Social-Studies-Grade-12-Nepal

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To;}u\/L bz] sf gful\/sx\u00bfsf] sNof0fdf jl[ 4 ePsf] 5 eg] dfq Tof] bz] df cfly{s ljsf; ePsf] 5 eGg ;lsG5\u00a0. cfodf jl[ 4 eO{ dflg; \/ bz] hlt ;s' } wgL eP tfklg gful\/sx\u00bfsf] sNof0fdf jl[ 4 ePsf] 5 eGg ;lsb}Fg\u00a0. o; wf\/0ffsf] kIfdf lku,' Snfs{, cfs] 'g cflb cyz{ f:qLx\u00bf \/x]sf 5g\u00a0\\\\ . gk] fnsf] cy{tGq gk] fnn] ldl>t cflys{ k|0ffnLnfO{ c\u00aau\\\\ Lsf\/ u\/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yfsf kd| v' cfwf\/x\u00bf 306\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@","s[lif, pBf]u tyf Jofkf\/, ko{6g, j}b]lzs \/fh] uf\/ cflb x'g\\\\ . cyd{ Gqfno -@)&*_ cg;' f\/ cflys{ jif{ @)&^\u00f7&& df sl[ if Ifq] sf] of]ubfg s'n d\\\"No clej[l4df @^=$ k|ltzt \/ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf #)=& kl| tzt \/x]sf] lyof] eg] o:tf] tYof\u00aas\\\\ u}\/s[lif If]qsf nflu jm| dzM &$=@ k|ltzt \/ ^(=# k|ltzt \/x]sf] lyof] . \/fli6\u00abo cy{tGqdf Ifq] ut ofu] bfg -@)&^\u00f7&&_ l\u00e5tLo tt[ Lo !@=%$ ^!=)% Ifq] k|fylds s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf ofu] bfg -%_ @^=$! sn' ufx:{ Yo pTkfbgdf jl[ 4b\/ -%_ @=!# #=&^ #=(& ;|f]tM cy{dGqfno, g]kfn ;\/sf\/, @)&* To;}u\/L gk] fnsf] cfly{s k|0ffnLnfO{ g]kfnsf ljsf; ;r\\\" s \/ cj:yf k|fylds Ifq] -sl[ if, jg tyf dT:okfng \/ vfgL tyf pTvgg_\\\\ , ;\\\"rsx\u00bf cj:yf-@)&^\u00f7&&_ l\u00e5tLos If]q -pTkfbgd\\\"ns pBf]u, lgdf{0f, ljB't,\\\\ UofF; tyf dfgj ljsf; ;r\\\" s )=^)@ jfik, jftfgs' l' nt cfk\\\"lt{ ;j] f, sn' ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -$, ca_{ !!(! kfgL cfkl\\\" t,{ 9n Joj:yfkg tyf s'n \/fli6o\u00ab cfo -$, ca{_ !!(^ k'gMpTkfbg Ifq] _ \/ t[tLo If]q -yfs] , Jofkf\/ 3f6f -ca_{ \u2013!@*&=& v'bf| Jofkf\/, uf8L tyf df6] \/;fOsn ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rtL !#(!=* dd{t ;]jf, cfjf; tyf efh] g ;]jf, -ca_{ !!(^ oftfoft tyf eG8f\/0f, laQLo tyf k|ltJolSt cfo -$, df_ @@=@* ladf lj|mofsnfk, 3\/hUuf sf\/f]af\/, ljki|] f0f cfo -k|ltztdf_ dfgj :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo,{ lzIff, ;fj{hlgs kz| f;g, ;|ft] M cyd{ Gqfno, gk] fn ;\/sf\/, @)&* \/Iff \/ ;j] fsf cGo Ifq] x\u00bf_ df ljefhg u\/L ljZni] f0f ul\/G5 . g]kfnsf ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ;r\\\" sx\u00bfnfO{ tflnsfdf bv] fPsf] 5 . g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t bz] x\u00bfsf] ;\\\"rLdf \/xs] f] 5 . g]kfndf pRr ul\/aL, Gog\\\" kl| tJolSt cfo, sl[ ifdf pRr lge\/{ tf, kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] Gog\\\" pkofu] , pRr a]\/f]huf\/L, pRr cfo c;dfgtf, pRr Jofkf\/ 3f6f, Go\\\"g dfgj ljsf; ;\\\"rs cflb ;d:ofsf \u00bfkdf \/xs] f 5g\\\\ . gk] fnn] ljsf;sf oL cj\/fw] s jf ;d:ofx\u00bfnfO{ x6fpg] ko| f; ul\/\/xs] f] 5 . t\/ ckI] fst[ glthf kf| Kt xg' ;ls\/xs] f] 5g} . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@\t 307","lj|mofsnfkx\u00bf -s_ \t efl} ts tyf O{\u201dk':tsfnosf] k|of]u u\/L khF' LjfbL, ;dfhjfbL tyf ldl>t cflys{ k0| ffnLsf] cWoog u\/L ltgLx\u00bfsf kmfObf tyf ak] mfObfx\u00bfnfO{ ;\\\"rLa4 u\/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{x' f;] \\\\ . -v_ \t cy{dGqfno jf \/fli6\u00abo of]hgf cfof]u jf s]Gb|Lo tYof\u00aas\\\\ ljefu jf \/fi6\u00ab a}\u00aa\\\\ssf ;|f]tx\u00bfsf] k|of]u u\/L tkfOF{n] cWoog ul\/\/xs] f] cfly{s jif{eGbf Ps jif{ cufl8sf gk] fnsf kd| 'v cflys{ ;\\\"rsx\u00bf ;\u00aas\\\\ ng u\/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug{x' f];\\\\ . cEof; != \t tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf pQ\/ lbgx' f;] \\\\ M \t -s_ \t cyt{ Gq egs] f] s] xf] < \t -v_ \t ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < \t -u_ \t cflys{ ljsf;sf s'g} bO' { ;\\\"rsx\u00bfsf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\\\\ . \t -3_ \t gk] fnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf s'g} b'O{ cj\/f]wsx\u00bfsf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \\\\ . \t -\u00aa_\t cy{Joj:yfsf tLg k|sf\/x\u00bfsf] JofVof ug'{xf];\\\\ . \t -r_ \t cflys{ ljsf;nfO{ kl\/eflift ub{} o;sf ;\\\"rsx\u00bfsf] ;r\\\" L tof\/ ug{'xf;] \\\\ . \t -5_ \t gk] fnsf] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ o;sf ;r\\\" ssf cfwf\/df JofVof ug{'xf];\\\\ . 308\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@","@\t\t g]kfnsf] ljb]z gLlt \/ gk] fn ef\/t tyf gk] fn kf7 M rLg ;DaGw kl\/ro gk] fnn];;+ f\/sf;a}bz] x\u00bf;uF ljutbl] vg}eftT[ j,;fx} fb{tyf;xcl:tTjsfcfwf\/dfs6\\\" gLlts;DaGw \/fVb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ef}uf]lns tyf hg;\u00aaV\\\\ ofsf cfwf\/df ;fgf] eP tfklg Oltxf;b]lv :jtGq tyf ;fje{ fd} bz] sf\u00bfkdf\/xs] f]5.gk] fnn]cf\u02c6gf]ljbz] gLltsf:ki6tyfb\\\"\/bzL{cfwf\/x\u00bfcjnDagu\/s] f] 5 . g]kfnn] :jtGqtf, ;fje{ f}ldstf, efu} f]lns cv08tf \/ \/fli6o\u00ab lxtnfO{ a9jf lbb} b]zsf] ;fdflhs cflys{ ljsf; ug{ l\u00e5kIfLo, If]qLo \/ ax'kIfLo ;DaGwnfO{ kj| 4{g ug]{, ljZjsf ;a} bz] x\u00bf \/ ljzi] fu\/L l5d]sLx\u00bf;uF ldqjt\\\\ ;DaGwnfO{ cem} k|uf9 agfpg,] ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtf, kf\/:kl\/s ;Ddfg, ljZjf;, ;be\\\\ fj \/ ;dembf\/Lsf cfwf\/df ;+oS' t \/fi6;\u00ab \u00aa3\\\\ tyf cGo cGt\/ f{li6o\u00ab ;+:yfsf lar ;lj|mo Jojxf\/ ug]{ \/ ljZjdf zflGt, ;'\/Iff tyf ljsf;sf] kj| wg{ \/ lj:tf\/sf nflu cyk{ \\\"0f{ \/ ;s\/fTds e\\\"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . gk] fnsf] ljb]z gLltsf cfwf\/x\u00bf gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf\/f %! sf] pkwf\/f \u2026\u00aa\u00da df gk] fnsf] ljb]z gLltsf af\/] lgDg b'O{ s\/' f pNnv] ul\/Psf] 5 . -!_gk] fnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf \/ \/fli6o\u00ab lxtsf] \/Iff ug{ lj|mofzLn \/xbF } ;o+ 'St \/fi6\u00ab;\u00aa3\\\\ sf] a8fkq, c;n+ Ugtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt\/fl{ i6o\u00ab sfg'g \/ ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf cfwf\/df \/fi6\u00absf] ;jf{]kl\/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf \/fvL :jtGq k\/\/fi6\u00ab gLlt ;~rfng ug{] . -@_lautdf ePsf ;lGwx\u00bfsf] k'g\/jnfs] g ub{} ;dfgtf \/ kf\/:kl\/s lxtsf cfwf\/df ;lGw ;Demft} fx\u00bf ug{] . ;l+ jwfgdf plNnlvt oL ljifoj:t'sf cfwf\/df gk] fn ;\/sf\/n] g]kfnsf ljbz] gLltx\u00bf o;ks| f\/ to u\/]sf] 5 M != \t ;a}sf] ;fj{efl} dstf \/ efu} f]lns cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg ug{] @= \t sg' } klg b]zsf] cfGtl\/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k gug{] #=\t;dfgtf \/ kf\/:kl\/s lxtsf cfwf\/df gofF ;lGw ;Demft} fx\u00bf ug]{ $= \t kf\/:kl\/s ;dfgtfsf] ;Ddfg ug{] \t\t\t %= \t ljjfbsf] zflGtk\\\"0f{ lg?k0f ug{] ^= \t kf\/:kl\/s nfesf cfwf\/df Jojxf\/ ug{] \t\t &= \t ;o+ S' t \/fi6;\u00ab \u00aa\\\\3sf] a8fkqkl| t k|lta4 x'g] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@\t 309","*=\tk~rzLnsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf\/df Jojxf\/ ug]{ \t\t *= \t ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfnfO{ c\u00aa\\\\uLsf\/ ug]{ (= \t ljutsf ;lGwx\u00bfsf] k'g\/fjnfs] g ub{} hfg] o;\/L gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf] dd{cg';f\/ gk] fn ;\/sf\/n] bz] sf] ;fje{ fl} dstf \/ efu} fl] ns cv08tfnfO{ lz\/fk] \/ ub}{ s'g} klg b]z;uF kf\/:kl\/s lxt, ;dfgtf \/ nfesf cfwf\/df k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, ;o+ S' t \/fi6;\u00ab \u00aa\\\\3sf] a8fkq \/ ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfcg\u00bf' k ljbz] gLlt ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . != gk] fn \/ ef\/tlarsf] ;DaGw g]kfnsf] kl\\\" j,{ blIf0fL \/ klZrdL ;Ldfgf ef\/t;uF hf]l8Psf] 5 . gk] fn \/ ef\/tsf lardf vn' f ;Ldfgf 5 . oL bO' { bz] sflardf cflys{ , ;fdflhs, ;f:+ s[lts tyf wfld{s ;DaGw ;lbcfbF} l] v \/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} \/xg;xg, efiffz}nL, hLjgz}nL, snf, ;\u00aa\\\\uLt, klx\/g, ef]hg cflbdf klg oL bO' { bz] sf lardf ;dfgtf kfOG5 . To;}n] gk] fn \/ ef\/tlarsf] ;DaGw axc' foflds :j\u00bfksf] 5 . -s_ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw g]kfnL lxGb' tLy{ofqLx\u00bf ef\/tsf rf\/ wfdsf] ofqfdf hfg] \/ ef\/tLo lxGb' tLyo{ fqLx\u00bf kzk' ltgfy, :ju{\u00e5f\/L, d'lStgfy cflb wflds{ Ifq] df tLyo{ fqf ug{ cfpg] u5g{ \\\\ . g]kfnL \/ lxGbL efiffsf] Ps} ;+:s[t d\\\"naf6 cfudg ePsfn] oL bO' { b]zsf] el\\\" dnfO{ ;f+:s[lts PsLs[t el\\\" dsf \u00bfkdf klg lng] ul\/G5 . oL bO' { bz] sf ;LdfIf]qdf a;fa] f; ug]{ gful\/sx\u00bf Pscfk;df ljjfx ug]{ kr| ngn] ubf{ oL b'O{ bz] x\u00bfsf lardf ;fdflhs ;DaGw ku| f9 \/xs] f] 5 . -v_ \/fhgLlts ;DaGw g]kfn ef\/tlarsf] ;DaGw cgfk} rfl\/s \u00bfkdf k\/fk\\\"js{ fnb]lv lyof] eg] cfk} rfl\/s \u00bfkdf;g\\\\ !