u]/ afdkGyL bnnx¿n] ;fxgf kw| fgsf] gt] T[ jdf ;o+ S' t afddf]rf{ u7g u/] . ;o+ S' t afddf]rf{ / gk] fnL sfª\\u;|] lar klg u0f]zdfg l;x+ sf] g]t[Tjdf ;+o'St hgcfGbfn] g ug]{ ;xdlt eof] .lj=;+= @)$^ kmfu'g & b]lv rt} @^ ;Dd lg/Gt/ cfGbfn] g eof] . w]/h} gfn] cfGbf]ngdf ;xfbt kf| Kt u/]. k~rfotn] cfGbfn] g bafpg lgs} ko| f; u¥of] . cGtdf /fhf jL/G] b| / cfGbfn] gsf/L lardf jftf{ eof] . r}t @^ ut] /ftL /fhfaf6 k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cGTo ePsf] / bndflysf] k|ltaGw km's'jf ePsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . %= ax'bnLo nf]stGq -lj=;=+ @)$& bl] v @)^# ;Dd_ lj=;=+ @)!& ;fndf u'ds] f] kh| ftGq lj=;+= @)$^ ;fndf k'g:yfk{ gf eof] . g]kfnL sfª\\u];| sf gt] f s[i0fk;| fb e6\\6/fOs{ f] gt] [Tjdf dlGqd08n u7g eof] . lj=;+= @)$& sflQs @# df gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg @)$& hf/L eof] . o;kl5 gk] fndf ;lj|mo /fhtGqaf6 ;j+ }wflgs /fhtGqfTds Joj:yf nfu' eof] . /fhfklg ;l+ jwfg dftxt /xg] eP . ;fje{ fd} ;Qf /fhfsf] xftaf6 hgtfsf] xftdf cfof] . zlStzfnL ;+;bLo Joj:yf nfu' eof] t/ b]zdf /fhgLlts bnx¿larsf] lvrftfgL / cfGtl/s snxn] ubf{ s'g}klg bnn] k/\" f cjlw zf;g ug{ ;sg] g\\ . lj=;=+ @)%@ kmfu'g ! af6 dfcf]jfbL ;z:q ;ª\\3if{ ;?' eof] . bz jif;{ Dd rn]sf] pSt ;ª\\3if{sf sf/0f 190 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

b]zdf lx;+ fTds cj:yfn] b]z cfj|mfGt xg' kU' of] . o;n] klg /fhgLlts cj:yf emg} cl:y/ xg' kU' of] . lj=;+= @)%* h7] !( ut] gf/fo0flx6L b/af/df xTof sf08 eof] . ;f] sfG8df /fhf jL/G] b| / pgsf] ;Dk0\" f{ kl/jf/sf] xTofeof] . To;kl5 jL/G] bs| f dlxnf efO 1fg]Gb| /fhf eP . / fhf 1fgG] b|n] cfkm\" ;Qfdf cfPkl5 cfkmg\\ f afa'n] h:t} u/L kT| oIf zf;g rnfpg] p2Z] on] ;;+ b\\ lj36g u/L hg lgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ ckb:t u/] . cfkmg\\ } cWoIftfdf cfkmg\\ f afa'sf ;xof] uL 8f=t'n;L lu/L / sLltl{ glw lji6 tyf k~rfot Joj:yfsf g]tfx¿nfO{ ;fy lnP/ lg/ªs\\ z' zf;g ;~rfng ug{ vf]h] . o;sf] lj?4df ;ft /fhgLlts bn /gs] kf dfcf]jfbLlardf@)^@ dª\\l;/ & ut] lbNnLdf !@ aF'b] ;Demf}tf eof] . ;f] ;Demft} fcg;' f/ ;+oS' t¿kdf hg cfGbf]ng ;~rfng ug],{ dfcfj] fbL zflGtkl| jm| ofdf cfpg] / bz] df ;ª\\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g k4lt nfu' ug{] ;xdlt eof] . lj=;+= @)^@ rt} @$ af6 ;+oS' t hgcfGbf]ng ;'? eof] . o;sf] sdfG8/ lul/hfk|;fb sf] O/fnfnfO{ tfl] sof] . gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df o; cfGbfn] gnfO{ hg bf];f| ] cfGbfn] gsf ¿kdf klg lrlgG5 . cfGbfn] g sfl/sf] k|d'v dfu cj}wflgs 9ªu\\ af6 lj36g ul/Psf] kl| tltlw ;efsf] k'g:yfk{ gf ug'{ lyof] . ;f] cfGbf]ngdf ljzfn hg ;fu/ plno{ f] . ;'?df /fhf 1fgG] b|n] cfGbfn] g bafpg vfh] ] klg kl5 ;s]gg\\ . /fhf / cfGbfn] gsf/L lardf jftf{ eof] . lj=;=+ @)^# jz} fv !! ut]k|ltlglw ;ef kg' :yfk{ gfsf] 3fi] f0ff eof] . cfGbfn] g klg /f]lsof] . ^= bf];f| ] ;ªj\\ m| d0fsfnLg cjlw - lj=;+=@)^# b]lv @)&@ ;Dd_ k'g:yfl{ kt k|ltlglw ;efsf] h7] $ ut] a;]sf] a7} sn] /fhfsf ;Dk0\" f{ clwsf/x¿ s6ft} L u/L k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lg0f{o u¥of] . lj=;=+ @)^# dªl\\ ;/ % df g]skf dfcf]jfbL bn / ;/sf/lar lj:tt[ zflGt ;Demft} f eof] /;z:q ;ª3\\ if{sf] cGTo eof] . @)^# df3 ! df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L eof] . ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\\ Lo zflGt ld;gsf] /f]xj/df gs] kf dfcf]jfbLn] xltof/ la;fof] / hg;g] f lj36g u¥of] . lj=;+= @)^$ rq} @* df ;l+ jwfg ;efsf] lgjfr{ g ;DkGg eof] . o; ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ldlt @)^% h]7 !% ut] a;s] f] klxnf] a}7sn] g]kfndf /fhtGqsf] cGTo / u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . To;kl5 /fhf 1fgG] b|n] /fhu2L Tofu]/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ¿kdf hLjgofkg ug{] 3f]if0f u/L gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ 5f8s] f lyP . cGtl/d ;l+ jwfgn] ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ Joj:yflksf ;+;b\\sf] ;dt] sfd ug]{ u/L clwsf/ lbPsf] lyof] . g]skf dfcfj] fbL bnsf g]tf k'iksdn bfxfnsf] gt] [Tjdf klxnf] ;/sf/ u7g eof] . gk] fnsf] klxnf] /fi6k« lt /fdj/0f ofbj ag] . ;+;bd\\ f sg' k} lg bnsf] axd' t gePsfn] ToxfF ;/sf/ 9fNg] / agfpg] vn] rln/xo\\ f] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf tfl] sPsf] ldltdf ;l+ jwfg aGg ;s]g . To;n} ] ;f] ;+ljwfg ;ef lj=;+= @)^( h]7 !$dflj36g ul/of] / kg' M lj=;+= @)&) dª\\l;/ $ df ;l+ jwfg;efsf] bf;] |f] lgjfr{ g ;DkGg eof] . ;f] lgjf{rgkl5 klg l:ylt pxL g} /x\\of] . lj=;+= @)&@ jz} fv !@ df ljgfzsf/L es\" Dk uPkl5 eg] ;a} bnx¿ Ps 7fpdF f ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 191

cfP . ;z' Ln sfO] /fnfsf] gt] T[ jdf /xs] f] ;o+ S' t ;/sf/n] ljleGg jftf{ / 5nkmndfkmt{ ;l+ jwfgnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbof] . lj=;+= @)&@ c;f]h # ut] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eof] . bf;] f| ] hgcfGbfn] gsf] efjgfcg¿' k gk] fn ;ª\\3Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g k4lt ePsf] bz] sf¿kdf :yflkt eof] . &= ;ª\\3Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds sfn -lj=;=+ @)&@ b]lv xfn;Dd_ ;l+ jwfgsf] 3fi] f0ff kl5 ;ftcf]6f kb| z] / &%# cf]6f :yfgLo tx /xg] u/L /fHo k'g;/+{ rgf ul/ of] . ;f]cg;' f/ ldlt @)&$ jz} fv #!, cf;/ !$ / c;f]h @ u/L tLg r/0fdf :yfgLo txsf] lgjfr{ g ;DkGg eof] . To;kl5 lj=;=+ @)&$ dªz\\ L/ !) / dªl\\ ;/ @! df kl| tlglw;ef / ;ftcf6] } kb| ]z ;efsf] lgjfr{ g ;DkGg eof] . ;f] lgjfr{ gdf gs] kf Pdfn] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] bn aGg kU' of] . o;af6 b]zdf ;ª3\\ Lotf sfofG{ jogdf cfof] . gk] fnsf] jtd{ fg ;+ljwfgcg;' f/ ePsf] ;f] lgjf{rgkl5 lj=;=+ @)&$ kmfug' # ut] s=] kL=zdf{ cf]nLsf] g]t[Tjdf g]skf Pdfn], dfcf]jfbL s]Gb| / dw];jfbL bnx¿;lxtsf] ;o+ S' t ;/sf/ aGof] . To;kl5 g]skf Pdfn] / g]skf dfcf]jfbL sG] b| PsLs/0f eof] . gk] fn sDol' g:6 kf6L{ -g]skf_ agk] l5 eg] ;f] ;/sf/ axd' tsf] zlStzfnL ;/sf/ aGgk'Uof] . 192 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

