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ljm| ofsnfk != lszf/] lszf]/Lx¿sf clwsf/ / stJ{ odWo] tkfO{“n] pkofu] u/s] f clwsf/ / kfngf u/]sf] st{Josf] ;\"rL tof/ kfg{x' f;] \\ . clwsf/ pkofu] u/]sf cf+lzs pkofu] u/]sf pkof]u gu/s] f st{Jo k\"/f u/]sf] cfl+ zs k\"/f u/]sf] k\"/f gu/s] f] @= sIffdf ljleGg ;dx\" agfO{ lszf/] lszf/] Lsf] clwsf/ / st{Jo ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\\ . #= lszf/] lszf/] Lsf clwsf/ / st{Jo ;dl] 6Psf syf, sljtf, uLt jf kfi] 6/ tof/ kf/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f];\\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ lszf/] lszf]/Lx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;\"rL agfO{ tL clwsf/x¿ kf| Kt gePdf s] s] c;/ kg{ ;S5, pNnv] ug'x{ f];\\ . -v_ lszf]/lszf/] Lx¿n] kfngf ugk{' g]{ stJ{ o kfngf ubf{ x'g] kmfObfsf] ;r\" L tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . -u_ lszf/] lszf]/Lsf nflu of}g tyf k|hggsf] ljifo clwsf/ / stJ{ o bj' } xf] . o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx'{ f;] \\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ lxhf] cfh lszf/] lszf]/Lsf] b}lgsLdf ;r\" gf kl| jlw / dfa] fOn kmfg] sf] gsf/fTds k|efjx¿ b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\\ . tkfOs{“ f] ;d'bfodf o;af6 k/s] f] ke| fjsf 36gf jf kqklqsfaf6 To:tf 36gf vfh] ]/ ;dLIff ug{'xf];\\ . 252 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@
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bj] fgL d'2f kmfh} bf/L d'2f o;cGtut{ sgg' adfl] hd kmfh} bf/L d2' fsf] o;cGtu{t df/lk6, rf]/L, 8s}tL, Hofg cflb ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Pafxs] sf sfgg' L xs, ljifo;DaGwL d2' fx¿ k5{g\\ . bj] fgL d'2fafx]ssf bfloTj, xl} ;ot, kb, kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw jf d'2fx¿ kmf}hbf/L d'2f x'g\\ . h:t} M ;DklQ;DaGwL d2' f k5{, h:t} M • Hofg;DaGwL, s6' lk6 jf cªu\\ eªu\\ ;DaGwL s;/' • gftf sfod jf ;DaGw ljR5]b • /fHolj?4sf s;/' • b:t/' , kfl/>lds, tna, eQf, Hofnf • Dfgj a]rljvg tyf cf];f/k;f/;DaGwL s;/' • c+z, ck'tfnL, bfg, as;, ;+/Ifs, • gful/stf;DaGwL s;'/ dfyj/, dfts[ tyf kt} [s clVtof/L, • nfu' cf}ifw;DaGwL s;'/ wd{ kq' jf wd{ k'qL • ;jf/L ;fwgn ug{ b3' 6{ gf;DaGwL s;'/ • s'g} s/f/, cw{ s/f/, cg'lrt ;dl[ 4cGtu{tsf] sg' } xs jf bfjL • /fli6«o tyf ;fjh{ lgs ;Dkbf lj?4sf] s;/' • b'lis[lt, cw{ b'lis[lt jf q'l6k\"0f{ • s/0fL;DaGwL s;/' pTkfbg;DaGwL xs jf bfjL • rf]/L, 8fFsf, n6' lk6, 7uL, gfk tfn} ;DaGwL • ;'ljwfef/, Ifltkl\" t{ / b]jfgL ks| [ltsf] s;/' cGo s'g} ljifo • ufk] gLotf / ufnL a]OHhlt;DaGwL s;/' • ck/fw ;+lxtf @)&$ sf] efu @ / # df plNnlvt ;a} ck/fw;DaGwL s;'/x¿ != d'n'sL bj] fgL ;l+ xtf P]g d'ns' L bj] fgL ;l+ xtf P]gdf pNnv] ePcg';f/ dn' s' df sfgg' / Joj:yf sfod ug{ of] Pg] ags] f] xf] . o;n] ;j;{ fwf/0fsf] g}ltstf, lzi6frf/, ;bfrf/ / ;l' jwf Pjd\\ cflys{ lxt sfod /fVg dbt u5{ . cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f:\\+ sl[ ts Ifq] df Gofok\"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . ljleGg hft, hflt jf ;Dk|bfolarsf] ;;' DaGw sfod /fVgsf nflu klg o;n] dfu{bzg{ u5{ . #= bj] fgL ;l+ xtfdf ePsf s]xL sfg'gL k|fjwfg b]jfgL ;+lxtfsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt sfgg' sf] c1fgtf IfDo x'g] 5g} . sfg'g ;a}n] hfg]sf] cg'dfg ul/g] 5 . s;n} ] klg ;fjh{ lgs lxt ljk/Lt xg' ] u/L s'g} sfd sf/axL ug{ kfpg] 5}g . sfg'g ljk/Ltsf] sfd cdfGo xg' ] 5 . 254 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
s'g} sfd ubf{ jf u/fpFbf s;}sf] uNtLn] c¿nfO{ xflg, gfS] ;fgL xg' uPdf To;/L xflg, gf]S;fgL ePsf] Ifltsf] bfloTj To:tf] uNtL ug{] jf u/fpg] JolStn] Joxf]g{k' g{] 5 . k|Tos] JolStn] cfkm\" n] u/]sf] unt sfo{sf] kl/0ffd cfkmn}F+ ] Joxf]gk'{ g{] 5 . s;n} ] klg cGo JolStnfO{ bM' v lbg], x}/fgL xg' ] jf lghsf] OHht, kl| ti7f jf ;DklQdf Iflt kU' g] u/L sg' } sfd ug{ jf u/fpg xbF' g} . s;n} ] klg cfk\"mn] u/s] f] uNtLaf6 ePsf] kmfObf lng kfpg] 5g} . cfˆgf] ;+/IfsTj, dfyj/L, cwLg jf k|efjdf /xs] f] jf k|efj kg{ ;Sg] JolStsf] lxtljk/Lt ul/Psf] sfd cdfGo xg' ] 5 . kT| os] JolStn] cGo JolStsf] JolStTjnfO{ :jLsf/ ugk'{ g{] 5 . kT| os] JolStn] cfkm\" /x] a;]sf] 7fpFsf] ;db' fo jf l5d]sLnfO{ xflggf]S;fgL gxg' ] u/L c;n l5ds] Lkg sfod ug'{kg{] 5 . sg' } JolSt pk/ kmfh} bf/L s;/' df dfq sf/afxL rnfPsf] jf grnfPsf] cfwf/df To:tf] JolStn] sfg'gadfl] hdsf] b]jfgL bfloTjaf6 56' sf/f kfpg] 5}g . sfgg' ljk/Ltsf k|yf jf k/Dk/fnfO{ Gofosf] /f]xj/df dfGotf lbOg] 5}g . ljifo, k|;ª\\u jf k|s[ltn] sg' } sfgg' L Joj:yf g]kfnL gful/snfO{ dfq nfu' x'g] cj:yfdf afx]s of] ;+lxtf jf b]jfgL sfgg' ;DaGwL cGo kf| jwfg ljbz] Lsf] xsdf klg ;dfg ¿kdf nfu' xg' ] 5 . o; bj] fgL ;l+ xtfsf] efu @ df JolSt;DaGwL sfgg' , efu # df kfl/jfl/s sfgg' , efu $ df ;DklQ;DaGwL sfgg' , efu % df s/f/ tyf bfloTj;DaGwL sfgg' / efu ^ df lghL cGt/f{l6«o sfgg' ;DaGwL sfgg' L Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 . oL sfg'gsf sx] L cz+ x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\\ M la; jif{ pd]/ k'u]kl5 dfq ljjfx ug{ kfOg] 5 . k'?if / dlxnf b'js} f] dGh'/L af ePsf] ljjfx ab/ xg' ] 5 . xf8gftf s/0fLdf ;hfo xg' ] gftfsf JolStlar ePsf] ljjfx ab/ xG' 5 . sg' } k'?if;Fusf] ;Dks{af6 dlxnfn] ue{wf/0f u/L lzz' hlGdPsf] kd| fl0ft ePdf To:tf] k'?if / dlxnflar :jtM ljjfx ePsf] dflgg] 5 . t/ ax' ljjfx ePsf], hah{:tL s/0fL ePsf], pd]/ gku' L ljjfx ePsf / xf8gftf s/0fL ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] lzz' hlGdP klg:jtM ljjfx ePsf] dflgFbg} . ljjflxt kltkTgLn] ;DaGw ljR5]b ug{ rfxd] f klt jf kTgLdWo] h;n] klg ;DaGw ljR5b] ug{ ;Sg] 5g\\ . kT| os] JolStn] hGdk] l5 cfkmg\\ f] wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t, rng / k/Dk/fcg;' f/ cfdf jf afa' jf ;/+ Ifsn] / fvs] f] gfd kfpg] 5 . aRrf hGds] f] tLg dlxgfleq cleefjsn] hGd btf{ ug{'kg]{ 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 255
kmf}hbf/L Gofosf ;fdfGo l;4fGt - sfg'gadfl] hdsf] sfd s;/' gx'g] - sfg'gadf]lhd afx]s ;hfo gxg' ] - tYosf] ed| df k/L u/]sf] sfd s;/' gx'g] - Pp6} s;/' df bf]xf/] f] ;hfo gxg' ] - :jR5 ;'gfOaf6 jl~rt gxg' ] - cfˆgf lj?4 ;fIfL x'g s/ gnfUg] - s;'/ k|dfl0ft geP;Dd s;/' bf/ gdflgg] - afnaflnsfn] u/]sf] sfd s;'/ gxg' ] - xf]; 7]ufgdf gePsf] JolStn] u/]sf] sfd s;/' gdflgg] - dGh'/L lnO{ u/s] f] sfd s;/' gx'g] - enfOsf nflu dGh'/L lnO{ u/]sf] sfd s;/' gxg' ] - enfOsf nflu ;+/Ifssf] dGh/' L lnO{ u/]sf] sfd s;'/ gx'g] - c;n lgotn] lbOPsf] hfgsf/Laf6 Iflt k'ud] f s;/' gx'g] - 8/ qf;df k/L u/s] f] sfd s;'/ gxg' ] - cGo xflggfS] ;fgL af6 arfpg c;n lgotn] u/]sf] sfd s;/' gxg' ] - lghL /Iffsf] nflu u/s] f] sfd s;/' gdflgg] - Hofg lng] clwsf/ gxg' ] - dfd\"nL xflggfS] ;fgL ePsf]df s;'/ gx'g] - afnaflnsfaf6 u/fPsf] s;'/df pd]/ ku' ] kl5 ;hfo - ;ª\\ul7t ;:+ yfaf6 ePsf] s;/' df sfd ug{] u/fpgs] f] cfk/flws bfloTj xg' ] - ;dx\" af6 ePsf] s;/' df ;a} ;b:onfO{ ;hfo x'g] - ck/fw kLl8tnfO{ d2' fsf] sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L / Ifltkl\" t{ kl\" t{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g] - s;n} ] klg ;ufn] sf cl+ zof/sf] lnlvt dGh/' L glnO{ ;ufn] sf] ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ug{ kfpg] 5g} . - s;n} ] klg Pp6f JolStnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/;ss] f] ;DklQ bfx] f/] f] kf/L cGo JolStnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug'{ x'Fb}g . 256 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
– !$jif{ k'/f ePsf] JolStnfO{ lghsf] d~h/' L lnP/ sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5 t/ !^ jif{ k'/f gu/]sf] JolSnfO{ hfl] vdk\"0f{ sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5g} jf kfl/>lds sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5g} eg] lbgdf cf7 3G6feGbf a9L sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g . a9L ;do sfddf nufPdf k|To]s 3G6fsf] plrt kfl/>lds lbgk' g5{] . – s;}n] klg ql' 6k0\" f{ pTkfbg u/L s'g} j:t' jf ;]jf laj|mL ljt/0f ugu'{ /fpg' x'Fbg} . – s;}n] klg cGo JolStsf] xsefu] / :jfldTjsf] hUuf lghsf] dGh/' L glnO{ cfjfb ug{ jf ef] urng ug{ jf u/fpg' x'bF g} . – k/fk'j{ sfnb]lv efu aG8fadf]lhd kfgL k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] 7fpFdf ;a} JolStx¿n] efuaG8fcg';f/ s'nf]sf] kfgL pkof]u ug{ kfpg] 5g\\ . – s;}n] klg sfg'gadf]lhd lnvt gu/L ng] bg] ug{' x'bF g} . $= dn' 'sL ck/fw ;l+ xtf @)&$ bz] df ljleGg Ifq] af6 ljleGg tl/sfn] xg' ;Sg] ck/fw lgoGq0f u/L b]zdf zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ugs{ f nflu dn' s' L ck/fw ;l+ xtf Pg] nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ck/fwLnfO{ sfgg' L bfo/fleq NofO{ ;hfo lbnfpg / To:tf ck/fwaf6 kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg] ;xof]u u5{ . ck/fw ;l+ xtf kmfh} bf/L ck/fw;uF ;DalGwt 5 . o; ;l+ xtfsf] efu ! df ;fdfGo kf| jwfg /xs] f] 5 . h;cGtut{ kl/R5]b bO' d{ f kmf}hbf/L Gofo;DaGwL ;fdfGo l;4fGtx¿sf] Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 . efu b'O{df kmfh} bf/L s;/' x¿ / efu tLgdf JolStut ufk] gLotf tyf kl| ti7f lj?4sf] s;/' ;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . kmfh} bf/L ;+lxtfdf ePsf sx] L k|fjwfgx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\\ M – s;n} ] sg' } ck/flws if8\\oGq u'g{' xFb' g} . o:tf] s;'/ ug{] pBfu] / b?' T;fxg klg ugx{' Fb' g} . – hGd s}bsf] cjlw @% jifs{ f] x'g] 5 . – s;n} ] klg /fi6l« xt kl| tsn\" xg' ] sg' } sfd ug{' / u/fpg' xbF' g} . – s;n} ] nv] ]/ jf argn] jf cfsf/ jf lrxg\\ åf/f jf c? sg' } lsl;daf6 wd{ j0f{ hft hflt ;Dk|bfo jf efiffsf] cfwf/df gk] fnsf ljleGg ju{, Ifq] jf ;d'bfodf JolStx¿sf larsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kfg]{ sfd ug{ xb'F g} . o:tf] sfo{ u/]df Ps jif;{ Dd sb} / bzxhf/ ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo xG' 5 . – ;fjh{ lgs ;]jf cj?4 ug]{ u/fpg] JolStnfO{ tLg jif;{ Dd s}b / lt; xhf/ ?lkof;F Dd hl/jfgf jf bj' } ;hfo x'G5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 257
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– bO' { jf a9L JolStsf] s/' fsfgL pgLx¿sf] cgd' lt a]u/ sg' } pks/0f ko| fu] u/L ;g' ]df jf /s] 8{ u/]df bO' { jif;{ Dd sb} jf la; xhf/ ?lkof;F Dd hl/jfgf jf bj' } ;hfo x'g ;S5 . – cg'dltljgf s;}sf] t:jL/ lvrd] f jf tl:a/sf] :j¿k lauf/]df Ps jif{;Dd sb} jf bz xhf/ ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf bj' } ;hfo x'G5 . – s;}n] s;n} fO{ ufnL u/d] f Ps jif;{ Dd s}b jf bzxhf/ ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo xG' 5 . aO] HhtL u/]df bO' { jif;{ Dd sb} jf la; xhf/ ?lkof;F Dd hl/jfgf jf bj' } ;hfo xg' ;S5 . ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 a]OHhtL u/d] f ;f] ;hfodf yk Ps jif;{ Dd s}b jf bz xhf/ ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf x'G5 . ljm| ofsnfk != kqklqsf jf ;fdflhs ;~hfn jf cgnfOg jf 6]lnlehgsf dfWodaf6 ljleGg ks| f/sf b]jfgL tyf kmfh} bf/L k|sl[ tsf ck/fwsf sDtLdf kf“rcf6] f 36gf ;ª\\sng ug{x' f];\\ . tL ck/fwx¿ kmfh} bf/L xg' \\ ls b]jfgL xg' \\ egL juLs{ /0f ug{'xf;] \\ . To:tf] ck/fwdf bfi] fLnfO{ s] s:tf] sf/afxL x'g ;S5 lgSofn]{ ug'x{ f];\\ . 36gf s;/' kmfh} bf/L jf b]jfgL < ;hfo @= tn lbOPsf] ck/fwsf 36gfx¿df Goflos lgsfon] s] s;/L lg?k0f u5{ < el\" dsf clego ugx'{ f;] \\ . – Ps hgf Jofkfl/n] gfKg] t/fh'df ;fdfg /fVg]k6\\l6 gb]lvg] u/L Pp6f r'Das 6fF;]/ /fv5] g\\ . Ps hgf pkef]Stfn] lsg/] nus] f] Ps lsnf] lrgL ;ªs\\ f nfu]/ csf{] 7fpFdf nuL hfV] bf %) u|fd k'ug] . – s'g} dlxnfn] Ps JolStnfO{ cfkmg\\ f] cgd' ltljgf tl:a/ lvr]/ km];a'sdf /fvs] f] egL kx| /Ldf ph/' L lbOg\\ . To; JolStn] km;] a'sdf pSt kmf6] f] el] 6Pg t/ dfa] fOndf ;f] kmf]6f] el] 6of] . – lkslgs uPsf an] f kfs{df a;/] 7n' f] 7n' f] :j/n] cZnLn zAb afn] ] egL afn] s] f] lel8of] /s] 8;{ lxt csf]{ ;dx\" sf JolStn] kx| /Ldf ph'/L lbP . – cfkm;\" Fu l/; p7]sf] JolStnfO{ km;fOlbG5' eg/] ofg} bJ' oj{ xf/sf] cf/fk] nufOof] . pSt JolSt 36gf ePsf] lbg To; :yfgdf g} gePsf] kl' i6 eof] . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 259
#= o; kf7df d'nd' L bj] fgL ;+lxtf P]g @)&$, / dn' s' L ck/fw ;l+ xtf @)&$ sf sx] L dxŒjk\"0f{ c+znfO{ 5f6] s/L ¿kdf k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 . tL P]gx¿ cWoog u/L yk kf| jwfg / bkmfx¿ k:| tt' ug'x{ f];\\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ kmfh} bf/L cleof]u s:tf] cleofu] xf] < -v_ kmf}hbf/L / b]jfgL d2' flarsf] km/s b]vfpg'xf;] \\ . @= bj] fgL ;l+ xtfsf ;fdfGo l;4fGtcGtut{ sg' s'g k|fjwfgx¿ lszf/] lszf/] Lsf bl} gs Jojxf/;“u ;DalGwt 5g\\ < l6kf6] ug'x{ f;] \\ . 260 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