($& bl] v s\\\"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod u\/L ;fx} fbk{ \\\"0f{ Jojxf\/ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . \/fhgLlts \u00bfkdf g]kfnn] ef\/t;Fu ;wF} :jtGq tyf ;fj{ef}d ;DkGg bz] sf] xl} ;otaf6 ;DaGw \/fVb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;\/sf\/n] g]kfn \/fi6\u00ab \/ gk] fnL hgtfsf] lxtcg'sn\\\" xg' ] u\/L ef\/t \/ ef\/tLo hgtfsf] lgi7f \/ kl| ta4tfnfO{ ;l' glZrt ug]{ \/ g]kfndf ef\/tsf ;j+ b] gzLn ;\/' Iff ;\/fs] f\/x\u00bfkl| t g]kfn ;\/sf\/n] lg\/Gt\/ tyf k|dfl0ft kl| ta4tfsf] gLlt cjnDag u\/s] f] 5 . g]kfn ;\/sf\/n] ef\/t;uF sf] o:tf] gLltnfO{ ;:+ yfut ugs{ f nflu l\u00e5kIfLo ;+\/rgfx\u00bf lgdf{0f ug{] sfon{ fO{ kf| yldstfdf \/fvs] f] 5 . ;do ;dodf ef\/tsf] pRr \/fhgLlts g]t[Tj gk] fn cfpg] u5{ . To;u} \/L g]kfnsf] \/fhgLlts g]tT[ jaf6 klg ;do ;dodf ef\/tsf] e|d0f x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . o;n] klg oL b'O{ b]zsf lardf \/fhgLlts ;DaGw k|uf9 5 eGg ;lsG5 . tyflk oL b'O{ bz] sf larsf] \/fhgLlts ;DaGw clwsf+z ;do ;fx} fb{k\\\"0f{ \/x] tfklg an] favt ptf\/r9fj xg' ] u\/]sf] klg 5 . 310\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@","-u_ cflys{ ;DaGw xfn g]kfndf ;~rflnt ef\/tLo ;xfotfsf s]xL kl\/of]hgfx\u00bf -s_ \t a6' jn gf\/fo0fu9 ;8s lj:tf\/ kl\/of]hgf -v_ \t blIf0fsfnL s'n]vfgL ;8s lj:tf\/ kl\/ofh] gf -u_ \t \/fli6o\u00ab 6\u00abdf ;G] 6\/ lgdf0{ f kl\/of]hgf -3_ \t \/S;f}n lj\/uGh \/n] kl\/of]hgf -\u00aa_ \t dxG] b|gu\/ 6gsk\/' ;8s kl\/ofh] gf sfd jf hflu\/, k;] f Joj;fo tyf cfly{s ;xofu] cfbfg kb| fgn] g]kfn ef\/tsf] cflys{ ;DaGw cToGt} glhssf] 5 . bO' { bz] larsf] vn' f l;dfgf \/ eflifs ;dfgtfsf sf\/0f 7n' f] ;\u00aaV\\\\ ofdf gk] fnLx\u00bf ef\/tdf \/ ef\/tLox\u00bf g]kfndf a;L sfo{ u\/s] f 5g\\\\ . To;n} ] ef\/tn] ljk]|if0f k|fKt ug{] bz] x\u00bfsf] ;ftf}F :yfgdf gk] fn \/xs] f] 5 . g]kfn ef\/t Jofkf\/ tyf kf\/jxg ;lGw lj=;=+ @)#% ;fndf ePsf] lyof] . of] ;lGw lj=;+= @)^% ;fndf ;z+ fw] g \/ lj=;+= @)&# ;fndf gjLs\/0f ePsf] lyof] . To;}u\/L, lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf Jofkf\/ ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . oxL Jofkf\/ ;lGwsf cfwf\/df g]kfnef\/tlardf Jofkfl\/s sf\/f]af\/x\u00bf x'Fb} cfPsf 5 . gk] fnsf nflu cfoft lgoft{ sf] kd| 'v ahf\/ g} ef\/t xf] . cflys{ jif{ @)&%\u00f7&^ df ;;+ f\/sf ljleGg b]zx\u00bfaf6 gk] fnn] cfoft ug{] s'n j:t'x\u00bfdWo] ef\/taf6 ^$=) k|ltzt cfoft u\/s] f] 5 eg] ;;+ f\/sf ljleGg bz] x\u00bfdf gk] fnn] lgof{t ug{] j:t'x\u00bfdWo] ef\/tdf dfq ^#=) kl| tzt lgof{t u\/]sf] lyof] . gk] fnn] ef\/taf6 cfoft ug]{ k|dv' j:t'x\u00bfdf k6] f\u00ab ]lnod kbfy{, ;jf\/L ;fwg, :k]o\/ kf6\\\\;,{ d]l;g\/L ;fdfg, cfi} fwL, ljB'tLo pks\/0f, vfBfGo cflb x'g eg] gk] fnn] ef\/tdf lgof{t ug]{ k|d'v j:t'x\u00bfdf tof\/L kf;] fs, h6' , wfuf], h:tf kftf, kf]ln:6\/ wfuf], 6S] ;6fON;, s[lifhGo j:tx' \u00bf cflb x'g\\\\ . g]kfn \/ ef\/tsf lardf cflys{ ;xof]u cfbfg kb| fg x'g] u5{ . g]kfnn] ef\/tnfO{ cK7\\\\of\/f] k\/s] f] ;dodf ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] ef\/tn] klg gk] fnsf nflu ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf ;fy} cGo If]qdf ;xofu] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;g\\\\ !(%! b]lv g]kfn ef\/t cfly{s ;xof]u sfo{jm| dsf] ;'? ePsf] lyof] . of] sfo{jm| dsf] p2Z] o g]kfn ;\/sf\/sf] cflys{ ljsf;sf k|of;x\u00bfdf ;xofu] ug]{ \/x]sf] 5 . ef\/tn] gk] fnsf] cflys{ ljsf;sf nflu ;fgf :t\/sf sl\/j $&$ \/ demf}nf tyf 7'nf :t\/sf sl\/j #^ u\/L %!) kl\/ofh] gfx\u00bfdf cfly{s ;xof]u ul\/\/xs] f] 5 . To;}u\/L g]kfnsf nflu j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgLdf klg ef\/tsf] e\\\"ldsf pRr \/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn \/fi6\u00ab a\u00aa} s\\\\ -@)@)_ sf] tYof\u00aas\\\\ sf cg';f\/ ;g\\\\ @)!* df sn' jb} l] zs k|ToIf nufgLdWo] ef\/tsf] !(=* kl| tzt lx:;f \/x]sf] lyof] . pSt jifs{ f nflu b]zut \u00bfkdf of] tYof\u00aas\\\\ ;ae} Gbf pRr xf] . @= gk] fn \/ rLglarsf] ;DaGw rLg gk] fnsf] pQ\/L ee\\\" fudf cjl:yt l5d]sL b]z xf] . ef}uf]lns hl6ntfn] ;xh \u00bfkdf ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@\t 311",";8sdfu{af6 cfjft hfjft ug{ sx] L sl7gfOx\u00bf \/xs] f 5g\\\\ . oL b'O{ bz] sf lardf eflifs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:sl[ ts leGgtfx\u00bf klg \/xs] f 5g\\\\ . To;}n] nfdf] ;do;Dd gk] fn rLglarsf] ;DaGw cfk} rfl\/s tyf ;\/sf\/L :t\/df dfq ;Lldt lyof] . t\/ kl5Nnf] ;dodf oL ;DaGwx\u00bfnfO{ hg:t\/df klg lj:tf\/ ePsf] 5 . -s_ ;fdflhs ;f:+ s[lts ;DaGw gk] fn rLglarsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ s[lts ;DaGw k\/fkj\\\" s{ fnbl] v \/xFb} cfPsf] 5 . &cf+} ztfAbLdf gk] fnsL \/fhs'df\/L es[ 6' Lsf] ljjfx ltAatsf ;df| 6 ;\u00aa| r\\\\ \u00aa uDkf;] Fu ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL leIf' tyf lj\u00e5fg a4' eb| %cf+} ztfAbLsf] ;?' df, gk] fnL l;Nksf\/ c\/lgsf] !!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ\/f4d{ f rLgsf] ed| 0f u\/]sf lyP . To;u} \/L lhg zf;gsf] kfnfdf lrlgofF leIf' dGt kmf lhofg \/ hf6f zf;gsf kfnfdf lrlgofF leIf' d\u00aa\\\\s hc' fg g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf lyP . oL b'O{ b]zsf] ;LdfIf]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x\u00bf Pscfk;df jj} flxs ;DaGw klg sfod x'g] u\/s] f] 5 . o;sf ;fy} pgLx\u00bf Pscsfs{ f] 3\/kl\/jf\/ tyf ;dfhdf hfgc] fpg] klg u5g{ \\\\ . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ hg:t\/df cem Jofks agfpg] k|of;x\u00bf bj' } b]zx\u00bfaf6 eO\/x]sf 5g\\\\ . jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfndf ko{6s cfjfudgsf] lx;fan] rLg rfy} f] b]z xf] . g]kfn ;\/sf\/ cyd{ Gqfno -@)&*_ sf cg;' f\/ ;g\\\\ @)@) df g]kfndf *=$ k|ltzt ko6{ sx\u00bf rLgaf6 cfPsf lyP . uf}td a4' sf] hGd:yn nl' DagLnufot cGo Ifq] sf] ed|0fsf nflu lrlgofF ko6{ sx\u00bf g]kfn cfpg] u5g{ \\\\ . rLg ;\/sf\/n] g]kfnsf] lzIff Ifq] sf] ljsf; h:t}M k':tsfonosf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf\/ ug{, lzIf0f ;+:yfsf ejgx\u00bf lgdf{0f ug{ cflb h:tf nflu 7'nf] \/sd ;xof]u ul\/\/xs] f] 5 . gk] fnLx\u00bfnfO{ pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu rLgsf ljZjljBfnox\u00bfdf 5fqjl[ Qsf] Joj:yf ul\/Psf] 5 . rLgn] ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs tyf ljBfyLn{ fO{ rLgsf] ed| 0fsf nflu lgdGq0ff ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . rLgdf gk] fnL efiffsf] cWoog cWofkg x'g] u5{ . g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu lqej' g ljZjljBfnon] lzIfs k7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg lrlgofF efiff cWoog ug]{sf] ;\u00aaV\\\\ of al9\/xs] f] 5 . -v_ \/fhgLlts ;DaGw g]kfnn] cfk} rfl\/s \u00bfkdf rLg;uF ;g\\\\ !