ljm| ofsnfk ! g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;sf] k|f/lDes sfv08sf] /fhgLlts cj:yf cl:y/ lyof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k gk] fn ljsf; / ku| ltdf kl5 k¥of] . o; ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ;dLIffTds l6Kk0fL ugx{' f;] \\ . @= gk] fnsf] Oltxf;sf] cfwl' gs sfnsf] ljleGg sfn v08sf dV' o 36gf ;do/v] fdf bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . #= Oltxf;sf k':ts / OG6/g]6af6 gk] fnsf] cfwl' gs sfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;sf /f]rs tYox¿ vf]hLu/L k:| t't ugx{' f];\\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ gk] fnsf] cfwl' gs sfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltx;sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds cj:yfnfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfpgx' f];\\ M ;sf/fTds cj:yf gsf/fTds cj:yf -v_ gk] fndf kh| ftGqsf nflu w/] } k6s cfGbfn] gx¿ eP . kT| os] cfGbfn] gsf pknlAwx¿nfO{ hf]ufpg g;Sbf csf{] cfGbfn] g ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] ljutsf] Oltxf;n] bv] fpF5 . casf lbgdf csf]{ cfGbf]ng ugg{' kg]{ cj:yf l;hg{ f ug{ s] ug{k' nf{ < -u_ æif8o\\ Gqaf6 k|fKt zlSt if8\\oGqaf6 g} ;DffKt xG' 5 .Æ o; egfOnfO{ gk] fnsf] Oltxf;sf] cfwf/df k:| 6 kfg{'xf];\\ . -3_ gk] fnsf] @$) jif{ Oltxf; afs] ]sf] /fh;:+ yfsf] clGtd /fhf >L % 1fgG] b| jL/ljj|md zfxn] /fhu2L Tofu ug{'kgfs{ f sf/0fx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 193

* cfw'lgs sfnsf]cy{tGq, sfg'g, ;+:s[lt / kf7 M snfsfz} n != cfly{s cj:yf M k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ltAat;uF sf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw ;'wfg{] ko| f; u/s] f lyP . pgnfO{ o'4sf] lglDt /sd rflxPsf] lyof] . ltAataf6 ;g' Nofpg] p2]Zon] ltAat;uF Jofkf/ ;'wf/ ug]{ ko| f; u/]sf lyP . o;nfO{ pgLkl5sf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] klg lg/Gt/tf lbPsf lyP . kt| fkl;+x zfxn] klg ltAatdf jfl0fHo bt\" k7fPsf lyP . axfb/' zfxne] l\" d Joj:yf / s/ k0| ffnLdf ;w' f/ u/s] f lyP .pgn] gfnbd' kj\" { / bw' sf;] L klZrdsf] ;Dk\"0f{ e\"efusf] gfk ug]{ cfbz] lbPsf lyP . logn] hUufnfO{ tLg efudf ljefhg u/L la; d'/L df6fsf] cAan hUufdf ?= $, bf]oddf ?=#, l;ddf ?=@ sf b/n] dfnkf]t lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f lyP . logn] l;kfxL egf{ ubf{ hflu/df hUuf lbg] / hUuf gku' ePdf gub lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf lyP. To;} u/L g]kfnsf] cwLgtf :jLsf/ u/]sf /fhf/hf6} fn] kmfu' k\"l0f{dfdf s/ -l;tf{_] ltg]{ lgod agfPsf lyP . eLd;]g yfkfn] kxf8 / t/fO{sf afeF mf] hUufnfO{ vt] LofU] o agfpg ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg u/] sf lyP . df]xLn] s't ae' mfpFbf hUuf wgLn] gub dfUg] / dg nfu]sf] a]nf dffq s't ae' mg\\ ] u/] sfn] ls;fgx¿ dsf{df lyP . To;n} ] cab]lv gubdf s't dfUg gkfOg] Joj:yf u/] . logn] Hofnflagfsf] sfd nufpg aGbh] nufPsf lyP . eLd;g] yfkfn] e\"ldsf] j}1flgs lsl;dn] gfkL u/fP/ dfnkfn] ;ª\\sngnfO{ Jojl:yt u/fPsf lyP .gubdf bz k+l| tzt / lhG;L;df @% kl| tzteGbf a9L Jofh lng gkfpg] Joj:yf klg u/]sf lyP . eLd;]g yfkfn] bz] el/ Psg} f;sf] dfgf kfyL nfuu' /]sf lyP . logn] ljleGg lhNnfdf ;x/ a;fpg / ahf/ lj:tf/ ug{ k|fT] ;fxg u/]sf lyP . t/fO{ If]qdf dfnkf]t p7fP/ ef/ttkm{ efUgx] ¿sf] lgoGq0fsf lglDt ef/tl:yt sDkgL ;/sf/;uF ;'kb' {uL ;lGw u/]sf lyP . /fli6o« cfosf] dV' o ;|ft] dfnkf]t, eG;f/, vfgL / ltAatdf lgsf;L ul/g] gk] fnL d'b|f lyP . gk] fn PsLs/0fbl] v ;u' fn} L ;lGw;Ddsf] cjlwdf gk] fn o4' df g} s]lGb|t ePsf] x'gfn] g t /fHosf] cfDbfgL Jojl:yt lyof] g t vr{ g} . /fHosf] clwsfz+ cfDbfgL o'4df g} vr{ x'GYof] . /f0ffzf;gsfndf gk] fnsf] afx\\o Jofkf/ ef/t / ltAat;Fu x'GYof] . gk] fnn] ef/t / ltAataf6 sd j:t' cfot uYof{] eg] a9L lgof{t uYof{] . gk] fnn] sf7 /cGg lgoft{ uYof{] .cfoft tyf lgof{t ug]{ j:td' fly s/ nufpg eG;f/ sfof{nox¿ v'n]sf lyP . eG;f/nfO{ dw];df ahf/ c8\\8f elgGYof] . /f0ffsfndf sl/a #^Ü hldg latfs{ f]¿kdf lyof] eg] afsF L e\"efu klg hldGbf/ 194 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

tyf 7'nf7fn'sf] xftdf lyof] . hldGbf/, k6jf/L, lhDdfjfn, rfw} /L, cdfnLx¿n] ;j;{ fwf/0faf6 rsf{] dfnkft] / ljleGg s/ p7fpg] uy{] . ;/sf/L 9s' '6Ldf hDdf xg' 'kg]{ /fh:jsf] /sd / f0ffx¿n] JolStut ;DklQsf¿kdf k|of]u u/L ljnfl;tfsf] hLjg latfpyF ] . /f0ff kl/jf/ / pgsf glhssf JolStx¿sf] cst' ;DklQ lyof] eg] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf cToGt ul/a lyP . lj=;+= !(($df klxnf] sDkgL PS6 hf/L ul/of] h;cg;' f/ lj/f6gu/df h'6 ldnsf] :yfkgf eof] . To;kl5 cfB} fl] usLs/0f ;?' eof] . w]/h} ;f] pBfu] x¿ h'4;dz]/sf] kfnfdf:yfkgf ePsf lyP .lj=;+= !(($df g]kfn a}ª\\s lnld6]8 :yfkgf eof] . g]kfndf kh| ftGq cfPkl5 eg] cflys{ ljsf;n] klg km8s\\ f] df¥of] . lj=;=+ @))* ;fndf klxnf] k6s ;/sf/n] jflifs{ ah6] agfof] / o;n] xfn;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfO/xs] f] 5 .lj=;+= @)!# df /fi6« a}ª\\ssf] :yfkgf eof] .lj=;+= @)!# df klxnf] k~r jifLo{ ofh] gf nfu' eP;uF } g]kfndf ofh] gfa4 ljsf;sf] j|md ;?' eof] . xfn;Dd !% cf6] f of]hgfx¿ alg;ss] f 5g\\ . lj=;=+ @)@@ df /fli6o« jfl0fHo a}ª\\s :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . k~rfot sfndf ljleGg jfl0fHo tyf ljsf; aª} s\\ x¿ :yfkgf eP eg] @)$^ kl5 aª} s\\ , kmfOgfG; sDkgL, ;xsf/Lx¿, ladf sDkgLnufotsf ljlQo ;+:yfx¿ :yfkgfsf] af9L g} cfPsf] bl] vG5 . o; sfo{af6 b]zsf] s'gfsfKrf;Dd ljsf;sf] kmn k¥' ofpg d2t ku' s] f] 5 . /f0ff sfndf kj\" f{wf/ ljsf; 7Kk h:t} lyof] k~rfot sfndf ljb]zL ;xofu] lelqg yfNof] . b] zdf /fhdfux{ ¿, hn ljB't\\ cfof]hgfx¿, /]l8of], 6l] nlehg, 6]lnkmfg] , vfgk] fgL, ;/;kmfO cflb Ifq] df klxn]sf] tn' gfdf lgs} k|ult ePsf] lyof] . pSt ljsf; ;x/ / ;b/d'sfd s]lGb|t ePsfdf k|hftGq kf| lKtkl5 eg] bz] sf s'gf sfKrf / b'u{d ufp;F Dd k'¥ofPsf] bl] vG5 . @= sfg'g PsLs/0fkl5 gk] fnsf] zf;g Joj:yfdf ck/fw ug]{nfO{ dT[ ob' 08, cªu\\ eªu\\ / hn] ;hfPF x'GYof] . axfb'/ zfxn] sfg\"g agfpFbf u'?, k'/f]lxt, wdf{lwsf/L, wd{zf:q k9]sf kl08t, ef/bf/, enfbdL / dxfhg /fvL wd{zf:q / b]zsfn,kl/l:ylt x]/L tfdfkqdf n]vfO/fVg' eGg] cfbz] lbPsf lyP . logn] Gofo ;Dkfbg ug{ cbfntdf hlt hgf ljrf/L rflxG5 Tolt hgfnfO{ lgo'lSt ug{' egL :jLs[lt lbPsf lyP . hª\\uaxfb'/n] o/' f]k ed| 0faf6 kms]{ kl5 sfgg' L zf;g ug'{kg{] /x5] eGg] a'em/] lj=;+= !