^ ;\"rgfsf] xs kf7 M kh| ftflGqs d'n'sdf x/]s gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs dxŒjsf] ;r\" gf jf hfgsf/L dfu ug{] xs clwsf/ xG' 5 h;nfO{ ;\"rgfsf] xs elgG5 . ;r\" gfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g @)^$ n] kl/eflift u/c] g';f/ ;r\" gf eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg xg' ] jf ePsf ;fj{hlgs dxŒjsf sfd, tT;DaGwL sf/afxL jf lg0fo{ ;uF ;DalGwt sg' } lnvt, ;fdu|L jf hfgsf/L ;Demgk' 5{ . gk] fn klg Ps k|hftflGqs d'ns' xf] To;n} ] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] gful/ssf nflu ;\"rgfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;l+ jwfgsf] wf/f @& df dfl} ns xscGtut{ ;\"rgfsf] xsdf elgPsf] 5 æk|Tos] gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;\"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 t/ sfg'gadfl] hd uf]Ko /fVg'kg{] ;r\" gfsf] hfgsf/L lbg s;}nfO{ afWo kfl/g] 5g} . ;fjh{ lgs lgsfon] ;f] lgsfo;u“ ;DalGwt b]xfosf ;\"rgf ;r\" Ls[t u/L k|sfzg ugk{' g]{ 5 M -s_ :j¿k / ks| [lt -v_ sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ -u_ sdr{ f/L ;ª\\Vof / sfo{ ljj/0f -3_ kb| fg ul/g] ;j] f -ª_ ;]jf kb| fg ug]{ lgsfosf] zfvf / lhDdj] f/ clwsf/L -r_ ;j] f k|fKt ug{ nfUg] b:t'/ / cjlw -5_ lg0f{o ug]{ kl| jm| of / clwsf/L -h_ lg0fo{ pk/ ph'/L ;G' g] clwsf/L -em_ ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfdsf] ljj/0f -`_ ;r\" gf clwsf/L / k|d'vsf] gfd / kb -6_ P]g, lgod, ljlgod jf lgb{]lzsfsf] ;\"rL -7_ cfDbfgL, vr{ tyf cflys{ sf/fa] f/;DaGwL cBfjlws ljj/0f -8_ tfl] sPadfl] hdsf cGo ljj/0f ;r\" gfsf] xssf] kT| ofe\"lt ug{ ag]sf] ;r\" gfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ cg;' f/ ;r\" gfsf] xs eGgfn] ;fjh{ lgs lgsfodf /xs] f ;fj{hlgs dxŒjsf] ;r\" gf dfUg] / kfpg] clwsf/ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 261
;Demg' k5{ . ;f] zAbn] ;fjh{ lgs lgsfodf /x]sf] sg' } lnvt, ;fdu|L jf ;f] lgsfosf] sfd sf/afxLsf] cWoog jf cjnfs] g ug,]{ To:tf] lnvtsf] kd| fl0ft k|ltlnlk k|fKt ug{] xsnfO{ klg ae' mfpF5 . ;\"rgfsf] xsn] ;fjh{ lgs dxŒjsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ eO/xs] f] :ynsf] ed| 0f / cjnf]sg ug,{] s'g} ;fduL| sf] k|dfl0ft gdg' f lng] jf sg' } klg lsl;dsf] oGqdf /flvPsf] ;r\" gf To:tf] oGqdfk{mt k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ ;dt] nfO{ hgfp5F . k|Tos] ;fjh{ lgs lgsfon] gful/ssf] ;\"rgfsf] xssf] ;Ddfg / ;/+ If0f ug'{u/fpgk' g{] 5 . o;sf nflu tL lgsfox¿n] lgDglnlvt sfox{ ¿ ug'{kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M -s_ ;r\" gf juLs{ /0f / cBfjlws u/L ;do ;dodf ;fjh{ lgs, ks| fzg tyf k;| f/0f ug{] u/fpg] -v_ ;\"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'rF ;/n / ;xh agfpg] -u_ cfˆgf] sfd sf/afxL vn' f / kf/bzL{ ¿kdf ug{] -3_ cfˆgf sd{rf/Lsf nflu pko'St tflnd / kl| zIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug{] -ª_ ;fjh{ lgs lgsfon] ;\"rgf ;fjh{ lgs, ks| fzg jf k;| f/0f ubf{ ljleGg /fli6o« efiff tyf cfd;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 ug]{ ;j;{ fwf/0fnfO{ ;r\" gf kj| fx ugs{ f nflu x/s] ;fjh{ lgs lgsfon] cfˆgf] sfofn{ odf /xs] f] ;r\" gf k|jfx ug]{ ko| fh] gsf nflu ;\"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug'k{ g{] xG' 5 . sfof{nosf] ;r\" gf k|jfx ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu k|dv' n] cfˆgf] sfof{nodf /xs] f] ;r\" gf lgoldt ¿kdf ;r\" gf clwsf/LnfO{ pknAw u/fpgk' g]{ 5 . ;j;{ fwf/0fn] pSt ;\"rgf clwsf/L;uF ;r\" gf dfu ug'k{ 5{ . ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;r\" gf clwsf/Ln] dfu ePadf]lhdsf] ;r\" gf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ 5 . ;r\" gfsf] xs 5 eGbd} f ;a} ks| f/sf ;\"rgf ;fjh{ lgs ug{ gldNn] x'g ;S5 . To:tf ;\"rgf ;fj{lhlgs ubf{ jf s;n} fO{ pknAw u/fpFbf /fHo jf ;+:yf jf JolStnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ klg kg{ ;S5 . To;n} ] lgDgfg;' f/sf] ;r\" gf eg] ;j{;fwf/0fn] dfu ug{ / ;r\" gf clwsf/Ln] pknAw u/fpg gkfpg] Joj:yf sfg'gn] u/]sf] 5 . -s_ ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fli6o« ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs zflGt, l:y/tf / g]kfnsf cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGwnfO{ uDeL/ c;/ kfg]{ ;r\" gf -v_ ck/fwx¿sf] cg';Gwfg, hfrF / cleofh] gnfO{ l;wf k|efj kfg{] ;\"rgf 262 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
-u_ cfly{s, Jofkf/ jf dfl} ›s ?lr jf afl} 4s ;DklQ jf a}ªl\\ sª jf Jofkfl/s uf]kgLotfsf] ;'/Iffdf uDeL/ ke| fj kfg]{ ;\"rgf -3_ ljleGg hflt jf ;db' fox¿sf] ;DaGwnfO{ c;xh agfpg] ;\"rgf g]kfndf ;r\" gfsf] xssf] ;/+ If0f, ;jwg{ / kr| ng ug]{ sfdsf nflu /fli6«o ;r\" gf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . s;n} ] sfgg' adfl] hd ;r\" gf kf| Kt ug{ g;sd] f jf sg' } sfofn{ o jf clwsf/Ln] ;\"rgf lbg gdfg]df jf cfgfsfgL u/]df ;\"rgf cfof]udf ph'/L ug{ ;lsG5 . cfof]un] ;DalGwtph/' L pk/ 5fgljg u/L xs lbnfp5F . ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 ;\"rgf kf| Kt ug]{ tl/sf -s_ sg' } ;\"rgf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] gk] fnL gful/sn] To:tf] ;r\" gf k|fKt ug{'kg]{ sf/0f v'nfO{ ;DalGwt ;r\" gf clwsf/L ;dIf lgj]bg lbg'k5{ . -v_ lgj]bg k|fKt ePdf ;\"rgf clwsf/Ln] tTsfn pknAw u/fpg ;lsg] k|s[ltsf] ;r\" gf eP tTsfn pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ 5 . tTsfn pkfnJw u/fpg g;lsg] ks| l[ tsf] ;r\" gf eP lgjb] g k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq lgj]bsnfO{ ;\"rgf pknAw u/fpgk' 5{ . -u_ tTsfn ;r\" gf pknAw u/fpg g;lsg] ePdf ;\"rgf clwsf/Ln] ;fs] f] sf/0f;lxtsf] hfgsf/L t'?Gt lgjb] snfO{ u/fpgk' 5{ . -3_ s'g} JolStsf] lhpHofgsf] ;/' Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ;\"rgf dfu u/s] f] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ;r\" gf dfu u/]sf] rfl} a; 306fleq ;r\" gf clwsf/Ln] lgj]bsnfO{ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ . -ª_ ;r\" gf clwsf/Ln] lgjb] såf/f dfu ePsf] ;r\" gf ;Dej eP;Dd dfu ePsf] :j¿kdf g} pknAw u/fpgk' 5{ . -r_ lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] :j¿kdf ;\"rgf pknAw u/fpbF f ;\"rgfsf] ;|ft] laug| ,] eTsg] jf gi6 xg' ] ;Defjgf ePdf ;r\" gf clwsf/Ln] ;f]sf] sf/0f vf]nL pkoS' t :j¿kdf lgjb] snfO{ ;r\" gf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ;\"rgfsf] xssf] ljifodf sIffdf k|jrg sfo{j|md ugx'{ f];\\ . @= ;fjh{ lgs ;+:yf;“u ;r\" gf dfu u/]sf,] To:tf] ;\"rgf pknAw gu/fPsf,] ;\"rgf cfof]un] sf/afxL u/s] f] h:tf ;dfrf/x¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \\ . #= tkfOs“{ f] :yfgLo txdf /x]sf] ;fjh{ lgs lgsfox¿af6 ;\"rgfsf] xssf] kT| ofet\" Ldf s] s:tf cEof; ePsf 5g\\ . ;f]wvf]h u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 263
cEof; != tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ;\"rgfsf] xs egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ ;\"rgfsf] xssf] dxŒj pNnv] ug'x{ f];\\ . -u_ ;r\" gfsf] xs k|Tofel\" t ug{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf ;:+ yfn] s] s] ugk{' 5{ < -3_ ;fjh{ lgs ;+:yfsf] s] s:tf] ;r\" gf dfu ug{ kfObF g} < kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;fjh{ lgs ;/fs] f/sf] s'g} ljifodf ;\"rgf dfu ug{] tnsf] h:t} kmf/fd eg'x{ f];\\ / 5nkmn ug{x' f;] \\ . :yfgLo lgsfon] o:tf] ;r\" gf pknAw u/fpg] kl| j|mofsf] s;/L sfofG{ jog ub{} cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf a'em/] a'Fbf l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f;] \\ M -;\"rgf clwsf/L;Fu ;r\" gf dfu ug{] 9frF f_ >Ldfg\\ ;r\" gf clwsf/LHo\" ldlt M ======================= ==================================== sfofn{ o ljifo M ;\"rgf tyf ljj/0fsf] kd| fl0ft k|ltlnlk kfpmF eGg]af/] dxfb] o, pkoS{' t ;DaGwdf d÷xfdL lgjb] snfO{ o; sfon{ odf /xs] f tkl;ndf plNnlvt ljj/0f, tYofªs\\ tyf ;r\" gf d/] f]÷xfd|f] ================ko| fh] gsf nflu cfjZos k/s] f] hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' . pSt ;\"rgf g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf] wf/f @& tyf ;\"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL Pg] , @)^$ sf] bkmf # / & cg';f/ tL ;r\" gf tyf hfgsf/Lsf] k|dfl0ft kl| tlnlk pknJw u/fOlbgx' g' of] lgj]bg u5{' . tkl;n != ============================================================================================================== . @= ============================================================================================================== . plNnlvt ;r\" gfsf] kl| tlnlk l56f]eGbf l56f] pknAw u/fpg'x'g cg/' f]w u5{' . plNnlvt ;r\" gf pknAw u/fpbF f nfUg] sfgg' adfl] hdsf] zN' s a'emfpg tof/ 5' . lgj]bs ======================= gfd M 7]ufgf M kmfg] g= M Odn] M 264 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
& ;bfrf/ / ;fdflhs hjfkmbx] L kf7 M sg' } klg bz] sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;z' f;g ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;'zf;gsf nflu sfg'gL zf;g ;bfrf/ sfo{ kj| l[ Q, kf/blz{tf, lhDdj] f/ /fHo ;+oGq, gful/s ;r]tgf cflbsf] e\"ldsf dxŒk0\" f{ xG' 5 . o; kf7df ;bfrf/ / ;fdflhs hjfkmbx] L ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . != ;bfrf/ s'g} klg JolStn] cfˆgf] bl} gs ultljlw tyf lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ cjnDag ug{] d\"No, dfGotf, gl} tstfsf] ;dli6 g} cfr/0f xf] . o;n] s] l7s xf] / s] al] 7s xf] < s] ul/gk' 5{ / s] ug{'xb'F g} eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgbz{] g u5{ . cfr/0f c;n jf v/fa bj' } x'g ;S5 . v/fa cfr/0fnfO{ b'/frf/ elgG5 . b'/frf/ ;b}a cdfGo / c:jLsfo{ xG' 5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ;DaGw / ;xofu] / ;xsfod{ f ;d:of l;h{gf u5{ . To;n} ] x/s] JolStn] cfkmn\" fO{ c;n cfr/0ftkm{ 9fNg'k5{ . c;n cfr/0fnfO{ ;bfrf/ elgG5 . ;bfrf/sf] cy{ /fdf| ] cfr/0f jf ;b\\Jojxf/ xf] . ;bfrf/n] kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZj kl/jz] df zflGt, ;xsfo,{ ljsf; / ;'zf;gsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ . ;bfrf/ g}ltstf;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] . gl} tstf JolStsf] efjgf / cGt/dg;Fu hf]l8Psf] xG' 5, h'g Jojxf/åf/f k|blz{t xG' 5 . gl} tstfnfO{ kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f, ;:+ sf/, ;:+ sl[ t, ;ª\\ut / lzIffn] klg ke| fj kf5{ . To;}n] xfdL ;an} ] cfkm\"df c;n gl} ts Jojxf/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L ;bfrf/L x'gk' 5{ . To:t} ;fjh{ lgs lgsfo, ;:+ yf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj afs] s] f ;+:yfx¿ / ToxfF sfo/{ t JolSt Pjd\\ kbflwsf/Lx¿df t ;bfrf/ x'g' clt cfjZos xG' 5 . JolStx¿ b'/frf/L eP eg] b'/frf/, e|i6frf/, 3;' vf]/L, l9nf;:' tL / s'zf;gsf] l:ylt cfOk5{ . ux[ dGqfnon] cfkm\\gf] dGqfnocGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;bfrf/ ;l+ xtf tof/ kf/L nfu' u/s] f] 5 . cGo dGqfno / ;ª3\\ ;+:yf, k|b]z :t/sf sfof{nox¿ / :yfgLo txx¿n] klg o:tf ;bfrf/ ;+lxtf jf cfrf/;+lxtfx¿ sfofG{ jogdf NofPsf x'G5g\\ . ljBfnodf klg lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / Joj:Yfkg ;ldltsf cfrf/ ;+lxtfx¿ tof/ ul/Psf x'G5g\\ . To;sf] kfngf ug'{ lzIfs, cleefjs, ljBfyL,{ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;a}sf] bfloTj xf] . /fHonfO{ ;w}F ;bfrf/L dflg;x¿sf] vfrF f] xG' 5 . ;fjh{ lgs hLjg lgjfx{ ug]{ JolStdf l;k / bIftfsf ;fy} g}ltstf, Odfgbf/L / ;bfrf/Lkg klg xg' 'k5{ . pgLx¿ ofU] o, Odfgbf/ / hjfkmbx] L x'gk' 5{ . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] dg lhts] f] xg' k' 5{ . pgLx¿n] ;fjh{ lgs hLjgsf kfrF l;4fGtx¿ :jfy{xLgtf, ;bfrf/, j:tk' /stf, hjfkmbx] L / vn' fkgnfO{ dfub{ zs{ sf ¿kdf u|x0f u/s] f] xg' 'k5{ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 265
gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf ;bfrf/ / ;z' fgsf nflu ;l+ jwfgsf] lgbz{] s l;4fGtdf ;fjh{ lgs kz| f;gnfO{ :jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL,{ e|i6frf/dS' t, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd\"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 kf| Kt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kxF'r ;l' glZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe\"lt ug{] eGg] pNnv] 5 . kGwf| F} of]hgfn];fjh{ lgs kz| f;gnfO{ ;ª\\3Lo ;+/rgfcg¿' k ;an, ;Ifd / ;'b9[ agfO{ bIf, ;j] fd'vL / Jofj;flos agfpg' eGg] p2Z] o /flvPsf] 5 . ;fjh{ lgs ;j] fnfO{ e/kbf]{, ;'ne, u0' f:t/Lo / kxFr' ofU] o agfO{ ljsf; kl| jm| ofnfO{ ke| fjsf/L agfpg' tyf ;]jf kj| fx / zf;g k|0ffnLdf axk' IfLo ;femb] f/Lsf] ljsf; ug'{ h:tf p2Z] o /flvPsf] 5 . To;}n] ;'zf;gsf nflu To:tf ;:+ yfdf sfo/{ t JolStx¿df ;bfrf/ / gl} tstfsf] lgs} dxŒj /xG5 . @= ;bfrf/sf] dxŒj – JolStdf cfTdlgoGq0f / :jpTk|]/0ff jl[ 4 u5{ . – ;fjh{ lgs ;j] fnfO{ /fhgLltaf6 t6:y, lgikIf / kf/bzL{ agfp5F . – ;fjh{ lgs kz| f;gdf x'g] l9nf;':tL, nfk/afxL, ei| 6frf/ / clwsf/sf] b?' kof]unfO{ lg?T;flxt u5{ . – ;j] fuf| xLsf] ;/sf/ tyf ;fjh{ lgs ;j] fkl| tsf] ljZjf; clej[l4 u5{ . – ;/sf/L sfd, sf/afxLnfO{ l56f,] 5l/tf] u/fpg ;3fpF5 . – dxŒjk0\" f{ ;/sf/L clen]vsf] uf]kgLotf sfod tyf ;+/If0f u/fpF5 . – ;/sf/L ;j] f ;l' jwf / ljsf; lgdf{0f sfon{ fO{ ke| fjsf/L agfpF5 . – ;z' f;g sfod ug{ ;3fp5F . #= ;fjh{ lgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolStn] kfngf ug'{kg{] ;bfrf/ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolStx¿ hgtfsf] ;j] f ugs{ f nflu vl6g] lhDd]jf/ JolSt xg' \\ . pgLx¿n] hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{sf nflu g} ;ky vfPsf x'G5g\\ . hgtfn] lt/]sf s/af6 a]tg tyf ;'ljwf lng] o:tf JolStx¿ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL xg' k' 5{ . hgtfsf] ;]js ePsfn] ;j{;fwf/0f;uF pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/ / k|:tt' L ;xh / ;Ddfgof]Uo xg' k' 5{ . /fi6;« ]jsx¿ ;bfrf/L ePgg\\ eg] hgtfn] ;'ne ;j] f kfpg ;Sb}gg\\ . /fi6« lgdf0{ fsf ljleGg Ifq] df cj/fw] x¿ cfpg ;S5 / /fli6o« ;DklQsf] b'?kof]u klg xg' ;S5 . sfddf l9nf;':tL eP/ hgtfn] cgfjZos b'v kfpg ;S5g\\ . To;n} ] pgLx¿n] hgtfkl| t lhDdj] f/ eO{ cfkm\\ gf] st{Jo k\"/f ug{k' 5{ . ;a} JolSt ;fjh{ lgs cfx] f]bf lngsf nflu ofU] o x'Fb}gg\\ . ;fjh{ lgs kb wf/0f ugs{ f nflu l;k / bIftfsf ;fy;fy} gl} ts, Odfgbf/ / ;bfrf/L klg xg' ' cfjZos xG' 5 . ;fj{hlgs el\" dsfdf 266 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