(%% b]lv s\\\"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod u\/L ;f}xfb{k\\\"0f{ Jojxf\/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] rLg;uF ;fj{efd} ;dfgtf, kf\/:kl\/s ;Ddfg, ljZjf;, ;b\\\\efj \/ ;dembf\/Lsf cfwf\/df ;DaGw \/fVb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf nflu lrlgofF b'tfjf;sf cg;' f\/oL b'O{ bz] x\u00bfPs csfn{ fO{ slxNn} wDSofpbF }gg, rf6] k'\u00a5ofpbg} g\\\\ \/ z\u00aas\\\\ f ub}{gg\\\\ . o;sf ;fy} oL ;wF} Ps csf{nfO{ ;Ddfg u5{g\\\\, ljZjf; u5g{ \\\\ \/ ;xofu] u5g{ \\\\ . rLgn] cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf] Ps rLg gLltnfO{ gk] fnn] ;w}F cfTd;ft\\\\ u\/]sf] 5 . ;do ;dodf rLgsf] pRr \/fhgLlts gt] T[ j g]kfn cfpg] u5{g\\\\ . To;}u\/L gk] fnsf] \/fhgLlts g]tT[ jaf6 klg ;do ;dodf rLgsf] e|d0f xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . o;n] klg oL b'O{ b]zsf lardf \/fhgLlts ;DaGw k|uf9 5 eGg ;lsG5 . \/fhgLlts \u00bfkdf bj' } b]zn] Ps csfs{ f] cfGtl\/s dfldnfdf s'g} x:tIf]k gug{] gLlt cjnDag u\/s] f 5g\\\\ . 312\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@","-u_ cfly{s ;DaGw rLg gk] fnsf] bf];f| ] 7n' f] Jofkfl\/s ;femb] f\/ xf] . g]kfn \/ rLglarsf] cfly{s ;DaGw k'\/fgf] 5 . Oltxf;df g]kfnsf] pQ\/L ;Ldfaf6 gk] fnLx\u00bf rLgsf] :jzfl;t Ifq] ltAatdf gg' , ;g' , pg h:tf j:tx' \u00bf vl\/b ug{ \/ ltAatLx\u00bf gk] fnsf] pQ\/L Ifq] df \/xs] f ahf\/df vfBfGg vl\/b ug{ hfg] cfpg] rng lyof] . cflys{ jif{ @)&%\u00f7&^ df g]kfnsf] sn' cfoftdWo] rLgaf6 dfq @@=^( kl| tzt \/ sn' lgof{tdWo] rLgdf dfq @=@& k|ltzt ePsf] lyof] .gk] fn rLg s6\\\" gLlts ;DaGw sfod ePkZrft\\\\ gk] fnn] rLgaf6 yk' }| cflys{ nfe lnPsf] 5 . g]kfn rLglarsf] klxnf] cflys{ ;xofu] ;Demf}tf lj=;+= @)!# cflZjg !^ -cS6fa] \/ !, !(%^_ df x:tfIf\/ ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)#) -;g\\\\ !(*)_ sf] bzssf] dWobl] v lrlgofF ;\/sf\/n] cfly{s \/ kf| ljlws ;xof]u sfoj{ m| dcGtu{t gk] fn ;\/sf\/nfO{ cg'bfg ;xofu] lbg] afrf ul\/\/xs] f] 5 . rLgn] g]kfnnfO{ cgb' fg, AofhdS' t C0f \/ ;x'lnot C0fsf \u00bfkdf ;xofu] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . xfn gk] fndf ;~rflnt lrlgofF ;xfotfsf s]xL kl\/ofh] gfx\u00bf dflyNnf] lqz'nL xfO8f\u00ab k] fj\/ kl\/of]hgf sf7df8fF} rj|mky ;w' f\/ kl\/of]hgf kfv] \/f cGt\/fl{ i6o\u00ab Po\/kf]6{ lgdf0f{ kl\/of]hgf :ofK?aF];L \/;j' fu9L ;8s :t\/fG] glt kl\/ofh] gf l;len c:ktfn :t\/fG] glt kl\/of]hgf sfb] f\/L \/fhdfu{ :t\/fG] glt sfoj{ |md e\/] L aaO{ 8fOe;{g axp' 2Z] o kl\/ofh] gf o;sf cnjf gk] fn rLg cGt\/;\/sf\/L cfly{s \/ Jofkf\/ ;ldlt, sl[ if ;xof]usf nflu g]kfn rLg ;+oS' t ;ldlt, ;Ldf sfgg' k|jtg{ ;xofu] , ;Ldf zN' s a7} s, ;o+ S' t ko6{ g ;dGjo ;ldlt, gk] fn rLgsf] ltAat Jofkf\/ ;xof]u ;ldlt, phf{ ;xof]u ;+oGq, g]kfn rLg ;xofu] sfo{jm| d \/ kl\/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;xof]usf nflu ;+oGq cflb y'k|} ;DaGwx\u00bf \/x]sf 5g\\\\ . rLg\u00e5f\/f k|:yfljt axp' 2Z] o j]N6 \/f]8 cjwf\/0ffdf gk] fn klg ;dfjz] ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)&! -;g\\\\ @)!$_ df ;4} flGts ;xdlt, lj=;=+ @)&# -;g\\\\ @)!^_ df 6f\u00ab lGh6 6f\u00ab G;kf]6 Plud| ]G6df ;xdlt \/ lj=;=+ @)&$ -;g\\\\ @)!&_ df o; cjwf\/0ffdf x:tfIf\/ u\/s] f] 5 . olb o; kl\/ofh] gfdfkm{t g]kfnn] \/]nj] sgl] S6le6LnfO{ tof\/ ug{ ;Sof] eg] ljZj;Fu hf]l8g] dfs} f k|fKt x'g] 5 . kmn:j\u00bfk ;d\u203a' ;uF g]kfnsf] ;f]em} ;Dks{ x'g]5 . o;sf ;fyg} k] fnn] t;] |f] dn' 's;uF sf] Jofkf\/sf nflu ;u' d kf\/jxg ;DaGw ljsf; ug{ rLg ;\/sf\/;Fu ;Demf}tf u\/]sf] 5 . o;n] oL bO' { b]zsf] ;DaGw cem pRr :t\/df k\u00a5' ofPsf] 5 . gk] fndf ePsf] k|ToIf jb} ]lzs nufgLsf] lx;fan] rLg ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] ;f| t] xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@\t 313","lj|mofsnfkx\u00bf -s_ \t sIffdf \/xs] f ;fyLx\u00bfsf lardf kfrF kfFr hgfsf] ;dx\\\" agfpg'xf;] \\\\ \/ ljleGg ;f| ]t ;fdu|Lx\u00bfsf] cWoog u\/L g]kfn ef\/t tyf gk] fn rLglarsf] ;DaGwsf af\/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\\\\ . cEof; != \t tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf pQ\/ lbgx' f];\\\\ M \t -s_ \t g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt ljb]z gLltx\u00bfdWo] s'g} Ps a'bF f pNnv] ugx'{ f];\\\\ . \t -v_ \t g]kfnsf] ;\/sf\/n] to u\/]sf ljb]z gLltx\u00bfdWo] sg' } bO' { a'Fbf pNnv] ug'{xf];\\\\ . \t -u_\t g]kfn\u2013ef\/t aLrsf] cfly{s ;DaGwsf] ;ldIff ug'{xf];\\\\ . \t -3_\t g]kfn\u2013ef\/t aLrsf] \/fhg}lts ;DaGwsf] pNnv] ug'{xf];\\\\ . \t -\u00aa_\t g]kfn\u2013rLg aLrsf] \/fhg}lts ;DaGwsf] JofVof ugx{' f];\\\\ . \t -r_\t gk] fn\u2013rLg aLrsf] cflys{ ;DaGwsf] dV' o ljzi] ftf k|:t't ug{'xf;] \\\\ . \t -5_\t g]kfnsf] k\/\/fi6\u00ab gLltsf cfwf\/x? pbfx\/0f;lxt JofVof ugx'{ f;] \\\\ . 314\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@","# g]kfnsf] cGt\/f{li6o\u00ab ;DaGw kf7 M kl\/ro bf;] f| ] ljZj o'4eGbf klxn] l;ldt bz] x?sf] lardf dfq cfly{s ;xofu] , C0f, cg'bfg 1cflb kr| ngdf lyof] . lj=;=+ @))) -;g\\\\ !(%)_ sf] bzsdf ha ;;+ f\/sf clwsf+z bz] x\u00bf pklgjz] af6 d'St eP ta cflys{ ljsf;, ;DkGgtf, pTkfbg, k|ljlw cflb o'\/f]k, cdl] \/sf, hfkfg, ?; cflb bz] x\u00bfdf \/ ul\/aL, cefj, k5f}6]kg, clzIff tyf hg;\u00aa\\\\Vofsf] 7'nf] lx:;f Pl;ofdf \/xg k'Uof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf cflys{ \u00bfkdf zlStzfnL bz] x\u00bfn] ljZj ahf\/nfO{ cf\u02c6gf] kxFr' aflx\/ hfg glbg cflys{ ;xofu] , cgb' fg, C0f cflbsf] k|rng ;'? u\/]sf lyP . g]kfn \/ ljZjlarsf] ;DaGw lj=;+= @))) -;g\\\\ !(%)_ sf] bzskZrft\\\\ ;;+ f\/df cfly{s pbf\/Ls\/0f, lghLs\/0f \/ ljZjJofkLs\/0f cjwf\/0ffsf] ;?' cft ePsf] xf] . ljZj a}\u00aas\\\\ \/ cGt\/f{li6\u00abo db' |fsfi] fn] ;\/+ rgfut ;dfofh] gsf sfoj{ m| dx\u00bf NofPkZrft\\\\ g]kfnn] klg pgLx\u00bfsf] ;t{x\u00bf dfGb} lj=;+= @)#) -;g\\\\ !(*)_ sf] bzsb]lv cflys{ C0f ;xofu] lng yfns] f] xf] . g]kfnn] lj=;+= @))* -;g\\\\ !(%!_ df klxnf] k6s cdl] \/sfaf6 @,))) cd]l\/sL 8n\/ gub ;xofu] k|fKt u\/s] f] lyof] . ha gk] fnn] ljZj Jofkf\/ ;\u00aa\\\\u7gsf] ;b:otf lnof] \/ ljZj a\u00aa} s\\\\ \/ cGt\/f{li6\u00abo db' |f sfi] fsf ;t{x\u00bf k\\\"\/f u\/L C0f lng yfNof] ta gk] fn klg ljZj ;db' fo;Fu k|ToIf \u00bfkdf hf]l8Psf] 5 . gk] fnn] sn' ljZj Jofkf\/sf] sl\/j )=! kl| tzt dfq cz+ cfu] 6s] f eP tfklg o;n] xfn ljZjsf sl\/j !%) d'n'sx\u00bf;Fu Jofkfl\/s ;DaGw sfod u\/s] f] 5 . tL d'n'sx\u00bfdWo] clwsfz+ ljZj Jofkf\/ ;\u00aa\\\\u7gsf] ;b:o eO;s]sf 5g\\\\ . vf;u\/L lj=;=+ @)$) -;g\\\\ !(()_ sf] bzsdf ljZje\/ 5fPsf] cfly{s pbf\/Ls\/0f \/ e\\\"d08nLs\/0fsf] k|efjaf6 gk] fn klg c5t' f] \/xg ;sg] . ljZjJofkf\/ ;\u00aa\\\\u7gsf] ;b:otfsf nflu g]kfnn] ljlwjt\\\\ cfj]bg lj=;+= @)%% -;g\\\\ !((*_ df u\/]sf] lyof] t\/ lj=;+= @)^) efb| @% -;]K6D] a\/ !!, @))#_ df !$* cf}F ljZjJofkf\/ ;\u00aau\\\\ 7gsf] ;b:otf lnPsf] lyof] . gk] fnsf] lj=;=+ !*&# -;g\\\\ !*!^_ df an] fot;Fusf] s6\\\" gLlts ;DaGw tyf lj=;=+ !*&# -;g\\\\ !*!^_ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwkZrft\\\\ cGt\/f{li6o\u00ab ;DaGwn] gofF lbzf lnPsf] xf] . vf;u\/L, lj=;=+ @))& sf] \/fhgLlts kl\/jtg{ kZrft\\\\ cGt\/fl{ i6o\u00ab hut;\\\\ uF s\\\"6gLlts ;DaGwsf] lj:tf\/, ;+oS' t \/fi6\u00ab;\u00aa3\\\\ nufot c;n+ Ug cfGbfn] g h:tf axk' IfLo d~rdf ;lj|mo pkl:ylt, ;femf lxtsf ljifodf ljsf;f]Gd'v, cNkljsl;t, e\\\"kl\/jl] i6t d'n'sx\u00bf;uF ;xsfo{ lj:tf\/ tyf If]qLo ;xof]udf ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@\t 315","cj4tf ;?' ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn \/ ljZj:t\/sf ;\u00aau\\\\ 7gx\u00bflarsf] ;DaGw gk] fnn] \/fli6o\u00ab lxtsf cfwf\/ et\\\" p2Z] o kf| Kt ug]{ ;+:yfx\u00bf ;b:otf ldlt bl[ i6sf0] faf6 cGt\/fl{ i6o\u00ab ;o+ S' t \/fi6\u00ab;\u00aa3\\\\ !(%% ;DaGw agfpbF } cfPsf] 5 . cGt\/f{li6\u00abo db' f| sfi] f !(^! gk] fnsf] cfly{s s\\\"6gLlt ljZj a\u00aa} \\\\s !(^! dn\\\" et\\\" \u00bfkdf cGt\/f{li6o\u00ab Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}\u00aas\\\\ !(^^ ljZj Jofkf\/ ;\u00aa\\\\u7g @))# cfly{s ;DaGwnfO{ dn' s' sf] ljZj :jf:Yo ;\u00aa\\\\u7g @))$ ;+j[l4 \/ ljsf;df kl\/rfng ug]{ lbzfdf sl] Gbt| \/x]sf] 5 . ;l+ jwfg\u00e5f\/f lgbl]{ zt cGt\/fl{ i6\u00abo ;DaGwsf] 9frF fleq \/xL clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 ljsf;f]Gdv' dn' s' df :t\/fG] glt xg' ], lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox\u00bf \/ \/fli6o\u00ab ;fF]r xfl;n ug{]tkm{ g]kfnsf] cGt\/fl{ i6\u00abo ;DaGw \/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] lj=;=+ @)&& ;fn;Dddf !&) b]zx\u00bf;Fu s\\\"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod u\/L ljbz] sf ljleGg #( :yfgdf cfjf;Lo s\\\"6gLlts lgof]u lj|mofzLn u\/s] f] 5 . g]kfnn] df}lns zflGt kl| jm| ofdf k|jz] u\/];uF } k|fKt pknlAwsf] :yfloTjaf6 l\u00e5kIfLo, Ifq] Lo tyf axk' IfLo ;Demf}tfaf6 cGt\/f{li6\u00abo ahf\/df ;xh kj| z] nfO{ cem alnof] agfpbF } cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn \/ Ifq] Lo tyf j}lZjs ;\u00aa\\\\u7glarsf] ;DaGw ljZjsf dfgj hfltsf] nfdf] ;dosf] k|of;af6 jtd{ fg ;;+ f\/sf] cflys{ , ;fdflhs tyf cGo ;a} vfn] ljsf;x\u00bf kf| Kt ePsf x'g\\\\ . cfly{s ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fn] ;;+ f\/sf ;a} \/fi6\u00abx\u00bf ;dfg 5g} g\\\\ . h'g \/fi6\u00abx\u00bfn] pRr cflys{ ljsf; u\/s] f 5g\\\\ . ltgLx\u00bfn] Oltxf;df cGo \/fi6x\u00ab \u00bfaf6 cflys{ ;xof]u lnPsf] kfOG5 . jm| dzM b]zx\u00bf cf\u02c6gf] cg'sn\\\" sf Ifq] Lo tyf jl} Zjs ;\u00aau\\\\ 7gx\u00bfdf cfj4 xg' yfn] . ;;+ f\/df ;ae} Gbf k'\/fgf] If]qLo ;\u00aa\\\\u7g cdl] \/sg g]kfn;u\u201c l\u00e5kIfLo s\\\"6gLlts ;DaGw ePsf kd| 'v b]zx\u00bf bz] -k\/' fgf_ ldlt bz] -gof_F ldlt b]z -;fs{_ ldlt ;+oS' t clw\/fHo !*!^ df8u:s\/ @)!* ef\/t !($& ;+oS' t \/fHo !($& ;'l\/gfd @)!* >Ln\u00aas\\\\ f !(%& cd]l\/sf kmf| G; !($( 6f]uf] @)!( kfls:tfg !(^) rLg !(%% PSo6fl] \/on u'Og]cf @)!( ckmuflg:tfg !(^! ?; !(%^ P:jfl6gL @)!( a\u00aau\\\\ nfbz] !(&@ hfkfg !(%^ ;G] 6 nl' sof @)!( dflNbE; !(*) l:jh\/NofG8 !(%^ 3fgf @)!( e'6fg !(*# 316\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@","\/fHox\u00bfsf] ;\u00aa\\\\u7g (Organization of American States - OAS) xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\\\\ !**( df ePsf] lyof] . xfn o;sf :yfoL ;b:o \/fi6x\u00ab \u00bf #% cf6] f \/x]sf 5g\\\\ . To;}u\/L, ;g\\\\ !($% :yflkt o'\/fl] kog o'lgogleq xfn @*\/fi6\u00abx\u00bf cfa4 5g\\\\ eg] lj=;=+ @))@ -;g\\\\ !(*%_ df :yflkt ;fs{ ;\u00aa\\\\u7gdf g]kfn;lxt cf7 ;b:o \/fi6\u00abx\u00bf cfa4 5g\\\\ . oxfF sx] L If]qLo ;\u00aau\\\\ 7g \/ s]xL j}lZjs ;\u00aau\\\\ 7gx\u00bfsf] ;\u00aal\\\\ IfKt ljj\/0f pNn]v ul\/Psf] 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofnL Ifq] Lo ;xofu] ;\u00aa\\\\u7g -:ffs_{ South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation ;fs{sf] cjwf\/0ff blIf0f Pl;ofsf cf7 \/fi6\u00abx\u00bf g]kfn, ef\/t, kfls:tfg, a\u00aa\\\\unfbz] , >Ln\u00aas\\\\ f, e6' fg, dflNbE; \/ ckmuflg:tfg ;fss{ f ;b:o xg' \\\\ eg] o;sf koj{ ]Ifs \/fi6\u00abx\u00bf rLg, hfkfg, o'\/f]lkog ;\u00aa3\\\\ , blIf0f sf]l\/of, cdl] \/sf, c:6\u00ab]lnof, O\/fg, df}l\/;; \/ Dofgdf\/ x'g\\\\ . ;fss{ f] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)$@ d\u00aa\\\\l;\/ @# -;g\\\\ !(*% l8;]Da\/ *_ df 9fsf ;Dd]ngaf6 ePsf] xf] . ;fss{ f] :yfkgf sfndf ckmuflg:tfgafx]ssf ;ft \/fi6x\u00ab \u00bf ;xefuL lyP eg] lj=;=+ @)^@ -;g\\\\ @))%_df ckmuflg:tfgn] ;b:otf lnPsf] lyof] . ;fs{ \/fi6\u00abx\u00bfdWo] g]kfn, e'6fg \/ ckmuflg:tfg ek\\\" l\/jl] i7t \/fi6\u00ab xg' \\\\ eg] >Ln\u00aa\\\\sf \/ dflNbE; lardf \/xs] f 5g\\\\ . ;fs{ \/fi6d\u00ab Wo] ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] ef\/t \/ ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dflNbE; xf] . ;fss{ f ;a} \/fi6\u00abx\u00bfdf ef}uf]lns, wfld{s, eflifs, hftLo, n}l\u00aau\\\\ s, ;fdflhs kl\/j]zdf ljljwtf 5 . lj=;+= @)&! 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eGg] al' emG5 . csf{] zAbdf ab} ] cfoft lgoft{ cfoft lgof{t lzs Aofkf\/sf] lbzf eg]sf] lgoft{ sf] ef\/t ^#=% ^#=% ^$=( ^@=@ uGtAo \/ cfoftsf] ;f| t] xf] . g]kfnsf] lrg !#=( !@=! !@=@ !$=! ab} l] zs Aofkf\/ w\/] } xb;Dd ef\/t s] cGo d'ns' x\u00bf @$=^ @$=$ @@=( @#=& Gb|Lt 5 . s\\\"n cfot tyf lgoft{ b'j} ;f| ]tM cy{dGqfno, gk] fn ;\/sf\/ . df ef\/t;Fusf] cz+ em08} bO' l{ txfO{ 5 . ef\/t kl5sf] gk] fnsf] a}b]lzs Aofkf\/sf] bf];f| ] 7N' ff] ;fem]bf\/ rLg xf] . kl5Nnf] ;do ef\/t \/ rLg afxs] ljZjsf cGo bx] zx? ;uF g]kfnsf] Aofkf\/Ls ;DjGw s|dz lj:tf\/ eO{\/xs] f] 5 . ;g\\\\ !(^) ;Dd gk] fnsf] lgof{t \/ cfoft Jofkf\/ ef\/t;uF s]lG\u203at lyof] . lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf g]kfnsf] sn' j}b]lzs Jofkf\/sf] () k|ltzt sf\/f]af\/ ef\/t;uF dfq xg' ] u\/]sf] lyof] . of] sf\/fa] f\/ lj=;+= @)#@ ;fndf *@=! k|ltzt, lj=;+= @)%! df @&=$ k|ltzt \/ lj=;+= @)%$ df @^=$! k|ltztdf em\/]sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)%^\u00f7%& bl] v k]6f\u00ab ]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoftnfO{ ef\/ttkms{ f] Jofkf\/df lx;fa ug{ yfnk] l5 ef\/t;uF sf] sf\/fa] f\/ a9g\\\\ yfns] f] xf] . j}b]lzs Jofkf\/sf] lbzfnfO{ dfly tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . lj|mofsnfk -s_\t tkfO{F a;fa] f; ug{] :yfgLo Ifq] sf Jofkf\/L jf pBdL jf a'l4hLjL;Fu e]63f6 tyf 5nkmn u\/L pSt If]qdf sl[ if tyf jg;uF ;DalGwt sRrf kbfy{af6 j:ts' f] pNkfbg u\/L cGt\/f{li6o\u00ab ahf\/df lgof{t ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf ePsf j:tx' \u00bfsf] ;r\\\" L tof\/ u\/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f];\\\\ . 328\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@","cEof; != tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf pQ\/ lbgx' f;] \\\\ M -s_ \t j}bl] zs Jofkf\/ egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ \t Jofkf\/ ;Gt'ngnfO{ kl\/eflift ug'{xf;] \\\\ . -u_ \t art Jofkf\/ egs] f] s] xf] < -3_ \t Jofkf\/ 3f6fnfO{ kl\/eflift ug{'xf;] \\\\ . -3_ \t gk] fnsf] jb} ]lzs Jofkf\/sf] P]ltxfl;s tYox\u00bf pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\\\ . -\u00aa_ \t gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf\/sf] jl[ 4sf] k'g\/jnfs] g ugx'{ f];\\\\ . -r_ \t gk] fnsf] jb} ]lzs Jofkf\/sf] lbzfnfO{ ;dLIff ug'x{ f;] \\\\ . -5_ \t gk] fnsf] jb} l] zs Jofkf\/sf] ;\/+ rgf pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \\\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@\t 329","%\t\t gk] fnsf] jb} ]lzs \/fh] uf\/ gLlt kf7 M kl\/ro >dzlStM ;fdfGo efiffdf zf\/Ll\/s \u00bfkdf sfd ug{] JolSt >lds \/ pSt JolStsf] ldlxgt] nfO{ >d elgG5 . t\/ cy{zf:qdf zf\/Ll\/s jf dfgl;s \u00bfkdf cflys{ pkfhg{ sf] p2Z] on] sfd ug{] JolSt>lds \/ p;sf] sfo{ jf ldlxgt] nfO{ g} >dsf \u00bfkdf lnOG5 . pbfx\/0fsf nflu olb s'g} el\/of jf 8fS6\/ jf kf| Wofks jf clkm;\/ jf ufosn] cflys{ pkfh{gsf] p2Z] on] sfo{ u\/]sf 5g\\\\ eg] tL ;a} >lds \/ tL ;as} f] ldlxgt] >d xf] . t\/ cyz{ f:qdf wg sdfpg] p2Z] o;Fu ;DalGwt gePsf jf lgMz'Ns ul\/Psf sfdnfO{ >d elgb}g . pbfx\/0fsf nflu sg' } ufosn] cf\u02c6gf] cfgGbsf nflu uLt ufp5F eg] p;sf] uLt ufpg] sfdnfO{ >d elgFb}g . t\/ ;f]xL ufosn] kfl\/>lds lnP\/ uLt ufp5F eg] Tof] sfdnfO{ >d elgG5 . 