(!) df dn' 'sL P]g hf/L u/] . ;f] Pg] df sx] L ;'wf/ u/L lj=;+= @)@) df /fhf dxG] bn| ] dn' s' L P]g @)@) hf/L u/] . ;f] Pg] klg ;do ;fkI] f gePsfn] gk] fn ;/sf/n] @)&% ebf} ! ut] bl] v nfu' x'g] u/L d'nsL -;l+ xtf_ @)&$hf/L u¥of] . o;cGtu{t d'nsL b]jfgL ;+lxtf / kmfh} bf/L ;l+ xtf /x]sf 5g\\ . lj=;+= @))$ ;fndf kb\\d;dz]/n] j}wflgs sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L ;j+ }wlgs zf;g k4ltsf] ;'?jft ug{ vfh] ] klg Tof] nfu' x'g ;sg] . To;kl5 gk] fndf kh| ftGq kf| lKtkl5 lj=;+= @))& ;fndf ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 195

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg hf/L eof] . ;f]cGtut{ /fHonfO{ cfjZos ljleGg k|sf/sf sfgg' x¿ lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . ;jf{R] r cbfntsf] :yfkgf eof] . k~rfot sfndf lhNnf tyf c~rn cbfntx¿sf]:yfkgf eof] . o;/L bz] df sfg'gL zf;g k4ltsf] ;?' jft eof] t/ ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] lbPsf] Gofokl| t klg lrQ ga'em] >L %df laGtLkq xfNg kfpg] / ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] lg0fo{ ab/ x'g;Sg] Joj:yf lyof] . o;n] ubf{ k\"0f{ sfgg' L zf;g eg] cfPsf] lyPg . larsf ;+ljwfg klg ;dfjz] ug]{ kl5Nnf] ;dosf] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] pknlAw gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfg xf] h;n] g]kfn / gk] fnL hgtfsf] /fhgLlts, sfgg' L, cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs dfu{bz{g u5{ . sfgg' cfofu] sf] ljifo yKg] lj=;=+ @)$^ kl5 ;jfR]{ r cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfnt /xg] Joj:yf eof] . laGtLkq xfNg] kr| ngsf] cGTo eof] . hgtfsf] df}lnsxs xgg ePdf sfg'gL pkrf/ kfpg] ;j+ w} flgs xssf] Joj:yf ul/of] . xfn ;ª\\3Lo zf;g k0| ffnLcGtu{t Goflos lg¿k0fsf nflu :yfgLo txdf Goflos ;ldlt, lhNnfdf lhNnf cbfnt, k|b]zdf pRr cbfnt / ;ª\\3df ;jf{R] r cbfnt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . #= ;+:s[lt zfxsfndflxGb,' af4} ,ls/ft, O:nfd, hg} , lsl| :rog / lzv wdk{ r| ngdf lyP . gk] fndf kr| Lgsfn b]lv g} wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf sfod lyof] . zfx/fhfx¿ lxGb' wdfj{ nDaL tyf cfo{ ;:+ s[ltsf cgo' foL lyP . dWosfndf ag]sf cg]sfF} d7dlGb/sf] lgdf0f{ tyf hL0ff{4] f/ ul/Psf lyP. g]kfn lxGb' clw/fHosf]¿kdf ljZj;fd' lrlgGYof] . lj=;=+ @)^# h]7 $ sf] k|ltlglw ;efsf] 3f]if0ffkl5 g] kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g k'Uof] . gk] fnL ;dfh lxGb' j0ff>{ d wd{df cfwfl/t lyof] . hftky| f, 5'jf5t' , af]S;L, ;tL, bf; h:tf sk' |yfx¿ sfgg' L dfGotf;lxt k|rngdf lyP . o;sf] cGTo ug{ /fh]Gbn| IdL / hª\\uaxfb/' n] klg ko| Tg u/s] f lyP t/ ;Dej ePg . rGb|;d;/] n] @% cfiff9 !(&& df;tL ky| f cGTo ePsf] 3f] if0ff u/] .pgn] ;tL k7fpgn] fO{ dT[ o' b08 lbOg] s8f sfg'gL Joj:yf u/] . o;kl5 eg] ;tLk|yf k\"0f¿{ kdf cGTo eof] . lj=;+= !(*! df rGb|;d;]/n] 6l'F 8vn] sf] hg;efdf bf; ky| f pGdn\" gsf] 3fi] f0ff u/] . dflg;nfO{ lsga]r u/]/ lgMz'Ns sfddf nufpg] of] cdfgjLo s'k|yfsf] klg cGTo eof] . ;dfhdf afnljjfx, cgdn] ljjfx / ax'ljjfxsf] kr| ng lyof] eg] ljwjf ljjfx / kf/kfr's]df k|ltaGw lyof] . sx] L hfltdf hf/L k|yf klg sfod lyof] . hf/L ky| f egs] f] csfs{ L>LdtL nu]df p;n] klxns] f] nf]Ugn] fO{ /sd a'emfpgk' g]{ rng xf] . lj=;+= @)@) sf] dn' 'sL P]gn] afnljjfx, cgdn] ljjfx / ax'ljjfxsf] kr| ngdf k|ltaGw nufof] eg] ljwjf ljjfx / kf/kfr'sn] fO{ sfgg' L 196 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