/xg] JolStsf] cfx] f]bf / e\"ldsf lj:tf/;uF } pgsf] jo} lSts clwsf/ vl' DrFb} hfG5 / ;fj{hlgs bfloTj km}lnbF } hfG5 . pgLx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf l;4fGtn] dfu{bzg{ ul//xs] f] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf l;4fGtcGtu{t :jfy{xLgtf, ;bfrf/, j:t'k/stf, hjfkmb]xL, v'nfkg, Odfgbf/L / pbfx/0fLotf k5g{ \\ . $= JolStdf xg' k' g]{ ;bfrf/ x/]s JolSt ;bfrf/L x'g' JolStdf x'gk' g{] ;bfrf/ cfjZos 5 . JolSt ;bfrf/L – cg'zf;gdf /xL cfˆgf] stJ{ o Odfgbf/L;fy kfngf ug'{ eP eg] ;a}n] dg k/fpF5g\\ . – ;ak} |lt lzi6 Jojxf/ bv] fpg' ljZjf; u5{g\\ / pgsf] pGglt / k|ult klg x'Fb} hfG5 . – hj' f, tf; vN] g] tyf ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf dfbs kbfy{ ;] pgsf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / / jgnufotsf v/fa cfr/0f gug'{ fi6« klg l566\\ } ljsf; x'G5 . – cfˆgf] sfd;uF ;DalGwt ;a} sfgg' sf] hfgsf/L /fVg' To;n} ] xfdLn] c;n JolStŒjsf – k;] fsf] ;Ddfg ug{] tyf cfˆgf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ko| TgzLn ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ lgDgfg;' f/ sf;bfrf/sf kfngf ugk'{ 5{ . /xg] – sfofn{ o ;dodf sfofn{ o;Fu ;DalGwt sfd dfq ug{] %= ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL – sfofn{ osf ;fdfg tyf ;'ljwfsf] b?' kof]u gug]{ Nofl6g zAb to count – k;] fut sfo{ ubf{ /fhgLlts t6:ytf sfod ug{] …uGg'Ú af6 account – cfˆgf] sfd sf/afxL cfly{s ¿kdf ldtJooL tyf …lx;faÚ zJb ag]sf] xf] . kl5 lx;fa jf n]vfhf]vf;DaGwL lskmfotk\"js{ ug]{ ljifonfO{ accountability – ;fjh{ lgs ;DklQsf] ;/+ If0f / lxkmfht ug{ ;bf tTk/ /xg] – ;fdflhs ljeb] gug]{ …hjfkmb]xLÚ eGg yflnof] . hjfkmb]xLsf] klxnf] k|of]u ;g\\ !)^^ lt/ a]nfotsf /fhf ljlnod k|ydsf] zf;g sfndf ePsf] lyof] . /fhf ljlnodn] ;DklQ ;+/If0fsf nflu lx;fa /fVg n]vfkfn lgoS' t u/s] f lyP h;n] ;do ;dodf /fhfnfO{ ;DklQsf] ljj/0f b]vfpg'kYof{] . o;/L lx;fa lstfa ug{] sfo{ ;DklQ / s/sf] clenv] df dfq ;Lldt zf;sLo kIfsf] /fdf| g/fdf| kIfsf] lx;fa lstfa klg aGg k'Uof] . afxf| }F ztfAbLb] ]lv eg] ;/sf/n] /fHosf] ;|ft] , ;fwg / zlStsf] k|ofu] ;;+ bLo cgd' fb] gsf cfwf/df ePsf] 5 jf 5}g egL lx;fa lstfasf] k/LIf0f ;dt] ug{ yflnof] . o;/L cfly{s lx;falstfasf] jw} tfaf6 ;?' ePsf] hjfkmb]xL zAbsf] ko| f]u cflys{ k|zf;g / ljQLo hjfkmb]xLdf dfq ;Lldt /xg] . kl5Nnf lbgdf o;nfO{ ;fjh{ lgs ;+:yf / ToxfF sfo{/t clwsf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg glthf, gl} ts cfr/0f, ;bfrf/ / cflTds cfofdaf6 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 267
;dt] xg] { yflnof] . hjfkmb]xL eGg] zJbn] cfkm\"n] u/s] f] sfddf hf;] s' n} ] k|Zg p7fPklg To;sf] hjfkm lbg ;Sg] ;fjh{ lgs hjfkmbx] Lsf rf/ kIf u/L sfd ug'{ eGg] ae' mfp5F . h;n] uNtL u/]sf] xbF' g} jf sfgg' adfl] hd sfd u/s] f] xG' 5 p;n] hjfkm lbg ;S5 . != sfo{ljlwut kIf h;n] sfg'g ldr/] jf sfg'g ljk/Lt sfd u/s] f] 5 jf @= sfo{;Dkfbg glthf kIf gl} ts w/ftn ud' fP/ sfd u/]sf] 5 p;n] 7l8P/ hjfkm #= gl} ts Pjd\\ cfr/0f kIf lbg ;Sb}g . $= cflTds jf ljjs] hGo kIf ;fjh{ lgs hjfkmbx] Lsf dV' o b'O{cf6] f ;t{ xG' 5g\\ . klxnf] ;t{ hgtfsf] ;fwg, ;|ft] / zlSt hgtfsf] lxtdf hgtfs} cg'df]bgdf dfq ;j;{ fwf/0fn] ug{ ;Sg] ;jfn ko| f]u ug{k' 5{ . bf];|f] ;t{ – xfd|f gfddf jf xfd|f nflu s] s] sfd eO/x]sf 5g\\ < o:tf ;fwg ;|f]t / zlSt – tL sfd xfdf| ] rfxgf jf cfjZostfcg;' f/sf] xf] ls xfO] g < k|of]u jf kl/rfng ug] – To;sf nflu ;|f]t ;fwg / zlSt s;/L k|of]u eO/xs] f] 5 < { clwsf/ kf| Kt kbflwsf/ – s] xfdf| ;fd' ul/Psf] afrf k/\" f ePsf] 5 t < Lx¿ ;wF}el/ hgtfsf] lgu/fgLdf x'g'k5{ . – xfdLn] lbPsf] dtfb]zsf] k|ofu] s;/L eO/xs] f] 5 < hgtfn] ug]{ k|Zgsf] – of] sfddf ;n+ Ug ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] cfr/0f s:tf] 5 < hjfkm lbg ;Sg] cj:yfdf – s] tkfOFn{ ] u/]sf sfdx¿ sfg'g ;Ddt 5g\\ < tof/ /xg'k5{ . pgLx¿ – s] o;df kf/blzt{ f / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xLsf pkfo cjnDag hlxn] klg hgtfsf] ljZjf; lng ;Sg] u/L ul/Psf] 5 < so{ ug'{k5{ . pgLx¿n] / – s] o;df dfkb08x¿sf] kfngf ;xL tl/sfn] ePsf] 5 < fHosf] ;DklQ rnfO/x]sf xG' 5g\\ . o:tf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t d'Vot hgtfn] lt/s] f] s/ xf] . o;/L c¿sf] ;fwg ;ªs\\ ng u/L c¿s} nflu / vr{ ug{x] ¿sf] sfdsf] k/LIf0f x'gk' 5{ . To;sf] kl| tj]bg tof/ kf/L cfjZos ;w' f/ jf sf/afxL xg' 'k5{ . klxn] klxn] ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLnfO{ ljQLo kf6f]af6 x/lx;fasf] cfFs8f k/LIf0f u/]/ x]l/GYof] . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf Pg] , lgod, sfol{ jlw, dfkb08 h:tf k|ljm| ofut cfwf/af6 ;+:yfsf] hjfkmbx] Lsf] :t/ xl] /GYof] . kljqtf / Odfgbf/Lsf] dN\" ofª\\sg u/] k'UYof] . ?h' a?] hs' f cfwf/af6 l7s a]l7s 7flgGYof] . kl5Nnf lbgdf cfw'lgs nf]stGqsf] cEof; ub}{ hfg] j|mddf o;nfO{ dfq hjfkmbx] L dfkgsf cfwf/ dfGg gxg' ] cge' l\" t u/]/ hjfkmbx] LnfO{ glthf jf kl/0ffddf x]l/gk' 5{ eGg] dfGotf :yflkt eof] . k|lj|mofsf] kfngf / Odfgbf/L cfjZos t xf] t/ To;sf ;fydf kl/0ffd / j}wtfnfO{dn\" s'/f dflgof] . hjfkmb]xLn] ;fjh{ lgs Jojxf/sf ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6g\\ 268 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
yfNof] . /fHosf ljleGg ;fjh{ lgs ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xLsf nflu ko| f]u ePsf pkfox¿ lgsfo / To;cGtut{ – ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ug{] – ;fj{hlgs ;g' 'jfO ug{] sfo/{ t lgjf{lrt, – l8lh6n cGt/lj|mof ug{] dgfl] gt, lgoS' t kbflwsf/L / k];ut ;d\"xx¿ lj|moflzn x'G5g\\ . pgLx¿ /fHosf] – ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfdx¿sf] l:ylt kq k|sfzg ug]{ ;fwg, ;|f]t / zlStsf] – ;r\" gf tyf hfgsf/Lsf] :jtM k|sfzg ug{] cEof; dfkmt{ ;fdflhs – ;fdflhs ;j+ fb / cGt/lj|mofsf dfWodx¿ vn' f ug{] hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ x}l;ot /fV5g\\ . pgLx¿hjfkmb] – ;Dkflbt sfdsf] t];f| ] kIf cg'udg ug{] xLsf] lhDdj] f/L lng] jf hjfkm lbg] kIf x'g\\ . pgLx¿n] h;sf nflu sfd ul//xs] f 5g\\ jf pgLx¿sf] sfdaf6 ke| fljt x'g] ;j{;fwf/0fx¿ hjfkmb]xL vfH] g] kIf xg' \\ . ;j;{ fwf/0fx¿n] tnsf h:t} kZ| gx¿ ug{ ;S5g\\ . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf lhDd]jf/ JolStx¿n] To;sf] plrt hjfkm lbgk' 5{ . ;j{;fwf/0fsf kZ| gx¿ o:tf x'G5g\\ . o;/L cfwl' gs nfs] tGqdf kT| oIf hjfkmb]xLsf] dfu x'g yfns] f] 5 eg] To:tf] k|lj|mofdf hg;xeflutfsf] kIf clt cfjZos 7flgG5 . ;]jfu|fxL jf ;/fs] f/jfnfn] g} cfˆgf ;/fs] f/ sf ljifodf kZ| g p7fpg / cfZj:t x'g rfxG5g\\ . To;}n] lxhf] cfh ;fj{hlgs hjfkmbx] LnfO{ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xLklg elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;d\"xaf6 cGj]if0f, cWoog, k/LIf0f ug{] ljlwnfO{ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f elgG5 . ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xLsf] alnof] ;+oGq xf] . o;sf cnfjf oxfF plNnlvt w/] } ks| f/sf pkfox¿sf] ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . hlt w]/} pkfoxx¿sf] k|of]u ul/of] Tolt g} hjfkmbx] L ;fy{s x'g ;S5 . of] nf]stlGqs cEof;kl| tsf] ljZjf; / ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;lj|motfsf] pkh klg xf] . x/]s lj|mofsnfkdf ;xsfo{, ;+jfb / ;xeflutfaf6 g} ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljZjf; lhTg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xLaf6 :yflkt ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;fjh{ lgs lgsfodf k/s] f] bafasf ¿kdf xl] /g' x'Fbg} . k|0ffnLsf] jw} tf, :jR5tf, u0' f:t/ / ;z' f;gsf nflu cjnDag ul/Psf pkfosf ¿kdf ;Demgk' 5{ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 269
ljm| ofsnfk != cfkm\\gf] ljBfnodf ;fdflhs k/LIf0f ePsf] 5 ls 5g} ePsf] eP slxn] / s;/L ePsf] /x5] < kl5Nnf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] cWoog u/L To;df k:| t't ul/Psf ljj/0fsf ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \\ . @= ;bfrf/ / ;fdflhs hjfkmbx] L cfhsf] ckl/xfo{tf zLif{sdf sljtf jf ;j+ fb tof/ kf/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug'x{ f;] \\ . #= olb tkfO{“ /fi6;« j] s sd{rf/L x'g'eof] eg] tkfOn“{ ] oxfF lbOPsf] h:t} ;bfrf/sf] kfngf ugk{' 5{ . ;d\"xdf a;L kT| o]s a“'bfsf] af/]df 5nkmn u/L /fi6;« j] s sd{rf/L s:tf] xg' 'k5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf ;d\"xsf] wf/f0f k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\\ . /fi6«;j] s sdr{ f/Ln] kfngf ug{k' g{] ;bfrf/ – /fhgLlts jf cjfl~5t k|efj gkg]{ – /fhgLltdf efu glng] – /fhgLlts kbsf nflu x'g] lgjfr{ gdf efu lng jf s;}sf] lgldQ dt dfUg jf sg' } k|sf/sf] k|efj gkfg]{ . t/ dtbftfsf ¿kdf dtbfgdf efu eg] lng] – gk] fn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltlagf bfg, pkxf/, rGbf, ;fk6L glng] – gk] fn ;/sf/sf] k\"j{ :jLs[lt glnO{ s'g} ks| f/sf] sDkgLsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng tyf Jofkf/ Joj;fo gug]{ – tf]lsPsf] 9frF fdf lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;DklQ ljj/0f k;] ug{] – sfofn{ odf tf]lsPadfl] hd kl/rokq tyf kf;] fs nufpg] – v6fOPsf] sfofn{ o jf :yfgdf uO{ sfd ug]{ – ;?jf jf cjsfz x'bF f sfg'gadfl] hd a/ae' mf/y ug]{ – tf]lsPsf] ;dodf lgoldt ¿kn] sfofn{ odf xflh/ xg' ] – ;s];Dd labf :jLs[t gu/fP/ sfofn{ odf cg'kl:yt gxg' ] – ;j] fu|fxLk|lt dofl{ bt Jojxf/ bv] fpg' – cfkmd\" flysf sdr{ f/Lkl| t cfb/ / cfkmd\" l' gsf sdr{ f/Lkl| t plrt Jojxf/ bv] fpgk' g{] . 270 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ ;bfrf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < ;bfrf/ x'Fbf xg' ] kmfObfx¿sf] ;\"rL tof/ kfg{x' f;] \\ . -v_ ;bfrf/n] ;dfhdf kfg{] ke| fj pNnv] ug'{xf;] \\ . -u_ ;fjh{ lgs kbdf a;]sf] JolSt ;bfrf/L ePg eg] s] s] ;d:of cfOkg{ ;S5g\\ < ab'F fut¿kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\\ . -3_ ;fdflhs hjfkmbx] Lsf] cjwf/0ff s;/L ljsf; xFb' } cfPsf] 5 < pNn]v ug'x{ f];\\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ;bfrf/ / ;dflhs hjfkmb]xL;u“ ;DalGwt ;dfrf/ ;ªs\\ ng u/L ljZn]if0f ugx'{ f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 271
! PsfO ( ;x/Ls/0f / a;fO“;/fO ;x/Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff kf7 M dflg;x¿sf] a;fa] f; ePsf] :yfgnfO{ a:tLsf] kbfgj' |md hg;ª\\Vof a:tL elgG5 . a:tL uf| dL0f / ;x/L (Settlement hierarchy) (Population) u/L bO' { ks| f/sf xG' 5g\\ . ;x/L a:tLdf Psn a:tL (Isolated dwelling) Psn kl/jf/ PsLs[t a;f]af; x'G5 . a:tLdf a:tL (Hamlet) !) b]lv !)) u}/s[lif Joj;fo ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] ufpF (Village) !)) bl] v @%)) afx'No x'G5 . a:tLx¿ Ps lglZrt ;fgf ;x/ (Small Town) @%)) bl] v @%))) kbfg'j|mddf /x]sf x'G5g\\ . :6k] m]g 7n\" f ;x/ (Large Town) @%))) b]lv !%)))) Pd= uf| K; -;g\\ @)!&_ sf cg;' f/ ;x/ (City) !%)))) b]lv %))))) a:tLdf Psn kl/jf/sf] a;fa] f;bl] v pkgu/Lo la:tf/ (Conurbation) @ ldlnog eGbf dfly 7'nf ;x/x¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\\ . ;fgf ax[ t ;x/ (Megalopolish) !) ldlnog eGbf dfly u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf] a;f]af;nfO{ ;f| ]t M :6l] kmg Pd u|fK;= ;g\\ @)!& xo\\ fdn6] elgG5 . ufpF xo\\ fdn6] eGbf 7n' f] x'G5 / a:tLsf] cfsf/ a9b} ;fgf ;x/, 7n' f ;x/, dxfgu/ ljzfn ;x/ cflb aGb} hfG5g\\ . plNnlvt tflnsfn] klg o;} ;Gben{ fO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . != ;x/ ;x/sf ljzi] ftf pRr hg;ªV\\ of / hg3gTj ;x/ cª\\u]|hL zAb city sf] gk] fnL ¿kfGt/0f xf] . sG] bL| o ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] pknAwtf Joj;flos ljljwtf of] zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] civitas zAbaf6 JoT' klQ j;fO;F /fOsf] cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| ePsf] xf] . o;sf] zflAbs cy{ gful/sx¿sf] ;db' fo pBf]u snsf/vfgfsf] pknAwtf xG' 5 . a;fa] f; ug{] dflg;x¿ dV' o ¿kdf u/} sl[ if u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf ;l' jwfsf] kofK{ ttf sfo{x¿df ;+nUg xG' 5g\\ . ;fdfGotof ;x/nfO{ pRr cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk Jofkfl/s tyf ahf/ sG] › klg elgG5 . ;x/sf] pbe\\ j hg;ªV\\ ofsf] cfsf/, Jofj;flos ljljwtf / ki[ 7kb| z] (Hinterland) sf] sfo{ / ;/+ rgfsf] ;DaGw;uF hfl] 8Psf] xG' 5 . ;x/n] k[i7k|b]zsf ;d'bfonfO{ cfwf/et\" ;]jfx¿ k|bfg u5{ . ;x/ Ps cflys{ , k|zf;lgs, wflds{ , ;f:+ s[lts / ;j] f Ifq] ;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlwsf] s]Gb| xf] . 272 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