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If]qx\u00bf h:tM} pTkfbg, ljt\/0f, >d ahf\/, ko6{ g cflb k|ToIf ke| fljt ePsf 5g\\\\ . kmn:j\u00bfk, a\/] fh] uf\/L, ul\/aL \/ c;dfgtfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . gk] fnsf] cflys{ jl[ 4 kl5Nnf] b'O{ bzsd} klxnf]k6s cfly{s jif{ @)&^\u00f7&& df @=!@ k|ltztn] C0ffTds ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ljut rf\/ jif{sf] oyfy{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -cfwf\/e\\\"t dN\\\" odf_ sf] jl[ 4b\/nfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5. dfgj ljsf;sf] cy{ ;fdfGo cyd{ f dfgj ljsf; 5gf6] sf] ;'lglZrttf eg]sf] dflg;sf] ;jf{\u00aa\\\\uL0f ljsf; xf] . dflg;nfO{ hGdbl] v d[To';Dd :j:y tyf bL3{hLjgsf nflu ;fwg 5gf6] df kx'Fr . ;kmn hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos Jojxfl\/s 1fgsf nflu ;fwg 5gf]6df kxr'F . kg{] ;Dk\\\"0f{ s'\/fsf] k|flKt xg' ' g} u'0f:t\/Lo hLjgsf nflu ;fwg 5gf6] df kxF'r . dfgj ljsf; xf] . dflg;nfO{ p;sf] hLjgdf u'0f:t\/Lo lzIff tyf :jf:Yo, ;Eo ;dfh, :jR5 jftfj\/0f, ljleGg k|sf\/sf clwsf\/x\u00bf, kf}li6s vfgs] '\/f, ;l' jwfoS' t jf;:yfg, u0' f:t\/Lo klx\/g, wd{, ;+:sl[ t, dgf\/] ~hg, e|d0f tyf ofqf, zflGt tyf ;'\/Iff, :gx] tyf ;Ddfg, :jtGqtf cflb s'\/fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . oL ;a} s\/' f \/fHon] JolStdf ljt\/0f ug{] geO{ JolSt :jod\\\\ k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd aGg' xf] . To;}n] dfgj ljsf;nfO{ dflg;sf] :jtGqtf \/ cj;\/df j[l4 u\/L pgLx\u00bfsf] sNof0fdf ;'wf\/ ug]{ k|ljm| ofsf \u00bfkdf kl\/eflift ul\/Psf] 5 . ;g\\\\ !(%) sf] bzsdf dfgj ljsf;nfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4;uF hf]8\/] dfgj ljsf;sf bO' { kIfx\u00bf kl\/eflift u\/s] f] kfOG5 . ;g\\\\ @)@) sf] ;o+ S' t \/fi6\u00ab;\u00aa\\\\3Lo Ifdtfsf] lgdf{0f ljsf; sfoj{ m| d (UNDP) sfcg;' f\/,\u00e6dfgj ljsf; eg]sf] Ifdtfsf] ;bk' ofu] dfgjLo hLjgsf] ;d[l4df jl[ 4 ug'{ xf,] g ls sj] n Tof] cy{ Joj:yfsf] ;dl[ 4sf af\/]df h;df pgLx\u00bf al;\/xs] f 5g\\\\ . of] Pp6f cjwf\/0ff xf] hg' hgtf \/ pgLx\u00bfsf] cj;\/ \/ 334\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@","5gf]6df s]lGb|t x'G5\u00c6 . To;n} ] olb ;fwgx\u00bfsf] 5gf6] df dflg;sf] kxFr' 5g} eg] cGo cj;\/x\u00bf -\/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, :jtGqtf, cflb_ df klg kx'Fr k'us] f] 5g} eGg] cy{ nufpg ;lsG5 . dfgj ljsf;nfO{ bO' { kIf af6 xg] { ;lsG5 . klxnfM] dfgj Ifdtfsf] lgdf{0f h:tM} :jf:Yo, 1fg \/ l;kdf ;w' f\/ \/ bf;] |fM] pgLx\u00bfn] kf| Kt u\/]sf] Ifdtf pTkfbg, km';b{ sf] ;do, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts \/ \/fhgLlts Ifq] df pkof]u . UNDP sf cg';f\/ ljsf; ;a} dflg;sf nflu x'g'k5,{ ljsf;sf jl\/kl\/ \/x]sfnfO{ dfq xf]Og . ljsf; hgtfsf,] hgtf\u00e5f\/f \/ hgtfsf nflu x'g'k5{ . n\u00aa} \\\\lus bl[ i6sf0] faf6 dfgj ljsf;nfO{ x]bf{ rf\/ kIfx\u00bf h:tM} pTkfbsTjdf j[l4, ;dtf -;dfg cj;\/_, ;dtfdf lbufk] gf \/ z;StLs\/0f -lg0fo{ df ;xeflutf_ df ljsf; ePsf] xg' 'k5{ . dfgj ljsf; ;r\\\" s (Human Development Index - HDI) UNDP n] ;g\\\\ !(() df dfgj ljsf;sf] dfkgsf n}\u00aa\\\\lus bl[ i6sf]0faf6 dfgj ljsf; nflu tLg ;r\\\" sf\u00aas\\\\ x\u00bfsf] lgdf{0f u\/s] f] lyof] . tL ;r\\\" sf\u00aas\\\\ x\u00bf -!_ \/fd|f] hLjgsf nflu cfDbfgL pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 (Income for Decent Living), -@_ lzIff \/ -#_ ;dtf -;dfg cj;\/_ hLjg kT| ofzf (Life Expectancy) . UNDP sf] dfgj ljsf; kl| tj]bg -@)@)_ n] HDI sf] dfkgdf ;dtfdf lbufk] gf u|x bafa (Planetary Pressure) nfO{ ;dfj]z z;StLs\/0f -lg0f{odf ;xeflutf_ ugk{' g]{ atfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ u|x bafa ;dfof]lht dfgj ljsf; ;\\\"rs (Planetary pressures-adjusted HDI) gfd lbOPsf] 5 . h;nfO{ 5f6] s\/Ldf PHDI elgG5 . PHDI sf] u0fgf ubf{ HDI df ux| df bafa ;\\\"rsf\u00aa\\\\s (Pressure on the Planet Indicator) nfO{ yk ul\/G5 . k[YjL Pp6f ux| xf] . kY[ jLnufot cGo u|xx\u00bfdf dfgj lj|mofsnfkaf6 ljleGg ks| f\/sf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 h:tf Uof;F sf] pTkfbgaf6 bafa l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .o;n] cGttM dfgj ljsf;df g} ;d:of pTkGg u\/s] f] 5 . ;g\\\\ @)@) sf] kl| tj]bgn] ;;+ f\/sf ;a} \/fi6x\u00ab \u00bfnfO{ dfgj ljsf;sf] ;\\\"rssf cfwf\/df rf\/ efudf ljefhg u\/]sf] 5 . cyft{ \\\\ dfgj ljsf;sf] ;r\\\" snfO{ ) bl] v ! sf] :sn] df \/flvG5 . olb sg' } bz] sf] dfgj ljsf;sf] ;\\\"rssf] dfg )=*)) bl] v ! ;Dd 5 eg] clt pRr dfgj ljsf;, )=&)) bl] v )=&(( ;Dd 5 eg] pRr dfgj ljsf;, )=%%! b]lv )=^(( ;Dd 5 eg] dWod dfgj ljsf; \/ )=%%) eGbf sd 5 eg] Gog\\\" dfgj ljsf;ePsf] dflgG5 . o;n] b]zsf gful\/sx\u00bfsf] u'0f:t\/Lo hLjgnfO{ klg ;\u00aa\\\\s]t u5{ . dfgj ljsf; ;r\\\" sn] dflg;sf] hLjgsf] ef}ltsnufot ;a} ks| f\/sf] u'0fsf af\/]df JoSt ub5{ . dfgj ljsf; ;\\\"rf\u00aa\\\\s lgsfNg k|To]s ;\\\"rssf] clwstd\\\\ \/ Gog\\\" td c\u00aa\\\\s yfxf x'gk' b{5 . oL c\u00aas\\\\ ;+oS' t \/fi6\u00ab ;\u00aa3\\\\ n] ;as} f nflu ;fj{hlgs u\/]sf] xG' 5 . dfgj ljsf; ;r\\\" sn] b]zsf] ;fwg \/ ;f| t] nfO{ cfo k|fKt ug]{, lzIff k|fKt ug]{ \/ pRr cfo' kf| Kt ug{] sfo{df nufpg k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ ePsfn] bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf; jl[ 4 xg' ] b]lvG5 . dflg;sf nflu cfjZos kg{] dx\u0152jk0\\\" f{ kIf egs] f] cfDbfgL xf] . To;sf ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@\t 335","lzIff, \/fd|f] cfo' \/ :jR5 jftfj\/0f klg xg' \\\\ . UNDP sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltjb] g -@)@)_ sf cg;' f\/ ;;+ f\/df dfgj ljsf; pRr ePsf] bz] gj]{ xf] . h;sf] dfgj ljsf; ;r\\\" s )=(%& 5 . g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; ;r\\\" s )=^)@ 5 . ljZjdf dfgj ljsf;sf] :t\/df gk] fn !$@cf+} :yfgdf \/xs] f] 5 \/ gk] fn dWod dfgj ljsf; ePsf] b]zleq k5{ . lbuf] ljsf;sf] cy{ lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] cfkmFd} f wflgg ;Sg] Pp6f k|ljm| of xf] . o;n] efjL k':tfn] klg ljsf;sf k|ltkmn lg\/Gt\/ pkefu] ug]{ k|lj|mofnfO{ ;l' glZrt u5{ . lbuf] ljsf;cGt{ut bz] leq pknAw k|fs[lts ;fwg tyf ;f| t] x\u00bfsf] clwstd\\\\ kl\/rfng ul\/G5 . o;sf ;fy;fy} tL ;fwg tyf ;f| t] x\u00bfsf] ;+\/If0f klg ul\/G5 . o; kl| j|mofaf6 ahf\/df xg' ] ;fwgsf] dfu \/ kl\\\" t{sflardf ;Gtn' g sfod ug{] ko| f; ul\/G5 . ks| [ltn] lbPsf] ;G' b\/ ;+\/rgf \/ o;sf] cf\u02c6g} lgod cfkm}Fdf Jojl:yt 5 . To;}n] k|fs[lts jftfj\/0f \/ ljsf;lar cGofG] ofl>t ;DaGw :yflkt ub}{ ljsf; sfo{nfO{ ;~rfng ubf{ pSt ljsf; nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp xg' kU' 5 . k|s[ltn] dfgj hflt;lxt l;\u00aau\\\\ f] k|f0fL hut\\\\nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kf| s[lts ;|f]t pknAw u\/fpg] \/ h}ljs rj|mnfO{ lg\/Gt\/tf lbg] sfo{ ul\/\/xs] f] 5 . o;af6 Psflt\/ dfgjLo cfjZostf k\\\"\/f ug{ pTkfbg, cfk\\\"lt{ \/ pkef]unfO{ ;Gtn' df \/fVg\/] csf{t] km{ kf| sl[ ts lgod \/ o;sf] jf:tljs :j\u00bfknfO{ hLjGt \/fVb} ul\/g] ljsf;nfO{ lbuf] ljsf; elgG5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox\u00bf ;g\\\\ @)!% sf] ;+o'St\/fi6\u00ab ;\u00aa3\\\\ sf]&)cf}+lzv\/ ;Ddn] gdf ljZjsf !(# ;b:o bz] x\u00bfn] ;g\\\\ @)#) ;Dddf ul\/aL \/ o;sf ;a} cfofdnfO{ cflys{ ;dfKt ug]{ \/ ;a} dflg; xfdL a;f]jf; ul\/\/x]sf] u|x -k[YjL_ \/ ljsf; ;as} f] ;d[l4sf nflu Pp6f ;dfg, Gofo;\u00aau\\\\ t \/ ;\/' lIft ljZj agfpg !& cf6] f lbuf] ljsf; nIox\u00bf, !^( kl\/df0ffTds nIo \/ jftfj\/0f ;fdflhs @#@ cf6] f ;\\\"rsdf x:tfIf\/ u\/L hgj\/L !, @)!