dfGotf lbof] . k~rfot sfndf lj=;+= @)## df ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;w' f/ Pg] @)## hf/L ul/of] . o; P]gn] ljjfxnufotsf ;+:sf/df kmh'n vr{, bfOhf], t8se8s nufotsf ljsl[ tx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ ko| f; u/]sf] lyof] . ltns -bfOhf]_ lnglbg gkfOg] / o;/L lng] lbg] sfo{ u/]df To:tf] ug]n{ fO{ lauf] hkmt u/L afx| xhf/bl] v klRr; xhf/ ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf lt;lbg;Dd s}b jf bj' } ;hfo xg' ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . dn' 'sL ;l+ xtfsf] s/' f yKg] k/Dk/fbl] v g} gk] fndf k|rlnt hflt, wd{ / Ifq] cg;' f/sf rf8kj,{ hfqf, gfr ufg, j]ze\"iffsf] kr| ng g]kfndf /xs] f] kfOG5 . ;docg';f/ sx] L kl/jtg{ eP klg ;a}n] cfcfkmg\\ f] ;+:s[ltsf] kfngf ug{ / df}lns klxrfg sfod ug{ ;bj} 5'6 kfPsf] b]lvG5 . $= snf gk] fndf k/Dk/fut jf:ts' nf, d\"lts{ nf / ;ª\\uLt snfn] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] lyof] . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] xg'dfg 9fs] fdf / gj' fsf6] b/af/ gk] fnL k/Dk/fut z}nLdf g} agfpg nufPsf lyP . /f0ffsfndf eg] o/' f]k]nL jf:ts' nf / ef/tLo ;ªu\\ Lt snf gk] fn lelqPsf] kfOG5 . /f0ffx¿n] agfPsf l;x+ b/af/nufotsf ;a} b/af/x¿ o'/f]kn] L zn} Ldf ags] f lyP hf] cfh klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . /f0ffsf b/af/df dl} ynL, lxGbL tyf pb{' ;ªu\\ Ltdf g[To tyf gf6sx¿ xg' ] uy]{ . lj=;=+ @))& ;fndf /l] 8of] g]kfnsf] ;?' jft ePkl5 eg] gk] fnL uLt ;ª\\uLtsf] kg' MpTyfg ePsf] bl] vG5 . k~rfot sfndf :yfkgf ePsf g]kfn /fhsLo k1| f kl| ti7fg / ;f:+ s[lts ;:+ yfgn] klg g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ w{gdf ofu] bfg lbPsf] bl] vG5 . /f0ffx¿n] a]nfotL 9nf6] df lgdf{0f ug{ nufPsf ljzfn zflnsx¿ 6lF' 8v]n j/k/ bV] g ;lsG5 . To:t} kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] ke| fjsf sf/0f cfwl' gs lrqsnf, ;ª\\uLt snf, d\"lts{ nf / jf:t'snfsf] cEof;n] gk] fnL dfl} ns snf ;ªs\\ 6df k/s] f] bl] vG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 197

ljm| ofsnfk != kf7df sfnv08 g5'6\\ofO{ ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 . To;nfO{ sfnv08cg';f/ 36gf jf tYox¿ 5'6\\ofP/ tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\\ . sg' } sfn v08sf tYo kf7df gel] 6P cGo ;f| ] taf6 vfh] L u/L x/]s sfnv08sf] x/]s zLif{ssf] sDtLdf Ps tYo nV] g'xf;] \\ M sfnv08 cyt{ Gq sfgg' ;:+ s[lt snf -s_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxbl] v /f0ffsfnsf] cGTo;Dd -v_ ;ªj\\ |md0fsfnLg cjlw -lj=;+= @))& bl] v @)!& ;Dd_ -u_ k~rfot sfn -lj=;=+ @)!