@= ;x/Ls/0f ;x/ lgdf0{ f xg' ] kl| jm| ofnfO{ ;x/Ls/0f elgG5 . hf]g k|mfo8Dofg -@))@_ sf cg';f/ ;x/Ls/0f eGgfn] hg;ªV\\ of, cfly{s lj|mofsnfk / ;x/L hLjgzn} Ldf ;fdflhs ;f:+ s[lts ;xeflutfnfO{ hgfp5F . Go\"gtd tfl] sPsf] hg;ª\\Vof, a;fa] f;sf] ;3gtf / ;x/L hLjgk4ltnfO{ cuF fNgn' fO{ ;x/Ls/0f elgG5 . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3n] uf| dL0f Ifq] sf dflg;x¿ ;x/df uP/ sfd ug{] / a:g] kl| jm| ofnfO{ klg ;x/Ls/0f eg]sf] 5 . ;x/Ls/0fn] bz] sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s ljsf; / cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ k|ltlalDat ub5{ . #= ;x/Ls/0fsf] ljZjJofkL k|jl[ Q kf| rLg ;x/x¿ dfgj ;Eotf;Fu} ljsf; xbF' } uPsf] kfOG5 . 6sLs{ f] dWo blIf0fdf /xs] f h]l/sf] / Sof6n xo' s' kf| 6] f] ;x/ nueu ^))) O={ k\"=lt/ bv] fk/s] f lyP h'g d;] fk] f]6fldofsf] ;Eotf -#))) O={ k=\" _ eGbf k/' fgf] dflgG5 . d;] f]kf6] fldof, OlhK6, l;Gw' 3fF6L / rLgsf k|frLg ;x/x¿ hnLo s[lif cy{Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t lyP . oL ;x/x¿ vfB pTkfbg / art, wflds{ , ;}Go zlSt / /fHosf sG] ›x¿ lyP . kf| rLg ;x/x¿ dlGb/ / rr{ h:tf wflds{ :ynsf] jl/kl/ a;]sf xG' y] h;n] ;Eotf, Oltxf; / ;:+ s[ltnfO{ ;o+ fh] g u/s] f x'Gy] . o;sf] ;fy} Jofkf/, x:tsnf pTkfbg / ;j] fdn\" s If]qx¿sf] ljsf;n] >d ljefhg xF'b} uof] . ;dfh s[lif / u/} sl[ if ;dfhdf ljefhg eof] . o;df u}/s[lif Joj;fo s]G›x¿ la:tf/} ;x/sf] ¿k kl/0ft x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 . c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ cf}Bf]lus j|mflGtn] cfw'lgs ;x/sf] hu a;fns] f] lyof] . o; jm| flGtn] pTkfbgdf ljlzi6tf, >d ljefhg, ahf/Ls/0f, u/} sl[ if Joj;fosf] pGglt, oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿sf] ljsf; h:tf kl/jtg{ eP . o;/L ;x/L hLjgn] uf| dL0f If]qsf dflg;nfO{ cfsif{0f hfbF f cfw'lgs ;x/sf] ljsf;df 6j] f k'u]sf] kfOG5 . ;g\\ !(^) kl5 pGgt k'FhLjfbL cy{tGqsf] ljsf;, k'FhLsf] PsqLs/0f / nufgLn] ;x/Ls/0fdf k|d'v e\"ldsf v]Ng yfNof] . ;g\\ !(*) kl5 pTkfbg k|lj|mofdf gjLg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / j}lZjss/0f / gjpbf/jfbn] k'FhLsf] PsqLs/0f, ax'/f{li6«o sDkgLsf] nufgL, pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0fn] gofgF ofF 7fpdF f ;x/Ls/0f b/n] tLj|tf kfpFb} uPsf] 5 . of] k|lj|mofn] ;f/f ljZjnfO{ g} Pp6f ufpF h:t} agfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ j}lZjs ufpF klg elgG5 . of] kl| j|mofn] sltko k|frLg ;x/x¿nfO{ dt[ ;x/ agfof] eg] sltko ;x/n] cfwl' gs ;x/Ls/0fsf] o'udf kj| ]z ug{] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\\ . ;dsfnLg ;x/x¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:sl[ ts ;+/rgfdf a;fOF;/fO, hftLo ljljwtf, c;dfgtf, „j' Ls/0f cflb tŒjx¿n] kl/jtg{ NofO/xs] f] bl] vG5 . ljZjdf ;x/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg] p2Z] on] cS6fa] / #! sf lbgnfO{ ;+oS' t /fi6;« ª3\\ n] ljZj ;x/Ls/0f lbj; dgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 273
;x/L hg;ªV\\ of / ;x/Ls/0f b/sf] k|ltzt Ifq] ;x/L hg;ª\\Vof -kl| tzt_ ;x/Ls/0f b/ -kl| tzt_ clkm| sf !(%) !(&% @))) @)#) !(%)– !(&% !(&%–@))) @)))–@)#) Pl;of 14.9 25.3 37.1 53.5 2.12 1.54 1.22 o'/fk] blIf0f cdl] /sf 16.6 24.0 37.1 54.5 1.47 1.75 1.28 / Sof/]ljog 0.30 pQ/ cdl] /sf 51.2 66.0 72.7 79.6 1.02 0.38 0.38 cf;] l] gof 41.9 61.2 75.5 84.6 1.52 0.84 0.31 63.9 73.8 79.1 86.9 0.58 0.28 0.10 60.6 71.7 72.7 74.9 0.67 0.06 ;f| t] M o'Pgl8OP;P, @)!$ (UNDESA, 2014) ;g\\ !(^) df ljZjsf] sn' hg;ªV\\ ofsf] #$ kl| tzt dfq ;x/L hg;ªV\\ of /x]sf] lyof] eg] ;g\\ @)!$ df ;x/L hg;ª\\Vof %$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;g\\ @)%) df ljZjsf] ;x/L hg;ªV\\ of ^^ kl| tzt kU' g] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . o;dWo] @=% ljlnog hg;ªV\\ of Pl;of / clk|msf dxfb]zdf dfq ylkg] k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 . /]vflrqdf ;g\\ !(%) b]lv @)%) ;Ddsf] cgd' flgt ljZjsf] uf| dL0f / ;x/L hg;ª\\Vofdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] k|If]k0fnfO{ bv] fOPsf] 5 . ;g\\ @))) b]lv @)#) sf] cjlwdf clt ljsl;t If]qsf] ;x/L jl[ 4 b/ )=## kl| tzt / sd ljsl;t If]qdf !=!$ kl| tztn] eO/x]sf] 5 . ;x/Ls/0f kl| j|mofdf hg;ªV\\ ofsf] kf| sl[ ts jl[ 4 / cfkj| f;gsf] kd| v' e\"ldsf b]lvG5 . sd ljsl;t If]qsf dflg;x¿ /fd|f] hLjgdf afRg] cfzfn] ufpFaf6 ;x/df a;fOF ;g]{ u5{g\\ . ;x/L Ifq] df pknAw x'g] ;]jf ;l' jwf / /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/x¿n] dflg;x¿nfO{ a;fO;F /fOsf nflu cfsif{0f u5{ . ;g\\ !(%) df nG8g -!@=# ldlnog_ / 6fl] sof] -!!=# ldlnog_ ;x/ dfq ldlnoG; l;6Lsf ¿kdf /xs] f lyP . ;g\\ !(&% df 6f]lsof] -@^=^ ldlnog_, Goo' f]s{ -!%=( ldlnog_, ;ª\\3fO{ -!!=$ ldlnog_ / dl] S;sf] -!)=& ldlnog_ bl] vG5 . ;g\\ @))# df @) cf]6f / ;g\\ @)!% df @@ cf6] f ;x/x¿ l;6Lsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf 5g\\ . o; tYofª\\sn] ljZjdf ;x/Ls/0f tLj| ultdf eO/xs] f] bv] fp5F . 274 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@
;g\\ !(%) df nueu &) k|ltzt /xs] f] u|fdL0f hg;ª\\Vof ;g\\ @)%) df #$ kl| tzt x'g] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ;g\\ !(%) bl] v @)%) sf] cjlwdf tLj| ;x/Ls/0f eO/xs] f] bv] fpF5 . lj|mofsnfk != ljleGg DffWodaf6 ;g\\ !(%) bl] v xfn;Dd ljZjdf Ps s/f]8eGbf dfly hg;ª\\Vof ePsf ;x/x¿sf] tflnsf agfpgx' f];\\ . @= ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;x/L hg;ª\\Vof tLj| ultn] jl[ 4 x'g] sf/0fx¿ dfly ;dx\" 5nkmn u/]/ d'Vo a'Fbf sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf;] \\ . #= Pl;of / clkms| fsf] ;g\\ !(%) bl] v xfn;Ddsf] hg;fl+ Vos cj:yfnfO{ ;do /v] fdf bv] fpgxf;] \\ . cEof; tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ ;x/sf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\\ . -v_ ;x/Ls/0fsf ljzi] ftfx¿ pNnv] ug'x{ f];\\ . -u_ ljZjJofkL ;x/Ls/0fsf] kj| [lQnfO{ JofVof ugx{' f];\\ . -3_ sd ljsl;t b]zx¿df ;x/Ls/0f tLj| ¿kn] xg' ] sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < k:| t't ug{'xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 275
@ gk] fndf ;x/Ls/0f kf7 M gk] fndf hg;ª\\Vofsf] :yflgs ljt/0fnfO{ u|fdL0f / ;x/L u/L b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] juL{s/0f ;fdfGotof a;f]af;sf] 9frF f / k|s[lt;uF ;DalGwt /xs] f] 5 . g]kfndf log} b'O{ :yflgs leGgtfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg/] ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfx¿sf] ljefhg u/]sf] b]lvG5g\\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g -@)&$_ sf cg;' f/ @(# cf6] f gu/kflnsfx¿nfO{ ;x/L If]q dflgG5 . o;df hg;ª\\Vofsf] cfsf/, 3gf cfjfbL, cjl:ylt / ;fdflhs cfly{s ;+/rgfsf ;fy} sfofT{ ds ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . != ;x/Ls/0fsf dfkb08 gk] fndf æ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng Pg] , @)&$Æ …:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ n] ;x/L hg;ªV\\ ofsf] dfkb08 ;+ljwfgadf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf gu/kflnsf, lxdfnL lhNnfsf] lxdfnL Ifq] df !) xhf/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf / dxfgu/kflnsfnfO{ gu/kflnsf eg]sf] 5 . clxn] gk] fndf @ lxdfnL lhNnfsf] kxf8L Ifq] / kxf8df $) xhf/ (# cf]6f gu/kflnsfx¿ 5g\\ . o;df @&^ leqL dw;] df %) xhf/ gu/kflnsf, !! pkdxfgu/kflnsf / ^ t/fOd{ f &% xhf/ dxfgu/kflnsfx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . pSt P]gsf] kl/R5]b @ -@_ df gu/kflnsfsf] ;ª\\Vof sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf ! nfv jf l;dfgf hg;ª\\Vof, e\"ufn] , k|zf;lgs ;'udtf, kj\" fw{ f/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf, cfly{s ;Ifdtf, k|fsl[ ts ;fwg;|ft] sf] pknAwtf, eflifs, ;f:+ sl[ ts tyf ;fd'bflos agf6] sf cfwf/df x'g] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . ljleGg ;dodf hf/L ePsf P]g, lgofdfjnL / sfo{ljlwx¿n] gu/kflnsfsf] nflu hg;ª\\Vofsf] cfsf/, kj\" fw{ f/ ljsf; / jflifs{ cfDbfgLnfO{ efu} flns cjl:yltsf cfwf/df km/s km/s dfkb08df tfS] b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . gk] fndf gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff xg' sf nflu cfjZos dfkb08x¿ ;fn cfwf/ s}lkmot :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng Pg] != dxfgu/kflnsf @)&$ sDtLdf kfFr nfv :yfoL afl;Gbf ePsf] kl5Nnf] kfrF jif{sf] cfi} ft jflif{s cfGtl/s cfo Ps ca{ ?lkofF ePsf] :gftsf]Q/ tx;Ddsf] cWoog ;+:yf ljz]if1;lxtsf] sDtLdf %)) ;}oo\\ fsf] c:ktfn cfwf/e\"t ;x/L ;l' jwfsf @! cf]6f ;r\" s k\"/f ePsf] 276 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
@= pkdxfgu/kflnsf sDtLdf b'O{ nfv :yfoL afl;Gbf ePsf] kl5Nnf] kfrF jifs{ f] cf};t jflif{s cfGtl/s cfo @% s/f]8 ?lkofF ePsf] sDtLdf !)) ;}o\\ofsf] c:ktfn cfwf/et\" ;x/L ;'ljwfsf !% cf6] f ;r\" s k\"/f ePsf] #= gu/kflnsf lxdfnL lhNnfsf] lxdfnL Ifq] df !) xhf/ lxdfnL lhNnfsf] kxf8L Ifq] $) xhf/ kxf8L Ifq] df $) xhf/, t/fO{ If]qdf &% xhf/ / sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf ! nfv hg;ªV\\ of ePsf] ;8s, ;8s k6] L, ljB't,\\ vfgk] fgL, ;~rf/ / cGo cfwf/et\" ;x/L ;l' jwf kl5Nnf] kfFr jif{sf] cf;} t jflifs{ cfGtl/s cfo t/fO{ / kxf8L If]qdf sDtLdf tLg s/f]8 / lxdfnL Ifq] df Ps s/f]8 ePsf] Go\"gtd ;x/L jftfj/0fdf x'gk' g{] !^ cf6] f ;r\" fªs\\ x¿ k\"/f ePsf] @= g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] k|jl[ Q gk] fndf k|frLg ;dobl] v g} ;x/sf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . kf| rLg ;x/x¿ dn\" tM sl[ if cyt{ Gq / s6' L/ pBfu] , kz| f;lgs s]G›x¿sf ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . oL sG] bx| ¿n] cf;kf;sf a:tLx¿nfO{ ;]jf kb| fg ubf{ jm| dzM ;x/Ls/0f x'bF } uPsf] bl] vG5 . ;g\\ !(%@–%$ df gk] fnsf] @=( kl| tzt ;x/L hg;ªV\\ of /x]sf] lyof] eg] of] ;ª\\Vof ;g\\ !(&! df $=!, ;g\\ !((! df (=@, ;g\\ @)!! df !& kl| tzt ;x/L hg;ª\\Vof /xs] f] lyof] . g]kfndf gu/kflnsfsf] ;ª\\Vof a9;] Fu} ;x/L hg;ª\\Vof klg j[l4 eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\\ !(%@%$ df !) cf]6f gu/kflnsf /x]sf]df @)!& df @^# cf]6f k'u]sf] 5 . gk] fndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] k|jl[ Q jif{ -;g_\\ gu/kflnsfsf] ;ªV\\ of k|ltzt ;x/L jl[ 4 b/ 1952/54 10 2.9 N/A 1961 16 3.6 1971 16 4.1 1.65 1981 23 6.3 3.23 1991 33 9.2 7.55 2001 58 13.9 5.89 2011 58 17.0 6.65 2014 191 38.2 4N/.A9 2017 263 62.2 ;f| t] M sG] bL| o tYofª\\s ljefu, @)!! / @)!* ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 277
gk] fnsf] ;g\\ @)!$ df ;x/L hg;ªV\\ of #*=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . /fHo k'g;/{+ rgfkl5 gu/kflnsfsf] ;ªV\\ of a9;] Fu} ;x/L hg;ªV\\ of ^@=@ ku' ]sf] 5 . gk] fndf cf;} t jflifs{ ;x/L jl[ 4 b/ #=$# k|ltzt /xs] f] 5 eg] ;g\\ !(*! pRr b/ -&=%% k|ltzt_ bl] vG5 . #= g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] lj:tf/ gk] fndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] b/ ljZjsf cGo bz] x¿sf] tn' gfdf lgs} sd bl] vG5 . t/ oxfF kf| rLgsfnLg ;x/x¿ /xs] f k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5g\\ . kf| rLgsfnLg gk] fndf a:tLx¿ Hofb} kftnf / 5l/P/ /x]sf lyP . Tolt an] f w/] } 7fpdF f ;x/sf] ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . ljZjsf cGo bz] x¿df h:t} gk] fndf klg ;x/sf] ljsf;df sl[ if pTkfbgsf] kd| 'v e\"ldsf b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;x/sf] ;'?cft sf7df8f}F pkTosfaf6 ePsf] dflgG5 . sf7df8fF} pkTosf ltAat;uF sf] Jofkfl/s dfu{df /x]sf] lyof] . sf7df8fF} pkTosf aflx/ kxf8L Ifq] df yd' , u9, lsNnf, sf6] x¿ cflbn] 7'nf] ¿k lnbF } Jofkfl/s s]Gbd| f kl/jtg{ x'bF } uP . oL s]Gb|x¿ gk] fn PsLs/0fkl5 uf8F} f tyf vnªu\\ f h:tf k|zf;lgs sG] b|x¿ xbF' } sfnfGt/df ;x/df kl/jt{g x'bF } uPsf] bl] vG5 . g]kfndf sf7df8fF}, hgsk'/ cflb ;x/x¿n] Pl] txfl;s, wflds{ / ;f+:s[lts dxŒj afs] ]sf] kfOG5 . c¿ sltko ;x/x¿n] Pl] txfl;s dxŒj /fvs] f 5g\\ eg] sltko ;x/x¿ j:ts' f] pTkfbgsf cfwf/df klg lrlgG5g . efh] k'/ vs' /' L / s?jf, kfNkf s?jf / 9fsf 6fk] Lsf cfwf/ df lrlgG5g\\ . g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf kj| [lQ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\\ M -s_ gk] fndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] hu sl[ if cyt{ Gq / vfBGg artdf a;s] f] bl] vG5 . kf| rLg ;x/x¿sf] ljsf;df u/} sl[ if Joj;fo, >d ljefhg, ;}lgs tyf kz| f;lgs ;j] fsf] lj:tf/n] ofu] bfg lbbF } cfPsf] kfOG5 . k|frLg ;x/x¿ ;/' Iffsf bl[ i6n] 8fF8f tyf cfjt\\hfjt\\ ug{] af6f] tyf uf8}F fdf a;]sf] bl] vG5 . rt/f, eLdkmb] L, ufO3{ f6, a6f}nL, sfO] nfaf; cflb Jofkfl/s dfu{df a;]sf kf| rLg ;x/x¿ xg' \\ . -v_ ef/tLo /]ndfu{sf] lj:tf/ g]kfnsf] l;dfgf;Dd ePkl5 t/fO{ Ifq] df lj/f6gu/, hgsk/' , jL/u~h, e}/xjf, gk] fnuGh, wgu9L cflb :yfgdf a:tLsf cfsf/ a9\\b} ;x/x¿sf] pb\\ljsf; ePsf] bl] vG5 . oL ;x/x¿ d\"ntM ef/t / gk] fnlarsf] Jofkf/sf] kl/jxg ljR5b] laGbs' f ¿kdf ljsl;t xbF' } uP . oL sG] bx| ¿af6 aflx/lt/ uPsf oftfoft dfux{ ¿n] r'/]kjt{ tyf dxfef/t zª[ \\vnfsf] kmb] Ldf w/fg, x]6f8F} f, a'6jn, bfª, sf]xnk'/, cQl/of cflbdf t/fO{ / kxf8larsf] kl/jxg ljR5]b laGbs' f ¿kdf ;x/x¿sf] ljsf; eof] . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ Ifq] nfO{ cGgsf] e08f/ elgG5 . k/fk\"js{ fnbl] v g} oxfF k|z:t wfg pTkfbg x'GYof] . ljz]if u/L lxpbF sf] ;dodf wfg vl/b laj|mL ug{ cfpg] Jofkf/Lx¿sf] c:yfoL sG] b| 278 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