^ bl] v sfof{Gjog ;\/+ If0f ljsf; ub}{ cfPsf 5g\\\\ . lbuf] ljsf; cjwf\/0ffsf] ;DaGw k|ToIf \u00bfkdf jftfj\/0f;Fu hfl] 8Psf] lbuf] ljsf;sf cfofdx\u00bf lyof] . t\/ kl5 o;nfO{ d'Vo tLg kIf\u00f7cfofddf ;\u00aau\\\\ l7t ul\/Psf] lyof] . tLkIf\u00f7cfofdx\u00bf cflys{ ljsf;, ;fdflhs ljsf; \/ jftfj\/0f ;\/+ If0f x'g\\\\ . pSt lzv\/ ;Dd]ngsf] Ph]G8f \u00e6xfd|f] ljZjsf] \u00bfkfGt\/0f M lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu @)#) Ph]G8f (Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development)\\\" lyof] . 336\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@","!& nIox\u00bf :jR5 kfgL tyf ;\/;kmfO lhDdj] f\/k0\\\" f{ pkefu] \/ pTkfbg ul\/aLsf] cGTo phfd{ f ;xh kxF'r hnjfo' kl\/jt{gdf tTsfn kxn efs] d\/Lsf] cGTo :j:y \/ ;d4[ hLjg dof{lbt \/f]huf\/ \/ cflys{ jl[ 4 hnd'lgsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;\/+ If0f u0' f:t\/Lo lzIff n\u00aa} l\\\\ us ;dfgtf pBfu] , k\\\"jfw{ f\/ \/ gjLg l;h{gf hndflysf] hl} js ljljwtfsf] c;dfgtf Gog\\\" Ls\/0f ;+\/If0f lbuf] ;x\/ \/ ;db' fox\u00bf zflGt, Gofo \/ ;zSt lgsfo nIo k|flKtsf nflu ;femb] f\/L o; PhG] 8fleq !& cf]6f nIox\u00bf lgwf{\/0f ul\/Psf 5g\\\\ . tL nIox\u00bfsf] 5f]6s\/L :j\u00bfknfO{ aS;df bv] fOPsf] 5 eg] tL nIox\u00bf -!_ ;a} 7fpFaf6 ;a} lsl;dsf ul\/aLsf] cGTo ug]{ -@_ ef]sd\/Lsf] cGTo ug,{] -#_ ;an} fO{ :j:y hLjg ;l' glZrt ub{} ;d4[ hLjg k|jwg{ ug]{, -$_ ;a}nfO{ ;dfj]zL tyf ;dtfdn\\\" s u0' f:t\/Lo lzIffsf] ;l' glZrttf ug{,] -%_ n\u00aa} \\\\lus ;dfgtf xfl;n ug{], -^_ ;a}sf nflu :jR5 kfgLsf] ;l' glZrtf ug{], -&_ phf{df kx'Frsf] ;l' glZrttf ug,]{ -*_ lbuf] cfly{s jl[ 4, \/fh] uf\/L \/ dof{lbt sfdsf] kj| w{g ug{] -(_ kj\\\" f{wf\/ tyf lbuf] cf}Bf]uLs\/0fsf] kj| w{g ug]{ -!)_ dn' 'sleq tyf dn' s' x\u00bflarsf] c;dfgtf x6fpg-] !!_ dfgj a;fa] f;nfO{ ;dfjz] L, ;\/' lIft \/ lbuf]agfpg], -!@_ pkefu] \/ pTkfbg k0| ffnL ;'lglZrt ug]{ -!#_ hnjfo' kl\/jt{g \/ o;sf] k|efj lgoGq0f ug{]- !$_ dxf;fu\/, ;d'\u203a \/ ;d\u203a' L ;|ft] sf] lbuf] k|ofu] tyf ;+\/If0f ug{] -!%_ kofj{ \/0fsf] ;+\/If0f, kg' :yf{kgf \/ lbuf] pkofusf] kj| wg{ ug]{- !^_ hjfkmbx] L, Gofo tyf zflGtk0\\\" f{ \/ ;dfj]zL ;dfhsf] k|jw{g ug]{ \/ -!&_ ljZjJofkL ;femb] f\/L ;zSt agfpg] \/x]sf 5g\\\\ . lbuf] ljsf; oL !& cf6] f nIosf cfwf\/df lbuf] ljsf;sf kfrF :tDex\u00bf to ul\/Psf] 5 . tL :tDex\u00bf k[YjL, dfgj, ;d[l4, zflGt \/ ;femb] f\/L x'g\\\\ . g]kfn \/ lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox\u00bf gk] fn ;\/sf\/n] rfw} f}F of]hgfb]lv g} lbuf] ljsf;sf nIonfO{ cfGtl\/sLs\/0f ul\/\/xs] f] 5 . ;f]cg';f\/ cfoj[l4, u0' f:t\/Lo dfgj k'hF L lgdf0{ f \/ cflys{ hf]lvdsf] Go\\\"gLs\/0f ub{} lj=;=+ @)&( ;Dddf clt sd ljsl;t bz] af6 ljsf;zLn b]zdf :t\/f]Gglt ug]{ \/ lj=;+= @)*& ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ub{} pRr dWod cfo:t\/ ePsf] dn' s' df :t\/fG] glt x'g] u\/L bL3{sfnLg nIo lnOPsf] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd ;d4[ gk] fn, ;v' L gk] fnLsf] \/fli6\u00abo cfsf+Iff xfl;n xg' ] u\/L ;\u00aa3\\\\ , k|b]z \/ :yfgLo txdf gLlt, ofh] gf tyf sfoj{ |md sfof{Gjog ub{} cfPsf] 5 . gk] fn ;\/sf\/n] g]kfnsf] j:t'ut oyfyt{ fnfO{ ;d6] g\\\\ @#@ cf]6f ;r\\\" sdf @$& cf6] f ;r\\\" sx\u00bf yk u\/L $&( ;\\\"rsx\u00bf lgwf{\/0fu\/s] f] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfnnfO{ ;g\\\\ @)#) ;Ddsf nflu jflif{s cf};t ?= @)@$=* ca{ cfjZos kg]{ \/ o;sf] %$=* k|ltzt ;fj{hlgs If]q, #^=% k|ltzt lghL If]q, $=$ kl| tzt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@\t 337","3\/kl\/jf\/ \/ $=# k|ltzt ;xsf\/L tyf u\/} ;\/sf\/L If]qaf6 of]ubfg x'g] k|Ifk] 0f ul\/Psf] 5 . of] \/sddf jflifs{ sl\/j cf};t ?= % va{ *% ca{ gku' \/x]sf] 5, h;df ;\/sf\/sf tkma{ f6 ?= @=!* va{ \/ lghL If]qaf6 ?= #=^^ va{ yk h'6fpg'kg{] cj:yf 5 . lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ dWogh\/ ub{} g]kfn ;\/sf\/n] hg:jf:Yo, kz':jf:Yo \/ jftfj\/0fLo :jf:Yolar ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ :jf:Yo \/0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfn ;\/sf\/n] k|wfgdGqL sl[ if cfwl' gsLs\/0f kl\/ofh] gf, pGgt laplahg sfoj{ m| d, rSnfaGbL v]tL sfo{jm| d, l;FrfO cfof]hgfx\u00bf, sl[ if k|ofu] zfnf ;]jf sfoj{ |md cflb sfofG{ jogdf NofPsf] 5 . pBfu] Ifq] nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ljzi] f cflys{ If]q Pg] hf\/L u\/L ljleGg sfo{j|mdx\u00bf ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . ;x\/L ljsf; sfoj{ |mdcGtu{t 3\/kl\/jf\/af6 pTkGg xg' ] kmfx] f]\/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;\/sf\/n] e\\\"\u2013OlGhlgol\/\u00aa tyf e\\\"\u2013jftfj\/0fLo sfoj{ |md, hgtf cfjf; sfoj{ |md, ;'\/lIft gful\/s cfjf; sfoj{ m| d ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . jftfj\/0f tyf hnjfo' kl\/jt{g;uF ;DalGwt ljleGg sfo{jm| dx\u00bf ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\\\\ . g]kfn ;\/sf\/n] hnjfo' kl\/jt{gsf hfl] vdnfO{ Go\\\"gLs\/0f ug]{ p2]Zocg'\u00bfk \/fli6\u00abo hnjfo' kl\/jt{g gLlt, @)&^, hnjfo' pTyfgzLn ljsf; of]hgf, sfa{g pT;h{g Go\\\"gLs\/0f sfoj{ m| d, ;f}o{ phf{ sfo{jm| d, ;'wfl\/Psf] rN' xf] sfo{jm| d, jfo' k|bi' f0fsf af\/]df ;j;{ fwf\/0f gful\/snfO{ ;r\\\" gf k|jfx ug{ Air Quality Data Display Board sf] :yfkgf u\/L sfof{Gjog u\/s] f] 5 . 338\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@","ljm| ofsnfk -s_\tg]kfnn] ;g\\\\ @)#) ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox\u00bf xfl;n ug{ s:tf s:tf r'gf}tLx\u00bfsf] ;fdgf ug{k' nf{ eGg] ;DaGwdf :yfgLo clwsf\/Lx\u00bf jf lzIfsx\u00bf jf hgkl| tlglwx\u00bf, \/fhgLltsdLx{ \u00bf tyf :yfgLo j'l4hLljx\u00bf;uF e6] 3f6 u\/L 5nkmn ugx{' f];\\\\ . pSt 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt glthf sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f;] \\\\ . cEof; != tn lbOPsf kZ| gsf pQ\/ lbg'xf;] \\\\ M -s_\t cfly{s j[l4sf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\\\\ . -v_\t cflys{ ljsf; egs] f] s] xf] < pNnv] ug{x' f];\\\\ . -u_\tsg' } tLg jifs{ f] gk] fnsf] cfly{s jl[ 4b\/ pNnv] ug{'xf;] \\\\ . -3_\t dfgj ljsf;nfO{ kl\/eflift ug'{xf;] \\\\ . -\u00aa_ \t dfgj ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf ;\\\"rsf\u00aa\\\\sx\u00bfsf] JofVof ug{x' f];\\\\ . -r_\t lbuf] ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf tLg cfofdx?sf] rrf{ ug{x' f;] \\\\ . -5_\t lbuf] ljsf;sf kfrF :tDex?sf] JofVof ug'{xf];\\\\ . -h_\t lbuf] ljsf;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;\/sf\/n] rfn]sf sbdx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\\\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@\t 339","&\tk\tf7 M gk] fndf ul\/aL rjm| \/ ;Dafw] gsf pkfox\u00bf ul\/aLsf] cy{ ul\/aL egs] f] cf\u02c6gf] cfDbfgLn] cf\u02c6gf bl} gs cfwf\/et\\\" cfjZostf ufF;, af; tyf skf; h:tf ;d:ofx\u00bf ;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg' xf] . csf{] zAbdf Gog\\\" td Sofnf]\/L pkefu] sf nflu cfjZos cfo:t\/eGbf sd cfo x'g'nfO{ ul\/aL elgG5 . jf:tjdf ul\/aL zAbn] cefjnfO{ hgfp5F . h'g dflg;;uF cflys{ cefj xG' 5 Tof] dflg; ul\/a xf] . To;u} \/L h'g \/fi6\u00ab;uF cfly{s cefj xG' 5 Tof] \/fi6\u00ab ul\/a xf] . hg' JolSt cfkm\\\\ gf] hLjg hLljt \/fVgsf nflu lbg\/ft ldlxg]t ub5{ , lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfl} i6s cfxf\/sf] sdL 5, cf}ifwL pkrf\/ ug{ ;Sbg} , laxfg vfgf vfPsf] JolStsf nflu an] 'sf vfg] s\/' fsf] ;'lglZrttf xbF' }g eg] Tof] JolSt ul\/a xf] eg] p;sf] kj| l[ Q ul\/aL xf] . UNDP n] ;g\\\\ !((* sf] kl| tj]bgdf pNnv] eP cg';f\/ ul\/aL egs] f] 5gf6] tyf ljsNkx\u00bfaf6 al~rt x'g' \/ dfgjLo kl| ti7fsf] xgg\\\\ x'g' xf] . o;sf] cy{ ;dfhdf ke| fjsf\/L ;xefuLdf sdL, ufF;, af; tyf skf;sf] kof{Kttfdf sdL, lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] kxFr' gx'g,' \/f]huf\/ tyf C0fdf kx'Fr gx'g,' JolSt, kl\/jf\/ tyf ;dfhsf] c;\/' Iff, zlStxLgtf tyf alxis\/0f xg' ' g} ul\/aL xf] . UNDP kl| tj]bg -@))!