& b]lv @)$& ;Dd_ -3_ axb' nLo nfs] tGq -lj=;=+ @)$& bl] v @)^# ;Dd_ -ª_ bf];f| ] ;ªj\\ m| d0fsfnLg cjlw -lj=;+=@)^# b]lv @)&@ ;Dd_ -r_ ;ª3\\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftGqfTds sfn -lj=;+= @)&@ b]lv xfn;Dd_ cEof; != tnsf kz| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ cfly{ssf] /fVg] -v_ g]kfndf /f0ffsfncl3, /f0ffsfn / /f0ffsfn kl5sf] sfg'gL cj:yfsf] ;dLIff ugx'{ f;] \\ . -u_ gk] fnL ;:+ s[ltdf cfPsf] abnfj / o;sf] ;w' f/sf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿ pNnv] ug{x' f];\\ . -3_ g]kfnL snfdf kl/jt{g zLif{sdf Ps n]v tof/ kfg'x{ f];\\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ rf/ ;d\"xdf ljeflht eP/ kT| o]s ;d\"xn] g]kfnsf] cy{tGq, sfg'gL cj:yf, ;+:s[lt / snfdWo] PsPs ljifodf kf7df lbOPeGbf afx]s OG6/g]6, Oltxf;sf ;Gbe{ ;fduL| tyf k':ts cflbaf6 yk tYox¿ vfh] L u/L ljj/0f tof/ kgx'{ f;] \\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \\ . 198 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

! PsfO & M ;fdlhs klxrfg / ljljwtf kf7 M ju{ / ;dflhs ¿kfGt/0f PseGbf w/] } dflg;sf] ;db' fo / To;cGtut{ dfgjLo ;DaGwx¿sf] ;~hfn ;dfh xf] . ;dfh dfgjsf] kf/:kl/s nfesf] lgldQ ;ª\\ul7t eO{ ags] f] x'G5 . ;dfhdf Ps} ks| f/sf dflg; a:b}gg\\ . ToxfF cfly{s, ;f:+ s[lts, hftLo, wfld{s ¿kn] ljljwtf sfod ePsf] x'G5 . ltg} ljljwtfsf lar ;dfhdf jus{ f] lgdf0{ f xG' 5 . jun{ fO{ cªu\\ h|] Ldf Class elgG5 . of] zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] Classics af6 cfPsf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ dflg;x¿sf] ;dx\" xf] . ;dfhdf ljleGg ;dx\" /xs] f x'G5g\\ . tL ;dx\" k;] f, ;fdflhs l:ylt, lnª\\u, hftLotf, wd{, ;+:sl[ t, efiff, kbLo l:ylt, ?lr, cflys{ cj:yf cflbsf cfwf/df lgdf0{ f ePsf xG' 5g\\ . d\"ntMcflys{ cfwf/ jf cflys{ kIf;Fu hf] l8Psf ;d\"xnfO{ ju{ elgG5 . jun{ ] JolSt tyf ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;dflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts cj:yfnfO{ ;dt] k|efj kf/]sf] xG' 5 . To;n} ] lxhf]cfh ;dfhzf:qLx¿ jun{ fO{ ;fdflhs ju{ klg eGg ?rfp5F g\\ . ;dfhdf ju{ xg' ' :jfefljs xf] t/ ju{sf] sf/0f ;dfhdf gsf/fTds k|efj pTkGg xg' ' /fd|f] dflgFbg} . o;af6 cflys{ ljt/0fdf c;dfgtf k}bf u/L ljeb] / bdgsf] cj:yf l;h{gf xg' ;S5 . o;n] ;dfhdf åGå lgDTofpg ;S5 . != ju{ ljefhg jus{ f] lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;dfhzf:qL Pjd\\ cyz{ f:qLx¿sf] ljrf/ km/s km/s /xs] f] kfOG5 . sfn{ dfS;{sf cg;' f/ ;dfhdf zlSt / ;|ft] ;fwgdf kx'Fr x'g] / gxg' ] u/L bO' { ju{ x'G5 . pgsf cg';f/ cflbd ;dfhdf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿dfly ;fd'lxs dflnsTj /xs] f] lyof,] To;} n] ToxfF ju{ lyPgg\\ . s[lif / pBf]usf] ljsf;;Fu} ;dfh wgL / ul/a, ;DklQ ePsf / gePsf, zfi] fs / zf]lift ju{df ljeflht eof] . bf; ;dfhdf dflns ju{ / bf; ju{, ;fdGtL ;dfhdf ;fdGt ju{ / dfx] L ls;fg jf cwb{ f; ju{ tyf kF'hLjfbL ;dfhdf kF'hLklt ju{ / ;jx{ f/f ju{ /xs] f lyP . oL jul{ ardf ju{;ª3\\ if{ rln/xG5 eGg] wf/0ff dfS;{sf] lyof] . cfw'lgs ;dfhdf eg];dfh zf:qLx¿n] ;dfhdf bO' { xfO] g tLg ju{ 5g\\ eGg] JofVof u/]sf 5g\\ . -s_ pRr ju{ ;dfhdf cflys{ ¿kn] ;DkGg / pRr cfo ePsf JolSt pRr jud{ f k5g{ \\ . pTkfbgsf ;fwgdfly pgLx¿sf] lgoGq0f xG' 5 . pgLx¿sf] cfDbfgL pRr xG' 5 / nufgLsf] Ifdtf klg xG' 5 . ;fdfGotof pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f, z}lIfs cj:yf / zlSt pRr xG' 5 . /fhgLlt / ;fdflhs ultljlwdf ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 199