/ To;sf] pTkfbgzLn ki[ 7Ifq] df ;x/Ls/0fsf] pbl\\ jsf; xbF' } uof] . k\"jL{ t/fOs{ f ebk| /' , uf/} Lu~h, /ª\\u]nL, hn]Zj/, uf}/, s[i0fgu/, /fhfk/' cflb ;x/x¿nfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . t/ kj\" { klZrd /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f ePkl5 sltko o:tf ;x/x¿df cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿ Gog\" x'g] u/]sf 5g\\ . uf}/Lu~h, /ªu\\ n] L, l;/fxf ahf/, sfo] nfaf; o;sf pbfx/0f xg' \\ . -u_ ;g\\ !(%) bl] v !(^) sf lardf cfn} f] pGdn\" g ePkl5 kxf8af6 t/fOd{ f ePsf] a;fO;F /fOn] ;x/Ls/0f k|ljm| of tLj| ultn] xg' yfns] f] b]lvG5 . kxf8af6 t/fOd{ f a;fOF ;g{] j|md;Fu} kj\" L{ t/fOa{ f6 ;x/Ls/0f kl| j|mof ;?' ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 j|mdzM lrtjg / n'lDagL k|bz] / klZrdL Ifq] df ;x/Ls/0f xb'F } uPsf] b]lvG5 . -3_ ;g\\!(&)sf]bzsdfkj\" k{ lZrd/fhdfu{agk] l5gk] fnsf];x/Ls/0fdfgofFcfofdylkPsf] bl] vG5.kj\" { klZrd /fhdfud{ f pQ/af6 cfpg] oftfoft dfus{ f ;ªu\\ d:ynx¿df gofF ;x/x¿ pbl\\ jsf; xbF' } uP . sfs8le6\\6f, ljtfd{ f]8, bds, O6x/L, nfxfg, x]6fF}8f, e/tk/' , a6' jn, sfx] nk/' , cQl/of cflb ;x/x¿ /fhdfu{;Fu} aGg yfn] . -ª_ g]kfndf Ifq] Lo ljsf; s]Gb,| lhNnf ;b/d'sfd, kd| 'v Jofkfl/s sG] b| / pQ/ blIf0f hf]8\\g] ;8s lj:tf/n] klg ;x/Ls/0fdf pNn]vgLo kl/jtg{ NofPsf] b]lvG5 . clxn] dWokxf8L nf]sdfu,{ x'nfsL /fhdfu,{ gbL sf]l/8/ / uf| dL0f ;8ssf] lgdf{0f / lj:tf/n] ljleGg If]qdf oftfoftsf] kxFr' al9/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ;8s ;~hfndf hfl] 8g g;s]sf Ifq] sf dflg;x¿ ;8sglhs} ;g{] jm| dn] ;x/Ls/0fsf] k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g NofO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . -r_ lxdfnL Ifq] sf xjfO{ oftfoft;uF hfl] 8Psf :yfg / lhNnf ;b/ds' fddf ;fgf ;x/L sG] bx| ¿ ags] f 5g\\ . o;sf ;fy} sltko :yfgx¿df lhNnf ;b/ds' fd ;//] ;x/x¿ ags] f 5g\\ . gk] fndf ;x/L Ifq] sf] ljt/0fdf :yflgs leGgtf kfOG5 . tflnsf (=$ df kb| z] / efu} fl] nskb| z] sf cfwf/df gu/kflnsfsf] ;ªV\\ of / hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0f k0| ffnLnfO{ bv] fOPsf] 5 . gk] fndf ef]ufl] ns kb| ]zcg';f/ lxdfnL If]qsf @! lhNnfdf !!=^ k|ltzt gu/kflnsfx¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . kxf8L Ifq] sf #! lhNNfdf ##=$ kl| tzt, leqL dw;] sf & lhNnfdf (=( kl| tzt / t/fO{sf !* lhNnfdf %!=% k|ltzt gu/kflnsfx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . kb| z] cg;' f/ ;aeGbf w/] } gu/kflnsf kb| z] g= @ -@^=#Ü_ / To;kl5 jm| dzM kb| z] g= ! -!^=&Ü_, afUdtL -!%=$Ü_, n'lDagL -!@=#Ü_, ;'b/\" klZrd -!!=^Ü_, u08sL -(=@Ü_ / s0ff{nL -*=%Ü_ /xs] f 5g\\ . ;g\\ @)!! sf]hgu0fgfb]lv dfq lxdfnL Ifq] df vfFbaf/L / led]Zj/ gu/kflnsf ylkPsf] bl] vG5 . ofe] Gbf cufl8sf hgu0fgf jif{x¿df lxdfnL Ifq] df gu/ If]q b]lvbF g} . ;g\\ @)!! sf]hgu0fgfdf kxf8L Ifq] df $&=& k|ltzt / t/fO{ If]qdf %@=^ kl| tzt /xs] f] bl] vG5 . clxn] lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf $% kl| tzt, leqLdw;] df (=( kl| tzt / t/fO{ $%=! kl| tzt gu/kflnsfx¿ /x]sf ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 279
5g . kxf8L Ifq] df sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf w]/} gu/kflnsf / ;x/L hg;ª\\Vof /xs] f] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fnsf] gS;fdf tkfO{F a;fa] f; ug]{ lhNnfdf ePsf gu/kflnsfx¿ b]vfpgx' f];\\ . @= tkfO{“ a;s] f] kb| ]zdf ;x/Ls0fn] hghLjg kf/]sf] ke| fj ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L a'Fbf l6kf]6 ug'{xf;] \\ . cEof; tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ g]kfnsf] ;x/Ls/0fsf dfkb08sf] ;r\" L agfpg'xf;] \\ . -v_ gk] fndf ;x/Ls/0f kj| [lQsf] pNn]v ugx{' f;] \\ . -u_ oftfoftsf] kj\" fw{ f/ ljsf;n] ;x/Ls/0fdf NofPsf] kl/jtg{ sf] ;ª\\lIfKt l6Kk0fL ug'{xf];\\ . 280 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
# ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw kf7 M != kl/ro ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw eGgfn] ufpF / ;x/lar xg' ] j:t', ;]jf, JolSt, ;r\" gf, ;fdflhs ;DaGw cflbsf] k|jfxnfO{ hgfp5F . of] uf| dL0f / ;x/L Ifq] nfO{ hf]8\\g] Ps :yflgs cjwf/0ff xf] . t;y{ u|fdL0f Ifq] / ;x/L Ifq] larsf] sfof{Tds ;DaGwnfO{ ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw elgG5 . of] ;DaGwn] uf| dL0f / ;x/L If]qsf] ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gdf dbt u5{ . o;n] s[lif, pBfu] / ;j] f If]qx¿nfO{ Ps dN\" o z[ªv\\ nfdf cfa4tf u/fp5F . ;x/Ls/0fn] uf| dL0f Ifq] sf] pTkfbg k|lj|mofdf dxŒjk0\" f{ k|efj kfb{5 . ;x/L Ifq] n] u|fdL0f Ifq] af6 vfBfGg;Fu} k|fsl[ ts ;+ fwgx¿ -h:t}M kfgL, bfp/f, sf7, t/sf/Lnufot b'Uw kbfy{ cflb_ sf] dfu u5{ . oL j:t'x¿ uf| dL0f If]qdf pTkfbg xG' 5g\\ . ;x/L Ifq] n] ;8s oftfoft, ;~rf/ / Jofkf/Lx¿sf] ;~hfn tof/ ub{5 . ljleGg ;ª\\3;:+ yf / ;~hfnn] ufpF / ;x/sf] ;DaGwdf k/:k/ ;xofu] ul//x]sf xG' 5g\\ . o; kl| j|mofn] u|fdL0f Ifq] sf] j:t' pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs cflys{ ¿kfGt/0fdf dxŒjk0\" f{ el\" dsf v]N5 . bz] sf] ;Gtl' nt / lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 . of] ;DaGwn] ;x/ / ufplF arsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ;DaGwnfO{ PsLs/0f ub5{ . k|foM ufpFnfO{ ;x/sf] Ps ki[ 7kb| ]zsf ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . t/ ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] ufpFnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ ;x/nfO{ x]g]{ ul/G5 . ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] ufpnF fO{ Ps pTkfbg s]Gb|sf ¿kdf x5] { . t;y{ ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] uf| dL0f Ifq] nfO{ pTkfbg / pkef]u bj' s} f] s]Gb| agfpg hf]8 lbG5 . ufpdF f a;fa] f; ug]{ clwsf+z dflg;x¿sf] hLjgzn} L s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5 . ;x/L cyt{ Gq, pBfu] wGbf, snsf/vfgf, Jofkf/, Joj;fo / ;]jfd\"ns If]q;uF ;DalGwt 5 . ufpFdf pTkflbt j:tx' ¿sf] lajm| L ;x/df ul/G5 eg] ;x/n] j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] ljt/0f u5{ . ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] ufpsF f] ljsf;df ;x/sf] el\" dsfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . t;y{ ufpsF f] ljsf;sf nflu ;x/n] uf| dL0f pTkfbg / >d zlStsf] dfu l;h{gf ug{k' b{5 . ufpsF f] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu sl[ ifsf] pTkfbg k|ljm| of kl/jtg{ ug'k{ 5{ . u|fdL0f pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/ / pBfu] ;uF cfj4 u/fO{ ;fdflhs cflys{ ¿kfGt/0fsf] jftfj/0f agfpgk' 5{ . of] ;DaGw :yfkgfdf ahf/ sG] b|, oftfoft / ;~rf/ k|0ffnL / ki[ 7kb| ]zx¿n] el\" dsf v]N5g\\ . o;nfO{ ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwsf cfofd klg elgG5 . ahf/ s]Gb| M ahf/ sG] b|cGtu{t ;fgf ahf/ s]Gbb| l] v 7'nf ;x/x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . oL s]Gb|x¿n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs / ljlgdo sfo{x¿ u5g{ \\ . h;nfO{ sG] bL| o sfo{ elgG5 . ahf/ sG] b|x¿ txut ;+/rgf / lglZrt ef}ufl] ns b/' Ldf /x]sf x'G5g\\ . d\"ntM ahf/ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 281
s]Gbs| f sfox{ ¿n] ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwnfO{ alnof] agfp5F lsgeg] ;x/L sG] bx| ¿ uf| dL0f ljsf;sf sG] b|:yn xG' 5g\\ . k[i7k|b]zM ;x/L s]Gb|sf] jl/kl/sf] If]qnfO{ ki[ 7kb| ]z elgG5 . of] If]qn] ;x/L s]Gbd| f cfjZos x'g] vfBGg, sRrf kbfy,{ x:tsnf, >d cflb pknAw u/fpF5 . o;sf] ;fy} k[i7kb| ]zdf ;x/L sG] bn| ] j:t' tyf ;]jf ljt/0f u5{ . t/ ufpF ;x/sf] k/:k/ ;DaGwnfO{ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, pTkfbg kl| jm| of / b/' Ln] lgwf{/0f u/s] f] x'G5 . oftfoft / ;~rf/ k0| ffnLM ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw ljsf; ug{ oftfoft / ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] kd| 'v el\" dsf x'G5 . Jofkfl/s ;~hfn, oftfoftsf ;fwg, ;~rf/ k|0ffnL, b'/L, ;do cflbn] ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwnfO{ ke| fj kfb5{ g\\ . @= ufp“ ;x/ ;DaGwsf] dxŒj uf| dL0f cy{tGqsf] ljljwLs/0f / ;b' 9[ Ls/0fdf ;x/sf] kd| v' e\"ldsf x'G5 . ;x/Ls/0fn] ;x/sf] cfsf/ / sfof{Tds :j¿k kl/jtg{ u/fpFb} u|fdL0f pTkfbgsf] dfu jl4 ub}{ hfG5 . ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] uf| dL0f Ifq] df bO' {cf6] f kl/jtg{ NofpF5 . -s_ ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0fdf dbt u5{ . -v_ o;n] cfo / /fh] uf/Ldf ljljwLs/0f Nofp5F . -u_ cfo / /fh] uf/Lsf c;dfgtfnfO{ 36fpbF } ;fdflhs w'j| Ls/0f sd u5{ . -3_= ufpF ;x/ ;DaGwn] :yfgLo ljsf;nfO{ cj;/ kb| fg u5{ . -ª_ /fli6o cfo j[l4df ;xofu] kè' ofpF5 . #= ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw / hLljsfk] fhg{ hLljsfk] fh{g eGgfn] JolStsf] hLjgsf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ kl/kl\" t{ ug{] kl| j|mofnfO{ ae' mfp5F . w]/} ljsf; l;4fGt / cEof;x¿n] hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ufpF / ;x/sf] å}w el\" dsf dfly hf]8 lbbF } cfPsf] kfOG5 . hLljsfk] fhg{ sf nflu :yflgs / Ifq] ut cfwf/df ;x/ / ufpFsf] PsLs[t ;DaGw lj:tf/ x'g cfjZos x'G5 . u|fdL0f Ifq] sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/Ls/0f / pBdzLntf h:tf d\"No z[ªv\\ nfdf s[lif / /f]huf/L ljljwLs/0fsf] cj;/sf nflu ;x/L Ifq] sf] cfjZostf k5{ eg] ;x/L ;j] f lj:tf/sf nflu uf| dL0f pkef]Stfx¿ rflxG5g\\ . ufp;F x/sf] bfx] f]/f] ;DaGwn] sl[ if If]qsf] pGglt / u}/s[lif Joj;fonfO{ PsLs/0f ug{ dbt ub5{ . ;l] ;lnof 6fsfn] Ln] ;g\\ !((* df ufpF ;x/ ;DaGw :yfkgfdf :yflgs cGt/;DaGwx¿n] k|efj kfg{] wf/0ff JoSt u/]sf 5g\\ . pgsf cg;' f/ dflg;sf] k|xfj, ;fdfgsf] axfa / If]qut cGt/ljm| ofaf6 ufp;F x/larsf] cGt/;DaGw l;hg{ f xG' 5, h;n] hLljsfk] fh{g z}nLdf ;xhtf Nofpg dbt ub{5 . pgsf] wf/0ffnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M 282 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@
-s_ dflg;x¿sf] k|jfx M a;fOF;/fO k|foM ufpFaf6 ;x/tk{m x'g] u5{ . ufpFdf a;f]af; ug{] dflg;x¿ /fh] uf/L / ;]jf ;l' jwfsf nflu ;x/df a;fO;F /fO ;5{g\\ . ;x/df sfd ug{ cfpg] sfdbf/n] ufpFdf a:g] kl/jf/nfO{ ljk|i] f0f k7fpF5g\\ h;n] hLljsfk] fh{g z}nLdf kl/jtg{ NofpgF dbt ub{5 . ;x/L ;l' jwf jm| dzM ufptF km{ lj:tf/ xFb' } hfG5g\\ . ;8s oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] ljsf;n] ufpF ;x/ hf]8b\\ } hfG5 . -v_ ;fdfgsf] cfbfgkb| fgM ;x/ / ufplF ar ;fdfgsf] cfbfgkb| fg Ps clgjfo{ sfo{ xf] . ufpaF f6 :yfgLo pTkfbg -h:tM} vfBfGg, t/sf/L, bw' _ sRrfkbfy,{ >d zlSt / ;x/af6 bl} gs cfjZosLo j:tx' ¿ h:tM} nQfsk8f, d/d;nf, sl[ if pks/0f cflbsf] cfbfg kb| fg u5{g\\ . ufpsF f ls;fgx¿n] pRr dN\" osf j:t'x¿ pTkfbg / lgsf;L u//] k|z:t cfDbfgL lng] cj;/ pknAw xG' 5 . -u_ ahf/ sG] bs| f] el\" dsfM ufpsF f] hLljsfk] fhg{ zn} Ldf ;w' f/ Nofpg sl[ if pTkfbg / pBfu] tyf ;]jfx¿lar cGt/;DaGw sfod ug'{kb5{ . of] cGt/;DaGw sfod ug{ ahf/ sG] b| / ufpF bj' s} f] plQs} e\"ldsf xG' 5 . ;x/L Ifq] n] u}/sl[ if Ifq] sf] kj| w{g ug{ dbt u5{ h;n] s[lif pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f / kz| fw] gnfO{ dN\" o zª[ \\vnfsf ¿kdf k|ofu] u5{ . d\"No zª[ \\vnfn] sl[ if / u}/s[lif If]qlarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ kf/:kl/s agfp5F . -3_ hLljsf]kfhg{ df ljljwLs/0fM u|fdL0f Ifq] df s[lifsf] pTkfbg kl/jt{gn] /fh] uf/L / cfDbfgL a9fp5F . o;n] sl[ if pkh h:tM} dn, lap, cfi} fwL / bl} gs pkefU] o j:tx' ¿sf] dfu a9fp5F . s[lif pTkfbg If]q glhs} ;fgf ahf/ s]Gbs| f] ljsf; x'G5 . s[lif pTkfbgsf] ljljwLs/0f;uF } ;fgf tyf demfn} f pBf]u, uf| dL0f ko6{ g cflbn] u|fdL0f If]qsf] d\"No z[ª\\vnfdf kl/jtg{ NofpF5 . o;n] u}/sl[ if Joj;fo ub}{ 7'nf ;x/ / uf| dL0f Ifq] lar ;fdfgsf] cfbfgk|bfg u5g{ \\ . o;n] /fh] uf/L ljljwLs/0fsf] cj;/ l;hg{ f u5{ . o;n] ufpsF f] cfDbfgL a9fp5F / Tof] cfDbfgLnfO{ k'gM nufgL u/]/ hLljsfk] fhg{ zn} Ldf ;w' f/ Nofpg dbt ub{5 . lj|mofsnfk != tkfO{“ a;]sf] :Yffg ufpF jf ;x/ sxfF k5{ 5'6\\ofpg'xf];\\ / ToxfFaf6 x'g] :yflgs cGt/;DaGwx¿sf] tflnsf agfO{ k:| t't ug{x' f];\\ . @= tkfO{“ a;]sf] :Yffgdf pTkfbg ePsf] j:t' sxfF sxfF cfk\"lt{ x'G5 < gS;fdf bv] fpg'xf];\\ . cEof; tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ufp“ ;x/ ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ff pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg{x' f;] \\ . -v_ ufp“ ;x/ ;DaGwsf cfofdx¿sf] ;ª\\lIfKt rrf{ ugx{' f];\\ < -u_ k[i7k|b]zn] ufp“ ;x/ cGt/;DaGwdf s;/L e\"ldsf vN] 5, pNn]v ugx{' f;] \\ . -3_ ufp“ ;x/ ;DaGwsf k|lj|mofx¿sf] pbfx/0f;lxt j0fg{ ugx'{ f];\\ . -ª_ ufp“ ;x/ ;DaGwn] hLljsf]kfhg{ z}nLdf Nofpg] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kl/jtg{ df 5f6] f] l6Kk0fL nV] g'xf];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 283