_ sf cg;' f\/, \u00e6ul\/aLsf b'O{ kIfx\u00bf 5g,\\\\ klxnf] Go\\\"g cfo xf] hg' ;Ddfgk\\\"j{s hLjgofkg ug{ ckofK{ t 5 \/ bf;] |f] dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] Gog\\\" Ifdtf xf] hg' JolStx\u00bfn] cfkm\\\"n] rfx]cg;' f\/ hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sb}Fg\u00c6 . ul\/aLsf cfwf\/ kl\/efiff -ul\/aL lgjf\/0f gLlt @)&^ sf cg;' f\/_ pkef]u cf=j= @)^^\u00f7^& sf] dN\\\" odf jflifs{ ?= !(,@^! eGbf sd pkef]u ug{] cj:yf cfjZostfsf] kl\/k\\\"lt{ cfwf\/e\\\"t tyf dofl{ bt hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;j] f ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt x'gk' g]{ cj:yf ;Ifdtf ;a} ks| f\/sf ul\/aL \/ ljd'vtfaf6 d'St eO{ cfTd;Ddfg tyf u'0f:t\/Lo hLjg cfTdlbg]{lzt hLjgofkg ug{] ;Ifdtfsf] sdL dfgjfl] rt Gog\\\" td hLjgofkfgsf nflu cfjZos ;fwg, cj:yf c;dfgtf \/ lje]b \/ ;l' jwfsf] sdL dfgj clwsf\/ ;a} ks| f\/sf lje]bsf] cj:yfdf hLjg lhpg afWo x'g] l:ylt cfwf\/et\\\" xs clwsf\/ \/ :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u u\/L hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] g};lu{stfdf cj\/fw] 340\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@","g]kfnsf] ul\/aL lgjf\/0f gLlt, @)&^ n] gk] fnsf] ul\/aLsf] kl\/efiff \/ klxrfgsf cfwf\/x\u00bf k:| t't u\/]sf] 5 . o; gLltn] gk] fnsf] ul\/aLnfO{ pkefu] , cfwf\/et\\\" cfjZostfsf] kl\/k\\\"lt{, ;Ifdtf, hLjgsf] u0' f:t\/, c;dfgtf \/ ljeb] tyf dfgj clwsf\/sf] xgg\\\\sf cfwf\/df kl\/eflift u\/s] f] 5 . tL kl\/efiffx\u00bf aS;df b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; gLltdf ul\/aL dfkgsf ;ftcf6] f cfwf\/x\u00bf pNnv] ul\/Psf] 5 . tL cfwf\/x\u00bf -!_ cfo -@_ pkefu] -#_ lbuf] hLjgofkgsf nflu pTkfbgzLn ;fwgdf kxFr' -$_ lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf cGo cfwf\/et\\\" cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;j] fdf kxF'r -%_ ;fdflhs ljeb] tyf alxis\/0f, -^_ cfwf\/et\\\" cfgj clwsf\/ -&_ Ifdtf x'g\\\\ . ul\/aLsf b'O{ ks| f\/x\u00bf 5g\\\\ . tL o;k|sf\/ pNnv] ul\/Psf] 5 M != lg\/k]If ul\/aL (Absolute Poverty) lg\/kI] f ul\/aL egs] f] cfkm\\\\ gf cfwf\/et\\\" cfjZostfx\u00bf klg k\\\"\/f ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf xf] . Pp6f JolSt h;n] cfkm\\\"nfO{ hLjg ofkgsf nflu geOgx'g] clgjfo{ j:t'x\u00bf vfgf, sk8f tyf af;sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ g;sL bM' v ofkg ul\/\/xs] f] 5 . To;nfO{ lg\/kI] f ul\/aL elgG5 . lg\/k]If ul\/aLnfO{ csf{] ul\/aL;Fu t'ngf gu\/L cfwf\/et\\\" cfjZostfsf j:tx' \u00bf;Fu dfq t'ngf ul\/G5 . g]kfnsf] ul\/aL lgjf\/0f gLlt @)&^ sf cg';f\/ cfwf\/e\\\"t dfgjLo cfjZostfsf j:t', Ifdtf \/ ;]jfaf6 ljdv' x'g] cj:yfdf hLjgofkg ug{ afWo ePsf] l:ylt g} lg\/k]If ul\/aL xf] . @= ;fk]If ul\/aL (Relative Poverty) ;fk]If ul\/aLnfO{ cGo JolStsf] cfo;Fu t'ngf ul\/G5 . o;df Pp6f JolStn] cf\u02c6gf cfwf\/et\\\" cfjZostfx\u00bf k\\\"\/f u\/]sf] 5 t\/ ;dfhsf cGo JolStx\u00bfeGbf sd cfDbfgL ub{5 eg] Tof] JolSt ;fk]If ul\/aLleq kb5{ . ;fkI] f ul\/aLsf] dfkb08 cfo ljt\/0fsf] ;dfgtf tyf c;dfgtfsf cfwf\/df xl] \/G5 . olb \/fli6\u00abo cfosf] ljt\/0f ;dfg 5 eg] ToxfF ;fkI] f ul\/aL sd x'G5 \/ \/fli6o\u00ab cfosf] ljt\/0f c;dfg 5 eg;] fkI] f ul\/aL w]\/} xG' 5 . ul\/aLsf] \/v] f ljZj a\u00aa} \\\\ssf cg';f\/ jflif{s %)) 8n\/eGbf sd cfo k|fKt ug]{ JolSt ul\/aLsf] \/v] fleq kb5{ eg] @&% 8n\/eGbf sd cfo k|fKt ug]{ JolSt clt ul\/aLleq kb{5 . UNDP n] ;g\\\\ !(() sf] dfgj ljsf; kl| tjb] gdf k|lt lbg ! cdl] \/sL 8n\/eGbf sd cfo ug{] JolSt ul\/aLsf] \/]vfleq k5{ egs] f] 5 eg] ;g\\\\ @)!% sf] kl| tjb] gdf kl| t lbg !=@% cdl] \/sL 8n\/ -kl| tJolSt cfodf_ eGbf sd cfo ug{] JolSt ul\/aLsf] \/v] fleq k5{ eg]sf] 5 . sG] b|Lo tYof\u00aa\\\\s ljefusf] g]kfn hLjg:t\/ ;j{I] f0f -@)!!_ cg';f\/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ul\/aL \/]vfsf] cfo ?= !(,@^! xf] . g]kfndf ul\/aLsf] dfkgsf] k|d'v cfwf\/ eg]sf] kl| tlbg z\/L\/sf nflu cfjZos kg{] @$ ;o lsnf] Sofnf\/] Lsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfDbfgL xf] . hg' cfDbfgL jflifs{ ? !(,@^! xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@\t 341","g]kfn \/ ul\/aL gk] fn ;\/sf\/n] ;a} ks| f\/sf] ul\/aLd'St ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{] bL3s{ fnLg ;f]rcg\u00bf' k ul\/aL lgjf\/0fsf nflu cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf;lxtsf] pRr cflys{ j[l4 xfl;n ug{ \/fli6o\u00ab ljsf; \/0fgLlt cjnDag u\/s] f] 5 . ul\/aLsf] kmn} fj6, ljifdtf \/ uxgtfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u\/L nlIft ;d\\\"x sfo{j|mddfkmt{ kh'F L, kl| jlw \/ :yfgLo ;f| ]t ;fwgsf] pkofu] df ul\/a tyf ljkGg ju{sf] kx'Fr tyf ;xeflutf a9fpg] sfoj{ m| dx\u00bf ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] cfly{s c;dfgtf Go'gLs\/0f ug{] Pjd\\\\ ul\/aLsf] \/v] fd'lg \/xs] f] hg;\u00aaV\\\\ of lj=;+= @)*& ;Dd % k|ltztdf \/ lj=;+= @!)) ;Dddf z\\\"Godf emfg{] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cflys{ jif{ @)*)\u00f7*! ;Dddf lg\/k]If ul\/aLnfO{ !) kl| tzteGbf sddf emfg{] \/ axc' foflds ul\/aLnfO{ !!=% k|ltztdf emfg{] nIo lnPsf] 5 . UNDP sf] dfgj ljsf; kl| tjb] g -@)@)_ sf cg';f\/ gk] fnsf] dfgj ljsf; ;\\\"rs )=^)@ 5 . ;fy} g]kfn !$@cfF} :yfgdf \/ dWod dfgj ljsf; ePsf] bz] leq k5{ . ul\/a 3\/kl\/jf\/ nlIft sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ug{ @# lhNnfdf ul\/a 3\/kl\/jf\/sf] klxrfg sfo{ ;DkGg ul\/Psf] 5 . gk] fndf jtd{ fg ul\/aLsf] cj:yfnfO{ xb] f,{ cyd{ Gqfno -@)&&_ sf cg;' f\/ gk] fndf !*=& kl| tzt dflg;x\u00bful\/aLsf] \/]vfdl' g @*=^ k|ltzt dflg;x\u00bf, ax'cfolds ul\/aL\/ !^=^& kl| tzt dflg;x\u00bf lg\/kI] f ul\/aLleq aflF r\/x]sf 5g\\\\ . ul\/aLsf] rj|m ul\/aLsf] rj|mn] Pp6f JolSt jf \/fi6\u00ab ul\/a ePsf sf\/0fn] g} k'gM ul\/aLdf kU' 5 eGg] s'\/f bv] fp5F . o;} ;Gbe{df cy{zf:qL Ragner Nurkus eGb5g\u2013\\\\ \u00e6Pp6f bz] ul\/a ePsfn] ul\/a xG' 5\u00c6 .ul\/aL Pp6f o:tf] t\u0152j xf] h;n] lg\/Gt\/ ul\/aLleq g} kl\/j|mdf ul\/\/xG5 . Pp6f \/f]6]lk\u00aasf] lksf{ hg' :yfgaf6 3'dfpg ;?' u\/] klg To;n] cfkm\\\\ gf] rjm| k\/\\\" f ubf{ k'gM ToxL 7fpFdf cfOk'Ub5 . ul\/aLsf] rj|m klg cefjaf6 ;?' eO{ cefjdf g} cfP\/ 6\u00aa' l\\\\ uG5 . gk] fndf cflys{ ljsf;sf] cj\/fw] sf \u00bfkdf o; rjm| nfO{ lng] ul\/G5 . o;nfO{ dfu \/ kl\\\" t{ kIfaf6 JofVof ul\/G5 . ul\/aLsf dfu \/ kl\\\" t{ rj|mnfO{ lgDgfg';f\/ :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M kl\\\" t{ kIf dfu kIf ul\/aL ul\/aL Gog\\\" pTkfbg Gog\\\" cfo Gog\\\" pTkfbg Go\\\"g cfo Gog\\\" nufgL Go\\\"g art Go\\\"g nufgL Go\\\"g dfu 342\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@","of] gk] fnL cyt{ Gqsf] jf:tljs cj:yf xf] . o:tf] ul\/aLsf] sr' j|m tf]8g\\\\ sf nflu nufgLdf jl[ 4 ugk{' 5{ . nufgLdf j[l4 ug{] klxnf] pkfo egs] f] cfGtl\/s k'FhLsf] kl\/rfng xf] . olb cfGtl\/s k'FhLdf sdL 5 eg] j}bl] zs khF' Lsf] kl\/rfng -;xof]u, cg'bfg tyf C0f_ \u00e5f\/f nufgLdf jl[ 4 ug{k' b{5 . nufgLdf j[l4 ubf{ pTkfbg tyf \/f]huf\/Ldf jl[ 4 x'G5 . kmn:j\u00bfk, cfo tyf artdf jl[ 4 x'G5 . h;n] ul\/aLsf] o:tf] s'rjm| nfO{ ;'rjm| df kl\/0ft u5{ . gk] fnsf nflu ul\/aLsf] rjm| sf ;Daf]wgsf pkfox\u00bf ul\/aL g]kfnL cyt{ Gqsf] kd| v' ;d:of xf] . gk] fnn] gjf}F ofh] gfb]lv nuftf\/ jtd{ fg of]hgf;Dd klg ul\/aL lgjf\/0fnfO{ k|dv' p2]Zodf \/fvs] f] 5 t\/ klg !*=& kl| tzt dflg; ul\/aLsf] \/v] fdg' L \/xs] f 5g\\\\ . gk] fndf ul\/aLsf] rjm| alnof] u\/L a;s] f] 5 . o;nfO{ tf8] \\\\gsf nflu lgDglnlvt pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 M !