klg pgLx¿sf] lgoGq0f xG' 5 . b]zsf pRr kbdf k'u]sf ;/sf/L jt] gwf/L, Jofkf/L, pBf]uL, Joj;foL, hldgbf/, pRr cf]xbfsf /fhgLlt1x¿ cflb o; ju{df k5g{ \\ . o:tf ju{sf JolStsf] ;t;ªu\\ t / sf/fa] f/ Pjd\\ ;fdflhs Jojxf/ klg pRr ju{;uF g} x'G5 . -v_ dWod ju{ M ;dfhdf dWod cfDbfgL ePsf JolSt dWod jud{ f k5g{ \\ . pgLx¿ cfkm\\gf] l;k, snf / af}l4stfsf] pkofu] ub{} cfkmg\\ f] hLljsf u//] a;s] f xG' 5g\\ . o; jus{ f w]/h} ;f] JolSt ;j] f If]qdf ;n+ Ug xG' 5g\\ . dWod :t/Lo cfDbfgL ePsf oL ju{ hflu/ vfg,] dWod :t/sf] pBfu] Pjd\\ Jofkf/df ;n+ Ug xg' ] / v]tL ls;fgL jf :j/f]huf/ klg xg' ;S5g\\ . kl5Nnf bzsdf ljZjdf dWod ju{sf] ;ªV\\ of a9\\b5} . ;x/Ls/0fsf] ljsf;;uF } dWod juLo{ hg;ª\\Vofsf] jl[ 4 eO/xs] f] 5 . o; jun{ ] pRrju{df :t/f]Gglt x'g] k|oTg ul//xg] xbF' f s]xL ku| ltkZrft\\ pRr ju{df ¿kfGt/0f xg' klg ;S5g\\ . cfsl:ds ¿kdf 7'nf] vr{ Joxfg] '{ k/d] f lgDg ju{df emg{ klg ;S5g\\ . -u_ lgDg ju{ M ;dfhdf /x]sf] Go\"g cfo ePsf ju{ lgDg ju{ xg' \\ . o:tf ju{nfO{ xftd'v hf8] \\g wf} wf} xG' 5 . pgLx¿ >ddf cfwfl/t lgDg Hofnf:t/sf sfddf ;n+ Ug xG' 5g\\ . w/] h} ;f] lgDgjuLo{ JolStx¿ pBf]u / s[lifdf dhb/' L ug{] jf 3/n] ' sfdbf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf xG' 5g\\ . pgLx¿sf] hldgdflysf] :jfldTj x'Fbg} jf eP klg Hofb} Gog\" xG' 5 . pgLx¿ ;fdfGotof ;dfhdf xl] kPsf / zf]if0f tyf bdgsf] l;sf/ ePsf klg xg' ;S5g\\ . r/d ul/aLsf] s'rjm| df km;s] f o; jus{ f] jm| o Ifdtf klg sd xG' 5 . pgLx¿ cfkmg\\ f] clwsf/sf nflu eGbf klg hLljsfk] fhg{ sf nflu ;ª3\\ if/{ t xG' 5g\\ . gk] fndf lg/kI] f ul/aLsf] /v] fdl' g /xs] f eG8} !( kl| tzt hgtf o; jud{ f k5g{ \\ . @= ju{ lgdf{0fsf cfwf/ ;dfhdf ju{ lgdf0{ f s;/L xG' 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg cy{zf:qL tyf ;dfhzf:qLx¿ km/s km/s dt /x]sf] kfOG5 . tLdWo] sx] L ljrf/df eg] ;dfgtf kfOG5 . To;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ ;dfh lgdf{0fsf cfwf/nfO{ o; ks| f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ cflys{ cfwf/ cflys{ bl[ i6n] x]bf{ ju{ lgdf0{ fsf] d'Vo cfwf/ cfDbfgL / pTkfbg kl| j|mofdf JolStsf] kx'Fr g} xf] . sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ ;a} dhb/' x¿ Pp6} jud{ f k5g{ \\ eg] dflnsx¿ csf]{ jud{ f . To:t} dhb'/L ug]{ ls;fgx¿ Pp6f ju{df k5{g\\ eg] el\" dkltx¿ csf{] ju{df . >lds ls;fg / dhb/' ju{sf] cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft] cfkm\\gf] >dsf] laj|mL xf] lsgls pTkfbgsf ;fwdf pgLx¿sf] kxFr' xF'bg} . k'hF Lklt / el\" dklt jus{ f] cfDbfgLsf] ;f| ]t k'FhL, e\"ld / al' 4sf] nufgL xf] lsgls To;df pgLx¿sf] lgoGq0f xG' 5 . nufgLsf] k|ltkmn / gfkmfsf ¿kdf pgLx¿sf] cfDbfgL x'G5 . -v_ ;+f:s[lts cfwf/ sltko ju{sf] lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt klg xf] . ;dfhdf wfld{s Pjd\\ ;f+:s[lts 200 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@