$ g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf cj;/ / r'gft} L kf7 M xfn g]kfndf ^@=@ kl| tzt ;x/L hg;ª\\Vof /x]sf] 5 . ;x/L hg;ªV\\ ofdf j[l4 eP;uF } uf| dL0f Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\\ of jm| dzM 36\\t} uO/xs] f] 5 . o;n] ;x/L If]qsf] :yflgs, ;fdflhs, cflys{ , ;f+:sl[ ts / jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds k|efj kl//xs] f] 5 . ;x/Ls/0fn] yk' c|} j;/x¿ pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . PsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf ;x/Ls/0f k|lj|mof gofF r/0fdf k|jz] u/s] f] 5 . of] kl| j|mofn] k'hF Lsf] ultzLntf, cy{tGqsf] ed\" 08nLs/0f, nufgLdf ax'/f{li6«o sDkgLsf] :jfldTjnfO{ a9fpbF } nus] f] 5, h;n] ;x/sf] lj:tf/, kmn} fj6 / sfofT{ ds ljlzi6tfnfO{ cj;/ k|bfg u/s] f] 5 . o;sf ;fy} r'gft} L klg yk]sf] 5 . != ;x/Ls/0fsf cj;/ ;x/Ls/0fn] ljljwtf / ljlzi6tfdf cfwfl/t pTkfbg k|ljm| of / ;fdflhs cflys{ kl/jtg{ sf] jftfj/0f tof/ u5{ . o;n] pGgt cfly{s k|0ffnL, ;fjh{ lgs ;]jf / u/} gfkmfdn\" s ;j] fx¿ -pRr lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cflb_ sf] lj:tf/df ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f l;hg{ f u5{ . ;x/Ls/0fn] j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbgdf ax'/fl{ i6o« sDkgLx¿sf ultljlwx¿nfO{ kl| t:kwL{ / ljljwLs/0fdf cfwfl/t agfpg dbt u5{ . o;sf ;fy} ljli6tfdf cfwfl/t pRr d\"No tyf tn' gfTds nfesf cfwf/df j:t' pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f, k|zf]wg cflb d\"No zª[ v\\ nfdf cfa4 xg' ] cj;/ lbG5 . o;n] ;x/nfO{ cfˆgf] :yfg ljz]ifsf] ljlzi6tfdf cfwfl/t pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ u//] ;fdflhs cflys{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{] cj;/ pknAw u/fp5F . ;x/Ls/0fn] j:t' pTkfbgsf nflu /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o sDkgLx¿;Fu cfj4 x'g] df}sf lbG5 . of] kl| j|mofn] jl} Zjs ufpsF f gofF ;dx\" x¿df cfa4 x'g,] >d, k|ljlw / kF'hLsf] ljsf; ug{] / :yfg ljzi] fsf tn' gfTds nfesf j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbgdf nufgL ug{ k|]l/t ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ nufgLsf] Ifq] lj:tf/ xG' 5 . o;sf] ;fy} cfly{s ed\" 08nLs/0f / l8lh6n 6]Sgfn] fh] LnfO{ ko| f]u u//] ;x/x¿n] kmfObf lng ;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ x'G5 . of] kl| jlwnfO{ cfTd;ft\\ ug{ ;Ifd ;x/x¿n] tLj| ultdf cflys{ ljsf; ug{] cj;/ kfpF5g\\ . 284 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
;x/Ls/0fsf rg' f}tL clxn] g]kfndf tLj|ultn] ;x/Ls/0f eO/xs] f] 5 . hg;ª\\Vof j[l4 / ;x/Ls/0fn] ;x/L If]qsf] ;f| ]t ;fwg, ;j] f ;'ljwf, ef}lts kj\" fw{ f/ ljsf;, jftfj/0f / ;z' f;gdf ;d:ofx¿ NofO/xs] f] 5 . gk] fnsf sltko ;x/x¿n] ;x/L dfkb08 k\"/f ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\\ . o;sf ;fy} k|frLgsfndf ljsf; ePsf ;x/x¿sf] ;fuF /' f] ;/+ rgf, hL0f{ efl} ts ;/+ rgf / To;sf] Pl] txfl;s dxŒj hfu] fpg' klg rg' ft} L eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf y'k}| rg' f}tLx¿ 5g\\ . tLdWo] s]xL d'Vo r'gft} L o;ks| f/ 5g\\ M -s_ Go\"g ;j] f / ;l' jwfM ;x/Ls/0fn] hg;ªV\\ ofsf] j[l4;Fu} ;]jf ;'ljwf -h:tM} ;8s, ljBt' , vfg]kfgL cflb_ sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7g x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ cTofjZos kj\" f{wf/x¿ tyf ;j] fx¿df Go\"g kxr'F x'G5 . -v_ 6f« lkms Joj:yfkgM ;x/Ls/0fn] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] clws rfk jl[ 4 u/fpF5 / ;x/df 6«flkms Joj:yfkgdf rg' f}tL eO/xs] f] 5 . -u_ cJojl:yt a;fa] f;M ;x/Ls/0fn] cJojl:yt a;fa] f;sf] kj| l[ Q al9/xs] f] 5 . k/' fgf ;x/x¿sf ;fFu/' f uNnLx¿df ;8s lj:tf/, 9n lgsf;, kmf]xf/] dn} f Joj:yfkg / cfktsfnLg ;j] f k¥' ofpg rg' f}tL eO/xs] f] 5 eg] dfkb08 lagf hUuf Knl6ª ug]{, 3/ agfpg] sfo{n] ;x/L Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0fLo ;d:of l;h{gf eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 285
-3_ vn' f :yfgsf] cltj|md0f M Jojl:yt a;fa] f; /;/+ rgf lgdf{0fn] vn' f :yfgsf] tLj| cltjm| d0f eO/x]sf] 5 . bz] sf k|d'v ;x/sf ;fjh{ lgs hldg / v'nf If]q cltj|md0f eO/xs] f] bl] vG5 . sltko gofF ;x/x¿df v'nf :yfg 5f]8]sf] b]lvbF }g o;n] ljkb\\ Jo:yfkg / jftfj/0f ;/+ If0fdf rg' f}tL ylk/x]sf] 5 . -ª_ jftfj/0f kb| i\" f0fM ;x/Ls/0f;Fu} ;jf/L ;fwg, O6F fe6\\6f, lgdf0f{ sfo,{ snsf/vfgf, 7f;] kmf]xf/] Joj:yfkgsf] cefjn] jftfj/0f kb| 'if0f u/fO/xs] f] 5 . -r_ zflGt ;/' IffM ;x/Ls/0fn] eme} mu8f, rf/] L, 8s}tL, anTsf/, xTof cflb h:tf ljm| ofsnfkn] zflGt ;'/Iffsf ;fy} ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cflys{ Ifq] df ;d:of l;hg{ f u/s] f] 5 . -5_ Gog\" /fh] uf/L cj;/M ;x/df u/} sl[ if /f]huf/ cj;/x¿ ;Lldt 5g\\ . g]kfnsf clwsf+z ;x/L Ifq] df a;fa] f; ug]{ dflg;x¿ cem} klg sl[ if Ifq] df lge{/ bl] vG5g\\ . -h_ a;fOF;/fOM ufpaF f6 ;x/L Ifq] x¿df eO/x]sf] a;fOF;/fO klg ;x/Ls/0fsf] k|d'v ;d:of xf] . clgolGqt cfk|jf;gn] ;x/df oftfoft, vfgk] fgL, pmhf{, :jf:Yo, lzIff, 9n lgsfz / ep\" kofu] df rfk al9/x]sf] 5 . -em_ xl/ofnL kfss{ f] cefjM lbuf] ;x/L ljsf;sf nflu xl/ofnL kfss{ f] cfjZostf xG' 5 . ;x/df xl/ofnL sfod /fVg xl/tkfs,{ xl/t vn' f :yfg, ;x/L s[lif / j[Iff /fk] 0f cfjZos xG' 5 . t/ xl/ofnL kfsn{ fO{ sfa{g pT;hg{ , ;x/L tfkdfgsf] ptf/r9fj lgoGq0f / ;x/L e\"pkof]unfO{ ;Gt'ng Nofpg k|of]u ug{ g;Sg' klg r'gft} L xf] . dflysf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;x/L of]hgfdf kof{j/0fLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVgk' b{5 . o; gLltn] c;'/lIft :yfgsf] hg;ªV\\ ofnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ / jftfj/0f kb| i\" f0fnfO{ /f]Sg dbt ub{5 . ;x/df lbuf] kj\" f{wf/ ljsf;nfO{ ;l' glZrt ug{] lgodx¿nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy kfngf ug'{kb5{ . ;x/Ls/0fsf ;d;ofx¿nfO{ ;dfofh] g ug{ :df6{ kl| jlw ckgfpgk' 5{ . xl/t kfs,{ vn' f :yfgsf] hug] f{, ;x/L s[lif, hnfwf/ If]qdf jI[ ff /f]k0f / ;x/ ljsf; kf| lws/0fsf] dfkb08cg;' f/ hUff v08Ls/0f / ejg lgdf{0f cfrf/ ;+lxtf Jojl:yt / ofh] gfs[t ;x/L lgdf0{ f ug{'k5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != dfgf“} tkfO“{ cfkm\\gf] kflnsfsf] kd| v' xg' eof] eg] ToxfF Jojl:yt a;fa] f;sf nflu s:tf] ofh] gf agfO{ sfo{ ug{'x'G5 . ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k:| t't ug{x' f;] \\ . 286 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
@= tkfO{“ jf tkfO{“sf] l5d]sL ;x/ jf gu/kflnsf] ;fdflhs tyf ef}lts jftfj/0fdf ;x/Ls/0fn] kf/]sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds ke| fjx¿ 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \\ . #= cfkm\" a;]sf] gu/ Ifq] sf] cjnf]sg u/]/ v'nf :yfgsf] v];|f gS;fdf cjl:ylt b]vfpgx' f];\\ . cEof; tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fn] NofPsf cj;/x¿nfO{ pNn]v ug{x' f;] \\ . -v_ g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf k|d'v rg' f]tLx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ ugx'{ f];\\ . -u_ ;Gt'lnt ;x/L jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf xl/ofnLkfss{ f] dxŒjdfly k|sfz kfg'{xf;] \\ . $= :df6{ l;6Lsf] cjwf/0ff / dxŒjsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 287
% a;fO;F /fO kf7 M != kl/ro k/Dk/fut ¿kdf a;f]af; ul//xs] f] 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpdF f af;f]af; ;g{] k|ljm| ofnfO{ a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . l8S;g/L ckm{ xo\\ d' g lhofu] f| kmLsf cg;' f/ JolSt, kl/jf/ jf ;dx\" sf] Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpdF f cfjf; :yfgfGt/0fnfO{ a;fO;F /fO elgG5 hg' ko{6g jf cGo 5f6] f] cjlwsf ed| 0feGbf km/s x'G5 . a;fOF;/fO x'gsf nflu efu} fl] ns If]q / j;fj] f; kl/jtg{ x'g'k5{ . a;fO;F /fO Ps ef}ufl] ns If]qaf6 csf{] Ifq] df ;g{] k|lj|mof xf] . a;fOF;/fOdf JolStn] c:yfoL jf :yfoL ¿kdf cfk\\mgf] a;f]af; kl/jt{g u5{ . a;fOF;/fOdf JolStn] pRr:t/sf] hLjgofkgsf] cfzf lnP/ a;fa] f; kl/jt{g u5{ . a;fOF;/fO ljleGg lbzfdf xg' ] u5{ . la:yflkt JolSt, z/0ffyL{ / cfly{s ¿kn] a;fOF ;/fO x'g] u5{ . slxns] fxLF dflg; OR5f / cfjZostfn] a;fOF ;/fO ;5{ eg] slxn] afWotfn] klg ;5{ . @= a;fO“ ;/fO;DaGwL cjwf/0ffx¿ -s_ a;fO“ ;/fOsf] wf/ sg' } Ps lglZrt ;dofjlwdf a;fa] f;sf nflu Ps Ifq] af6 csf{] Ifq] df xg' ] kj| fxnfO{ a;fO;F /fOsf] wf/ elgG5 . a;fO;F /fOsf] wf/ pTklt :yfgaf6 uGtJotkm{sf] cfpg] ;femfkj| fx;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . s'g} ;do kxf8af6 t/fO{ If]qdf xg' ] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ g]kfnsf] a;fOF;/fOsf] wf/sf] pbfx/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . ufpaF f6 ;x/tkm{ xg' ] a;fO;F /fOsf] wf/sf] csf]{ pbfx/0f xf] . -v_ a;fO“ ;/fOsf] cGt/fn a;fOF;/fO lg/Gt/ x'g] Ps kl| j|mof xf] . t/ a;fO;F /fO;DaGwL tYofª\\s lngsf nflu Ps lglZrt ;dosf] cfjZostf k5{ . a;fO;F /fOsf] u0fgfnfO{ lglZrt ;do cGt/fndf ljefhg ug'{k5{ . t;y{ ljzi] f cjlw;uF ;DalGwt a;fO;F /fOnfO{ a;fO;F /fOsf] cGt/fn elgG5 . -u_ pTklQ / uGtJosf] :yfg (Place of Origin and Place of Destination)M a;fOF ;g{] JolStsf] pb\\ud:yn / uGtJo:yn x'G5 . a;fOF ;gs]{ f] kj| fx x'g] ;|f]tnfO{ pb\\ud:yn / a;fOF 288 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@
;g{s] f] kj| fx /f]lsg] 7fpFnfO{ uGtJo:yn elgG5 . a;fOF ;g]s{ f] pb\\ud :ynb]lv uGtJo :yn;Dd kj| fx xg' ] af6fn] fO{ dfWod elgG5 . pbu\\ d:yn / uGtJo:ynlarsf] b/' L, cj;/, oftfofftsf] ;l' jwf / ;fdflhs jftfj/0fn] a;fOF ;gs{] f] ;ª\\VofnfO{ lgwf/{ 0f u5{ . o;sf ;fy} cfsif0{ f / ljsif{0fsf tŒjx¿n] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ k|efj kfb{5g\\ . a;fOF ;g]{JolSt (Migrant) ljleGg p2]Zon] a;fOF ;g]{ JolStnfO{ a;fOF ;g{] eG5g\\ . o;nfO{ cfk|jf;L klg elgG5 . JolStn] cfˆgf] a;f]af;nfO{ c:yfoL jf :yfoL ¿kn] kl/jtg{ u5{ . JolSt b]z 5f]8/] aflx/ a;fOF;/fO ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ pTk|jf;g / a;fOF ;/]/ b]zleq cfpg] k|lj|mofnfO{ cfk|jf;g elgG5 . cfk|jf;gn] b]zsf] hg;ªV\\ ofnfO{ j[l4 u/fpF5 eg] pTkj| f;gn] hg;ª\\Vof 36fp5F . sg' } klg ;dofjlwdf bz] leq cfpg] / bz] aflx/ hfg] JolStsf] s'n ;ªV\\ ofnfO{ sn' a;fO;F /fO / leq cfpg] / aflx/ hfg]larsf] leGgtfnfO{ vb' a;fO;F /fO elgG5 . a;fO;“ /fOsf ljz]iftf a;fO;F /fOn] hg;ª\\Vof jl[ 4, ljt/0f / kl/jtg{ df dxŒjk0\" f{ el\" dsf vN] 5 . of] hg;ª\\Vof kl/jtg{ sf] t;] |f] kd| v' tŒj xf] . hGd / dT[ o' hg;ªV\\ of kl/jt{gsf kf| sl[ ts sf/sx¿ xg' \\ eg] a;fOF;/fO dfgj l;lh{t kl| jm| of xf] . o;n] hg;ªV\\ ofsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 . t;y{ a;fO;F /fOnfO{ hg;ª\\Vofsf] k'glj{t/0fsf ¿kdf klg lnOG5 . a;fOF;/fOnfO{ hg;ªV\\ of / ;fwg ;f| t] larsf] ;DaGwsf ¿kdf klg lnOG5 . ;fwg ;f| ]t sd ePsf Ifq] af6 k|z:t ;|ft] pknAw ePsf 7fpFsf] k|of]udf a;fOF;/fOn] dbt u5{ . a;fO;F /fOsf dxŒjk0\" f{ ljzi] ftfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 M -c_ a;fOF;/fO pd/] , lnª\\u, Joj;fo cflb;uF ;DalGwt xG' 5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf&$ kl| tzt a;fOF ;g{] dflg;x¿ @) b]lv ^$ jif{ pd]/ ;d\"xsf /x]sf 5g\\ . a;fOF ;gx]{ ¿df k'?ifsf] afx'Notf /xs] f] 5 . -cf_ ufpaF f6 ;x/tkm{ x'g] a;fO;F /fOdf kf| oM oj' f / jo:sx¿sf] afxN' o xG' 5 . -O_ a;fO;F /fOnfO{ cflys{ , ;fdflhs / dgfj] 1} flgs kIfx¿n] ke| fj kf5{ . ;fdfGotofM oj' fx¿ a9L ultzLn xG' 5g\\ . pgLx¿ /f]huf/L / /fdf| ] lzIffsf] cj;/sf] vfh] Ldf a;fOF ;g]{ u5{g\\ . j}jflxs ;DaGwn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ a;fOF;/fO u/fpF5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 289
-O_{ a;fO;F /fOnfO{ ;x/ ufpFlarsf] ckl] Ift Hofnf b/sf] leGgtf / js} lNks cj;/n] k|efj kf5{ . oBlk cfkj| f;Lx¿sf] a;fOF;/fOsf] ;dfg uGtJo / k;] f x'bF g} . -p_ a;fO;F /fO dfgjLo kj| l[ Q xf] . dflg;x¿ gofF 7fpdF f cGwfwG' w a;fOF ;b}g{ g\\ . pgLx¿ kf| oM gftb] f/, ;fyL / 5/l5ds] Lsf] ;Dks{n] a;fOF ;g{] u5{g\\ . jt{dfg ;dodf oftfoft, ;\"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, ljZjJofkLs/0f, ax'/fli6o« sDkgLsf] nufgL, ;fyLx¿;Fusf] ;Dks,{ ;fdflhs ;~hfn cflbsf] ;dk{sn] klg a;fOF;/fO eO/xs] f] 5 . t;y{ a;fOF ;/fO Ps zª[ v\\ nf jf ;~hfnsf ¿kdf xG' 5 . -pm_ a;fO;F /fOsf] ;x/L If]qdf /f]huf/L kfpg] ;Defjgf;Fu k|ToIf ¿kn] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 eg] ;x/L a]/fh] uf/L b/ / j}slNks cj;/;Fu o;sf] pN6f] ;DaGw xG' 5 . ;x/L / u|fdL0f Ifq] larsf] cfly{s cj;/sf] c;Gtn' g g} a;fOF;/fOsf] kd| 'v sf/s tŒj xf] . #= a;fOF;/fOsf k|sf/ a;fOF;/fO Ps hl6n kl| jm| of xf] . a;fOF;/fO{ lgDglnlvt efudf ljefhg u/]sf] kfOG5 M != cfGtl/s / cGt/f{li6«o @= c:yfoL / :yfoL #= :j}lR5s / afWofTds $=sfgg' L / cjw} %= ;x/L / uf| dL0f -s_ cfGtl/s (Internal) cfˆg} b]zsf] ef}uf]lns l;dfgfleq xg' ] a;fO;F /fOnfO{ cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . -v_ cGt/f{li6«o (Internationa migration) bz] sf] efu} f]lns l;dfgfeGbf aflx/ hfg] a;fO;F /fOnfO{ cGt/fl{ i6o« a;fO;F /fO elgG5 . 290 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