=\t nufgLdf j[l4M of] Pp6f ;zSt dfWod xf] . g]kfndf nufgLdf j[l4 ug{ cfodf \/ artdf sdL 5 . o:tf] sdLnfO{ k\/\\\" f ug{ g]kfn ;\/sf\/n] cNksfnLg tyf bL3s{ fnLg :j\u00bfksf cfGtl\/s tyf afxo\\\\ C0f, ;xofu] , cgb' fg cflb lng ;S5 . kmn:j\u00bfk, nufgLdf j[l4 x'G5 \/ gk] fndf \/x]sf] ul\/aLsf] rjm| tf8] \\\\g ;lsG5 . @=\t kf| s[lts ;fwgsf] pkofu] M b]zdf kf| sl[ ts ;fwgx\u00bfsf] pRr kl\/rfngaf6 \/f]huf\/Ldf j[l4xG' 5 . cfocfhg{ df j[l4 ub{} ul\/aL Go\\\"gLs\/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . kf| s[lts ;fwgx\u00bfsf] pkofu] \u00e5f\/f pBf]u, k\\\"jf{wf\/ tyf s[lif Ifq] sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . oL If]qsf] ljsf;af6 bz] df \/fh] uf\/Lsf] l;hg{ f x'G5 . \/fh] uf\/Ldf j[l4 ubf{ gful\/sx\u00bfsf] cfodf j[l4 xG' 5 . kmn:j\u00bfk bz] df \/xs] f] pRr ul\/aLnfO{ Gog\\\" Ls\/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . #= \t nlIft ;d\\\"x sfo{jm| dM bz] df ljleGg If]qx\u00bfdf 5l\/P\/ \/x]sf jf a;f]jf; u\/s] f cfd g]kfnL gful\/sdWo] jf:tljs ul\/a g]kfnLx\u00bfsf] klxrfg ul\/ tL ul\/a g]kfnLx\u00bfsf] cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4 ug{] vfnsf ljleGg sfo{j|mdx\u00bf ;\/sf\/L tyf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ul\/gk' 5{ . o;\/L nlIft ;dx\\\" sf nflu agfOPsf sfo{jm| dx\u00bfaf6 c\u00bf dWod tyf pRr jus{ f dflg;x\u00bfn] s'g} k|sf\/sf] kmfObf p7fpg g;s'g egL ;tst{ f ckgfpg' kb{5 . $=\thg;xeflutfdf jl[ 4M ;\/sf\/L tyf u}\/;\/sf\/L lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ul\/g] ul\/aL lgjf\/0f;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{jm| dx\u00bfdf :yfgLo ul\/a ;d'bfosf JolStx\u00bfnfO{ sfo{jm| d ;~rfng kl| jm| ofdf ;xefuL agfpg'kb{5 . o;f]ubf{ pgLx\u00bfn] tL sfoj{ |mdx\u00bfnfO{ ;xh \u00bfkdf :jLsf\/ ug]{ tyf ;xof]u ug{] ub5{ g\\\\ . kmn:j\u00bfk tL ul\/aL lgjf\/0f jf Gog\\\" Ls\/0fsf sfo{j|mdx\u00bf \/ tL sfo{j|mdx\u00bfaf6 k|fKt pknlAw lbuf] aGg] ub5{ g\\\\ . %=\t \/fh] uf\/Ldf j[l4M ul\/atyf a\/] fh] uf\/ dflg;x\u00bfn] pRr lzIff tyf l;k xflF ;n gu\/]sf sf\/0f Gog\\\" cfDbfgL x'G5 . tL JolStx\u00bfnfO{ \/fh] uf\/Lsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;s]sf] v08df pgLx\u00bfsf] cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4 x'G5 \/ gk] fndf ul\/aL Go\\\"g ug{ ;lsG5 . ^=\t sl[ ifdf cfwl' gsLs\/0fM gk] fndf w]\/} dflg; s[lif k];fdf nfus] f 5g\\\\ . olb s[lif If]qnfO{ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@\t 343","Jofj;flosd'vL, cfwl' gs tyf s[lifdf pTkfbsTj pRr ug{] xf] eg] sl[ if k];fdf nfus] f ls;fgx\u00bfsf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 xG' 5 \/ gk] fnsf] ul\/aL Gog\\\" ug{ ;lsG5 . sl[ if pTkfbgdf nfus] f dflg;x\u00bfnfO{ tflnd lbg,] cfwl' gs ljlw tyf cfh} f\/x\u00bfsf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, plrt d\\\"No lgwf\/{ 0f ug]{, larf}lnofsf] zfi] f0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ cflb sfo{ ubf{ ls;fgx\u00bfsf] cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4 x'G5 \/ u|fdL0f ul\/aL Gog' Ls\/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . &=\t lzIff tyf tflndsf] Joj:yfM uf| dL0f If]qdf \/x]sf ls;fgx\u00bfnfO{ s[lif;DaGwL lzIff tyf tflnd kb| fg ug]{ tyf ;x\/L \/ cw;{ x\/L Ifq] sf a\/] fh] uf\/ JolStnfO{ \/f]huf\/d\\\"ns lzIff tyf tflndsf] Joj:yf u\/L \/fh] uf\/Ldf j[l4 ug{ ;ss] f] v08df ul\/aL Go'gLs\/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . lj|mofsnfk -s_\t ;dx' ;dx' df \/xL ul\/jL lgjf\/0fsf nflu ePsf cfkm\\\\gf] kflnsfdf ePsf :yflgo ko| f;x?nfO{ ;ldIff ug{x' f];\\\\ \/ sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\\\\ . -v_\t ul\/jLsf] b'irqm tf]8g\\\\ tkfO{ \/ tkfO{sf] kl\/jf\/sf] el\\\" dsf s] xg' ;S5 < ;d'xdf 5nkmn u\/L lgisif{ sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf;] \\\\ . cEof; != \t tn lbOPsf k|Zgsf pQ\/ lbg'xf];\\\\ M -s_\t ul\/jLsf] cy{ nV] g'xf;] \\\\ . -v_\t ;fkI] f ul\/jL eg]sf] s] xf] < . -u_\t lg\/k]If ul\/jLnfO{ kl\/eflift ug'{xf;] \\\\ < -3_\t ul\/jLsf] rqmnfO{nfO{ JofVof ug{'xf;] \\\\ . -\u00aa_\t b}lgs slt eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] JolStnfO{ ul\/j dflGfG5 < -r_\t ul\/jLsf] rqmdf dfu kIfsf ;r\\\" sf+sx?sf] JofVof ugx{' f;] \\\\ . -5_\t ul\/jLsf] rqmsf k\\\"lt{ kIfsf ;\\\"rsfs+ x?sf] JofVof ug{x' f;] \\\\ . -h_\t g]kfnsf nflu ul\/aLsf] rqmsf] ;Dafw] gsf pkfox\u00bfsf] JofVof ug'{xf;] \\\\ . -em_\t gk] fn ;\/sf\/sf] ul\/jL lgjf\/0f gLlt @)&^ n] g]kfnsf] ul\/jL sg' \u2013s'g cfwf\/df kl\/eflift u\/]sf] 5 < tL cfwf\/x? pNn]v ub{}] JofVof ug{x' f];\\\\ . 344\t\t\t\t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@","( ;d;fdlos 36gfx\u00bf kf7 M lzIff tyf lj1fg \/ kl| jlw g]kfnn] lzIff If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;j+ w} flgs tyf sfgg' L Joj:yfx\u00bf ldnfO{ nufgLdf jl[ 4 ul\/\/x]sf] ;dodf lj=;+= @)&^ ;fnbl] v ljZj dxfdf\/Lsf] \u00bfkdf kml} nPsf] sfl] e8 !( sf sf\/0f bz] sf ;a} afnaflnsfx\u00bf 3\/leq \/xg afWo ag] . o; dxfdfl\/n] ;+;f\/e\/ sl\/j ! ca{ #) s\/f]8 afnaflnsfx\u00bfsf] cWoog sfod{ f afwf k'\u00a5ofof] . \u00e6hxfF ;d:of ToxL pkfo\u00c6 eGg] pvfg rl\/tfy{ ub}{ gk] fn ;\/sf\/ \/ lzIff;uF ;DalGwt lghL If]q ldn\/] afnaflnsfx\u00bfsf] cWoognfO{ ;r' f? ug{ cg]sf}F pkfox\u00bfsf] vf]hL ug{ yfn] . o;} ;Gbed{ f gk] fn ljBfno aGb ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 g]kfn ;\/sf\/n] lj=;=+ @)&& h7] dlxgfdf \u00e6js} lNks k|0ffnLaf6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;xhLs\/0f lgb{]lzsf\u2013@)&&\u00c6 hf\/L ub}{ cfiff9 ! utb] ]lv nfu' ug{] u\/L lgb]{zg hf\/L u\u00a5of] . o; lgb{l] zsfnfO{ sfofG{ jog ug{ gk] fn ;\/sf\/, :yfgLo ;\/sf\/x\u00bf, lghL Ifq] , ljBfno k|zf;g tyf cleefjsx\u00bf nfluk\/] . ljBfyL{sf] kxFr' df \/xs] f b\/' ;~rf\/sf dfWodx\u00bf h:t} M \/l] 8of,] 6]lnlehg, cgnfOg, b\/' tyf v'nf lzIff cflbsf] klxrfg u\/L k7gkf7g kl| jm| of ;?' ul\/of] . ;'?;?' df b'\/;~rf\/sf ;fwgx\u00bfsf] kx'Frdf sdL ePsf sf\/0f ljBfyL{ ;xeflutfdf sdL lyof] eg] xfn j|mdzM ljBfyL{ ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . jtd{ fg ;dodf lzIff Ifq] sf] ;~rfngdf gofF tl\/sfaf6 ;f]Rg] tyf ofh] gfx\u00bf agfpg] sfos{ f] yfngL klg ePsf] 5 . xfn} dfq lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] :gftsf]Q\/ txdf cfdg] ;fdg] 9fFrf \/ cgnfOg 9fFrf bj' }df egf{sf nflu ;r\\\" gf ks| fzg u\/s] f] 5 . o;n] s] bv] fpF5 eg] casf] afFsL ljZj k\/Dk\/fut ljlw jf k0| ffnLaf6 dfq ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej 5}g \/ To;sf nflu gofF ljlw tyf k|0ffnLaf6 ;fR] g], of]hgf agfpg] \/ ;f]xLcg;' f\/ sfo{ ug]{tkm{ cu;| \/ ugk'{ 5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . lj1fg \/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf sf\/0f cfh ljBfyL{ cfcf\u02c6gf] 3\/ jf kfos kg{] 7fpFaf6 lzIff cfhg{ ul\/\/xs] f 5g\\\\ . df]afOn, sDKo'6\/, Nofk6k, OG6\/g6] cflbsf] ko| fu] af6 cgnfOg sIffdfkm{t cWoog cWoofkg sfo{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ljBfyL{x\u00bf cgnfOg sIff lnG5g\\\\, u[xsfo{ a'emfpF5g\\\\ \/ k\/LIff klg lbG5g\\\\ . cgnfOg lzIffn] lzIfs tyf ljBfyLn{ fO{ k\/Dk\/fut kf7, lzIf0f tl\/sf, ;fdu|L cflbaf6 w\/] } dfly k\u00a5' ofPsf] 5 . o;n] lzIffnfO{ ljBfnosf] rf}3]\/faf6 clws lj:tt[ g6] jsd{ f k\u00a5' ofpg ;xofu] u\/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljBfyL{nfO{ tn' gfTds ljQLo nfut nfe k|fKt ePsf] 5. zf\/Ll\/s \u00bfkdf czSt ljBfyL{nfO{ cem} nfe ePsf] 5 . oL ;a} sfo{sf] ;Dej lj1fg \/ kl| jlwsf] ljsf;af6 ePsf] xf] . 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