-u_ u|fdL0f / ;x/L (Rural-urban) ufpaF f6 ;x/tkm{ xg' ] a;fO;F /fOnfO{ uf| dL0f ;x/L a;fO;F /fO elgG5 . ljsf;fG] dv' b]zx¿df uf| dL0f ;x/L a;fO;F /fO w/] } xg' ] u5{ eg] ljsl;t bz] x¿df ;x/af6 ufpF a;fO;F /fO w/] } xg' ] u5{ . -3_ :jl] R5s / afWosf/L (Volunteer and forced) JolStn] kf| oM cflys{ sf/0fn] a;fOF ;g{] u5{ . jtd{ fg cj:tfdf eg] /fdf| ] lzIff, u|fdL0f / ;x/L Ifq] larsf] ;j] f ;l' jwf, ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/sf] ljsf;n] klg a;fO;F /fOnfO{ kl]| /t u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfGtl/s åGå, z/0ffyL{, czflGt, ljkt,\\ k'gjf{; cflbn] ul/g] a;fO;F /fO afWosf/L a;fOF;/fO xf] . z/0ffyLs{ f nflu ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª\\3Lo pRr cfof]usf cg;' f/ ;g\\ @)@) df kL8f, åGå, lx+;f, dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\\3gsf 36gfx¿af6 sDtLdf *@=$ ldlnog dflg;x¿ 3/ 5f8] g\\ afWo ePsf] cj:yf 5 . sl/a @^=$ ldlnog z/0ffyLx{ ¿df clwsfz+ !* jif{ d'lgsf 5g\\ . -ª_ c:yfoL / :yfoL (Permanent and temporay migration) a;fOF ;gn{] ] kms{]/ cfpg] sg' } ofh] gf u/]sf] xFb' }g eg] To;nfO{ :yfoL a;fOF;/fO / a;fOF uPsf] :yfgdf :yfoL a;f]af; ug{] dg;fo gePsf] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ c:yfoL a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . -r_ sfg'gL / cjw} (Legal and Illegal) lgodfg';f/ s'g} JolSt pTklQ d'na' af6 uGtJo dn' 'sdf a;fOF ;/L hfg] kl| jmofnfO{ sfgg' L a;fO;F /fO elGfG5 . s'g} JolSt pTklQ dn' s' , kf/udg / uGtJo d'nssf lgodx¿sf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ cfjfudgsf j|mddf sg' } ljb]zL l;dfgf kf/ ub5{ eg] To:tf] JolStnfO{ cjw} cfkj| f;L elgG5 . nfvf}F dflg;x¿ aflx/L b]zdf clgoldt tl/sfn] a;fOF ;g{] u5{g\\ . cjw} a;fOF ;g]{x¿dWo] nueu $) k|ltztsf] cfo ul/aLsf] /v] feGbf dfly xG' 5 . pk;xf/f clk|msf / dWokj\" {af6 cjw} a;fOF ;g{]sf] b/ ;a}eGbf a9L b]lvG5 . dflysf] tflnsfdf a;fO;F /fOsf ks| f/nfO{ bv] fOPsf] 5 . of] ljefhgnfO{ a;fOF;/fOsf rf/ cfbz{ k|sf/ klg elgG5 . $= cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf k|sf/ b]zsf] efu} flns ;Ldfleq x'g] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ cfGtl/s a;fO;F /fO elgG5 . JolStn] cfˆgf] a;f]af;sf nflu bz] leq} efu} fl] ns jf kz| f;lgs l;dfgf kl/jtg{ ug{] k|lj|mofnfO{ cfGtl/s a;fO;F /fO elgG5 . cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOnfO{ kj| fxsf] lbzf / wf/sf cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/ rf/ efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M ufpFaf6 ;x/ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 291
ufpFaf6 ufpF ;x/af6 ufpF ;x/af6 ;x/ :yflgs cfofdsf cfwf/df cfGtl/s a;fO“;/fOnfO{ tLg efudf juLs{ /0f ug{ ;lsG5 M cGtMlhNnf M lhNnfleq} xg' ] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ cGtMlhNnf a;fO;F /fO elgG5 . cGt/lhNnf M Ps lhNnfaf6 csf]{ lhNnfdf x'g] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ cGt/lhNnf a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . o;nfO{ lhNnfGt/ a;fOF;/fO klg elgG5 . cGt/–k|b]z (Inter-province migration) Ps k|b]zaf6 csf]{ k|b]zdf x'g] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ cGt/k|b]z a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != a;fO;F /fOnfO{ k|efj kfg{] cfsif0{ f / ljsif{ tŒjx¿sf dV' o ab'F fx¿ l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\\ . @= cfly{s sf/0f a;fOF;/fOsf] dV' o sf/0f xf] eGg] zLif{sdf ;DkfbsLosf] gdg' f tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . #= cfkmg\\ f l5ds] Lx¿;Fu clxns] f] 7fpdF f slxn], lsg / s] sf/0fn] a;fOF ;/L cfPsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;fw] k'5 u/L kf| Kt hfgsf/LnfO{ ;d6] L Ps kl| tj]bgsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg{'xf;] \\ . cEof; tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ a;fO;“ /fOsf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfgx{' f;] \\ / o;sf] juLs{ /0fnfO{ rf6d{ f bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . -v_ cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO egs] f] s] xf] / o;sf] k|d'v wf/sf] ;\"rL agfpgx' f;] \\ . -u_ a;fO“;/fOsf ljzi] ftf pNn]v ug{'xf;] \\ . -3_ ljZjJofkL a;fO“;/fOsf] k|j[lQsf] ljj]rgf ug'{xf];\\ . 292 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
^ a;fOF;/fOsf] k|jl[ Q kf7 M != ljZjJofkL a;fOF;/fOsf kj| [lQ ;fdfGo cyd{ f ljsf; jf kl/jtg{ sf] lbzfnfO{ kj| l[ Q elgG5 . a;fOF;/fOsf] kj| l[ Qn] cGt/f{li6«o a;fOF ;gs{] f] pTklQ:yfg, uGtJo :yfg / ;ª\\VofTds kl/jtg{ sf] lbzfnfO{ ;dojm| dcg';f/ pNnv] u5{ . ;o+ S' t /fi6« ;ª3\\ sf] cGt/fl{ i6«o cfk|jf;L k|ltj]bg -@)@)_ sf cg';f/ ljZjdf cfkj| f;Lsf] ;ªV\\ of @&@ ldlnog /x]sf] 5 hals of] ;ª\\Vof ;g\\ @))) df !&# ldlnog lyof] . of] tYofª\\sn] cGt/f{li6o« cfkj| f;Lx¿sf] ;ª\\Vofdf pNn]Vo j[l4 eO/x]sf] bv] fpF5 . clxn] ed\" 08nLs/0f / ;\"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] a;fO;F /fO tLj| ultdf eO/xs] f] 5 . ;r\" gf / ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/n] ljZjsf] vl' DrFbf] b'/Lsf sf/0fn] JolStsf] ;r\" gf, j:tx' ¿ / ;]jfx¿df kxFr' jl[ 4 eO/x]sf] 5 . cGt/fl{ i6«o cfkj| f;Lsf] ljj/0f -;g\\ !(&) bl] v @)!(_ ;fn -;g\\_ cfk|jf;Lsf] ;ªV\\ of cfk|jf;Lsf] kl| tzt !(&) *$$^)!@% @=# !(*) !)!(*#!$( @=# !(() !%#)!!$&# @=( @))) !&#%**$$! @=* @)!) @@)&*!()( #=@ @)!( @&!^$@!)% #=# ;f| t] M a;fOF;/fOsf nflu cGt/fl{ i6o« ;ªu\\ 7g (International Organization for Migration: IOM), @)@) @= gk] fndf a;fO“;/fOsf] kj| [lQ gk] fndf hg;ªV\\ ofsf] cfsf/, ;/+ rgf / ljt/0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg a;fOF;/fOn] kd| 'v el\" dsf lgjfx{ u/s] f] 5 . kkn' ];g dgfu] f| km, @)!$ sf cg';f/ ef}ufl] ns If]q / a;f]af; :yfg kl/jtg{ ugn'{ fO{ a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . a;fO;F /fOn] b]zsf] ljsf; / dfgj ljsf; b'j}df of]ubfg k¥' ofp5F . a;fO;F /fOn] bz] sf] hg;ªV\\ of ljt/0f, ;f| t] ;fwgsf] ljt/0f / kj\" fw{ f/ ljsf;df 7n' f] ke| fj kfb5{ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 293
#= cGt/fl{ i6o« a;fO;“ /fO g]kfndf cGt/fl{ i6o« a;fOF;/fO k/fk\"js{ fnb]lv xbF' } cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 snfsf/ c/lgsf] rLgsf] ltAat -ef6] _ uPsf], e[s6' Lsf] ljjfx ltAatL /fhf;Fu ePsf,] Jofkf/sf nflu gk] fn / ef6] sf Jofkf/Lx¿ cfpg] hfg] u/]sf], ltAataf6 pRr:t/Lo 6fn] L g]kfndf cfPsf] Pl] txfl;s clenv] x¿ kfOG5g\\ . o;} u/L g]kfnaf6 ef/ttkm{ klg dflg;x¿ ljjfx, Jofkf/, /fh] uf/L / tLy{ofqfsf nflu hfg] / ef/taf6 ;d|f6\\ czfs] , tLyo{ fqLx¿ kz'kltgfysf] bzg{ ug{ g]kfn cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnaf6 dflg;x¿ hLjgsf] pQ/f4d{ f agf/; uP/ a:g] k|rng lyof] . oL pbfx/0fn] gk] fndf k/fkj\" s{ fnb]lv xb'F } cfPsf cGt/f{li6o« a;fOF;/fOnfO{ k'li6 u5{ . ;'uf}nL ;lGw -;g\\ !*!^_ kl5 gk] fnL oj' fx¿nfO{ ef/tLo / lal| 6; ;g] fdf etL{ g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o a;fOF;/fOsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g] k/Dk/f ;'? eof] . k|yd ljZjo4' df w/] } oj' fnfO{ ljb]zL ;]gfdf etLd{ f nh} fg] o;k|sf/ 5g\\ M ul/GYof] . clxn] klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf cWoogsf nflu ljBfyL{x¿ ljbz] hfg' nfx/' ] ;:+ sl[ t k|rlnt 5 . nfx/' uPsf /fh] uf/Lsf nflu >ldsx¿ ljleGg bz] x¿df hfg' w]/} dflg;x¿ Eff/t, a]nfot, adf{ cflb ljbz] df s6' gLlts lgof]u dfkm{ t ul/g] a;fOF;/fO ljleGg :yfgdf a;fOF ;//] uP . o;sf bIf hgzlSt ljb]zdf knfog xg' ' ;fy} gk] fnsf] uf| dL0faf6 7n' f] ;ªV\\ ofdf dflg;x¿ /fh] uf/Lsf] vf]hLdf ef/tsf ljjfx u/]/ csf{] b]zdf hfg' ljleGg If]qx¿df a;fOF ;b{} uP . lal| 6; ef/tLo ;g] fdf etL{ / ef/tLo /n] j] ;j] fsf] lj:tf/n] gk] fnaf6 ef/tsf] cf;fd / cGo Ifq] df a;fOF ;g{] j|md tLj| ultdf a9\\g yfNof] . of] a;fO;F /fO hg;ªV\\ ofsf] 7n' f] lx:;fsf nflu hLljsfk] fh{gsf] /0fgLlt ags] f] lyof] . clxn] klg g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qaf6 xhf/f}+ dflg;x¿ ef/tdf /fh] uf/Lsf nflu hfg] k|rng oyfjt\\ rln/x]sf] 5 . lal| 6; ef/t ;/sf/n] g]kfndf ljleGg ;dodf gk] fndf bt\" x¿ k7fpg] / gk] fnaf6 ;G} o ;xofu] dfUg] u/s] fn] klg cGt/f{li6«o a;fO;F /fOdf ;xofu] k¥' ofPsf] 5 . hªu\\ axfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqfn] gk] fnsf] cGt/fl{ i6«o a;fOF;/fOdf gofF cfofd ylkPsf] b]lvG5 . clxn] klg cGt/f{li6o« s\"6gLlts lgof]u, ax'kIfLo ;xof]u, cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\\3;+:yfx¿sf ultljw / ;/;xof]un] cGt/f{li6«o a;fOF;/fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf] 5 . jtd{ fg ;dodf gk] fnsf] cGt/f{li6«o a;fO;F /fOsf] :j¿k, lbzf / p2]Zo kml] /Psf] 5 . gk] fnsf clwsf+z o'jfx¿ jb} ]lzs /fhuf/Ldf hfg] j|md al9/x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿ cGt/f{li6«o cfkj| f;L sfdbf/sf ¿kdf vf8L Ifq] , dnl] ;of, sfl] /of cflb ljleGg bz] x¿df uO/xs] f 5g\\ . kkn' ];g dgf]u|fkm, ;g\\ @)!$ sf cg';f/ j}b]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf nueu $) kl| tzt ef/t / ^) kl| tzt cGo bz] df uPsf 5g\\ . clxn] g]kfnaf6 nueu jflifs{ % nfv sfdbf/x¿ jb} lzs /fh] uf/Ldf 294 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@
hfg] u5{g\\ . pgLx¿n] k7fpg] ljki]| f0f bz] sf] kd| 'v cfo;f| ]tdWo] Ps xf] . /fd|f] lzIff, /f]huf/L / pHjn eljiosf] ;kgf lnP/ xhf/fF} o'jfx¿ ljb]z hfg] j|md klg plQs} jl[ 4 eO/x]sf] 5 . ;g\\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfdf &^@!*! JolSt cgk' l:yt lyP eg] ;g\\ @)!! Df !(@!$($ /x]sf] 5 . of] cjlwdf pTk|jf;L (Emigration) b/ !)=&& kl| txhf/ /x]sf] 5 eg] cfk|jf;L (Immigration) )=$^ kl| t xhf/ dfq /x]sf] 5 . ;g\\ @)!! Df v'b cGt/f{li6«o a;fOF –!)=#@ kl| t xhf/ /xs] f] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . $= cfGtl/s a;fO;“ /fO g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o a;fOF;/fO h:t} cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOklg k/fk\"j{sfnb]lv rNb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . Tof] ;dodf hg;ª\\Vofsf] 7'nf] a;fO;“ /fOsf] wf/ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\\ . lx:;f /fHo lj:tf/, afx\\o /fHosf] cfj|md0f / ufpFaf6 ;x/ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ vfH] b} a;fO;F /fO u/]sf] kfOG5 . ufpaF f6 ufFp gk] fndf PsLs/0fbl] v c7f/fF} ztfAbLsf] kf| /lDes sfnnfO{ ;x/af6 ;x/ cfGtl/s a;fOsF f] klxnf] r/0f dflgG5 . /fHo lj:tf/;uF } ;x/af6 ufpF clgjfo{ >d / hLljsfsf] vf]hLdf dflg;x¿ ljleGg lbzfdf a;fOF ;g{ yfn] . tTsfnLg ;dodf kz| f;lgs sfd, ;G} o ;]jf, aGbfa] :tLsf ;fdfg 9j' fgL, lgdf0{ f sfo{ cflbn] a;fO;F /fOdf ;xofu] u/s] f] b]lvG5 . of] k|rngn] cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO tLj| ultdf x'g yfNof] . g]kfndf ;g\\ !(%) sf] dWoaf6 /fKtL pkTosfdf k'gjf;{ sfoj{ |md nfu' ePkl5 cfGtl/s a;fO;F /fOsf] bf;] f| ] r/0f ;'? ePsf] bl] vG5 . kxf8L If]qaf6 7'nf] ;ª\\Vofdf dflg;x¿nfO{ t/fO{ / leqL t/fO{df kg' jf;{ ul/of] . of] sfo{jm| ddfkmt{ ljleGg ;dodf k\"jd{ f emfkf, df]/ª, pbok/' Ù dWo Ifq] df lrtjg / gjnk/f;L / klZrddf albo{ f, sn} fnL / s~rgk/' lhNnfdf Jojl:yt¿kdf hUUff pknAw u/fO{ lxdfnL / kxf8L Ifq] af6 a;fOF ;fl/of] . o;sf ;fy} ;g\\ !(%^ lt/ cfn} f] pGd\"ng sfoj{ m| d nfu' ePkl5 lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qaf6 t/fOs{ f ljleGg lhNnfdf a;fOF ;gs{] f] b/df pNn]Vo jl[ 4 ePsf] lyof] . cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf] t];f| ] r/0f bz] sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f;Fu} b]vf k5{ . ;g\\ !(%) df k|hftGqsf] cfudgkl5 bz] df ofh] gfa4 cflys{ ljsf; ;?' eof] . o;n] b]zsf ljleGg Ifq] h:t} ;8s oftfoft, s[lif, :jf:Yo, lzIff / cfB} fl] us ljsf;df nufgL ug{ yflnof] . b]zsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|ljm| ofsf] yfngL;Fu} dflg;x¿ ufpaF f6 ;x/df a;fOF ;g{ yfn], ljz]if u/L kj\" fw{ f/ / cflys{ cj;/ ePsf 7fpdF f cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO tLj| ultdf eof] . ;x/df /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿n] ufpFaf6 ;x/L Ifqdf a;fO;F /fO x'g yfNof] . o;n] kxf8af6 t/fO{ If]qdf x'g] a;fO;F /fOsf] lbzf ;x/tkm{ s]lGbt| ePsf] bl] vG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 295
b]zdf rn]sf] !) a;{] hgo'4, dw;] cfGbf]ng / åGåaf6 klg cfGtl/s a;fO;F /fOnfO{ k|efj kf/s] f] b]lvG5 . cfGtl/s åGån] ufpaF f6 ;x/tkm{ a;fO;F /fOsf] wf/ k|jfx ePsf] kfOG5 . $= cfGtl/s a;fO“;/fOsf] wf/ (Stream of Internal Migration) a;fOF;/fOsf] wf/n] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] Pp6f ;d\"xnfO{ hgfpF5 h;sf] Pp6f ;femf d\"n / uGtJo :yfg x'G5 . gk] fndf a;fO;F /fOsf] k|j[lQn] Pp6f lglZrt wf/ / lbzfnfO{ k5o\\ fPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ufpFaf6 ;x/, ;x/af6 ufpF, ;x/af6 ;x/, cGtMlhNnf, cGt/lhNnf, cGt/k|bz] Lo a;fOF;/fOsf wf/x¿ 5g\\ . oxfF cGt/k|bz] Lo / ufpaF f6 ;x/sf d'Vo b'O{ wf/ / lbzfnfO{ ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/k|b]zLo a;fOF;/fOsf] wf/df lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qaf6 t/fOt{ km{ x'g] / Ps k|bz] af6 csf]{ kb| z] df xg' ] a;fO;F /fO{ u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\\ . gk] fndf ljleGg hgu0fgf jifx{ ¿df cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf] k|j[lQnfO{ ef}uf]lns If]q, ljsf; Ifq] , lhNnf / u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/s] f] kfOG5 . cGt/k|b]zLo a;fOF;/fOM g]kfndf ;g\\ !(&! b]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf t/fO{ If]q cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] uGtJo :yn ag]sf] b]lvG5 . t/fO{ If]qdf a;fOF ;/]/ hfg]dWo] ;g\\ @)!! df kxf8L If]qaf6 ^$ k|ltzt lyP . ha ls of] ;g\\ !(*! df &^ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . of] tYofªs\\ n] kxf8L Ifq] ;ae} Gbf w/] } a;fOF ;gs{] f] pTklQ :ynsf ¿kdf lrlGfG5 . kxf8L If]q cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] bf;] |f] uGtJo:yn xf] . ;g\\ !(&! bl] v @)!! df kxf8L Ifq] df cfpg] cfk|jf;L ^ kl| tztaf6 jl[ 4 eP/ @* k|ltzt k'us] f] 5 . kxf8L Ifq] cfpg] a;fOF ;g{] k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt w/] } -%!Ü_ /x]sf] 5 . of] cjlwdf lxdfnaf6 kxf8df cfpg] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;ª\\Vof 36s] f] b]lvG5 . cGo If]qaf6 kxf8L If]qdf klg a;fOF ;//] cfPsf] bl] vG5 . sf7df8fF,} nlntk/' , eStk/' , kf]v/f, ;'v{]t wl' nv]n, agk] f / cGo ;x/L If]qx¿ kxf8L If]qdf a;fOF ;gs{] f] uGtJo :ynx¿ eOx]sf] bl] vG5 . o;/L xb] f{ gk] fnsf] a;fO;F /fOsf] kj| l[ Q JolSt jf kl/jf/sf] 5gf6] / Jojxf/;uF ;DalGwt bl] vG5, h'g JolStsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk, hLjg k4lt, ;fdflhs ;f:+ sl[ ts kl/jz] , / ljsf;k|lj|mofn] NofPsf] leGgtf;Fu uflF ;Psf] xG' 5 . bz] sf] ew\" /ftn, xfjfkfgL, oftfoftsf] kxr'F n] kof{j/0fLo If]qx¿df t'ngfTds cflys{ nfesf cj;/x¿ lj:tf/ eO/x]sfn] a;fOF;/fOsf] lbzf / wf/ klg To:tf If]qx¿tkm{ pGd'v eO/xs] f] bl] vG5 . 296 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fnsf] kxf8af6 t/fOd{ f x'g] a;fOF;/fO{sf] k|jl[ QnfO{ ;do/v] fdf b]vfpgx' f];\\ . @= gk] fnsf] cGo If]qaf6 kxf8L If]qdf xg' ] a;fOF;/fO{sf] kj| [lQnfO{ 5nkmn u/L tflnsfdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\\ . cEof; tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ g]kfndf a;fOF;/fOsf] Pl] txfl;s ki[ 7e\"ld pNn]v ug{x' f];\\ . -v_ g]kfndf cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fOsf] wf/ pNnv] ug{'xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 297
& ;/' lIft Pjd\\ dof{lbt cfk|jf;g kf7 M ;/' lIft cfkj| f;g eGgfn] cfk|jf;L sfdbfx¿sf] kj| f;g kl| jm| ofsf ;a} r/0fx¿ -h:t}M pTklQ ;f| ]t jf d\"n, kf/udg / uGtJo bz] x¿df cfOkg]{ ;Defljt hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft /xg] Ifdtf_nfO{ ae' mfpF5 . o;df ;/' lIft cfk|jf;gdf hf]l8Psf sfg'gL kIf, dof{lbt sfd, a:g] Joj:yf, :jf:Yo, ;\"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ;]jfdf kxF'r cflb k5g{ \\ . oL ;j] f / ;'ljwf kfpg cfkj| f;L >ldsnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg / cfkj| f;Lx¿sf] clwsf/sf] jsfnt ug'{ ;'/lIft cfkj| f;gsf] d'Vo p2Z] o xf] . clxn] ;\"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] ljsf; / 1fgsf] pRr ko| f]un] ljZj g} Pp6f ufpdF f kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . ;+;f/sf] h'g;'s} s'gfsf] JolStn] klg cfˆgf] 1fg, l;k / Ifdtfadf]lhd ljZjahf/df kl| t:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] 5 tyflk j}bl] zs /fh] uf/Lsf nflu dflg; Ps b]zaf6 csf]d{ f hfg] jm| d klg rlng} /xs] f] 5 . t;y{ >ldsx¿sf] cfkj| f;g / /f]huf/LnfO{ ;/' lIft, dofl{ bt / Jojl:yt agfpg >d :jLs[lt / ;dembf/Lkqx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ . gk] fnn] klg !!) b]z;uF jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Lsf nflu >d :jLs[ltsf] ;dembf/L kq kfPsf] 5 . cfh ljZjJofkL ¿kdf a;fOF;/fOsf] b/ al9/x]sf] 5 . ljsf;f]Gdv' bz] x¿af6 >ldsx¿ cfkj| f;gdf hfg] jm| d al9/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] >ldsx¿sf] cfk\"lt{ k|lj|mofbl] v g} y'k}| ;d:ofx¿ ef]Ug'kl//xs] f] 5 . oxL ljifonfO{ b[li6ut ub{} a;fO;F /fOsf nflu cGt/fl{ i6o« ;ªu\\ 7g -@)!#_, axk' IfLo bft[ lgsfo, gful/s ;dfh / ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿n] cfk|jf;L >ldsx¿n] ef]Ugk' /s] f ;d:ofx¿ dfly 5nkmn, ax; / k/} jL ub{} cfPsf 5g\\ . pgLx¿sf] cleofgn] PlG66f« lkmlsª sfo{jm| d ljsl;t eof] . of] sfoj{ |mdsf] d'Vo p2Z] o cfk|jf;L >ldsx¿sf] pTklQ :yn, 6«flGh6 / uGtJo bz] x¿df cfOkg{] ;Defljt hfl] vdx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / ;'/lIft Pjd\\ dofl{ bt cfk|jf;gdf ;xof]u ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . a;fO;F /fOsf nflu cGt/fl{ i6o« ;ªu\\ 7gn] ;g\\ @)!# bl] v @)!% ;Dd cfkj| f;L sfdbf/, ltgLx¿sf kl/jf/sf] ;r\" gfdf kxrF' / kj| f;L >ldsx¿sf] ;/' lIft cfkj| f;g ;w' f/ kl/ofh] gf ;~rfng u/s] f] lyof] . of] kl/ofh] gfn] >ldsx¿sf nflu dofl{ bt / ;/' lIft cfkj| f;gsf] jftfj/0f agfpg] sfddfly hf8] lbOPsf] lyof] . uGtJo bz] x¿n] dfu ug]{ >ldsx¿sf] bIftf, 1fg / l;k a9fpg cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg tflndsf] cfjZostf k5{ . >ldsx¿ dfgj t:s/sf] xftdf kg{;Sg] vt/fnfO{ /f]Sg sfgg' L / gLltut Joj:yf u/L ;'/lIft tl/sfn] >lds k7fpg ;/sf/nfO{ ;xofu] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;g\\ @)))sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgn] klg dhb'/x¿sf] cfk|jf;gnfO{ j}wflgs agfpbF f cfkj| f;Lsf] lxtdf ;sf/fTds ofu] bfg k'Ug] s/' f pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . >lds cfkj| f;Lx¿nfO{ sfg'gL cj;/ k|bfg u//] >d cfk\"lt{ z[ªv\\ nfdf zfi] f0f ky| fsf] hfl] vd sd ug{, cfkj| f;Lsf] 298 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@
ul/aL Gog\" Ls/0f / ljk]|if0fsf] ultzLntfnfO{ ;dt] ;xh agfpg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\\3sf] dxf;efn] !(() df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿ tyf ltgLx¿sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf clwsf/ ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . o; dxf;lGwdf (# cf6] f wf/fx¿ 5g\\, h'g @))# bl] v nfu' ePsf] 5 . of] dxf;lGwn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿, gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/x¿, hftLo ;dfgtf, dlxnf clwsf/ / afn clwsf/ cflbnfO{ ljzi] f ¿kn] Wofg lbPsf] 5 . of] dxf;lGwn] cGt/fl{ i6o« >d ;ªu\\ 7gsf cfk|jf;g;DaGwL dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]sf] 5 . o;n] sfdbf/x¿lar /fli6o« tfsf cfwf/df eb] efj gul/g], clwsf/nfO{ ;l' glZrt ub{} cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf dfgj clwsf/x¿nfO{ dfGotf lbO{ To:tf clwsfx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug{] bfloTj To; dxf;lGwsf kIf /fi6x« ¿nfO{ tfs] s] f] 5 . != g]kfndf ;/' lIft cfkj| f;g g]kfnaf6 bzsf}F cufl8b]lv >lds cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] alxu{dg eO/x]sf] 5 . kl/jf/sf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;d[l4sf] cfzf lnP/ b}lgs sl/j @))) o'jfx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] u/]sf 5g\\ o;dWo] clwsf+z cbIf >lds /x]sf 5g\\ . clxn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0f /fHosf] k|d'v cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿ d'Vo ¿kn] dn]l;of / vf8L If]qsf b]zx¿df hfg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pgLx¿n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] tof/Lb]lv uGtJo b]z;Dd y'k|} hf]lvdx¿ em]Ng'k/]sf] 5 . /f]huf/Lsf] ;dodf le;fsf] k|lj|mofb]lv g} clws zf]if0fsf] ;Defjgf x'G5 . ljutdf /f]huf/Ldf hfg] JolStsf] ;'/Iff, k|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/, ;Ddflgt sfdsf] Uof/]G6Lsf] cefjn] s}of}F o'jfx¿ 3/jf/ljlxg / j]kQf ePsf 5g\\ . w]/} g]kfnL cfk|jf;L >ldsx¿n] e|fds, u}/kf/bzL{ 5gf]6 k|lj|mof / cTolws z'Ns h:tf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5g\\ . o;sf cltl/St pgLx¿ rsf]{ Aofhb/, e]befj, gh/aGb / a]rlavg h:tf ;d:ofaf6 klg u|l;t eO/x]sf] ljleGg cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\\ . gk] fndf >dnfO{ dofl{ bt / ;/' lIft Joj:yfkgaf6 /fh] uf/L l;h{gf, /fh] uf/Lsf nflu l;ko'St hgzlStsf] ljsf;, >dsf] Ifq] df ;fdflhs ;/' Iff / Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] kj| wg{ , afn>d lgjf/0f cflbdf rf;f] lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs /fh] uf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt agfpg' / jb} ]lzs /f]huf/af6 cflht{ l;k, k|ljlw / k'FhLsf] pkofu] af6 cfGtl/s /fh] uf/L k|jw{g ug{]tkm{ klg hf8] lbPsf] 5 . j}b]lzs /fh] uf/ P]g / lgodfjnLn] cGt/f{li6o« >d dfkb08 / dofl{ bt >dsf] PhG] 8fnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug{] lj:tt[ , u}/eb] efjk\"0f{, ;dfjz] L / kf/bzL{ kf| jwfgx¿ thd'{ f / sfof{Gjog ug{] cj;/ k|bfg ug{] k|fjwfg /fvs] f] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 299
:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng Pg] , @)&$ n] :yfgLo txaf6 ;'/lIft >d cfk|jf;gsf nflu ;\"rgfsf] kr| f/k;| f/, tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng, l;kdn\" s tflnd, ljQLo ;fIf/tf / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'gMPsLs/0fsf sfo{sd| x¿ ug'{kg{] kf| jwgf /fv]sf] 5 . gk] fn ;/sf/n] jb} ]lzs /fh] uf/Ldf hfg]x¿ / ltgsf kl/jf/sf xs clwsf/sf ;jfnnfO{ k|d'v k|fyldstfdf /fv/] ljleGg lgsfodfkmt{ sfo{;Dkfbg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . k//fi6« dGqfno, >d dGqfno, j}b]lzs /fh] uf/ Gofoflws/0f, j}b]lzs /fh] uf/ af]8n{ ufotsf lgsfox¿n] of] Ifq] nfO{ ;/' lIft, dofl{ bt / Jojl:yt agfpg w/] } ko| Tg ul//xs] f 5g\\ . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/ / ltgsf kl/jf/sf xs clwsf/sf] ;/+ If0f tyf ;+jwg{ sf nflu /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfofu] n] ut jif{ @& b]zsf] ;xeflutfdf sf7df8f}Fdf cGt/fl{ i6«o ;Ddn] g u/L 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/sf] 5. o;sf cnfjf cfkj| f;L sfdbf/x¿sf] xsclwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ljleGg cWoogcg;' Gwfg eO/xs] f 5g\\ . cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] pTklQ :yn, 6«flGh6 / uGtJo:yn b]zx¿df cfk|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] clwsf/sf ;jfnaf/] cg'udg, cGo b]zsf dfgjclwsf/ cfofu] x¿;Fu ;dembf/L kqdfkmt{ ;/fs] f/jfnfx¿sf] Wofgfsif0{ f ug{ klg yflnPsf] 5 . gk] fnsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gLltn] klg cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] ;]jf, ;l' jwf, sfo{:yndf x'g] ;'/Iff / xs clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . cfOPncfn] ] gk] fn ;/sf/nfO{ ke| fjsf/L tyf :ki6 /fli6o« gLlt, ;:+ yf, ;o+ Gq / sfgg' L kf| ¿ksf] :yfkgfdfkmt{ >d ahf/ zf;gsf] ;b' 9[ Ls/0fnfO{ ;xofu] ug]{ lg/Gt/ k|of; ul//xs] f] 5 . /fli6o« /f]huf/ gLlt @)&@, >d P]g, @)&$ / of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pg] , @)&$ h:tf k|d'v gLlt tyf sfgg' sf] th{d' f ug{ ;xsfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbed{ f ;/' lIft cfkj| f;g kl/ofh] gf gk] fnn] blIf0f Pl;ofnL bz] x¿df >ldsx¿sf] clwsf/ / ;/' lIft cfk|jf;sf af/d] f ax; k}/jL ub} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] cfk|jf;Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clejl[ 4 u/L sfg'gL ;'/Iff, ;fdflhs ;j] fdf kxr'F , PSnf]kg, snªs\\ , eb] efj, eflifs cj/f]w, / ;f+:sl[ ts leGgtfx¿;uF ;dfofh] g x'g] tl/sfx¿df ;dt] k/fdz{ lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . lj|mofsnfk != tnsf] cj:yf cWoog u/L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M cfkj| f;L sfdbf/x¿n] ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ ef]Ug afWo 5g\\ . pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo ladf gx'g,' cfjf; / vfgfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg gxg' ,' sfdbf/ /fh] uf/bftf ;Demf}tf ljZj;gLo aGg g;Sg' tyf ;Demft} fadf]lhdsf sfd glbg' jf ug{ gkfpg,' ;dodf tna glbg', ljleGg lsl;daf6 7lug', ug'k{ g{] sfdaf/] ;';l\" rt gx'g', tflnd glbg', c;/' lIft sfo{ jftfj/0fsf sf/0f dT[ o' x'g' Pjd\\ ;8s b3' 6{ gf, ls8\\gL km]n, Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL ;d:of / xb[ o/fu] cflbsf sf/0f 7n' f] ;ªVofdf cfk|jf;Lsf] d[To' xg' ] u/]sf] 5 . oL sf/0fn] cfTdxTof ug]{x¿ 300 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
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